Short Span Trail Bridge Standarad Technical Handbook

Short Span Trail Bridge Standard
Technical Handbook
Volume I: Guideline for Survey,
Design & Construction
Volume II: Forms
How to Build a Short Span

Trail Suspended Bridge
His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development

Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
Trail Bridge Section
Edited and compiled by : His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Trail Bridge Section, of the
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural
Roads / DoLIDAR
with the support of Helvetas Nepal
Published by : SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology

and Management
Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
First edition 2002
Project commissioned by : HELVETAS

Swiss Association for International Cooperation
Post Box 8042 Zürich, Switzerland
Financed by the Swiss Government

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SDC
Bern, Switzerland
Printed by : Dongol Printers
Copyright : Material from this publication may be freely quoted, translated or

otherwise used. Acknowledgement is requested.
Distributors : In Nepal
Trail Bridge Section, Shree Mahal, Lalitpur, Nepal
Outside Nepal
SKAT - Bookshop, Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
ISBN 3 -9 08 156-05-X
The views, interpretations, and calculation in this Handbook are the author's and are not
attributable to SBD and Helvetas. Anyone using this manual should verify the calculations
according to the specific conditions of the site on which the bridges are to be constructed.
FOREWORD
Congruent with HMG's Policy and the Decentralization Act shall the Central Government focus on
policy matters, as well as issuing and monitoring norms and standards and shall the Local
Governments focus on the implementation thereof.
With this division of mandates, a demarcation policy as well as two technical manuals are
DoLIDAR's prime tools for harnessing the trail bridge sector. The first manual on Long Span Trail
Bridges (LSTB), this manual on Short Span Trail Bridges (SSTB) together with the demarcation
policy form the single most important accomplishment for said sector.
Niranjan P. Chalise
Director General
DoLIDAR March 2002
The Trail Bridge Section (TBS formerly Suspension Bridge Division, SBD) of the Department of
Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR) is proud on its long-term collaboration
with its Swiss Partners represented by Helvetas for project execution and SDC being the funding
agent. The collaboration dates back to 1972 and has resulted in the construction of over 500 trail
bridges primarily on Main Trails.
In 1989, HMG and Helvetas initiated a new project "Bridge Building at the Local Level (BBLL)"
based on indigenous technologies that maximized local resources while minimizing the
environmental impact. In its original form, Communities take the lead building their bridges off the
main trail according to procedures developed by BBLL. The demand for these bridges that are
generally of a short span has proven to be very high resulting in the construction of over 1000
"BBLL bridges" till today. Meanwhile, Local Governments have commenced a vital role supporting
the Communities, which will eventually yield BBLL sustainable.
Encouraged by BBLL's success, SBD carefully assessed the situation and decided to develop the
Short Span Trail Bridge (SSTB) Handbook for application by any bridge building agent. This new
Manual is intended for national application complementing the ”SBD Standard Design" that
primarily deals with Long Span Trail Bridges (LSTB). The development of the SSTB-Manual was
spearheaded by Helvetas with relentless inputs by Robi Groeli.
Meanwhile, a demarcation policy has been put in place, indicating the applications by the two bridge
types, LSTB and SSTB. The Demarcation Policy essentially puts down a cut off point of 120 m span
below which SSTB norms apply and above which LSTB norms apply. The reader is referred to the
Policy for the finer details of the applications.
I, on behalf of DoLIDAR/TBS, acknowledge the valuable efforts put up by the project team and
extend my sincere thanks to all those who were involved in the preparation of this Hand Book.
Neeraj Shah
Senior Divisional Engineer
DoLIDAR/TBS January 2002
Despite the rugged topography of the Himalayan State of Nepal, the people established and
maintained a traditional trail network for centuries. Footpaths and mule trails are the lifelines for the
exchange of goods, the sick going to health posts and the children going to school. Despite great
efforts in road construction, a large part of the hill population will depend on the traditional trail
network for decades to come.
The Himalayan drainage system consists of countless rivers, which divide the hill areas into many
micro economic areas. River crossings are the critical links for roads as well as for trails. For
bridging shorter spans, the Nepalese have developed in numerous Regions simple, yet remarkable
local techniques. This Handbook is an attempt to standardize the indigenous local trail bridge types
for span of up to 120 meters, thereby making them conform to modem engineering practices. It
encompasses the practical experience made under HELVETAS' local trail bridge programme named
"Bridge Building at the Local Level," BBLL, and the Suspension Bridge Project SBP under HMG's
Suspension Bridge Division SBD. The Handbook named "Short Span Trail Bridge Standard" is
complementary to SBD's "Long Span Trail Bridge Standard" which is applicable for bridges
exceeding 120 meter span.
We acknowledge with thanks the efforts provided by the project teams of HMG's Trail Bridge
Section and Helvetas under the leadership of Robi Groeli and Gyanendra Rajbhandari. Om B.
Khadka was responsible to convert all the standard drawings, sketches and photos onto computer
and also for all the desktop publishing.
Our sincere thanks go to all persons who have been involved in the preparation of this Handbook
and forwarded their valuable comments and suggestions.
We hope that this long awaited Handbook will be widely used by technicians appointed to construct
a pedestrian trail bridge of limited span of up to 120 meters.
HELVETAS Nepal, Swiss Association for International Cooperation

P.O. Box 688 Kathmandu, Nepal January 2002
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Suspended Type Volume 1
VO LU M E I : G u id e l in e f o r S u r v e y , D e s ig n & C o n s t r u c t io n
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n _________________________________________________________________________ 1
1.1 B a c k g r o u n d ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 C o n c e p t o f t h e H a n d b o o k ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3 P r e s e n t a t io n o f t h e S u s p e n d e d B r id g e T y p e ............................................................... 2
1.4 T e c h n ic a l F e a t u r e s a n d L im it a t io n s ..................................................................................2
2 . S u r v e y a n d B r i d g e S it e S e l e c t i o n ______________________________________________ 3
2.1 S u r v e y a n d B r id g e S it e S e l e c t io n ......................................................................................3
2.1 .1 S o c ia l F e a s ib il it y S u r v e y ..........................................................................................4
2 .1 .2 T e c h n ic a l S u r v e y ..........................................................................................................4
2 .2 P r e p a r a t io n f o r S u r v e y ..........................................................................................................4
2 .3 G e n e r a l D a t a C o l l e c t io n ....................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 L o c a t io n o f B r id g e S i t e ................................................................................................ 5
2.3.2 N a t u r e o f C r o s s in g a n d F o r d a b il it y ...................................................................... 6
2.3.3 T r a f f ic V o l u m e ................................................................................................................. 6
2.3.4 W id th o f W a l k w a y ........................................................................................................... 7
2.3.5 L o c a l P a r t ic ip a t io n .........................................................................................................7
2.3.6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n D is t a n c e ............................................................................................ 7
2.3.7 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l M a t e r ia l s ................................................................................ 8
2.3.8 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l B r id g e B u il d e r s ....................................................................8
2.3.9 T e m p o r a r y C r o s s in g ...................................................................................................... 8
2 .4 B r id g e S it e S e l e c t io n ............................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 G e n e r a l C o n d it io n ........................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2 R iv e r C o n d it io n ............................................................................................................... 12
2.4.3 S lo p e a n d B a n k C o n d it io n ..................... 13
2.4.4 E v a l u a t io n o f t h e B r id g e S it e ................................................................................. 22
2.4.5 C l a s s if ic a t io n o f S o il a n d R o c k ..............................................................................22
2.4.6 Id e n t if ic a t io n o f S o il a n d R o c k ...............................................................................24
2 .5 T o p o g r a p h ic S u r v e y ............................................................................................................... 2 5
2.5.1 S u r v e y A r e a ..................................................................................................................... 25
2.5.2 S e t t in g o f B r id g e C e n t e r l in e ................................................................................. 25
2.5.3 S u r v e y M e t h o d s ............................................................................................................ 27
2.5.4 S u r v e y b y A b n e y L e v e l ................................................................................................ 27
2.5.5 S u r v e y B y T h e o d o l it e ................................................................................................. 33
2.5.6 T o p o g r a p h ic M a p s .........................................................................................................39
2 .6 P h o t o g r a p h s ............................................................................................................................... 4 3
2 .7 S u r v e y R e p o r t ........................................................................................................................... 4 3
3. B r id g e D e s ig n ____________________________________________________________4 5
3.1 B r id g e T y p e s .........................................................................................................:....................4 5
3 .2 B a s ic D e s ig n C o n c e p t ............................................................................................................. 4 9
3.2.1 L o a d in g s .............................................................................................................................49
3.2.2 C o n s t r u c t io n M a t e r ia l s ............................................................................................ 50
3.2.3 S t r u c t u r a l A n a l y s is A nd D e s ig n ...........................................................................53
3 .3 D e s ig n o f S t a n d a r d S u s p e n d e d B r id g e ........................................................................5 8
3.3.1 T he M a jo r B r id g e C o m p o n e n t s ...............................................................................58
3.3.2 D e s ig n P r o c e d u r e .........................................................................................................58
3.3.3 D e s ig n in g t h e P o s it io n o f t h e B r id g e F o u n d a t io n s ...................................... 59
3.3.4 C a b l e D e s ig n .....................................................................................................................64
3.3.5 D e s ig n o f B r id g e F o u n d a t io n S t r u c t u r e s .........................................................66
3.3.6 O t h e r S t r u c t u r e s .........................................................................................................72
3.3.7 G e n e r a l A r r a n g e m e n t D r a w in g ............................................................................. 77
3 .4 D e s ig n E x a m p l e ...........................................................................................................................78
4. B r id g e S t a n d a r d D r a w in g s _____________________________________________ 79
4.1 I n t r o d u c t io n a n d O v e r v ie w o f D r a w in g s ....................................................................79
4 .2 C o n c e p t o f t h e S t a n d a r d D r a w in g s ...............................................................................81
4 .3 R e l a t io n s h ip b e t w e e n c o n s t r u c t io n a n d s t e e l d r a w in g s .................................8 5
5. C a l c u l a t io n o f Q u a n t it y a n d C o s t E s t im a t e ___________________________87
5.1 I m p l e m e n t a t io n b y t h e C o m m u n it y ................................................................................... 8 7
5 .2 I m p l e m e n t a t io n b y t h e C o n t r a c t o r t h r o u g h t h e P u b l ic T e n d e r ..................88
6. C o n s t r u c t io n ____________________________________________________________ 89
6.1 B r id g e L a y o u t ..............................................................................................................................8 9
6 .2 F o u n d a t io n E x c a v a t io n ......................................................................................................... 91
6 .3 L o c a l M a t e r ia l C o l l e c t io n ................................................................................................92
6.3.1 S t o n e /B o u l d e r s ............................................................................................................. 92
6.3.2 S a n d ......................................................................................................................................93
6.3.3 G r a v e l .................................................................................................................................93
6 .4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF THE MATERIALS...................................................... 93
6.4.1 C e m e n t T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g .................................................................. 93
6.4.2 S t e e l P a r t s T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g .........................................................93
6.4.3 W ir e R o p e T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g ............................................................ 94
6 .5 M a s o n r y a n d S t o n e D r e s s in g W o r k ...............................................................................9 6
6.5.1 R e q u ir e m e n t s fo r B u il d in g S t o n e s ....................................................................... 96
6.5.2 Q u a r r y in g ..........................................................................................................................96
6.5.3 S t o n e D r e s s in g .............................................................................................................. 97
6.5.4 S t o n e M a s o n r y L a y in g ................................................................................................98
6 .6 C e m e n t W o r k s .................................... 100
6.6.1 C o m p o s it io n a n d M ix t u r e s .......................................................................................100
6.6.2 C o n c r e t e W o r k f o r C e m e n t S t o n e M a s o n r y (C S M ) T o w e r s ................102
6.6.3 C o n s t r u c t in g t h e D e a d m a n B e a m .........................................................................104
6.6.4 C o n s t r u c t in g D r u m A n c h o r a g e s in R o c k ........................................................105
6 .7 C a b l e H o is t in g a n d S a g S e t t in g .....................................................................................107
6.7.1 C a l c u l a t io n o f H o is t in g S a g ..................................................................................107
6.7.2 C a b l e H o s t in g ............................................................................................................... 108
6 .8 F in a l iz in g t h e C a b l e A n c h o r a g e .....................................................................................108
6.8.1 R u s t P r o t e c t io n f o r t h e C a b l e .......................................................................... 108
6.8.2 C o m p l e t in g t h e G r a v it y S t r u c t u r e ...................................................................108
6 .9 W a l k w a y F it t in g ...................................................................................................................... 109
6 .1 0 W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t B a c k f il l in g a n d G e n e r a l f in is h in g W o r k s ...................110
6.10.1 W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t ..................................................................................................110
6.10.2 F in is h in g W o r k .......................................................................................................... 110
7. B r id g e M a in t e n a n c e ___________________________________________________ 111
7.1 I n t r o d u c t io n .............................................................................................................................. 111
7 .2 R o u t in e M a in t e n a n c e .......................................................................................................... 111
7 .3 M a j o r M a in t e n a n c e .............................................................................................................. 112
VOLUME II Form s
F o r m N o .1 S u r v e y F o r m a n d C h e c k l is t
F o r m N o .2 B r id g e D e s ig n
F o r m N o .3 Q u a n t it y & C o s t E s t im a t e f o r C o m m u n it y A p p r o a c h
F o r m N o .4 Q u a n t it y & C o s t E s t im a t e f o r P u b l ic T e n d e r & C o n t r a c t in g
VOLUME III S t e e l & C o n s t r u c t io n D r a w in g s

(IN SEPARATE FOLDER)
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Suspended Type Volume I
V o lu m e I :
G u id elin e fo r S u r v e y , D esign &

C o n s tr u c tio n
1. I n t r o d u c t io n
1.1 Background
For centuries, people have built simple and inexpensive bridges throughout Nepal. With the
advent of modem development, organizations emerged which built suspension bridges where local
resources appeared to be over burdened. In this manner, some five hundred sophisticated and costly
bridges have been built over the last four decades, which greatly facilitate the movement o f goods
and people along the major traffic arteries of this country.
At the same time, the intervention of extraneous agencies may have weakened the attitude o f
self-reliance of many communities. It is also widely understood that external agencies will never be
able to meet all the demands for local river crossings. Hence the idea o f reactivating and supporting
communities' own initiatives for improving their environment and infrastructure in the spirit of
decentralization. In view of the absence for technical guidance material, it has become significant
for technicians at district level to have a tool for designing economic bridges appropriate for
communities in rural areas.
Against this background, the development of the Short-Span Trail Bridge Standard started in
1989, when both HMG and Helvetas concluded that the time has come to initiate a programme with
a fresh approach to community trail bridge building in the hill areas of Nepal.
The ultimate objective of this programme, named Bridge Building at the Local Level (BBLL)
was to help reactivate, promote and support people's problem solving and self-help ability for local
bridge building. For achieving this goal the development of appropriate techniques for pedestrian
trail bridges was o f paramount importance.
The bridge design presented in this manual originates from indigenous local trail bridge types
built by Nepali craftsmen for centuries. Recognizing the well-established skills o f local trail bridge
builders and craftsmen of bridge fabricators, critical and weak components have been improved by
an appropriate input of cement and galvanized steel parts.
In the course of the last 12 years, the engineers, overseers, sub-overseers, site supervisors and
consultants of the joint Trail Bridge Programs between SDC/Helvetas and HMG's Suspension
Bridge Division have developed a standardized, economical and well-tested suspended bridge type
design satisfying both engineering requirements and the call for bridge building by local craftsmen.
1 .2 C o ncept of the Handbo o k
This Handbook provides technical guidelines for the construction of unstiffened pedestrian
suspended type cable bridges (catwalk). It does not apply for suspension bridges, which require
higher towers or pylons on both sides of the bridge. For these suspension bridges a separate
Handbook will be prepared.
This Handbook comprises three volumes and follows the actual step-by-step process o f
constructing a bridge.
It starts with preparatory work for the site assessment and survey, design and cost estimate
and ends with practical guidelines for bridge construction and maintenance.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
The three volumes have been structured as follows:

