CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

2.1 Short-term Deflections

ADVANCED CONCRETE DESIGN

The University of Sheffield

Contents:

1. Introduction
fcmax 2. Short-term deflections
3. Long-term deflections
Cocnrete Stress, fc

fc

dεc

ε0 (ε1) εc,ult
Concrete Strain, εc
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections

ADVANCED CONCRETE DESIGN

The University of Sheffield

Contents:

1. Introduction
fcmax 2. Short-term deflections
3. Long-term deflections
Cocnrete Stress, fc

fc

dεc

ε0 (ε1) εc,ult
Concrete Strain, εc
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections - Examples
Examples: Belarus – Tank induced deflection

Deflection was
induced by
passing troops
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections - Examples
Examples: Cantilever
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections

Elastic
Behaviour
Short-
term

Deflection

Nonlinear
Creep
Response

Shrinkage
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections

ADVANCED CONCRETE DESIGN

The University of Sheffield

Contents:

1. Introduction
fcmax 2. Short-term deflections
3. Long-term deflections
Cocnrete Stress, fc

fc

dεc

ε0 (ε1) εc,ult
Concrete Strain, εc
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Uncracked Phase
Section is elastic:
• Plane sections remain plane
• Full bond

W L3
In general, δ  K
Mp Eg Ig
Post-yield or Plastic Phase
Action- Force or Moment

Where K depends on the type of loading and

My support conditions
b
a
As
Cracked Phase 𝐸 𝐼 𝐸𝐼 Σ𝐸 𝐼 x
NA d
𝐸 𝑏𝑑 4𝐸 𝐴 𝑥
yc
Mcr
Uncracked Phase 𝑏𝑑
Mcr 𝐼 𝐼 𝑥 𝐴
12
concrete
cracked 𝜹𝟏
The neutral axis depth is calculated by using
the first moment of area
Deflection - Dispacement or Rotation
𝑆
𝑆 𝐴𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦
𝐴

⇒ 𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 a
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Uncracked Phase
BEAM DEFLECTION FORMULAE
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Worked Example

Assume:
Ec = 33GPa, Es = 200 GPa
ρc= 24 kN/m3, cover = 25 mm

𝑤𝐿
for UDL: 𝛿 𝐾
𝐸 𝐼

𝐸 𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 a 25 𝜙 ⁄2 33 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑑 150 250 𝐸 𝐼 33 10 · 195.3 10 200 10 · 6.8 10

𝐼 195.3 10 𝑚𝑚
12 12 7.8 10 𝑁 · 𝑚𝑚

𝜋 · 16 250 𝐴 𝑛𝜋𝜙 /4 𝜋 · 16
𝐼 𝑎 𝑥 4𝑎 𝑥 4 33 6.8 10 𝑚𝑚 𝜌% 0.02 2%
4 2 𝐴 𝑏𝑑 150 250

Self-weight of the beam is

5 𝑞𝐿 5 9 5 10
𝑤 𝑏𝑑𝛾 0.15 0.25 24 1 0.94 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝛿 9.94 𝑚𝑚
384 𝐸 𝐼 384 7.8 10

Considering the maximum allowable sag to be span/250

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 5000
20 9.94 𝐎𝐊
250 250
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Material Properties – Elastic Modulus

The mean value of elastic modulus Ecm (kN/mm2) is also given by Eurocode 2
(Table 3.1 in BS EN 1992-1-1:2004):
E 22 𝑓 ⁄10 .

where 𝑓 is:
𝑓 0.8𝑓 , 8
40
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) code (ACI 318-14) uses the following
expression for the calculation of the elastic modulus of normal weight 30

Ecm (kN/mm2)
concrete:
E 4750 𝑓 (in N/mm2) 20
EC 2
where 𝑓 is the specified concrete compressive cylinder strength (in N/mm2)
10 ACI 318
and can be calculated as follows:
BS 8110
𝑓 0.8𝑓 ; fck = the characteristic cube strength 0
0 20 40 60 80
fck, cube (N/mm2)
The value of Elastic modulus Ec is given in BS 8110: Part II 1985: table 7.2 as:
Figure 2 - Mean elastic modulus of concrete according to different
design codes (concrete grade 30)
E 𝑘 0.2𝑓 ,

where
ko = 20 kN/mm2 for normal concrete,
and fcu,28 is the characteristic cube strength at 28 days in N/mm2 (equivalent to
fck, cube in Eurocode 2)
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Material Properties – Elastic Modulus

The value of Ec depends on the aggregates used, the aggregate cement ratio and the
age of concrete. Eurocode 2 uses the following expression to estimate the variation of
the elastic modulus with time:

Ecm(t) = (fcm(t) / fcm)0,3 Ecm

and fcm(t) = βcc(t) fcm ; with 𝛽 𝑒 40 2 months 6 months

7 days

where:
30
fcm(t) is the mean concrete compressive strength at an age of t days

Ecm (t) (kN/mm2)

fcm is the mean compressive strength at 28 days according to Table 3.1 (BS EN 1 year
3 months
1992-1-1:2004) 20
βcc(t) is a coefficient which depends on the age of the concrete t
28 days
t is the age of the concrete in days
10
s is a coefficient which depends on the type of cement: BS 8110
= 0,20 for cement of strength Classes CEM 42,5 R, CEM 52,5 N and CEM 52,5 R EC 2
(Class R) 0
= 0,25 for cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 R, CEM 42,5 N (Class N) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
= 0,38 for cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 N (Class S) Log10 (t)