Volume I This volume is the guidebook for site survey, bridge design, cost estimation and construction.
It serves as a Helpand Reference for using the drawings provided in Volume II an
designed formats in Volume III.
Volume II Volume two provides all the necessary formats for survey, design and cost estimation.
Volume III Volume three contains all the standardized steel and construction drawings and
examples of bridge designs.
The above three volumes provide all the necessary information, drawings and formats for the
construction of a suspended type cable bridge. The volumes are structured in such a way that well
versed practitioners need to work with Volume II and III only, whereby Volume I serves as a
reference Volume II + III. For more scientific background information, respective engineering
sources need to be consulted.
1 .3 P r e s e n t a t io n o f t h e S u s p e n d e d B r id g e T y p e
The Suspended Cable Bridge design presented in this Handbook (for details refer to chapter
3.1) has been developed from existing indigenous river crossings built for many generations by
Nepali artisans and craftsmen. The major structural elements are steel wire ropes, which are
anchored by gravity blocks or rock anchors at either side o f the river. The superstructure is
completely unstiffened and thus allows "some" reasonable degree of lateral, vertical and torsional
vibrations. For economic reasons the design allows a choice between two options for the width of
the walkway. The 70 cm walkway is mainly applicable for pedestrian traffic, whereas the 106 cm
walkway should be applied for crossings where pack animal traffic is also expected.
Utmost care was taken to make maximum use of local resources, users' capacity, know-how
and skills of rural Nepal. The main aim in choosing this approach is to build on existing traditions
and thereby promote people's participation, but also make it suitable for local contractors.
1 .4 T e c h n ic a l F e a t u r e s a n d L im it a t io n s
The Short-Span Trail Bridge Standard as presented in this manual conforms to mainly Indian
Standard, but also to Swiss and German Standards, codes and norms. All its components fulfill the
necessary safety factors by applying the loadings prescribed in the SBD standard design.
All the construction materials conform to international specifications. Exposed steel parts are
all hot dip galvanized, and should not be altered unless proven to fulfill standard norms.
For practical, economical and safety reasons the span range for the Short-Span Trail Bridge
Standard presented in this Handbook is limited to 120 m.
Longer spans are possible but would require special engineering input. As with every
standard design, not all site conditions are covered with this standard. It is especially not suitable in
unfavorable geological site conditions. At such sites, as mentioned above for longer spans,
engineers' input is mandatory.
1 .5 U sers
This Handbook along with the Forms and the Drawings is intended to give quick and reliable
technical methods of surveying, designing and constructing simple pedestrian bridges for engineers,
overseers and sub-overseers.
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
2. S u r v e y a n d B r id g e S it e S e l e c t io n
2.1 S u r v e y a n d B r id g e S it e S e l e c t io n
Careful Surveys and Bridge Site Assessments are the basis for proper planning and designing and
form the main source for successful bridge construction. The main objective of the Survey and Bridge Site
Assessment is to identify the proper bridge site by considering socio-economic as well as technical points of
view. Survey and Bridge Site Assessment is done in the following two stages:
• Social Feasibility Survey and

9 ^ follow Form No. 1
Survey Form and Checklist
• Technical Survey
Both surveys are of equal importance. The social feasibility survey establishes community ownership
and responsibility, and the technical survey ensures that bridge construction is sound and safe.
The Survey process follows as per the flow chart below:
Design
Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 3

2.1.1 S o c ia l F e a s ib il it y S u r v e y
A Social Feasibility Survey is necessary to justify the construction of a requested bridge. For ranking
and prioritizing the vast number of requests, the following socio-economic indicators are of utmost
importance:
• Level of local participation • Size of area of influence

• Size of traffic flow • Socio-economic benefits produced by the proposed bridge
The first step for conducting a social feasibility survey is to introduce the participants, the survey
team and other groups who will be involved in the process of bridge construction. This is best done in the
fonn of a mass meeting right at the spot, or nearby the place, where the bridge is going to be built. The mass
meeting should consist of the following agenda:
• Verification of the proposed bridge site with official documentation together with the community
• Explanation of the bridge building process and the role of the community:
Phase I: collection o f local materials (sand, gravel, stones and boulders), dressing o f stones and
excavation work.
Phase II: carrying (portering) o f construction materials from the nearest road head to the site
Phase III: masonry and concrete work, cable pulling and fitting
• Explanation of the self-help nature of the project
• Evaluation and explanation of the bridge location regarding technical limitations and requirements
(e.g. width of walkway see 2.3.4), costs and situation of local traffic
• Assessment of capacity of the community, funds & technical support from outside
One of the major indicators reflecting the real need of the bridge is the degree of participation and the
commitment demonstrated by the local community or beneficiaries in the construction of the iequested
bridge. These indicators are assessed and measured from different points of view depending on the need and
purpose of the bridge. However a Social Feasibility Survey is not included in this Technical Handbook, for
further details refer to the Social Organization Support (SOS) Manuals of the BBLL Programme.
2 .1 .2 T e c h n ic a l S u r v e y
The technical survey includes:
• Bridge site selection and Topographic Survey of the selected bridge site
2 .2 P r e p a r a t io n f o r S u r v e y
The following preparatory work must be completed before going to the field for the survey:
• Collect maps with tentative location of the bridge and any available background information.
• Collect the survey equipment.
Survey equipment consists of the following materials:
For Survey by Abney Level For Survey by Theodolite

- Abney Level, Survey Form & Checklist - Theodolite, Tripod & Staff
- Measuring Tape (50 or 100m and 3m) - Measuring Tape (50m and 3m)
- Red Enamel Paint and Paint Brush - Red Enamel Paint and Paint Brush
- Marker Pen, Scale and A3 Graph Paper - Marker Pen, Scale and A3 Graph Paper
- Camera and Film Roll - Camera and Film Roll
- Hammer - Hammer
- Ranging Rod (prepared at site) - Survey Form and Checklist
- Calculator, Note Book & Pencil - Calculator, Note Book & Pencil
- Nylon Rope (min. 50m) Masons Thread - Thread and Plumb Bob
4 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

2 .3 G e n e r a l D a t a C o l l e c t io n
General data is required for needs assessment and construction planning of the proposed bridge.
Collect the following general data and information:
- Location of bridge site - Transportation distance - Nature of crossing and fordability
- Availability of local materials - Traffic volume - Availability of local bridge builders
- Temporary crossing - Local participation
2.3.1 L o c a tio n o f B r id g e S ite

Describe the location of the bridge site:
Left Bank Right Bank
VDC
Ward No.
llaka No.
District.
Zone
Draw a bridge site location map covering the proposed bridge’s area of influence as shown in the
example below. The map should contain the following information:
• River system with names and river flow direction
• Location of proposed bridge and traditional crossing point
• Location of the nearest bridge (approximate walking distance from the proposed bridge site)
• Existing trail system and, if required, specify length of new trail for access to the proposed bridge
• Location of the villages, health posts, schools and other important places with approx, distances to the
bridge site
Bridge Site Location Map (Example)
To village “E” To village “D”
\ f - Hospital - Airstrip
2 .3.2 N a t u r e o f C r o s s in g a n d F o r d a b il it y
Examination of the present crossing situation is necessary to determine the need and the priority of
the requested bridge.
Assess period of time the river cannot be crossed in one year.
a. whole year
b. some months per year only
c. some days during high flood only
Situation (a) should be given first priority for construction and least priority given to situation (c).
Study the type of crossing facility available at present and also the location of the nearest bridge.
Assess whether the available crossing facility or the existing nearest bridge is sufficient for the crossing or
that a new bridge is necessary.
2 .3.3 T r a f f ic V o l u m e
Traffic volume at the crossing is one of the key indicators in the need assessment of the bridge.
Information should be collected by 2 methods. Count traffic volume at the traditional crossing point for at
least one day. And then interview the local people to form a broader impression of the traffic volume
throughout the year.
Average Number o f Traffic per Day
Porters
Goods Traffic
Pack Animals
Persons
Non-goods Traffic
Animals
Determine the purpose of the traffic by interviewing the persons crossing and the local people as per
the table below. This will indicate the importance of the crossing.
Access to Yes No
Schools
Hospital / Health posts
Bazaar/Markets
Road head
Post office/Telephone
Farming
Others (specify)
The most important crossing is one which provides access to schools, hospital and health posts.

2 .3 .4 W id t h o f W a l k w a y
The standard width of walkway in this handbook is 70 cm or 106 cm.
In most cases the 70 cm walkway is sufficient. In stances of heavy traffic, mule and pack animal passage
carrying bulky goods, or if the crossing is on a main trail, a 106 cm walkway is necessary.
Discuss this issue with the local people, infonning them that more work, especially collection of stones, is
required for the 106 cm walkway.
Recommended Width of Walkway: 70 cm | | 106 cm | |
2 .3.5 L o c a l P a r t ic ip a t io n
The commitment and participation of the local people in the construction of the proposed bridge will
truthfully indicate the need of the bridge. The stronger the commitment and participation, the higher is the
need of the bridge.
For informing the community on how much labor work is overall generally necessary for constructing
the bridge, the following formulas can be used to compute the tentative preliminary number of mandays:
• Mandays for skilled Labor: = 1.3 x span [m] + 400
• Mandays for unskilled Labor: = 5 x Span [m] + 1300
Assess the availability of local participation for bridge building from within the concerned local community.
By Whom Type o f Participation
Local Community
User’s Committee
VDC
DDC
Local NGO
Individual
Others (specify)
2 .3.6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n D is t a n c e
Information on the transportation distance from nearest road head, airstrip and helipad to the site is
required for planning the construction of the bridge.
Disdance from Site up to

iRroadhea d/A irs trip
Type o f Transport Name o f nearest Roadhead/Airstrip etc.
Km/Kosh Porter By Mule,
Days Days
Served by Truck
Served by Tractor
Airstrip
Helipad

2 .3 .7 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l M a t e r ia l s
Assess the availability of local materials needed for the bridge construction. Identify the nearest
collection place for these materials.
Description Haulage Distance, m Remarks
Stones
Natural Gravel
Sand
Wood
Bamboo
2 .3 .8 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l B r id g e B u il d e r s
In the villages nearby there may be local bridge builders who have already built some bridges. Their
skill can be used in construction of the proposed bridge. If such people are available, record their
names.
Names Skill (Mason, Bridge Fitter) Village /Address
2 .3 .9 T e m p o r a r y C r o s s in g
Is a temporary crossing necessary

during the construction of the bridge? Yes No
If yes, what kind of temporary

crossing do you propose? Ferry Cable Car
Temporary Bridge, m Span m

2 .4 B r id g e S it e S e l e c t io n
The main purpose of the technical field survey is to select the appropriate brieve site. The site should
optimally serve the local people. The selected site must economically justified and have along life span:
- fulfill the general condition - have stable bank and slope conditions
- have favorable river conditions - have shortest possible span
2.4.1 G e n e r a l C o n d it io n
The bridge site should fulfill a number of general conditions:
- traditional crossing point - minimum free board

- maximum bridge span - space for the bridge foundations
Use the following checklist to evaluate the general condition:
Features Condition
Traditional Crossing Point
The bridge site should be selected at or near to the traditional crossing point.
Favorable:
Selected site is at or
nearby the traditional
crossing point
Unfavorable:
Selected site is far from
the traditional crossing
point
• For minor river detour from the tradditional crossing point is not
acceptable.
• For major rivers, detour up to 500 m u/s and 500 m d/s from the
tradditional crossing point may be acceptable.
Bridge Span
The bridge span in this standard is limited to 120 m span.
Favorable:
span, t is equal or shorter
than 120 m
Unfavorable:
span, i is longer than
120 m
• Measure tentative span

• Compare with the limit

Features Condition
Level Difference between two Banks

The level difference h between the two foundation blocks should
not be more than i /25.
Favorable:
h is equal or less than^/25
Unfavorable:
h is bigger than t /25
• Locate the tentative position of the bridge foundations at both banks

• Measure the level difference h between the foundations of two
banks.
• Compare with the condition.
Space for Foundation

Foundation should be placed at least 3 m behind the soil slope and 1.5 m
behind the rock slope from the front edge of the riverbank.
Favorable:
Condition can be fulfilled
Unfavorable:
Condition can not be fulfilled

Features Condition
Slope Profile
The bridge foundation should be placed behind the line of the angle of
internal friction. (Angle of internal friction is the angle of slope of soil
or rock at which it is still stable and does not slide).
Favorable:
Condition can be fulfilled
• Draw a slope line of 35° (angle of internal friction) in case of a Soil
slope and 60° in case of a Rock slope. Unfavorable:
• Foundation should be placed behind this line. Condition can not be fulfilled
• Check if these conditions can be fulfilled
Free Board
The Freeboard between the lowest point of the bridge and the highest
flood level should not be less than 5 m. For this, sufficient clearance
between the lower foundation saddle and HFL should be maintained.
Favorable Unfavorable
Clearance between lower

foundation saddle and HFL is:
not less less than:

than:
up to 50 m 7.5 m 7.5 m
51 70 m 8.0 m 8.0 m
71 ■ 90 m 9.0 m 9.0 m
91 110m 10.0 m 10.0 m
110 120 m 11.0m 11.0m
• Identify HFL by local observation and villagers’ information.

• Calculate available clearance and compare with the requirement.
• Exception: At flat or wide river banks free board may be reduced.
At gorges free board may have to be increased.

2 .4 .2 R iv e r C o n d it io n
The selected bridge site must have favorable river conditions. Accordingly, a bridge should be located:
• on a straight reach of the river

• beyond the disturbing influence of larger tributaries
• on well defined banks
Use the following checklist to evaluate the river condition:
Features Condition
River Flow
In order to protect the bridge from sudden over-flooding and strong
erosion, the bridge site should not be located near the confluence area of
two rivers.
Favorable:
Bridge site far from river
confluences
Unfavorable:
Bridge site near river
confluences
River Bed
The river bed at the selected bridge site should be stable without the
possibility of erosion or filling up with bed load (boulders, gravel, silt, or
sand)
Favorable:
River bed is not erosive, not
filling up
Unfavorable:
River bed is erosive or

filling up
River bed filled up after heavy flood

2 .4 .3 S lo p e a n d B a n k C o n d it io n
A bridge should be located at a site with safe and stable slope and bank conditions. The surveyor must
identify any potential instability features or failure modes of the soil or rock slope and along the bank.
If the slope and bank is soil, potential instability features and failure modes are:
• bank erosion
• toppling instability of the bank
• erosion of the slope
• land slide
If the slope and bank is rock, potential instability features and failure modes are:
• plain failures in a rock slide along the slope.
• wedge failure leading to the fall of rock mass.
• toppling leading to the fall of rock blocks.
• rotational slide is similar to the landslide in a soil slope. Such failure is likely when the material of the
rock is very weak (soft rock) and the rock mass is heavily jointed and broken into small pieces.
To avoid the above instability features, use the following checklist to evaluate the slope and bank of
the selected site:
Features Condition
If the River Bank or Slope is SOIL

Bank Profile
The bank profile should be smooth.
Favorable:
Bank profile is smooth to
partially cut out
Unfavorable.
Smooth Partially cut out Strongly cut out Bank profile is strongly cut out
River Bank Contour

The bridge site should be located at the straight reach of the river to
avoid the river from undercutting or bank erosion.
Favorable:
River contour is straight or
convex
Unfavorable:
River contour is concave
Straight Convex Concave

Features Condition
Bank Erosion
The River bank should not show any sign of erosion.
Favorable:
No sign of fresh erosion
Unfavorable:
Presence of fresh erosion
Bank erosion due to high river current
Slope Profile
The slope profile should be smooth. Favorable:
Slope profile is smooth to partially
cut out
Unfavorable:
Partially cut out Strongly cut out
Smooth Slope profile is strongly cut out
Transverse Slope
The transverse slope should be smooth.
Favorable:
Transverse slope is smooth to
partially cut out
Transverse slope strongly cut out

Unfavorable:
Transverse slope is strongly cut out
Smooth Partially cut out Strongly cut out

Features Condition
Slope Inclination (Soil Slope)

The slope inclination should be less than 35°.
Favorable: Slope
inclination is
equal or
smaller than 35°
Unfavorable: Slope
inclination is
bigger than 35°
Estimate the slope inclination and compare it with the condition. If the
site has an unfavorable slope inclination, it can still be selected provided
the general condition of slope profile is fulfilled.
River Undercutting
The bridge site should be free from river undercutting which may lead to
landslide.
Favorable:
There is no river undercutting
Unfavorable:
River undercutting is active or
there is potential for river
undercutting
Landslide caused by river undercutting

Features Condition
Inclined Trees
Favorable:
Inclined trees are not
present
Unfavorable:
Inclined trees are
present
Inclined trees on landslide mass
Seepage or Swampy Area Favorable:

The bank slope should not have any seepage or swampy area, which may lead to No Seepage or
slope instability. swampy area is absent
Unfavorable:
Seepage or swampy
area is present
Gully Erosion
No signs of gully erosion should exist within the vicinity of the selected site.
Favorable:
No sign of gully
erosion or only light
gully erosion
Unfavorable:
Heavy gully erosion
exists
Active gully erosion
• Observe if any rivulets are within the vicinity of the selected site.
• If rivulet exists, examine the dimension of the gully cutting.

Features Condition
Slipped (Slump) Soil Mass
The bridge should not be located on already slipped soil masses.
Favorable:
There are no back scars or
signs of soil mass movement
Unfavorable:
There are back scars or signs
of soil mass movement
Slope with slipped soil mass
back scar
• Examine and identify any indication of soil mass movement. This

can be done by observing traces of back scars on the slope.

Features Condition
If the River Bank is ROCK

Plain Failure
Plain failures lead to the slide of rock layers along the slope. The rock
bank/slope of the selected site should not have any feature of plain
failure.
Favorable:
Plain failure will not take

place, if:
• Bedding/fracture plain is sub

parallel to opposite to the
slope
• Bedding/fracture plain is
parallel to the slope, but
inclination is less than 35°
Bedding plain is parallel to the slope and plain failure is active. Unfavorable:
Site is extremely unfavorable!
Plain failure will take place, if:
Side elevation Plan view Side elevation
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
• Bedding/fracture plain is
\ \ \ \ \ ,
\ \ \ \ \ parallel to the slope and
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
inclination is greater than 35°
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
Opposite to • Presence of old slided rocks
Bedding fracture Sub parallel to
the slope the slope
Plane parallel to
the slope
Direction of movement
Bedding / Fracture Plane
Plain Failure Model
• Identify bedding/fracture plain (layers of rock)

• Check its direction and inclination
Compare with the condition
Features Condition
Wedge Failure
Any form of wedge failure leads to sliding of rock masses. The
roek bank/slope should not have wedge failures or potential
wedge failures.
Favorable:
Wedge failure will not take place, if
• There are no fracture plains facing

each other
• There are two or more intersecting

fracture plains but the inclination of
its line of intersection is less than
35°

its line of intersection is opposite to
the slope
Traces of wedge failure
^ Direction of movement
........Fracture Plane
Unfavorable:
Wedge Failure Model
Wedge failure will take place, if

fracture plains and the inclination
of its intersection line is more than
35° to the slope
• Presence of old slided wedge
Wedge Failure
• Identify if there are fracture plains facing each other

(intersecting)
• Check the inclination of the intersection line
• Compare with the condition

Features Condition
Toppling Failure
The rock bank/slope should not have any features of toppling failure.
Favorable:
Toppling will not take place, if
• the Rock slope is less than 60°
• there is no formation of rock

blocks
• there is a formation of rock

block but b/h (width of the
block/height of the block) is
bigger than 1
Potential toppling failure
Unfavorable:
Toppling will take place, if
• there is a formation of
vertically elongated rock
blocks in a steep slope bigger
than 60° and the blocks are
tilted towards the slope
• old toppled rock blocks are

present
Toppling Failure Model
• Identify if there is formation of vertically elongated rock blocks

(cubes) due to vertical and horizontal fracture planes/joints
• Estimate inclination of the slope
• Estimate inclination and orientation of the rock block and
compare with the conditions

Features Condition
Translational Failure (Slide)

The rock slope should not have any potential of rotational failure.
Favorable:
Sliding will not take place, if the
• slope is hard rock
• slope is soft rock but not

weathered
• slope is soft rock and weathered

but not steeper than 40°
Unfavorable:
Sliding will take place, if
• the slope is highly weathered soft

rock and steep than 40°
Translational failure (sliding) of soft rock slope
• back scars or old slide are present
failure (slide) model
• Identify type of rock and its weathering grade

• Compare with the conditions

2 .4 .4 E v a l u a t io n o f t h e B r id g e S ite
After completing investigation of the site as per chapter 2.4.1 to 2.4.3, categories the bridge site as
Good All or most of the features are favorable and if the surveyor is confident about the
stability of the slopes. Proceed with further survey work.
Bad Most of the features are unfavorable. Reject site.
Questionable Most of the features are favorable and some are unfavorable. The site is
questionable. In this case, further detailed investigation by an experienced geo
technical engineer is necessary. For detail refer to the SBD Survey Manual.
As far as possible, the bridge site should be selected at a location where protection works will not be
required. If protection works are unavoidable determine the required special structures like retaining wall,
drainage channels, etc. A tentative design with dimensions and location of these structures should be
illustrated in a sketch showing a plan view and a typical section. But it is best to avoid bridge sites, which
require river protection works.
2 .4 .5 C l a s s if ic a t io n o f S o il a n d R o c k
Identification of Soil and Rock types is required for appropriate foundation design. Soil and Rocks
can broadly be classified as per the following tables.
Soil Classification
Soil Parameters
Bearing Angle of Unit Applicable
Soil Type How to Identify Capacity, Internal Weight, Foundation
Friction, Design
[kN/m2] <p° Y ,
[ kN/m2]
Estimate the
percentage (%) of
Coarse Grained coarse grains larger
Soils Gravelly than 6 mm. 400-600 32-38
19
More than half of Soils If, more than half of (400) (35)
the materials are of the coarse fraction is
individual grains larger than 6 mm, the Anchor
visible to the naked soil is Gravelly Soil
eye (grain size If, more than half of
bigger than 0.06 the coarse fraction is
mm) Sandy 200-300 31-37
smaller than 0.06 mm 18
Soils (200) (33)
grain size, the soil is
Deadman
Sandy Soil
Prepare moist soil ball
from the soil sample
Fine Grained Soils and cut it with a knife. 150-200 30-32
Silty Soils 17
More than half of If, the cut surface is (150) (30)
the materials are dull or scratched, the
individual grains not soil is Silty Soil
visible to the naked Prepare moist soil ball
eye (grain size from the soil sample
smaller than and cut it with a knife. 1 0 0 -2 0 0 9-25
0.06mm) Clay 16
If, the cut surface is (100) (22)
smooth and shiny, the
soil is Clay.

For estimating the percentage (%) of coarse grains use the following figure:
Ratio of coarse grains

n------------ i — J — «»I i A Äj
12k '» : * - 1 5 % • - • I
1 *4 3 * 1* %
é 1 f ■ âf
0 « «
% » #»
: A J 5
# * 7 <a/ » * ^ j_ * ä •
2% /o » / f#
[2o%¡ - ?• i
* #
• • ' w > A.
* I '
IT
* : i o i% * f i; í > > • ___ a _■F
3% % *
# %
» . «, V »
* V
V « '*
*«
♦i t
« 4^ « :
m*
W . @
553
k^ ‘ « if)
iiâ ?
Rock Classification
Rock Parameters
Degree of Angle of Applicable
Rock How to Bearing
Examples Fractures or How to Identify Sliding Foundation
Type Identify Capacity, Friction,
Weathering Design
[kN/m2]
<p°
Rock has no sign
Rock is sound Drum
Quartzite of weathering or 1500-
and fresh to 35-50 Anchor in
Gives only faint signs of 2000
fairly (40) Hard Rock
Hard Rock
Limestone metallic weathering up to (1500)

weathered
sound 1-5 cm thickness
Granite,
after Highly
In the rock exists Drum
Dolomite hammer fractured rock
widely open 35-50 Anchor in
blow and fresh to 1500
etc. cracks, fractures (40) Fractured
fairly
and bedding Rock
weathered
Drum
Phylite No sign of 25-40 Anchor in
Fresh 1300
Slate Gives weathering (30) Fractured
Rock
Soft Rock
dull
Siltstone sound Most of the
Clay stone after original rock has
Fairly to been seriously Deadman
hammer 600-750 25-40
Schist highly altered
blow (650) (30) Anchor
weathered
Rock can be
etc.
broken by hand

2 .4 .6 I d e n t if ic a t io n o f S o il a n d R o c k
Excavate a test pit with a depth of up to the estimated foundation level (but not less than 2.0m) or up
to the bedrock at the proposed foundation locations. If the bank/slope is soil, investigate each layer of soil in
the pit and classify the soil according to the Soil Classification chart, filling in the soil investigation table as
per the following example.
Example for Soil
Location: Main Anchorage Foundation at Right Bank
Soil Parameter
Depth from Angle of
Bearing
Sketch Surface, Soil Type Internal Remarks
Capacity,
[m] Friction,
[kN/m2!
<P
/r 0 7 p \ 0 .0 Top soil
' ; ' ; ' ®• ;

* o z ~i>r ; * 0.3 Sandy Soil
^ ' y
o - 'O' r ° . O**
_
* O *. Foundation Design
- Vo % : 1.1 Gravelly Soil 400 35
Parameter
/ . »
If the bank/slope is rock, investigate the rock type according to the Rock Classification chart, filling
in the rock investigation table as per the following example.
Example for Rock
Location: Main Anchorage Foundation at Left Bank
Rock Parameter
Applicable
Degree of Bearing Angle of
Rock Type Foundation Remarks
Fracture/Weathering Capacity, Sliding Design
[kN/m2] Friction, cp
Drum
Hard Rock Highly fractured and 1500 40 anchorage
fairly weathered foundation
in fractured
rock

2 .5 T o p o g r a p h ic S u r v e y
After final selection of the bridge site, the surveyor proceeds with the topographic survey.
The purpose is to:
• provide a topographic map of the bridge site with details relevant to the bridge design
• establish axis pegs and bench marks for use during construction of the bridge
2.5.1 S urvey A rea

Area to be covered by the topographic survey:
For bridges without windguy arrangement,

• A profile along the bridge axis covering up to 25m behind the main anchorage blocks.
For bridges with windguy arrangement,

• A profile along the bridge axis covering up to 25m behind the main anchorage blocks and a
topographic plan covering the area of 1 0 m upstream and 1 0 m downstream from the tentative location
of the windguy foundations.
2 .5 .2 S e t t in g o f B r id g e C e n t e r l in e
Fix the bridge centerline with two permanent axis points A on the left bank and B on the right bank.
Permanent axis points A and B should be fixed on rock out crop along the bridge centerline, if available. If
rock out crop is not available, these points should be marked on a boulder sufficiently embedded into the
ground as per the sketch below:
Chisded
hole
Additional survey points along the centerline should be fixed to survey the bridge axis profile as
shown in the sketch below. These survey points should be fixed at breaking points of slope and terraces,
which will accurately indicate the topography of the bridge axis. The profile should cover 25m behind the
main anchorage block up to the edge of the river flow.

Draw a sketch of the profile/cross section of the bridge axis (centerline) with axis points A and B,
with all the survey points and topographic features, including tentative position of the bridge foundations,
low water level and high flood level.
Profile/Cross Section (Example)
Draw a plan view with the bridge axis (centerline), axis points A and B, with all the benchmarks and
fixed objects like trees, houses etc. Give distances and directions from the reference points so that the axis
points and benchmarks can be located during the construction. A plan view is necessary only when a
windguy arrangement needs to be considered in bridge design.
Plan (Example)
FLO OD M A R K 4 -
HFL
102.20
+ BM II
P O N M A 1 I 3 4 5 B S T U
-o -- O—oTjf--0 —"I 1—-©--------o----------c - -o —
■D
---O—j~~•—
|~-(§)----O ||- -1—O - --- O---

2 .5 .3 S u r v e y M e t h o d s
There are two options for conducting the topographic survey. Depending upon the span and type of
bridge, a profile along the bridge axis or a more detailed survey including contour lines will be necessary.
In general Windguy Arrangement is not required for bridges with span up to 120 m.
• A detailed profile along the selected bridge axis is sufficient for bridges without windguy
arrangement. A topographic profile can be made by the Abney level, however for fixing precise levels
a Level Instrument is necessary.
• For bridges requiring a windguy arrangement a more detailed topographic survey is necessary, from
which a detailed contour plan can be plotted. This type of survey should be done by a Theodolite.
2 .5 .4 S u r v e y b y A b n e y L e v e l
The main function of the Abney Level is to measure the vertical angle cp. By measuring the slope
distance d between the survey points with a measuring tape, the horizontal distance D and the vertical
difference of elevation AH can be calculated.
Measurement of Vertical Angle:

The principal of measuring the vertical angle by the Abney Level is illustrated in the sketch and
procedure described below:
1 _ Horizontal Distance, D |

The Procedure of measurement is as follows:
1. The Surveyor stands at point A with the Abney level.

2. The Assistant stands at the target point C with a stick (or ranging rod). The target mark at the stick,
which the Surveyor sights must be at the same height above the ground as the Abney Level. For this,
the height of the ranging rod should be equal to height up to Surveyor’s eye level.
3. The Surveyor holds the Abney Level to the eye and sights towards the target at point C, centering the
cross hair against the target.
4. The index arm is then adjusted until the bubble is centered against the target and cross hair.
5. When the bubble is centered horizontally and the cross hair is aligned with the target, read the vertical
angle on the arc.
Measurement of Slope Distance d:
The slope distance d between the survey points is measured with a measuring tape. Distances larger
than 30m should be divided into sub-distances. The total distance can then be calculated by adding the sub
distances. Slope distances should be measured twice and the mean value should be taken as the accurate
slope distance.
Calculation of Horizontal and Vertical Distance and Elevations of Survey Points:
Horizontal distance D between a and c D = d x cos (p

Vertical distance AH between a and c AH = d x sin (p
Elevation of c H = Elevation of a ± AH
Add +AH, if sighting is upward and subtract -AH, if sighting is downward.
d = slope distance from a to c

9 = vertical angle from a to c
To take the profile along the bridge axis, the Surveyor should first set the exact centerline as
described in chapter 3.5.2. There are two methods of setting the centerline.
• By Nylon Rope and Plumb Bob:
This method is accurate only for spans up to 50m. Survey points along the bridge centerline are
fixed with the help of a nylon rope and plumb bob.
The Nylon rope is stretched along the axis point A of the left bank and B of the right bank. Care
should be taken that the tape or nylon rope is hanging freely and does not touch any obstacles. The survey
points are then fixed along this rope with the plumb bob as per the procedures shown in the sketch below:

• By Bamboo or Wooden Sticks or Ranging Rods:

This method is applied for span above 50m. In this method the survey points along the bridge
centerline are fixed with the help of Bamboo or Wooden Sticks or Ranging Rods. Fix Stick at each axis point
A and B in vertical position. Now the surveyor can aim at other points along the bridge centerline line of A
and B. By fixing in line additional survey points behind and in front of A and B, more points can be gained
along the bridge centerline ranging as per the procedures shown in the sketch below:
Bridge Axis Profile:

Proceed with the survey of the bridge axis profile after having fixed the centerline as per following steps
(refer to example on page 31).
1. The survey starts from the fixed permanent axis points A or B and proceeds to other survey
points M, N, O, P, 1, 3, 4, 5 or S, T, U, V, 4, 5, 6 (refer example sketch of bridge axis profile
below)
2. Measure the vertical angles and slope distances between these survey points of the centerline.
It is important that the sighted target is on the same height above the ground as the Abney
Level while taking the readings
3. Measure all points M, N, O, P, 1, 2, 3 starting from the permanent axis point A, as described in
the second step above
4. Similarly, measure all points S, T, U, V, 3, 4, 5, 6 starting from the permanent axis point B
5. Measure vertical angles from A to B and B to A to check the accuracy in vertical angle
readings
Before calculating the horizontal and vertical distances, it is necessary to determine the accuracy of
the measurement of the vertical angles. This can be done by comparing the measured vertical angle from A
to B with the vertical angle from B to A. Both angle readings should be equal. Differences in these readings
indicate an error in the angle measurements and needs correction.
The error factor 4 E’ is calculated with the following formula:

[< t?a b 1 — T ^ b a I
E = ------- -------- ; Corrected angle cp' = cpAB ± E or cp' = cpBA ± E
Example: Error Correction of Measured Vertical Angles

measured vertical angle from A to B <Pa b = 0°50’ (Downhill sighted)
measured vertical angle from B to A (P b a = 1°30’ (Uphill sighted)
error factor E = (l°30’ -0°50’)/2 = 0°20’
corrected angle <p’AB = 0°50’ + 20’ - 1°10’
corrected angle cp’ e A = 1°30’ - 20’ = 1°10’
All measured vertical angles should be corrected as:

Corrected angle cp' = [cp] + E for downhill sighted (-) angles
Corrected angle 9 ' = [cp] - E for uphill sighted (+)angles

Compute the horizontal distances and elevations of the corresponding survey points with the corrected
vertical angles as per the following example.
Example: Calculation of Horizontal Distance D and Elevation H of Survey Points:
Elevation of A = 1 0 0 .0 0 m
measured vertical angle from A to M, (Pam = +7°0’ (upward sighting)
corrected vertical angle from A to M <P’am = +7°0’- 0°20’ = +6°40’
measured slope distance A to M d = 13.35 m
horizontal distance between A and M D = d x cos cp’ = 13.35 x cos 6°40’ = 13.26 m
vertical distance between A and M AH = d x sin cp’ = 13.35 x sin 6°40’ = +1.55 m
Elevation of M H = Elevation of ‘A’ + AH =100.0 +1.55
= 101.55 m
Enter the measurements and calculations into the Abney Level survey sheet as per given example on
page 32.
Measuring the River Width:
In certain cases, it might not be possible to directly measure the river width from one bank to another
bank by tape. In such a situation, the river width should be measured by indirect method as described in the
following example.
How much is the width of the river 1= Distance from L to R ?
The procedure of the measurement is as follows:
1. Set a base line R - B perpendicular to the line L - R along the river. This can be done easily by 3-4-5
method (refer below: Setting of a Right Angle).
2. On this base line R - B, mark the mid point C so that RC is equal to CB.
3. Set again a base line B - A perpendicular to the line R - B similarly to stepl.
4. Mark exactly point A by ranging through point L - C, so that all these three points lie in the same line
of sight.
5. Measure length B - A. This length will be equivalent to the river width L - R = 1.

Setting of a Right Angle:
One simple method to set a right angle from a point of a base line is the 3-4-5 method. One measuring
tape and 3 wooden pegs are needed, as shown in the sketch below:
The procedure of the measurement is as follows
1. The first person should hold ‘O’ and ‘ 12’m mark of the measuring tape at point R.
2. The second person holds the tape at the 3m mark, and a third person at the 8 m mark of the tape.
Stretch all these sides of the tape as shown in the sketch above. A right angle triangle will be formed
with sides of 3, 4, and 5m.
3. Line R - B’ is now perpendicular to the line R - L'.