Figure 3 - Variation of mean elastic modulus of concrete with time

The value of Elastic modulus Ec, as a function of time, t, is given in BS 8110: Part II 1985, (concrete grade 30)
as:

,
Ect = Ec,28 (0.4 + 0.6 )
,

where t ≥ 3 days
Values of fcu,t /fcu,28 can be obtained from Table 7.1, BS8110: Part II: 1985.
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Short-term Deflections
Cracked Stage (Up to Yielding) F

Uncracked Cracked Zone Uncracked

W L3 W L3 Zone Zone
Uncracked section: δ  K Cracked section: δK
Eg Ig E e Ie FL

Moment Mcr
F diagram
Moment diagram
Mp
FL/4
Post-yield or Plastic Phase
Action- Force or Moment

My Uncracked
My Cracked Zone Zone

Cracked Phase
Eurocode 2 (2004) adopts the following approach for
calculating deformations for members expected to crack:
2

M cr δ  ς δ cracked  (1  ς) δ uncracked M 
ς  1 - β  cr 
 M 
Uncracked Phase
M cr
concrete
cracked 𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏𝟏
σcrack ≈ 0.1 fcu
Deflection - Dispacement or Rotation
Eurocode 2 (2004)
b /
For a given moment Ma, ACI 318-14 expresses Ie as: σcrack = fctm 𝑓 0.3 · 𝑓 𝐶50/60 [in N/mm2]

As dc
𝑓 2.12 · 𝑙𝑛 1 𝐶50/60 [in N/mm2]
NA M M
I e  ( cr ) 3 I g  (1  ( cr ) 3 ) I cr  I g
d Ma Ma
x Cracked ACI 318 (2014)
Section
σ 𝐼 σcrack = fr 𝑓 0.62 𝑓𝑐′ [in N/mm2]
1
𝐼 𝑏𝑑 𝑛Σ𝑥 𝐴 𝑀
3 𝑦
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections in Members - Reminder

Calculations based on Curvatures
1
k curvature
r

O c 1 𝜀 Concrete Compressive Strain

x r x Neutral Axis Depth
 d
k= 1 M
From Elasticity: k  
r EI
r You may define “r”
to the centre of the and for constant EI 1 M
k  
section r EI
A
d  1 1
B
A B By Virtual Work 𝜃 and 𝛿 s d
r r

Rotation is the area of the curvature diagram

between the two points. The deflection of point B,

s measured from the tangent at point A is equal to
ds the moment of the curvature diagram between A
ds and B, taken about the point B, whose deflection is
sought
1 M
k  
r EI
Values of K can be obtained from tables
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections in Members - Reminder

Calculations based on Curvatures

a) Relationship between bending moment and curvature for pure

bending:
1 M ( x)

 EI

b) For instance, for the cantilever beam on the right subjected to

concentrated load at the free end:
1 Px

 EI
c) Curvature varies linearly with distance from support “x”

1
d) At the free end A:  0, ρA  
ρA
1 EI
e) At the support B:  0,  B 
B PL

Ref: Beer FP, Johnston ER, DeWolf JT,

“Mechanics of Materials”, 3rd Ed., McGraw-
Hill
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections in Members - Reminder

Calculations based on Curvatures

f) An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve is required to

determine maximum deflection and slope.

g) From elementary calculus, simplified for beam parameters:

d2y
1 dx 2 d2y
 
   dy  2 3 2 dx 2
1    
  dx  
h) Substituting and integrating:

1 d2y
EI  EI  M x 
 dx 2

x
dy
 M  x dx  C1
dx 
EI   EI
0
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
Ref: Beer FP, Johnston ER, DeWolf JT,
“Mechanics of Materials”, 3rd Ed., McGraw-
0 0 Hill
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Deflections in Members - Reminder

Calculations based on Curvatures

i) In the above equation, constants C1 & C2 are determined from

boundary conditions

j) e.g. for statically determinant beams:

- Simply supported beam y A  0, yB  0

- Overhanging beam y A  0, yB  0

- Cantilever beam y A  0,  A  0

k) More complicated loadings require multiple integrals and

application of requirement for continuity of displacement and slope

Ref: Beer FP, Johnston ER, DeWolf JT,

“Mechanics of Materials”, 3rd Ed., McGraw-
Hill
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Example - Question

For a concrete element (cement class N) at the age of 28 days, the characteristic
compressive cylinder strength (fck) is found to be 50 N/mm2.

Calculate the estimated elastic modulus at the age of 20 years (using Eurocode 2).
 CIV 4236/6236 - Advanced Concrete Design

Example - Solution
.
𝐸 𝑡 𝛽 𝑡 ∗𝐸

𝛽 𝑡 𝑒

• Using Eurocode 2 (Table 3.1): (properties at 28 days)

For fck = 50 MPa Ecm = 37 GPa

• For concrete class N: s = 0.25

.
∗
• β 20 ∗ 365 e 1.2643

.
• E 20 ∗ 365 β 20 ∗ 365 ∗ 37 1.2643 ∗ 37 𝟑𝟗. 𝟕 𝐆𝐏𝐚