Bridge Name : Tokre Ghat District: Nawalparasi__________ Surveyed by : Chuda Mani____ Date : 27.11.2055
SLOPE VERTICAL VERTICAL HORIZONTAL VERTICAL REDUCED LEVEL

STATION POrNTS DISTANCE ANGLE ANGLE DISTANCE DISTANCE (ELEVATION) REMARKS
d [Observed] [Corrected] D H (Description of Points)
m <P <p' m + AH m
A B -0°50' -i°10* Observation for vertical
B A +1°30' + l°10' angle error correction
A 100.00 Datum Level (Assumed)
M 3.35 +7°20' +7°0* 3.32 + 0.40 100.41
N 8.00 +6°20’ +6°0' 7.95 + 0.84 100.84
0 13.00 + iio0' + 10°40' 12.77 + 2.40 102.40
P 17.25 +13°0* + 12°40' 16.83 + 3.78 103.78
-
bo
4.20 -23°40' -24°0'

4^
1 1.70 98.30
3 27.50 -18°40' -19°0' 26.00 - 8.95 91.05 HFL= Ela+l.Om
4 34.90 -19°40' -20°0' 32.80 - 11.94 88.06
5 47.30 -15° 10' -15°30' 45.58 - 12.64 87.36 Water Level (WL)
B 98.67
3 41.80 -10°10' -10°30' 41.10 - 7.62 91.05
8 12.40 -19°40' -20°0' 11.65 - 4.24 94.43
S 2.80 + 19°30' +19°10' 2.64 + 0.92 99.59
T 5.45 +14°40' +14°20' 5.28 + 1.35 100.02
U 15.20 +23°30' +23° 10' 13.97 + 5.98 104.65
3 91.05
2 17.00 + 1°50' -j-1°30* 17.00 + 0.44 91.49
B 41.80 +10°50' +10°30' 41.10 + 7.62 98.67

2.5.5 S u r v e y B y T h e o d o l it e
When the span of the bridge is more than 120 m or when a windguy arrangement needs to be included
in the bridge design, the survey is conducted with a theodolite.
For proper use of a theodolite, refer to the respective instruction manual that comes with the
theodolite and to the SBD Survey Manual.
Profile Along Bridge Axis:

Fix the bridge centerline as described in chapter 2.5.2. Measure the distance between the axis points A
and B by horizontal triangulation method. Triangulation is done by measuring all three angles of a triangle
and length of one side, as illustrated in the sketch below and in the example given on page 33.
For accuracy double triangulation is necessary. The procedure is:
I st Triangulation
1. Set out a peg at C in such a way that the distance B - C can be easily measured. The length ‘d’ should
be at least 20% of the distance A - B
2. Measure distance B - C = d accurately with a measuring tape. Measure this distance several times and
calculate the mean distance.
3. Set up theodolite at B and measure the horizontal angle Z ABC = P from face left and face right
4. Set up theodolite at C and measure the horizontal angle Z ACB = y from face left and face right
5. Set up theodolite at A and measure the horizontal angle Z BAC = a from face left and face right
6 . Sum up these angles (S=P+Y+a), which should be theoretically equal to 180° or 2008. If, the sum is
not equal to 180° or 200g, the difference A should be equally distributed to all the three angles so that
the sum becomes 180° or 2 0 0 8
d x s in /
7. Calculate distance A - B = D with the trigonometric formula, D = -----------
s in p
IInd Triangulation
1. Repeat the same procedure as above and calculate distance A - B = Df

D + D’
2. Calculate final distance D = ----------
2
Use the standard form “Triangulation” for recording the readings and calculation given in the
example on page 34.

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Elevation of Axis Points and Benchmarks:
It is necessary to establish the elevations of the Axis Points A and B and Benchmarks. This is done by
vertical triangulation as shown in the sketch below and as per example given on page 36.
The procedure is as follows:
1. Select a first Bench Mark BM I on a rock or big boulder near to the axis point A and fix it as
1 0 0 .0 0 m
2. Select bench mark BMII near to the axis point B
3. Measure the horizontal distance D from A to BMI accurately with a tape
4. Measure the horizontal distance D from B to BMII accurately with a tape
5. Take the distance D between axis points A and B from the triangulation (refer to previous chapter)
6. Set up the theodolite at the axis point A and measure the vertical angle to axis point B and the vertical
angle to BM I. Take the middle hair reading Z and measure the instrument height I.
7. Set up the theodolite at the axis point B and measure the vertical angle to axis point A and the vertical
angle to BM II. Take the middle hair reading Z and measure the instrument height I.
8. Set up the theodolite at BM I, measure the vertical angle to axis point A. Take the middle hear
reading Z, and measure the instrument height I.
9. Set up the theodolite at BM II, measure the vertical angle to axis point B. Take the middle hair
reading Z, and measure instrument height I
10. Calculate the followings for all readings:
Vertical Distance V = D x tan cp or V = ———

tan (5
Elevation difference AH = V - Z + I for upward vertical angle reading
AH = V + Z - I for downward vertical angle reading
11. Calculate Elevations of A, B, BM I and BM II, starting from BM I to A to B to BM II
Elevation of A = EL of BMI ± AH
Elevation of B = El. of A ± AH
Elevation of BMII = El. of B ± AH
Insert the readings and the calculations in the Survey form of “Summary of Triangulation and
Elevations of Pegs and Benchmarks” as per example given on page 36.

as
Example:
SUMMARY of TRIANGULATION and ELEVATIONS of PEGS and BENCHMARKS
Bridge Name : /<o//>no District : AcAAa^n, Surveyed by : A . a/. Date : /Vtz-cA /? ? ?
1. Summary of Triangulation 2. Elevation
AH = V- Z + I
D
V = D x tan cp =
tan ß AH = V + Z - 1
D IF F E R E N C E IN
Is Triangulation Dj 727- 039 /H VERTICAL ANGLE E L E V A T IO N
H <
2 'ki 'Triangulation D: = it? ■« 3 z
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S z Z H W o £ d g
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Mean Distance D = P i+^ = i ■û ? S c/} w_çH & B a Q F A C E R IG H T > a > AH MEAN
Suspended Type
2 cni m an in FA C E L E F T mi cm m cm
= 0 • £>0 O6
8\3
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If AD/D> 0.0025 repeat the triangulation öiö 1 \?
Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection
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Topographic Detail Survey:
The topographic detail survey is necessary to represent the topography of the bridge site by means of
a map (plan) with the contour lines.
The topographic detail survey uses the tacheometric method. Tacheometric survey is done by
Theodolite with stadia hairs (having constant value of 100) and leveling staff.
Checking the Stadia Hair:
Check the stadia hair of the theodolite before doing the detail survey by tacheometry. For this,
measure a distance of about 40 m using stadia readings and compare them with actual tape measurements. If
the difference between the stadia measurement and the tape measurement is more than 0.2%, calculation of
horizontal and vertical distance needs to be corrected. The distances should be corrected for error A as per
following Formula.
D = (100/ ± A) x cos 2 (p V = (50/ ± A) x sin2$>
A is calculated before the survey as per following procedure:
1. Put the theodolite on horizontal ground and level it

2. Level the telescope of the theodolite so that the vertical angle is 0
3. Put pegs at approximate distances of approx. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50m
4. Measure accurately the distance between the vertical axis of the theodolite and the pegs by tape
5. Take the stadia hair readings by theodolite at each peg
6. Calculate the horizontal distance to each peg by tacheometric calculation
7. Determine the difference (error) between the tape measurement and the tacheometric measurement
for each peg
8 . Plot the graph for A correction
Example: A - Corrections
Top hair Bottom hair Difference Distance Tape Measurement Correction

1. h 1 = li- h D’ = lx 100 Distance, D A = D - D’
(cm) (cm) (cm) (m) (m) (cm)
118.70 108.30 10.40 10.40 10.48 +8
135.90 114.20 21.70 21.70 21.87 + 17
140.75 109.80 30.95 30.95 31.33 + 38
160.25 118.05 42.20 42.20 42.66 + 46
1 2 0 .2 0 66.45 53.75 53.75 54.36 + 61
+
The graph is used for the calculation of the

tacheometric error for the horizontal distances
Distonce
(m)
D1= 1004

Tachometric Survey:
All topographic details are taken by the tacheometric survey. Tachometric details are mainly taken
from the axis point A and B (theodolite stations). If the area of survey cannot be covered by these two points,
details should be taken from other additional points. The survey points (staff points) should be taken at break
points of slopes, terraces, fields and other features representing the actual topography of the ground as shown
in the sketch below. Survey points should also include other details such as houses, trees, foot trails, rocks,
river banks, high flood level, water level at survey time etc.
The procedure of survey is:

1. Set up the theodolite on the axis point A. Measure the instrument height I
2. Fix the 0 reading of horizontal circle along the bridge axis towards B as illustrated in the following
sketch
3. Take for every survey point (staff point) the readings of the horizontal circle, the vertical circle, the
top hair, the middle hair and the bottom hair, after proper sighting to the respective survey points, as
illustrated in the sketch of step 2 above and the sketch below.
Vertical Angle, ß = 948 06c Top Hair, l \ =2.455

Horizontal Angle a = 2148 97c Bottom Hair, 1/2 = 1.844
Middle Hair, Z =2.15
4. Record the readings into the “Tacheometry ” survey sheet as shown in the example on page 40.
5. Set up the theodolite on the axis point B. Measure the instrument height I.
6. Fix the zero reading of the horizontal circle along the bridge axis towards A.
7. Take the details, which were not covered from axis point A, following the procedure from step 3-4.
8. Calculate the horizontal and vertical distances and elevations of the survey points with the help of the
tacheometric formulas given in the “Tacheometry” survey sheet as shown in the example on page 40.
2 .5 .6 T o p o g r a p h ic M a p s
As per the field survey data, it is necessary to prepare the following topographic maps in the scale
1 : 1 0 0 or 1 : 2 0 0
• Profile along the bridge axis

• Contour plan of the bridge site in scale (only when windguy arrangement is necessary)
Profile Along the Bridge Axis:
Plot the profile along the bridge axis as per following steps (refer the example of the plotted bridge
axis profile given on page 41).
1. Choose the scale of the drawing. Vertical and horizontal scale should be the same.
2. Choose the datum level so that the points with lowest and highest elevations are within the drawing
area.
3. Choose the position of the axis point A so that most farest survey point of Right Bank and left bank
from the axis point A are within the drawing area.
4. Plot the axis point B as per its elevation and horizontal distance from axis point A.
5. Draw the survey points of the bridge axis according to the horizontal distance and elevations as per
the data from the “Bridge Axis Profile by Abney Level” survey sheet or the “Tacheometry” survey
sheet from axis point A. Refer also to the sketch of the bridge profile prepared during the field survey.
6 . Similarly, draw the remaining survey points of the bridge axis from axis point B.
7. Join all the survey points by straight lines. This will represent the bridge axis profile.
8 . Draw horizontal lines with the elevation of the high flood level and the water level at the time of
survey.
Contour Plan of the Bridge Site:

The contour plan represents the overall topography of the bridge site by means of contour lines. A
contour line is a continuous line passing through points of equal elevation.
A contour plan is necessary only when a windguy arrangement is to be considered in the bridge
design. In most of the cases of short span trail bridges, windguy arrangement will is not necessary, and a
contour plan is not required for bridge design.
The method of plotting a detailed contour plan is not discussed here. For further information, refer to
topographic survey books or the SBD Survey Manual. A sample of a contour plan is presented on page 42.

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2 .6 P ho tographs
Photographs of the bridge site to support its technical feasibility / topography and facilitate the bridge
design.
Take the following photographs:
• An overall view of the bridge site from upstream indicating approximate location of bridge
foundations and the axis line
• An overall view of the bridge site from down stream indicating approximate location of bridge
foundations the axis line
• View of the right bank from left bank with an approximate location of bridge foundations
• View of the left bank from right bank with an approximate location of bridge foundations
• An overall top view (if possible)
• A close up view of the axis points and the bench marks
• A view of the soil test pits at the location of the bridge foundation blocks
• Other relevant photos
Take above photographs from the positions as per sketch below. If one picture does not cover the
necessary area, take several pictures from the same spot with sufficient overlapping.
Present all the photographs systematically with respective captions.
2 .7 S urvey R eport
The technical survey report consist of:
• Filled in Survey Forms and Checklist

• Topographic map
1. Profile along the bridge axis in scale

2. Contour plan of the bridge site in scale (only if windguy arrangement is necessary)

3. B r id g e D e s ig n
3.1 B r id g e T y p e s
There are basically two types of cable bridges developed in trail bridge standard, which are:
• Suspended Bridge Type w follow Form No. 2

Bridge Design Form
• Suspension Bridge Type
The selection from above bridge types depends mainly on the topography of the bridge site.
Suspended Bridge
This type of bridge has downward sagging walkway. Sagging walkway cables are suspended below
their anchorage. Cables are anchored in to the main anchorage foundation at both banks. The main
components of this bridge are: Walkway cables and Handrail cables, Walkway system and Main anchorage
foundations.
This type of bridge is selected where the bridge foundations can be placed at sufficiently high position
giving required free board from the highest flood level.
Suspended type is more economic, simple to design and construct than suspension type bridge.
A suspended type bridge
The present handbook deals only with suspended type bridge.
Chapter 3-.Design 45
Suspension Bridge
This type of bridge has upward cambered walkway. Main cables are hanged over the towers and
anchored to the main anchorage foundation. Walkway cables are anchored to the pylon foundations. The
main components of this bridge are: Main cables and Walkway cables, Towers, Walkway system, Main
anchorage foundations and Pylon foundations.
This type of bridge is selected when the bridge site is comparatively flat terrain and suspended type
bridge is not feasible due to the constraint of free board.
Suspension type Bridge is more expensive and needs more inputs to design and construct than
suspended type.
A suspension type bridge
The present handbook will not deal with suspension type bridge.•
• Layout and Sections

The typical Plan and Profile of a suspended type bridge is given in the next pages.
46 Chapter 3:Design
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Suspended Type Volume
SOIL
PEDESTRAIN SUSPENDED BRIDGE
Typical Profile
ROCK
Chapter 3:Design
PEDESTRAIN SUSPENDED BRIDGE
Typical Plan
• Walkway Section
110 cm
There are two types
of walkway width:
70cm & 106cm
3 .2 B a s ic D e s ig n C o n c e p t
3.2.1 L o a d in g s
For designing a bridge structure loadings as per LSTB standard (former SBD standard) is followed.
Following are the probable loadings according to this standard.
• Live load
Live load for smaller span up to 50m is equivalent to 400 kg/m2 and for longer span as per formula,
P =300 + 10 0-— k g / m 2 ro kN / m 2
t e
• Dead load
Dead load includes the weight of all permanent components of the bridge structure.•
Width of Walkway 34 cm 70 cm 106 cm
Dead Load (without weight of 25 kg/m or 42 kg/m or 57 kg/m or
Handrail- and Walkway Cables) 0.25 kN/m 0.41 kN/m 0.56 kN/m
• Wind Load
The design wind load is taken as a uniformly distributed load based on a wind speed of 160km/h
acting horizontally to the walkway. This corresponds to a wind pressure of 1.3 kN/m2 acting on the lateral
bridge area of 0.3 m2 per meter span. By maintaining a wind coefficient of 1.30 (ace. to Swiss Standard) the
actual lateral design wind load is 0.50 kN (1.3 x 1.3 x 0.3) per meter span. The foundation structures are
sufficient to resist this design wind load.
Wind load affects also the dynamic behavior of the bridge. However, practical experience has proven
that bridge-spans of up to 120 m, no significant dynamic effects due to wind load has taken place. For
minimizing dynamic wind-effects on the bridge sufficient dead load, a steel deck and most favorable span to
sag ratios have been introduced. Therefore, no lateral stabilizing measures (windguy system) is considered in
this standard suspended bridge design. However, for special cases (spans more than 120m or extreme windy
areas exceeding wind speed of 160km/h) there is a provision for fixing a windguy system.
(See also ’’Expertise on Windguy Arrangement for BBLL Standard Bridges by Dr.Heinrich Schnetzer, WGG
Schnetzer Puskas Ingenieure AG SIA/USIC Basel, Switzerland, and para 3.3.6 A Windguy Arrangement.)
• Snow Load
The probability of occurrence of a full load on a bridge loaded with snow is low. Moreover, the
design live load itself is comparatively high. Therefore, it is considered that the snow load is already
covered by the design live load.
• Temperature effect
Loading (cable forces) according to temperature effect is negligible in comparison with other loading
conditions. Therefore, temperature effect has not been considered for the standard bridge design.
• Seismic Load
There is low probability of a full live load occurring at the time of an earthquake. Moreover, the
design live load itself is comparatively high. Therefore, it is assumed that the seismic load is already
covered by the design live load. A separate loading combination with seismic load is not considered.
Chapter 3:Design 49
3.2.2 C o n s t r u c t i o n M a t e r i a l s
The construction materials used for the standard trail bridges are wire ropes (cables), steel parts, steel
fixtures and fasteners (thimbles, bulldog gripes, nuts and bolts), concrete and stone masonry. Specifications
of these materials are based on Indian Standard (IS). Refer to Volume A of SBD Manual for detail material
specifications. However, for frequently referred material, specifications are given below for quick reference.
• Steel Wire Ropes (Cables)

For more convenient stock keeping, handling and transportation only three cable diameters are
applied. This also reduces the number of steelparts, logistics and eventually bridge costs.
Steel wire ropes should comply with all the requirement of:
IS 1835 - 1977 Steel wires for ropes

IS 6594- 1977 Technical supply conditions for wire ropes and strands
IS 9282- 1979 Specification for wire ropes and strands for suspension bridges
IS 9182 (part II)-1979 Specification for Lubricants for Wire Strands and Ropes
Nominal diameters: 13 mm 26, 32 mm
Rope Construction 7 x 7 (6/1) 7 x 19(12/6/1)

Elongation - non pre-stretched pre-stretched
Lay RHO, right hand ordinary lay
Core WRC, Wire Strand Core
Tensile strength of wire 160 kg/mm2 or 1.57 kN/mm2
Preforming Preformed
Coating Galvanized ‘A’ heavy
Impregnation Non-drying type and non-bituminous Lubricant
Nominal Diameter Minimum Breaking Permissible

Weight Metallic Area
of Cable Load in load in
kg/m N/m [mm2]
mm Tones kN Tones kN
13 0.64 6.3 73 10.5 103 3.5 34
26 2.51 24.6 292 39.3 386 13.1 129
32 3.80 37.3 442 59.6 585 19.9 195
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 110 kN/mm2 = 11 t/ mm2
STRAND C O N S T R U C T IO N
12 W IR E S O U T S ID E
6 W IR E S IN T E R M E D I A T E
1 W IR E AS C O R E
CORE W IR E STRAND
R IG H T H A N D LA Y
D IR E C T IO N OF Z
Cross-section and Lay of Wire Rope
50 Chapter 3:Design
• Bulldog Grips
Bulldog Grips are used for cable terminal to secure the cable ends.
Bulldog grips should conform to IS 2361-1970, specifications for Bulldog Grips. The bridges must be
dropforged and suitably scored to grip a round strand rope of right hand lay having six strands.
Bridges, U-bolt and nuts should be hot dip galvanized with minimum zinc coating of 40pm. The size
of the bulldog grip is equal to the size of the cable to be anchored or connected.
The methods for applying Bulldog Grips to Wire Ropes at different terminals are given in Chapter
6.6.3 Bridge Construction.
• Structural Steel
Steel grade should be of standard quality Fe 410 and structural steel should comply with the
requirement of:
IS 226 - 1975 Structural Steel
IS 800 - 1984 General Construction in Steel
The steel should have the following mechanical properties :
Tensile Strength > 410 N/mm2

Yield Stress > 250 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity = 200 kN/mm:
Elongation > 23%
• Fasteners
Bolts, nuts and washers should be of grade C, property class 4.6 and should comply with the
requirement of:
IS 1363 - 1984 (Part 1) Hexagonal Head Bolts and Nuts
IS 1367 - 1983 Threaded Fasteners
All the fasteners should be hot dip galvanized with minimum zinc coating of 40pm.
• Reinforcement Steel
Reinforcement Steel should be of steel grade Fe415, high yield deformed bars and should comply
with the requirement of:
IS 1786 - 1985 High Strength Deformed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
IS 456 - 1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
The Reinforcement Steel should have the following mechanical properties :
Yield Stress = 415N/mm2

Modulus of Elasticity = 210 kN/mm2
Chapter 3:Design 51
• Rust Prevention
Rust prevention of steel parts should be done by Hot Dip Galvanization according to:
IS 2629 - 1966 Recommended Practice for Hot Dip Galvanization of Iron and Steel
IS 4759 - 1984 Specification for Hot-Dip Zinc Coating on Structural Steel
Minimum Mass of Coating Minimum Thickness of Coating

Products
g/m2 N/m2 pm
Structural Steel 610 6.0 80
Threaded work, Nuts and Bolts 300 3.0 40
• Wire Mesh Netting

Wire for wire mesh netting should comply with the requirement of:
IS 280 - 1978 Mild Steel Wire for General Engineering Purposes
IS 4826 - 1979 Hot-dipped Galvanizing Coatings on Round Steel Wire
Diameter of wire should be 12 SWG (2.64mm) and zinc coating should not be less than 270 g/m2.
The average tensile strength of the wire should not be less than 380N/mm2.
• Concrete
Concrete should comply with all the requirements of:
IS 456 - 1978 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS 2 6 9 - 1989 Ordinary Portland Cement
IS 383 - 1970 Coarse and Fine Aggregate
Concrete Grades used in the standard design are:

Concrete 1:3:6 (M10) for miscellaneous use
Concrete 1:2:4 (M15) for structure
• Masonry
Masonry should comply with all the requirements of:
IS 1597 - 1967 Code of Practice for Construction of Stone Masonry
IS 2250 - 1981 Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortars
Stone masonry used in the standard design are:

Chisel Dressed Stone Masonry in 1 :4 cement: sand mortar
Hammer Dressed Stone Masonry in 1:6 cement: sand mortar
Dry Stone Masonry.
• Unit Weight of Construction Materials
The unit weight of the construction material used in the standard design is given in the following
table.
Materials Unit Weight,

kg/m3 kN/m3
Concrete 2200 22.0
Stone Masonry 2100 21.0
Steel 7850 78.5
Soil 1800 18.0
Water 1000 10.0
52 Chapter 3: Design
3.2.3 S t r u c t u r a l A n a l y s is A nd D es ig n
Statical analysis is based on calculation of forces and stresses in the structures due to the external
loadings. Calculated forces and stresses are compared with the permissible loads and stresses of these
structures with some safety of factors.
The standard suspended bridge has been designed as per the following statical analysis and basic
design concept.
• Cable Design
A cable hanging between two supports and carrying a uniformly distributed load “q” forms a
parabola. Thus Main Cables and Walkway Cables are assumed to be of parabolic geometry. In suspended
type bridge, the main cables (walkway cables) and handrail cables carry the load equally proportional to their
sectional area.
The following sketch represents the cable geometry and forces on it.
Span (£ )
=> Maximum permissible Height Difference of Walkway Cable Saddles, h=
25
Span ( l )
=> Sag of the Cable at Midspan in Dead Load for Spans up to 80m: b =
To
Span (£ )
or for Spans over 80m: b =
~22
The fundamental equations for the calculation of the cable forces are:
=> Total Horizontal Tension, H = g-

86
H
=> Total maximum Tension at the higher Foundation Saddle, Tmax
A =
COS P n
=> Cable Inclination at higher Foundation Saddle, ß m a x = a t a " ( ----- 7 ~ )
4 2 2 + 25 0.1818-1 + 0.041
Example: ß max - a tan —— — — = a ta n---------------------- = a tan 0.2218 = ß max = 12.51c
The Safety Factor for Cable Breaking Load is taken as fs > 3.

Chapter 3:Design 53
As per above design concept, a simplified cable combination chart has been developed and
standardized for suspended type bridge for different walkway width and span up to 120m.
(refer to Table: Selection of Cables in Chapter 3.3.4 B).
These cable combinations depend only on the span and the chosen walkway width and do not depend
on the site condition. The cable combination has been designed to satisfy the worst topographic condition,
i.e. considering maximum allowable level difference between the cable saddles of right and left banks.
Therefore, in more favorable topographic conditions, the cable may seem to be over designed, but, as per
analysis this has no significant effect (less than 1%) on the over all cable strength.
• Steel Parts
Steel parts of the suspended type bridge are mainly subject to axial tension, bending stress, shear
stress and bond stress. All the steel parts are designed for these forces and stresses with a
safety factor of fs = 1.6.
All the steel parts have been standardized according to the cable combinations and do not depend on
the site condition.
• Walkway Structure
Walkway structures (Steel deck, Cross beams, hangers) are designed for local loadings as steel parts
with safety factor of, fs = 1.6. Concentrated load P = 150 kg (weight of a porter with load) positioned along
the walkway as well as across the walkway has been considered as per sketch below.
2 porters passing each other (P = 1.5 kN) walkway deck
Porters standing in row (P = 1.5kN)
• Main Anchorage Foundations

There are mainly three basic types of main anchorage foundations:
=> Foundation on Soil
=> Foundation on Hard Rock
=> Foundation on Fractured Hard Rock or Soft Rock
All foundations are designed as per the static analysis and principle of soil / rock mechanics. Soil and
rock parameters are determined by the site investigation (refer chapter 2.4.5 and 2.4.6). Following mode of
failure and respective safety factors are considered in the design:
=> Sliding FSl ^ 1-5
=> Toppling Ft >1.5
=> Bearing Capacity FBc ^ 2.0
=> Maximum Ground Pressure a max < Bearing capacity of soil or rock
The standard design is without windguy system (refer chapter 3.3.6 for details). Therefore,
foundations are designed to take the wind load satisfying the worst case from the following two load cases.
=> Load case A = dead load + full wind load
=> Load case B = full load + 1/3 wind load
54 Chapter 3:Design
• Foundation in Soil
RCC deadman and gravity soil anchor block has been designed as a main anchorage foundation on
soil. The design concept of the foundation is given below.
The foundations have been designed to satisfy the safety against sliding with the following theoretical
basis.
Re sistingForce R ’v J a n ç s , ^ ] 5
Safety factor against sliding:
DrivingForce R H
Where, R'v = Rv • cosa + Rh • since Ry = W, + W2 + ...+ Wn + Eav - Tv

R'h = Ry • since + Rh • cosa RH = T H+Eah
The gravity load has also been maintained to resist the uplift force at the dead man beam by providing
minimum width ( B |mjn) and height (Hlmin) as demonstrated be1""'
B ] min
Safety against uplifting:
Tmax • sina = (b+Blmin)-0.5Hlmin -Lb«*,,,

H 1 mil
Bimm = b + Hlmin • tan30°

Deadman
Beam
The position of the foundation behind the slope line of the internal angle of friction guarantees the
safety against the Ground Shear failure.
Further, a curtain wall with cement stone masonry of sufficient thickness has been provided to resist
the lateral pressure and bulging effect. The lateral pressure has been calculated as lateral pressure against
rigid wall as per elastic theory with the following formula.
Distribution of lateral pressure a z along B

Chapter 3:Design 55
• Foundation in Hard Rock

R C C C o n crete D ru m w ith rock an ch o rin g is used for fo undation on so u n d h ard rock. T he sizes o f
drum and an ch o rag e rods are designed to w ith stan d the sh ear due to the ho rizo n tal ten sio n o f the cables. It is
also d esig n ed to resist the u p lift force at D rum .
R eq u ired n u m b er o f an ch o r rods, N is calcu lated as:

Vmax
Tmax
_ Tmax cos a•
Hmax
A St ~
^perm
■sin a
N= or N =
n -d ® Bperm • TC•d • t
N is ad o p ted from w h ich e v er is h ig h e r from above.
• Foundation in Fractured Hard Rock or Soft Rock

D rum an ch o rag e w ith o u t ro ck an ch o rin g is u sed for fo u ndation on fractu red h ard rock o r fresh soft
rock.
Thesize o f drum is d esig n ed to w ith stan d the sh ear failure due to horizo n tal ten sio n o f th e cables.
T he D rum size and n u m b er o f re in fo rcem en t bars are d eterm ined as follow s.
f
Tmax
■Tc + A st ■Tst = Tm a x -c o s a
Hm ax
Required number o f anchor rods, N is calcu lated as:
N = 4 Ast
K-d2
• Stone Masonry Tower

S tone M aso n ry T o w e r is d esig n ed to be safe ag ain st o v ertu rn in g and m ax im u m p ressu re on
fo undation. T h e g ro u n d b ea rin g cap acity (sh ear failure) is co n tro lled by p lacin g the to w er fo u n d atio n
b eh in d the critical slo p e line (see ch ap ter 3.3.3, Step 1 for case 1& 2 ).T he desig n co n cep t is as sho w n
in the fo llo w in g sketches.
Forces on top of the Tower: Anchor Side

Ht
V ~ lb
Tb —T f- pVx => Vj' —
Ht = T f -cosß - T b-cosa ju=0.
T _ T (l -fi
tanSR
f(l + u s i n a ) II
cos SR
Forces at Tower Base and Soil Pressure

Safety factor against overturning:
r _ All Re sisting Moments _ 2M^j ^ r c

r yyf — — — o -i •
All Driving Moments AM“
Z M A= (V r X1 + V2-X2 + V3-X3 + ...+ Vt -X )
ZM~a =( Ht -Y)
m A = m A + zm a
Safety against Ground Bearing Pressure:

E ccen tricity sh o u ld be w ith in the perm issib le lim it so th at th ere is no n eg ativ e p ressu re on the
fo undation. It is ac h ie v ed b y m eetin g the follo w in g condition.
CL
5*/2 = : ^ - > 5/3
Rv Ri
2.Rv
W here, Ry = W i + W 2 + ...+ W n + Vx
I M a = X M +- I M '
G ro u n d B earin g P ressu re sh o u ld b e less than the B */2 I e I B/2

B earin g C ap ac ity o f the so il/ro ck . It is calcu lated as: B
• Reinforced Concrete Works

A ll the re in fo rce d co n crete w o rk s are desig n ed as p er the p rin cip le o f R C C d esig n in w o rk in g stress.
F o r detail refer to the re le v an t literature o f R ein fo rced C o n crete design.
Chapter 3:Design 57
3 .3 D e s ig n o f S t a n d a r d S u s p e n d e d B r id g e
3.3.1 T h e M a j o r B r id g e C o m p o n e n t s
The sketch below shows the major bridge components and parameters.
lower foundation higher foundation
3 .3 .2 D e s ig n P r o c e d u r e
For designing a suspended standard bridge, follow the steps in sequence as follows:•
• Draw the bridge profile from the survey data
• Fix the position of the bridge foundations and the span
• Select walkway width
• Select walkway cables and handrail cables from Design Form No. 2 (Volume II)
• Design walkway tower
• Design main anchorage foundations
• Transfer data to the bridge profile and prepare the General Arrangement Drawing
• Compile and fill in the standard design drawings
• Calculate the quantities of works and prepare the Cost Estimate
58 Chapter 3:Design
3 .3.3 D e s ig n in g t h e P o s it io n o f t h e B r id g e F o u n d a t io n s
Fix the position of the bridge foundations and the actual span of the bridge in the bridge profile. This
bridge profile will be the basis for the layout of the bridge at the construction site. Fulfill following criteria
while fixing the position of the bridge foundations.
Criteria for fixing the Biridge Foundations
• The Bridge Foundations should be placed at least 3 meter back form the soil slope and 1.5 meter
back from the rock slope
• The Bridge Foundations should be placed behind the line of angle of internal friction of the soil
or rock. This angle is 35° for soil and 60° for rock.
• Level difference between the walkway cable saddles of two banks, h should not be more than
span/25
• Walkway tower height should be as small as possible. However, walkway cable saddle should
be at least a height of 1.3 meter from ground but should not be at a height more than 3.0 meter.
• Free board F, between lowest point of the bridge in dead load case and the high flood level
should be not less than 5.0 m
Criteria for fixing the location of the bridge foundation
Procedure for fixing the Bridge Foundations
According to the above criteria, draw the bridge profile as per following steps.
• Draw the bridge axis profile on an A3 size paper in a scale 1:200 (for up to 50m span) or 1: 400
(for span above 50m) with all details like axis points A and B, HFL, WL and tentative location
of the walkway towers at both banks based on the survey data as described in the chapter 2.5.6.•
• Fix location of the walkway towers at both banks as per following procedure.
Chapter 3:Design 59
Case-1: When Tentative Position of the Towers has been fixed during the Survey.
Step 1: Fix the Front of the Tower and check with Slope Line.
Mark front of the tower as fixed during the survey. Check position of the front of the tower as per minimum
required distance from bank edge and slope line.
If minimum required distance from bank edge is not sufficient, shift its position backward.
Towers should be located behind the slope line. If tower is out of the slope line, shift its position backward.
Location
min.
of Front
3.00m
of T o w e r
Foundation
fixed m ax
during
Survey Survey
Step 2: Fix the Position of the Walkway Saddle and Bridge Span, l.
Mark position of the walkway cable saddles. Walkway cable saddles should be at height of 1.3m at soil
slope and 0.8m at rock slope from the ground at tower front. Thus, fix its elevations, Ei, Eh & l.
Step 3: Check the Level Difference, h.

Level difference ‘h’ between walkway cable saddles of two banks should be less than //25. If ‘h’ is found
more than the limit:
Rise the elevation of the walkway cable saddle of lower bank by increasing saddle height (in the series of
1.3, 2.3, 3.3 meter) but not more than 3.3 meter from the ground level in case of hill slope
Or
Shift the position of the tower of lower bank backward to gain the required walkway cable elevation in case
of flat ground. Or
Lower the elevation of the walkway cable saddle of higher bank. Avoid deep earth cutting.
Walkway Cable Saddle

Walkway Cable Saddle h = E^v - E i < 1 /2 5
h i --------------
Center Line
, of Walkway
X7 HFL
> Cable Saddle \7 W L
60 Chapter 3 .Design
Case-1: (continued)
Step 4: Calculate the vertical Distance, fminand check the Free Board, fb.
Calculate vertical distance fmjn between the lowest point of the bridge and walkway cable saddle of lower
bank,
(4 • l -
f m in
320 - I
Draw line of lowest point of the bridge.
Check available free board between lowest level of the bridge and high flood level.
Freeboard should be not less than 5.0m. If free board is not sufficient:
Raise the elevations of walkway cable saddles at both banks. This can be done either by raising the tower
height in case of the flat ground or by placing the tower further back in case of the hill slope.
Step 5: Finalize the Bridge Profile.

Finalize bridge profile with final span and elevation of the walkway cable saddles.
Chapter 3Design 61
Case-2: When the Position of the Towers has not been fixed during the Survey.
Step 1: Fix the Free Board Line and Front of the Towers.
Mark minimum free board level. Minimum free board from high flood level is 5.0 meter.
Fix the position of the front of the tower maintaining minimum required distance from bank edge and slope
line.
Step 2: Fix the approximate Bridge Span, / and minimum Level of Walkway Cable Saddles.
Calculate approximate bridge span as distance between the tower fronts.
£
Mark minimum level of walkway cable saddles as per required sag of the cable, b = —
Step 3: Fix the Position of the Walkway and Cable Saddles.

Walkway cable saddles should not be below the minimum level.
Walkway cable saddles should be 1.3 meter above the ground level at soil slope and 0.9 meter at rock slope.
Thus, fix the elevations of the walkway cable saddles, Ei and Eh.
62 Chapter 3:Design
Case-2: (continued)
Step 4: Check the Level Difference, h.
Level difference ‘h’ between walkway cable saddles of two banks should be less than U25. If ‘h’ is found
more than the limit:
Rise the elevation of the walkway cable saddle of lower bank by increasing saddle height (in the series of
1.3, 2.3, 3.3 meter) but not more than 3.3 meter form the ground level in case of flat ground.
or
Shift the position of the tower of lower bank backward to gain the required walkway cable elevation in case
of hill slope. or
Lower the elevation of the walkway cable saddle of higher bank. Avoid deep earth cutting.
Step 5: Calculate the vertical Distance fmInand check the Free Board fb.
Calculate vertical distance fmjn between the lowest point of the bridge and walkway cable saddle of lower
bank.
Draw actual line of lowest point of the bridge f m in

320
Check available free board between lowest level of the bridge and high flood level.
Freeboard should be not less than 5.0 meter. If free board is not sufficient:
Raise the elevations of walkway cable saddles at both banks. This can be done either by raising the tower
height in case of the flat ground or by placing the tower further back in case of the hill slope.
Finalize bridge profile with final span and elevation of the walkway cable saddles.
Chapter 3:Design 63
3.3.4 C a b l e D e s ig n
Designing the cable for a bridge involves selecting required numbers and diameter of the handrail and
walkway cables for given span and selected walkway width.
To design the cable proceed as per the steps below.
• Select the appropriate walkway width (70cm or 106cm) according to the nature of the traffic
and type of trail, (refer to Survey Form and Check List)
• Fix the span of the bridge and height difference of cable saddles of the right bank and left bank
from the bridge profile (refer chapter 3.3.3).
• Select cables from the Table: Selection of Cable according to the span and selected walkway
width.
Design the Cable Structure as per following Checklist
A. Survey Data & Calculation of Freeboard
1. Span of the Bridge £ m
the higher Side Eh m

: the lower Side E, m
4. Difference in Elevation h =Eh - E* h m
(max. permissible height: hmax = U 25)
5. Dead Load Sag: f o r Span up to 80m * - * - - bd m
20
f o r Span o ver 80m * - * ■ - bd m
22
6. f „,¡0 in Dead Load Case (4 b d - h )2
f . *f1111.11 m
(at the lowest point of the cable) 16 bd
7. Highest Flood Level h f, m

8. Free Board (min. 5.00m) E/ - Hpi - f min = Fb m
( i f fre e b o a rd is less than 5.00m, try eith er to ra ise the sa d d le elevation s o r to adju st the span,
but keep the ratio betw een span a n d sa g alw a ys fixed a t / / brf =20 o r / / b =22 )
B. Selection of Cables
Select a cable combination according to the span and walkway width of the bridge from the following
table. Always select the higher cable combination when the span is in between two values.
Maximum Span for Cable Combinations Weight of all
Walkway Width: Handrail Walkway Cables
70cm 106cm Cables Cables §h
span [m] span [m] nos 0mm nos 0mm [kg/m]
50 40 2 26 2 26 10.04
90 60 2 26 2 32 12.62
100 75 2 26 4 26 15.06
120 105 2 26 4 32 20.22
120 2 32 4 32 22.80
C. Calculation of Cable Length
dia Backstay Length * Cutting Length**

Type of Cable Nos
[mm] [m] [m/pc]
Fixation Cable 13 2
Handrail Cable 2
Walkway Cable
*Backstay Length = Cable length between saddle center and center o f dead man or drum as per foundation drawing
(both banks) + 6.0m.
**Cutting Length = 1.1 x Span + Backstay Lengths
D. Calculation of (fmin) Hoisting Sag

This calculation has to be made after tower and foundation work is completed
1. Actual Span measured in the Field £ = ......... ...........m
2. Saddle Elevation o f the Walkway Cable on th e higher S id e Eh = ......... ...........m
3. Saddle Elevation of the Walkway Cable on th e lower S id e E, = ......... ...........m
4. Difference in Elevation h Eh ■ Ej h = ......... ...........m

£
5. Dead Load Sag: f o r S pans up to 80m bd bd = ......... ...........m
20
£
o r f o r Spans o ve r 80m bd bd = ......... ...........m
22
6. Hoisting Sag b h = 0.95 x b(] = bh = ......... ...........m
(4 b h - h ) 2
7. f min in hoisting Case fmin fmin ~ ......... ...........m
16bh
Chapter 3:Design 65
3.3.5 D e s ig n o f B r id g e F o u n d a t io n S t r u c t u r e s
Design of a bridge foundation structure is mainly to select the standard anchor block types for right
bank and for left bank and fill in the required data in the selected drawings.
Standard anchor block (bridge foundation structure) types have been developed for all possible cases
up to span 120m. The design concept and statical analysis has been followed as per chapter 3.2.3, while
developing the standard anchor block types.
There are basically seven types of anchor blocks depending upon the soil or rock type, whereof the typical
designs are illustrated below:
1. RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor Block on Flat Topography
JZ TEf
.S
*© f Tf
as U
uCJ T©
t
£ rn2
©
H
2. RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor Block on Slope Topography
3. RCC Single Drum Rock Anchor Block in Hard Rock.
min. 1.50 m min. 2.50 m 40 60
4. RCC Double Drum Rock Anchor Block in Hard Rock.
min. 2.80 40 60
Chapter 3-.Design 67
5. RCC Single Drum Rock Anchor Block in Fractured Hard Rock and Soft Rock
2 .0 0 m
;
Rock
6. RCC Double Drum Rock Anchor Block in Fractured Hard Rock and Soft Rock
min. 2.80 40 60
[
2 . 0 0 in
Fractured
!
Rock
7. RCC Deadman Anchor Block in Fractured Hard Rock and Soft Rock
2 . 0 0 m ----------- T
68 Chapter 3:Design
To select an Anchor Block Type proceed as follows.

• define the walkway width (refer chapter 3.3.4).
• define the span of the bridge from the bridge profile (refer chapter 3.3.3).
• define the topography of the ground where the anchorage block will be placed as flat or slope.
• The topography is defined as flat if the ground slope is less than 10°, and slope if the ground slope is
more than 10°.
• define the soil or rock type from the Form No 1: Survey Form and Checklist, chapter 4.6.
• define the tower height from bridge profile (refer chapter 3.3.3). Tower height = Height of walkway
cable saddle from the ground + 1.1m in case of soil bank and flat topography. Tower height = 2.4m
(fixed) in case of soil bank and slope topography. Tower height = 2.0 m (fixed) in case of Rock bank.
• select the anchor type and the corresponding drawing from the selection tables according to the above
design data.
Design the Anchor Types as per following Checklist.
A. Design Data
Fill in the following Design Data from Form No. 1: Survey Form and Checklist
• Walkway Width, WW (70 or 106cm): ...... ........... cm
• Bridge Span: ........... m
Right Bank Condition
Geology: Soil □
If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat
(up to 10° slope)
□ or Hill Slope □
(more than 10° slope)
What is the Soil Type? Gravelly □ Sandy □ Silty □
Tower Height from Ground up to
H.C.Saddle (data from bridge profile):
2.4m □ 3.4m □ 4.4m □
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock □
(only few fractures)
Hard Rock □
(highly fractured)
Soft Rock □
Tower Height 2.0m in Case of Rock □
Left Bank Condition
Geology Soil □
If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat
(up to 10° slope)
□ or Hill Slope □
(more than 10° slope)
What is the Soil Type? Gravelly □ Sandy □ Silty
□
2.4m □ 3.4m □ 4.4m □
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock □
Hard Rock
□
(highly fractured)
Soft Rock □
Chapter 3¡Design 69
B. Selection of Anchorage Types

Select appropriate anchorage type at Right Bank and Left Bank according to the above design data.
Procedure for Selection:
• According to the Soil/Rock type and Slope of the ground, refer to respective tables for selection of
Anchorage Block as per below.
for Soil and Flat Ground : Table 1
for Soil and Hill Slope : Table 2
for Hard Rock : Table 3 or Table 4
for Fractured Hard Rock or Soft Rock:
Span up to 90m (WW = 70cm) and up to 60m (WW = 106cm) : Table 5 or Table 6
Span Range 91 -120m (WW = 70cm), 61 -120m (WW = 106cm) : Table 7
• In the table match the design data:
Selected Walkway Width —» Bridge Span — —>Select the corresponding
>
Tower Height -» Soil
Anchor Type and Drawing No. for right bank and left bank respectively.
C. Anchor Type Selection Tables
• In Soil and Flat Ground:

Table 1: Selection of RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Flat Ground
Span Range, m Tower
Foundation Block Drawing
Height
Walkway: 70cm Walkway: 106cm Soil Type Type No.
[ml
2.4 IF 21Dcon
Up to 45m Up to 30m 3.4 All 2F 22Dcon
4.4 3F 23Dcon
2.4 4F 24Dcon
46-90 31-60 3.4 All 5F 25Dcon
4.4 6F 26Dcon
2.4 7F 27Dcon
91 - 120 61 -75 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 9F 29Dcon
2.4 10F 30Dcon
- 76-90 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 1IF 31Dcon
2.4 12F 32Dcon
- 91 - 105 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 13F 33Dcon
Gravely 12F 32Dcon
2.4
Sandy, Silty 14F 34Dcon
- 106-120
3.4 15F 35Dcon
All
4.4 13F 33Dcon
70 Chapter 3:Design
• In Soil and Slope Ground:
Table 2: Selection of RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Hill Slope
Span Range, m Tower
Height
Walkway: 70cm Walkway: 106cm Soil Type Type No.
[m|
Up to 60m Up to 40m 2.4 All IS 41Dcon
6 1 -9 0 41-60 2.4 All 2S 42Dcon
91 - 120 61-75 2.4 All 3S 43Dcon
Gravely 4S 44Dcon
- 76-90 2.4 Sandy 5S 45Dcon
Silty 6S 46Dcon
Gravely, Sandy 7S 47Dcon
- 91 - 105 2.4
Silty 8S 48Dcon
- 106-120 2.4
Silty 9S 49Dcon
• In Hard Rock for all Span Range:

Table 3: Selection of RCC Single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock
Span Range, m Tower Height
Block Type Drawing No
Walkway: 70cm Walkway: 106cm [m[
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1HRS 61Dcon

9 1 -1 2 0 61 - 120 2.0 2HRS 62Dcon
When slope is too steep and there is not enough space for single drum anchorage system (Table 3),
select the double drum system from following table 4.
Table 4: Selection of RCC Double Drum Anchor in Hard Rock

Walkway: 70cm Walkway: 106cm [m]
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1HRD 63Dcon

91 - 120 61 - 120 2.0 2HRD 64Dcon
• In Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock for Span Range up to 90m (WW = 70 cm)
and 60m (WW = 1 0 6 cm ):
Table 5: Selection of RCC Single Drum Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
Span Range, m Tower Height r
Walkway: 70cm Walkway: 106cm [ml
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 IFRS 65Dcon
Chapter 3:Design 71
When slope is too steep and there is not enough space for a single drum anchorage system (Table 5),
select the double drum system from following table 6.
Table 6: Selection of RCC Double Drum Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1FRD 66Dcon
• In Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock for Span Rang of 91- 120m (WW = 70 cm)
and 61-120m (WW = 106cm):
Table 7: Selection of RCC Deadman Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
91-120 61-120 2.0 2FRD 67Dcon
Selected Anchorage Foundation Type and corresponding Drawings from the Tables above:
Right Bank: Anchor Type.................... Drawing No

Left Bank: Anchor Type.................. Drawing No
D. List of Drawings
Select the required Steel Drawings and Construction Drawings accoiding to the walkway width,
selected cables and selected Anchorage Block types. For this, refer to Chapter 4: Bridge Standard
Drawings.
Prepare a General Arrangement drawing for individual bridge design. For this, refer to Chapter 3.3.7:
General Arrangement Drawing.
3.3.6 O t h e r S t r u c t u r e s
Besides the bridge structure, some other adjacent structures may be required for overall bridge
stability and for safety measures. These are the following structures.
A. Windguy Arrangement
B. Retaining Structures
C. Slope Protection works
D. River Bank Protection
A. Windguy Arrangement
Generally Windguy Arrangements are not required for bridges with span of up to 120m. Therefore, no
lateral stabilizing measures (windguy system) is considered in this standard suspended bridge design.
However, for special cases (spans more than 120m or extreme windy areas exceeding wind speed of
160km/h) there is a provision for fixing a windguy system, (see also chapter 3.2.1 Loadings). For such cases
the general layout for Windguy Arrangements is shown on the following pages. For detailed geometric
calculations refer to the Design Manual, Volume A of the Suspension Bridge Project, Nepal. The Steel
Drawing for the windtie cable clamps is shown on Drawing No. 11A and respective Construction Drawings
for different types of windguy cable anchorages are given in Drawing Nos 51 Aeon, 52Acon, 53Aeon,
54Acon, 57Acon and 58Acon in Volume III.
72 Chapter 3 .Design
The Layout of the Windguy Arrangement
LEFT BANK RIGHT BANK
The Geometry of the Windguy Arrangement

Plan
The design of the Windguy Arrangement is to:

• select the windguy cable and windties cable
• select the windguy cable anchor blocks
• calculate geometry of the windguy arrangement
Chapter 3: Design 73
• Selection of Windguy Cable and Windties Cable:

Select the windguy & windtie cables from the following table according to the span of the bridge.
Selection of Windguy Cable and Windtie Cable

Span, m Windguy Cable, mm Windtie Cable, mm
Up to 150 26mm 13
150-200 32mm 13
• Selection of Windguy Cable Anchor Type:

There are each two types of gravity Soil Anchor Blocks, gravity Rock Anchor Blocks and Drum
Anchors depending on the soil or rock type and the diameter of the Windguy Cable.
For details refer to respective construction drawings in Volume III.
w Select the Windguy Cable Anchorage Type from following Tables:*
Selection of Windguy Cable Gravity Anchor Block on Soil

Windguy Cable 0 [mm] Block type Drawing No
26 Soil Block 51 Aeon
32 Soil Block 53Acon
Selection of Windguy Cable Gravity Block on Rock *

26 Rock Block 52Acon
32 Rock Block 54Acon
Selection of Windguy Cable Drum Anchor on Hard Rock*

26 or 32 Hard Rock Drum 57Acon
Selection of Windguy Cable Drum Anchor on Fractured Hard Rock or Soft Rock*
26 or 32 Soft Rock Drum 58Aeon
* If both banks are rock, select the Drum Anchor for one bank and the Gravity Rock Anchor for the
other bank.
If one bank is rock and the other bank is soil, select always the Drum Anchor for the rock bank.
B. Retaining structures
Retaining structures are necessary to retain the earth (soil, fractured rock and weathered soft rock)
behind the anchorage blocks of the bridge. There are many options of retaining structures. But for the trail
bridge construction most feasible are retaining walls. Retaining walls can be of gabion boxes, rubble
masonry and dry stone masonry. For the Short-Span trail bridge construction dry stone retaining wall or
breast wall are preferable, since they require only local materials.
The choice between retaining wall and breast wall depends on different factors, such as available
space behind the blocks, required height of the protection, soil conditions etc.
Retaining walls are used when the earth to be retained is loose soil with large protection height. For
the design of the retaining wall use the following table.
Retaining Walls
Banded Dry
Type Dry Stone
Stone / Masonry
Section w *
_______ d r y S t o n e
f f l As---- m o r ta r
]
^ w! f> !L Wb
T o p w id th , W t 0 . 6 - 1.0 m 0 .6 -1 .0 m
B ase w id th , W b 0 .5 -0 .7 H 0 .6 -0 .6 5 H
F ro n t b a tte r v a rie s v a rie s
B a c k b a tte r v a rie s v e rtic a l
In w a rd d ip o f
1 :3 1 :3
fo u n d a tio n , n
F o u n d a tio n d e p th > 0 .5 0 m > 0 .5 0 - 1 m
Range of
1-6 m 6 -8 m
h e ig h t, H
Hill s lo p e
N>
<35°
oo
a n g le , a
Breast walls are used when earth to be retained is fractured or weathered rock or compact soil with
temporarily unstable nature. For designing breast walls use the following table.
Breast Walls
!-------------------------------------------
Banded Dry
Type Dry Stone
Stone / Masonry
W t - r-
ft ^ 3 *
/ / L --------d r y S t o n e
if
J
Section sc X
y ---- m o r ta r
? 1
4 I
Wb Wb I
T o p w id th , W t 0 .5 0 m 0 .5 0 m
B a se w id th , W b 0 .2 9 H 0 .3 H 0 .3 3 H > 0 .5 H
B a ck b a tte r 3 : 1 4 :1 5 :1 3 :1
In w a rd d ip o f
fo u n d a tio n , n 1 :3 1 :4 1 :5 1 :3
F o u n d a tio n d e p th > 0 .5 0 m > 0 .5 0 m > 0 .5 0 m > 0 .5 0 m
Range of <6 m <4 m <3 m 3 -8 m
h eight, H
Hill s lo p e
a ngle, a 3 5 - 60° 35 - 60°
Chapter 3:Design 75
C. Slope Protection Measure

Slope protection measure depends on the factors influencing slope instability. It is recommended to
select the bridge site, where there are no slope instability features (refer chapter 3.4.3). However, often it is
necessary to drain out the surface runoff and seepage water from the slope as a slope protection measure.
Water should be collected as closely as possible from its origin and safely channeled to a nearby
watercourse. The surface drainage can be catch drain on the slope or drainage around the anchorage
foundation or combination of both. The choice depends on the position of the anchorage foundation and the
profile of the natural terrain as shown in the sketch bellow.
The drain should be open type and section of the drain as per following design.
To avoid self-scouring, the drain outlet should be protected as shown in the following sketch.
In seepage area, sub-surface drainage is required around the anchorage foundation. The typical
layout design of the sub-surface drain is as shown in the sketch bellow.
S EC TIO N PLAN
The typical design of the sub-surface drain i£ as shown in sketch below.
1-2 cm
gravel filling
built up as
filter bed
drainage pipe drainage canal,

(perforated masonry 1:4
polyethylene)
Bio-Engineering
Surface drainage alone may not be sufficient for unstable slopes. The most effective method for
stabilizing such slopes is bio-engineering in combination with light civil structures such as catch drains,
check dams, cascades etc. This is a cheap and easy method. The main concept of this method is to grow
trees, plants such as shrubs or grasses. Deep rooted and fast growing trees and plants are most suitable for
this purpose. Proper selection of plant types is most important and should be based upon local experience.
Some of the vegetation measures are:
• planted grass lines: contour/horizontal or down slope/vertical or random planting
• grass seeding
• turfing
• shrub and tree planting
• shrub and tree seeding
• fascines (bundles of live branches are laid in shallow trenches)
For more and in-depth details about bioengineering techniques refer to the respective literatures and
Manuals. One of the recommended manual is: " Road Side Bio-Engineering, Reference Manual by John
Howell, published by HMG/Department of Roads”.
D. River Bank Protection

River protection works are of temporary nature and costly. This requires frequent maintenance to
keep the structure functional. Therefore, avoid bridge site, which requires river protection works as far as
possible. This is a complex subject and cannot be covered by this handbook. For detail refer to SBD Design
Manual Vol.A.
3.3.7 G e n e r a l A r r a n g e m e n t D r a w in g
General Arrangement (GA) drawing shows the overall plan and profile of the bridge. The GA should
reflect the major components of the bridge and its geometry including the elevations of the foundations at the
right and left bank. The GA is required for overall view of the designed bridge and also for layout of the
bridge for construction.
Draw the GA on the same bridge profile as already done under chapter 3.3.3, and mention the following data
on the plan and the profile of the bridge:
• span and dead load sag,

• distance from the axis point A and B (which, were fixed during survey) and the center of the tower,
• cable elevations at saddles, elevation of the lowest bridge point and all bridge foundation levels,
• over all dimensions of the bridge structures and its elevations.
The completed GA should be sufficient for the layout of the bridge. An example of a GA drawing of a
bridge is given on the next page.
Chapter 3:Design 77
3“
fD
00
O-
o^
>
E3
0c5
a-
aa-
R
3CD
<
p
T3
3 .4 D e s ig n E x a m p l e
-4
00
Chapter 3: Design
4. B r id g e S t a n d a r d D r a w in g s
4.1 I n t r o d u c t io n a n d O v e r v ie w o f D r a w in g s
The Bridge Standard Drawings represent the centerpiece of the Short Trail Bridge Standard. They are
composed as a unit component system and are categorized in two categories:
• Construction Drawings see Volume III

• Steel Drawings Steel & Construction Drawings
Both drawing categories are linked with each other and depending on the bridge design the required
drawings are selected.
Construction Drawings
Drawing Titles Drawing Nos.
FITTING Walkway Fitting for 70 cm Walkway Width 19Dcon70

DETAILS Walkway Fitting for 106 cm Walkway Width 19Dconl06
TOWER CSM Tower & RCC Core for 70 cm Walkway Width 20Dcon70
DETAILS CSM Tower & RCC Core for 106 cm Walkway Width 20Dconl06
RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Flat Ground 21Dcon - 26Dcon
Ground
for 2 Walkway Cables (6 Drawings)

Flat
SOIL
TORS
RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Flat Ground 27Dcon - 35Dcon
u RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Hill Slope 41Dcon &
z
< H, w
Ch for 2 Walkway Cables 42Dcon
à o
RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Hill Slope 43Dcon - 49Dcon
RCC Single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock for 2 Walkway Cables 61Dcon
in U
X O RCC Single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock for 4 Walkway Cables 62Dcon
O r/
nn
X
u RCC Double Drum Anchor in Hard Rock for 2 Walkway Cables 63Dcon
<
< a RCC Double & Single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock 64Dcon
*
Ü for 4 Walkway Cables
o
oc Q RCC Single Drum Anchor in fractured Rock for 2 Walkway Cables 65Dcon
§ ^
RCC Double Drum Anchor in fractured Rock for 2 Walkway Cables 66Dcon
s “ RCC Deadman Anchor in fractured Rock for 4 Walkway Cables 67Dcon
u Gravity Soil Block for Cable 0 26mm 51 Aeon
<2 w
75 SU
Gravity Rock Block for Cable 0 26mm 52Acon
optional
dguy Ci
r Drawi
Gravity Soil Block for Cable 0 32mm 53Acon

Gravity Rock Block for Cable 0 32mm 54Acon
©c
RCC single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock, Cable 0 26 or 32mm 57Acon
y ^
< RCC single Drum Anchor in Fractured Rock, Cable 0 26 or 32mm 58Aeon
Chapter 4: Bridge Standard Drawings 79

Steel Drawings
Drawing Titles Drawing Nos.

Crossbeam for 2 Walkway Cables for walkway width = 34 cm* 01D*
Crossbeam for 2 Walkway Cables for walkway width = 70 cm 02D
W a l k w a y
Crossbeam for 4 Walkway Cables for walkway width = 70 cm 02D4
C r o ss B ea m s
Crossbeam for 2 Walkway Cables for walkway width = 106 cm 03D
Crossbeam for 4 Walkway Cables for walkway width = 106 cm Q3D4
Steeldeck Standard Panel, length = 198 cm / width = 34 cm 08A
S t e e l D ec k Steeldeck Standard Half Panel, length = 98 cm / width = 34 cm 09A
Steeldeck Special Panel,length = 223 cm / width = 34 cm 10A
Saddles & Reinforcement for
H 20D2
Z ¿1 RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor for 2 Walkway Cables
tí O
C/3 S
tí 5/5 Saddles & Reinforcement for
20D4
tí U RCC Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor for 4 Walkway Cables
tí
G tí
G o Saddles & Reinforcement for
< tí 20D4S
in z RCC Deadman Anchor in fractured Rock for 4 Walkway Cables
3 tí
Pí u Saddles & Reinforcement for 60D2
o Drum Rock Anchor for 2 Walkway Cables
oá
Saddles & Reinforcement for 60D4
Drum Rock Anchor for 2 Walkway Cables
Windties Cable Clamps for Windguys Cable o 26 or 32 mm 11A
optional
Windguys Cable Anchorage for one Cable End o 26 or 32 mm 50A
*Also a narrow walkway of 34cm width (lpannel wide only) has been developed, but is not used very often and is,
therefore not considered in this Handbook; but can be used, if dimensions of anchor blocks are designed accordingly.
Legend for the Drawing Numbers and Suffixes:
Drawing No. Suffix Bridge or Drawing Type
cn h A For All bridge types

tí O 02 D For suspended bridge types
w 5
« £ 02 D4 For 4 walkway cables
1/3 * 02 D4W Suitable for Windguy cables
Q
20 D4S Special
42 Dcon construction drawings
z
ol-N w 20 Dcon 70 For 70 cm walkway width
h a Anchor Drawings (Block Types)
u z 3F Block Type 3 in Flat Ground
tí
tí £ 5S Block Type 5 in Hill Slope
tí
to tí 1HRS Block Type 1 in Hard Rock for Single Drum
zO Q
M 1HRD Block Type 1 in Hard Rock for Double Drum
u IFRS Block Type 1 in Fractured Rock for Single Drum
1FRD Block Type 1 in Fractured Rock for Deadman
80 Chapter 4: Bridge Standard Drawings

4 .2 C o n c e p t o f t h e S t a n d a r d D r a w in g s
Steel Drawings
Each Drawing is providing the necessary information and specifications for manufacturing the
desired steel parts. Depending on the width of the walkway, the size of walkway cable and the span the
empty spaces in the materials list have to be filled in and the total weight has to be calculated as per example
below.

T3 for fixing first & joining Fixation 1r 1.4°

13 af 13 12 Cable (]) 13 mm
5 —
blj ¥2
-S
T 73
~3 Oí) i
Qj
2 for Handrail Cable (j) 26 or 32 mm r ...D

14 0Q<O
3 +- 6' __
tn
2
for Walkway Cable (|) 26 or 32 mm 1r ...D
15 2
4 > -.
A = .................................. kg B = ................. ^ ............. kg g = 10.64 kg

Total transportationAVeight Total Structural x\ Steel to be
B+C+D+R+0.16 kg Steel = (u+g) N. galvanized
C = 0.32 kg ...........kg N. R = " , ...........kg

Nuts, Bolts, Washers ^^Bulldog^Grips ' Reinforcement Steel
fill in the <|) of the required Bulldog compute total weights from weight
Grips plus the weight from the table column of material list
below
Fill in : HMG / Ministry of Local Development

Bridge Name DoLIDAR / Short SpanTrail Bridge Standard
No, Bank & Bridge Name:
Span No: Bank: Span:
Steel Drawing:
Width of Walkway Saddles & Reinforcement for RCC
Deadman & Gravity Soil Anchor
for 2 Walkway Cables
No of required foundation ■ - —- — -—►Walkway Width : cm
Set for one Foundation
^ 1 or 2
D a te : S e p t 20, 2001 D ra w in g No. 20D2
Cable Bulldog Grips ———-^Weight

<t>mm for two cables (kg/pc) Total kg
26 10 X m xS)
32 12 C f 3 o ' y / XxCkh6(ï)

From the total weights of each drawing the grand total for each steel category has to be added up as follows:
A : Means the entire weight of steel including galvanization to be transported to the site.
B : This is the total structural steel raw or untreated. This includes steel profiles, plates and flats but not
reinforcement bars and other steel items.
C : This is the weight of Nuts, Bolts & Washers, (galvanized weight)
D : This is the weight of Bulldog Grips or Thimbles, if required, (galvanized weight)
R : This is the raw weight of Reinforcement Steel or Plain Rods they are never galvanized.
The total transportation weight A = B + C + D + R
g : The little g indicates the weight of structural steel to be galvanized. This weight is part or can be the
sum of the total structural steel (B), but is not an additional weight.
Above distinction is made for quotation purposes, because the price per kg (or piece) is varying
greatly among each other. Reinforcement steel is much cheaper and Nuts & Bolts are much more expensive
than structural steel.
The weight of steel to be galvanized is necessary, to obtain the price for galvanization separately,
without the cost of the steel as such.
Usually steel drawings are not necessary at the construction site but for assembly and identification
of the steelparts a copy of each steel drawing should be available. Also for maintenance at a later stage
copies of the steel drawings are useful.
Construction Drawings
The construction drawings are the actual site drawings of which one complete set is absolutely
necessary at the site. Depending on the required width of the walkway the corresponding “Walkway Fitting”
& “CSM Tower” drawings have to be selected (either 70 cm or 106 cm).
• Walkway Fitting Drawing

(for 70 or 106 cm walkway)
• Details of CSM Tower & RCC Core
(for 70 or 106 cm walkway)
The CSM Tower & RCC Core, drawing no. 20Dcon70 or 20Dconl06, are identical for all bridges.
For the actual anchorage arrangements there are two main categories of drawings:
• Soil Anchor Drawings

• Rock Anchor Drawings
Both drawing types are complete designs and are fulfilling respective parameters selected in the
design form. Also in both drawings the necessary quantities of construction materials are already calculated.
These have to be filled in respective tables given in the cost estimate Form No. 3 or 4.
The Soil Anchor Drawings are sub-divided in to:
• Soil Anchor Block in Flat Ground

• Soil Anchor Block in Hill Slope
In flat ground with a gradient of max 10° the block types IF - 15F are applicable, whereas in slopes
over 10° the block types IS - 9S are to be applied.
It is absolutely necessary to fill in the Elevation and Cable diameters as indicated in the drawings. The
levels are to be determined in the topographic profile of he survey whereas the cable diameter can be taken
from the design form.

Example : Soil Anchor
Gravity Soil Anchor Block

660 ---------------
(id)—— Erection Hook
(id)— 3 Stirrups ^10
(n ) ---- Anchor Rods <f> 25

4 .3 R e l a t io n s h ip b e t w e e n c o n s t r u c t io n a n d s t e e l d r a w in g s
Each Construction Drawing has related Steel Drawings. Respective related drawing numbers are
mentioned on the drawing itself and also respective steel parts numbers are shown on the construction
drawing for easy reference.
The Construction Drawing "Walkway Fitting", Nos 19Dcon70 or 19Dconl06 is showing the
superstructure of the bridge. The related Steeldrawings are the corresponding Steel Crossbeam and Steeldeck
Drawings.
Construction Drawing No 19
“Walkway Fitting”
Steel Drawing Nos 01 - 03 Steel Drawing Nos 0 8 - 1 0

“Crossbeam” “Steeldeck”

The Steel Drawings for Saddle and Reinforcement, Nos 20 & 60 are related to the corresponding
Construction Drawings Nos 20Dcon70 (70 cm walkway), or 20Dconl06 (106 cm walkway).
Furthermore, depending of the soil conditions (soil or rock), the Steel Drawing Nos 20 & 60 are related
either to Anchor Drawings "Soil" or "Rock" as shown below.
Construction Drawing No 20 Steel Drawing Nos 20 or 60

“Details of CSM Tower & RCC Core” “Saddles and Reinforcement”
Construction Drawings Nos 2 1 - 4 9 Construction Drawing Nos 61 - 67

“SOIL ANCHORS” “ROCK ANCHORS”

5. C a l c u l a t io n o f Q u a n t it y a n d C o s t E s t im a t e
Calculation of quantities and cost estimate is required for the purpose of planning and
implementation. The selected approach of implementation determines the methodology of calculating the
quantities & cost estimate. There are basically two approaches of implementation. These are:
• Implementation by the Community follow Form No. 3

Quantity & Cost Estimate
for Community Approach
follow Form No. 4

• Implementation by Contractor Quantity & Cost Estimate
through Public Tender for Public Tender & Contracting
Standard forms for calculation of quantities and cost estimate for both implementation approaches are
presented in the Vol. II as Form No.3 and Form No.4. The methodology of calculating quantities and
preparing cost estimate for the two approaches of implementation and how to use the respective Forms is
described in the chapter below.
5.1 I m p l e m e n t a t io n b y t h e C o m m u n it y
Use the Form No.3: Cost Estimate (Mode of Execution: Community Approach).
To calculate the quantities and to prepare the cost estimate in Form No.3, follow in sequence the
procedure outlined below:
• Quantity Calculation
=> Calculate quantities of cables from the Form No.2: Cable Design. Fill in the Quantity Calculation
Sheet of Wire Rope (Cables). This sheet will show the cable lengths of each diameter and the total
weight of the cables.
=> Calculate quantities of Steel Parts and Steel Deck from the corresponding steel drawings. Fill in the
Quantity Calculation Sheet of Steel Parts and Steel Deck.
=> Calculate quantities of Earth Works from General Arrangement Drawing. Fill in the Quantity
Calculation Sheet of Construction.
=> Calculate quantities of other construction works from the corresponding Construction Drawings. Fill
in the Quantity Calculation Sheet of Construction.
=> Prepare list of construction materials according to the calculated quantities of construction works.
=> Calculate transportation weights for cables and other construction materials locally not available.
=> Calculate quantities of Works and Labor.
• Rate Analysis
Prepare the rate analysis for fabrication of steel parts, steel decks and road transportation (items of
external support to the community) as per unit quantity, unit cost and standard norms.
• Abstract of Cost
Compute the abstract of cost of the bridge as per the quantities of works (from Quantity Calculation
Sheets) and the rates (from Rate Analysis) for each item of works and summarize the cost as per the
category of works.
Chapter 5: Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimate 87

• Summary of Estimated Cost
=> Bridge Cost: Calculate the Estimated Bridge Cost by summarizing the Abstract of Cost. Also
calculate bridge cost per m span.
=> Contribution: Estimate the expected contribution from different partners.
=> Breakdown of the Contribution: Break down the contribution as Local Contribution and Outside
Contribution.
• Summary of Actual Cost

In the majority of cases, the actual bridge cost will not be the same as estimated. Therefore, calculate
the actual bridge cost after completion of the bridge.
5 .2 I m p l e m e n t a t io n b y t h e C o n t r a c t o r t h r o u g h t h e P u b l ic T e n d e r
Use the Form No.4: Cost Estimate (Mode of Execution: Contractor).

To calculate quantities and to prepare the cost estimate in Form No.4, follow in sequence the
procedure outlined below:
• Quantity Calculation
=> Calculate quantities of cables from the Form No.2: Cable Design. Fill in the Quantity Calculation
Sheet of Wire Rope (Cables).
=> Calculate quantities of Steel Parts from the corresponding steel drawings. Fill in the Quantity
Calculation Sheet of Steel Parts and Steel Deck.
=> Calculate quantities of Earth Works from General Arrangement Drawing. Fill in the Quantity
Calculation Sheet of Construction.
=> Calculate quantities of other construction works from the corresponding Construction Drawings. Fill
in the Quantity Calculation Sheet of Construction
=> Prepare list of construction materials according to the calculated quantities of construction works.
=> Calculate the transportation weight for cable and other construction materials locally not available.
• Rate Analysis
Prepare the Rate Analysis for all items of works as per unit quantity, unit cost and standard norms.
The Rate Analysis should include all taxes and overheads of the contractor.
• Abstract of Cost
Compute the Abstract of Cost of the bridge as per the quantities of works (from Quantity Calculation
Sheets) and the rates (from Rate Analysis) for each item of works. Abstract of Cost should also
include contingency of 5%. This contingency amount will cover miscellaneous costs of the project.
• Summary of Estimated Cost

Calculate the Estimated Bridge Cost by summarizing the Abstract of Cost. Finally also calculate
bridge cost per m span.
88 Chapter 5: Calculation of Quantities and Cost Estimate

6. C o n s t r u c t io n
6.1 B r id g e L a y o u t
The Bridge Layout is to fix the bridge position and foundations at the site as per design.
Procedure for General Bridge Layout (refer to General Arrangement 'GA' Drawing):
• Find the existing pegs and benchmarks.
• Measure the horizontal distance between axis pegs A (L) and B(R) and compare with the
measurement given in the General Arrangement.
• Check the elevations of the axis pegs A (L) and B(R) and compare with the elevations given in the
GA.
• If the horizontal distance between axis pegs A (L) and B(R) and its elevations is not similar to the
measurements given in the GA, readjust the design according to the actual measurements
• If the horizontal distance between axis pegs A (L) and B(R) and its elevations is identical to the
measurements given in the GA, fix the position of all foundation blocks as shown in the following
sketch and procedure below.
Procedure for Detailed Foundation Layout:
• Align the centerline of the bridge by joining the permanent points with mason threads or by ranging
between axis pegs 'A' and 'B' as shown in the following sketches.
Chapter 6: Bridge Construction 89

• Mark the front of the tower foundation on the bridge centerline (peg 1) with reference to the axis peg.
The distance between front of the tower foundation and axis peg is given in the GA.
i
i
B (R ) I 1 B ridge
— ■--------- r---------------------------------------------------------- cl
• Check the location of the front of the tower to ensure it has sufficient distance (minimum 3 m for soil
slope and 1,5m for rock slope) from the bank edge.
• Measure the length of the foundation from peg 1 and fix peg 2. Set up two additional centerline pegs
at safe distance for the excavation works (peg 3 and 4).
B(R) 4 1 2 3
• Draw offset line (right angle) through peg 1 by 3-4-5 method (refer chapter 2.5.4). Starting from peg
1 set out pegs 5, 6, 7, and 8 for the reference line of the front edge.
1
6J
!
B(R) 4 11 2 3
----'---- ------jj90""-------------------------------------------- * *
i
i
\
• Draw offset line through peg 2 for reference line of the back edge. Starting from peg 2 fix the pegs 9,
10, 11 and 12. Similarly, fix the reference line of the tower foundation with pegs 13, 14, 15, 16.
8< 16 « 12 «
5( 14 9
_____ " J
B(R) 4 ,
6( 13 10
li » 15 < 11 <
• Determine the reference line at the downstream edge with the help of pegs 5 & 9, for the upstream
edge, use pegs 6 & 10 (peg 19 & 20).
8< 16 < 12 «
17 # 5‘ 14 9 18
B(R) i-
13 1° 20
19 • 6<
li 15 < 11 «
• Fix the elevation line (datum level) and indicate the depth of the excavation work for tower and
deadman or drum anchorage as per elevations shown in the GA and Anchorage Block drawings.
90 Chapter 6: Bridge Construction

6 .2 F o u n d a t io n E x c a v a t io n
In Soil:
Foundations should be excavated with slopes to provide stability of the cut slope. The cut slope in soil should
not exceed to 3:1 (V:H). The foundation should be excavated stage wise as illustrated below.
• 1st Stage - All excavation as shown in the sketch below.
• 2nd Stage - Foundation excavation for tower as shown in the sketch below.
• 3rd Stage - Construction of tower as per design. Refer also to chapter 6.5 and 6.6.
• 4th Stage - Final Excavation for dead man beam as shown in the sketch below.

In all of the above excavation stages, excavation depth should be accurately maintained. For this,
establish an elevation line (datum level) and measure the foundation depths with fixed stick.
All the excavated soils should be safely disposed without damaging the existing vegetation at down
hillside, thus not effecting the environment.
In Rock:
Rock excavation is necessary to prepare the platform for the drum anchorage. Rock should be
excavated manually without blasting.
Excavation in rock is done by first drilling holes to weaken the rock and then using the crowbars to
break up and dig out the rock parts. The cutting can be carried out by forming steps, as shown in the
following sketches.
1st Stage 2nd Stage
Further detail on drum anchorage foundation in rock is given in chapter 6.6.4.
6 .3 L o c a l M a t e r ia l C o l l e c t io n
The required local materials for the bridge construction are sand, gravel (river gravel or broken
aggregate), and stones/boulders.
collection of sand
The best stone collection is from the rock quarry. The rock should be unweathered, hard and dense
with metallic sound.
In unavoidable case, boulders from the river deposits can also be collected. However, this can be used
only for filling purpose (broken stone filling). In any case, stones from rock quarry are necessary for
masonry works.
The quality requirement for the stone/boulders is further detailed in chapter 6.5.

6.3.2 S a n d
Sand can be collected from river deposits or from a quarry. The quality of the sand should be assessed
before sand collection. Check visually the content of the impurities such as mica, clay, loam, mud organic
materials etc. If such impurities are unavoidable, it is recommended to wash the sand before use. Sand
containing significant quantity of mica should be rejected. The grain size of the collected sand should not be
too fine.
'PÂTÎT
Fill a bottle with sand and water and shake vigorously
and leave to settle. If the sand is clean the sedimentation will be
less than 5mm after two hours. And the water above will only
be lightly cloudy.
The quality for the sand is further detailed in chapter 6.6.1.
6.3.3 G r a v e l
Gravel can be collected from river deposits or by breaking
boulders into the necessary size. The required sizes and their
proportion should be
5 to 20mm - 40%
20 to 40mm - 60%
Gravel should be of hard rock origin. Gravel of unsuitable rock such as mica, marl and sand stone
should be rejected. Likewise flat and flaky particles should also be rejected. The collected gravel should be
free from organic contaminants like clay, loam, mud or stone dust etc.
The quality requirement for the gravel is further detailed in chapter 6.6.1.
6 .4 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D S T O R A G E O F T H E M A T E R IA L S
Material other than local materials has to be transported from road head to the site by porter or other
means. These materials are mainly Cement, Steel Parts and Wire Ropes.
6.4.1 C e m e n t T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g
Utmost care should be given for transportation and storing of the cement. The prime importance is the
proper packing of the cement before transportation to make it watertight and airtight. For this, cement bags
as received from the market or factory should be double packed by additional packing with Nylon Bags and
plastic layer inside. Re-opening the bags (especially when transporting by mules) is not permitted before use
at the site.
The following conditions must be met for the storing of the cement:
• Cement must always be stored under a roof with adequate protection from rain. A raised plank floor is
necessary to prevent cement from damp.
• Storage must be arranged in such a way, that the oldest cement can be used first.
6.4.2 S t e e l P a r t s T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g
There is a great chance of damage of steel parts during loading/unloading and transportation. The
most common damage is:
• deformation of cross beams and steel decks due to mishandling during loading and unloading,
• deformation of suspenders and reinforcement bars due to mishandling during loading and unloading
The steel parts should be loaded or unloaded carefully to avoid above damages. Do not allow steel
parts to fall from a height. Suspenders should be bound together with the crossbeam.

Similarly, the following conditions must be met for the storing of steel parts to avoid any damage.
• Galvanized and non-galvanized steel parts must always be stored under a roof with adequate
protection from rain and should not be in contact with the ground.
• Galvanized steel parts should not be transported and stored together with salt or acid.
• Steel parts should be stacked and stored element/component-wise separately, avoiding the mix up of
different elements. Thus, any element or component can be easily located during the bridge erection.
• All fixtures (nut/bolts, washers, thimbles and bulldog grips) should be packed/marked and stored
separately according to its sizes.
• Steel parts, particularly suspenders and reinforcement bars, should not be permitted to bend during
portering and storage.
6.4.3 W ire R o p e T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d S t o r in g
It is vital to handle and transport the cable carefully to avoid any defects like kinks, splices and
broken strands. Some examples of defects on cables due to mishandling and improper transportation are
shown in the photographs below.
Also pulling or dragging the cable along the road for transportation is not permitted.
To avoid such defects, follow handling and transportation methods as described below.
• Method of Unreeling Light Cables with the Help of a Reel Support
Wrong Correct
Method of Unreeling Cables by Unrolling Each Loop Taken from the Reel.

Before cable cutting, the cable ends should be tightened by a binding-wire (seizing) to avoid
loosening of the cable wires as shown in the following sketch.
Wire Binding
Cut here (Seizing)

Method of Transportation by Porters
There are mainly two methods of cable transportation as illustrated in the following photos.
Cable Transportation on the Shoulder (for short distances)
Bundled Cable Transportation

(for longer distances)
Cable transportation as shown in the sketch below, is wrong and should not be practiced.

6 .5 M a s o n r y a n d S t o n e D r e s s in g W o r k
6.5.1 R e q u i r e m e n t s fo r B u il d in g S t o n e s
Building stones must be of high strength, density and durability. A good building stone should be
hard, tough, compact grained and uniform in texture and color.
Crystalline stones are superior to non-crystalline stones. Metamorphic rocks are more durable than
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks have been formed by water sediments of clay, sand or gravel, which
got cemented together by lime, silica etc. Originally metamorphic rocks are either of volcanic or sedimentary
origin but have subsequently been formed and shaped by movements of the earths' crust imposing high
pressure and heat.
A good building stone absorbs no or very little water and must be free from decay, cracks and sand-holes.
6.5.2 Q u a r r y in g
Rocks for stone masonry works should be broken from a quarry by crowbars and wedges. Natural
fractures and bedding planes of stratification are the weak features of rock. These natural joints are taken as
advantage to break and separate one block from the other.
It is advised that only when natural joints do not exist that artificial fissures be made by drilling a line
of holes in rows along the desired breaking line. By inserting conical wedges and driving them in succession
with a hammer the rock will crack along the face of the holes.
However it is generally worthwhile to search for quarries with existing natural joints like dominant
bedding planes, since the broken stones are much easier for dressing.
Boulders fallen from rocky slopes can also be used as building stones.
B u ild in g stones are first dressed to obtain two parallel planes, then outward faces must be dressed
well with the help of the square bottom as shown below.
outward face
Stones from the riverbed are generally very hard and durable and can be used as filling stone,
but are not suitable for stone dressing.

6.5.3 S t o n e D r e s s in g
Broken stones from the quarry are to be dressed by hammer or chisel to required sizes. Depending on
the function of the stone in stone masonry construction the following types of stones have to be prepared:
• Corner Stone: The comer stone is placed at each comer of the stone masonry structure.
Recommended sizes are:
Length 30 - 85 cm
Width min. 30 cm
Height min. 10 cm
• Face Stone: Only one face of this stone faces outside; recommended sizes are:
Length 30 - 75 cm
Width min. 30 cm
Height min. 10 cm
• Bond Stone: Like the face stone only one face is outside, but the bond stone extends to the
interiors of the structure. Bond stones, also called through stones, go right
through walls of up to 85 cm thick or more. Recommended sizes are:
Length : 45 - 85 cm
Width : min. 30 cm (face side)
Height : min. 10 cm
• Coping Stone: Copingstones are put on top or at steps of stone masonry structures. They
should be larger and heavier than the stones below:
Length : as large as possible
Width : as large as possible
Height : min. 10 cm
• Filling Stone: Filling stones do not need to be dressed and are placed in the inner part of the
stone masonry structure mainly to gain gravity load.
(iAK § hi) Coping Stone Bond Stone (^TS^ q^TT)

Coping Stone <§ttt)
(*T^T ^HT) Filling Stone
ifnT) Bond Stone
Coping
Stone (WS ^TT)
Comer Stone
^TT)
Face Stone ^ tjt)

Comer Stone
fr|T)

6.5.4 S t o n e M a s o n r y L a y in g
There are many different kinds and types of stone masonries. For constructing anchor blocks and
towers, only coursed (in layers of equal height) stone masonry is applied.
There are two types of stone masonry used for bridge construction:
• Coursed Random Rubble Stone Masonry

The stones are hammer-dressed, except the inside face. Gaps between beds and joints shall not
exceed 12 mm.
All Face Stones tail into the wall twice their height.
Bond Stones running right through the wall are inserted at least at every 150 cm intervals.
• Coursed Block Stone Masonry

The stones are chisel-dressed at all faces, except the inside face. Joints are dressed at right angles to
the face. Gaps between beds and joints should not exceed 6 mm.
All Face Stones tail into the wall twice their height.
Bond Stones running right through the wall are inserted in each course at least at every 150 cm
intervals.
Course Stone Masonry must be made in layers of equal height. Individual layer heights may vary but
should never be less than 10 cm. Alternate joints shall be made between the layer above and below as
shown in the following sketch.
In a reasonably well made stone masonry the inner friction between the beds amounts to approx. 35°.

The verification of comers as well as faces has to be checked carefully with the plumb-bob.
The Strength of stone masonry structures depends mainly on the qualities described in the table below.
.bigger. The Strength of Stone Masonry is... ...sm aller..
.with rectangular Form or ...w ith irregular

stones. Shape stones.
/7 V 7 Í/A
.the less stones
are used. ^77 Number (Z3Z2Z1 ...the more
stones are used.
A
.the rougher the
Roughness of ...the smoother
joints are.
joints the joints are.
.the smaller the .the bigger the

Bed
beds are. beds are.
.the more
.the slimmer
compact the Height & Width
the stones are.
stones are.
.the better the CD CD) Bond Across .the worse the

bond across is. (in plan view)
CDCD bond across is.
.the higher
strength of the
I Strength of i .the lower the
strength of the
Mortar
mortar is. mortar is.

6 .6 C em ent W orks
6.6.1 C o m p o s i t i o n and M ix t u r e s
Cement concrete is a mixture of following 4 components:
• Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement commonly used for general construction works
• Sand
• Gravel
• Water
Cement is very sensitive to humidity and moisture; therefore it should never be stored for a long
time. In the rainy season cement bags have to be packed in additional sealed plastic bags plus additional
nylon bags for protecting the cement against water and the plastic bags against damage.
Sand should be clean, sharp, angular, hard and durable. Sand must be well washed and cleaned from
mud or any organic material before use. A well-graded sand should be used for cement works. All or most
of the sand should pass through a 3 mm sieve or mesh wire. However sand should not be too fine, only max.
15% of the sand can be smaller than 150 microns, which is like dust.
Gravel should be clean, hard, angular and non-porous. Usually riverside gravel makes the best
aggregate for preparing concrete. The com size of gravel should be smaller than 40 mm (1lA inches) but
bigger than 5 mm.
Water from rivers or lakes is usually suitable for making cement mixtures. Do not use water from
ponds or swamps; this water may contain a lot of organic materials.
The main characteristics of any cement work is given by the mix proportions of their components:
• Cement Mortar = Mix between Cement & Sand
• Cement Concrete = Mix between Cement, Sand & Gravel
Of course, Water is added in both cases, but the mix proportions of cement, sand and gravel give the
main characteristics of any cemented work.
Mixing above components thoroughly is of utmost importance. Hand mixing should be done on a
clean watertight platform. Cement and Sand should first be mixed dry, and then gravel added. Now the
whole mixture should be turned over 3 times dry. Then mixing should take place for at least 5 minutes by
slowly sprinkling water until the concrete is of a uniform color.

The table below depicts the most commonly used mix proportions and required quantities:
Quantities for various Types of Cement Works
Dry required quantities for one cubic meter wet:

Type of iVllA. piUpUI liUIlb Stnnpc
kJlull VJ nr
vvl
Cement Cement bags Sand Gravel
kg Boulders
Work Cement : Sand : Gravel @50 kg [m3] [m3]
[m3]
1 : 1 - 20.4 1020 0.71 -
1 : 2 - 13.6 680 0.95 - -
Cement
1 : 3 - 10.2 510 1.05 - -
Mortars
1 : 4 - 7.6 380 1.05 - -
1 : 6 - 5.0 250 1.05 -

Cement
Plaster 1 : 4 0.18 9 0.024
(20 mm
includes 1 : 6 - 0.12 6 0.024 - -
12% waste)
1 : 4 uncoursed 2.66 133 0.37 - 1.2
stone
Cement 1 : 6 masonry 1.75 87.5 0.37 - 1.2
Stone
Masonries 1 : 4 coursed 2.28 114 0.32 - 1.25
stone
1 : 6 masonry 1.50 75 0.32 " 1.25
1 : 4 : 8 3.4 170 0.47 0.94 -
Cement 1 : 3 : 6 (M10) 4.4 220 0.46 0.92 -

Concretes
(plain or
reinforced) 1 : 2 : 4 (M l5) 6.4 320 0.45 0.90 -
1 : V : 3 (M20) 8 400 0.42 0.84 -

"Plum" 1 : 3 : 6
2.64 132 0.28 0.54 0.50
Concrete with 50% boulders
Source: Indian practical Civil Engineers' Handbook, Section 20
The amount of W ater should be about 50% or half the volume of cement. One 50 kg bag of cement
has a volume of approx. 35 liters, which is equal to approx two kerosene tins.
Concrete and Mortars should be placed in its final position within one hour! After placing it should
be well compacted by rods in order to remove any air pockets. For a concrete of high quality good
compaction is essential. This may mean extra work during placing, but on no account should more water be
added for reducing compacting work. Concreting should never be done if it is raining.
Curing means keeping completed cement works wet until its setting process is completed. If concrete
works are not continuously kept wet during its setting process, cement mortars, cement stone masonry work
and especially concrete does not develop its full strength. Curing should be done for at least 28 days.
For increasing the strength of concrete, ripped Tor-Steel bars are added whibh makes Reinforced
Cement Concrete or RCC.

6 .6 .2 C o n c r e t e W o r k f o r C e m e n t S t o n e M a s o n r y (C S M ) T o w e r s
The CSM Towers or Limb Walls are concreted together to form one solid unit (See Drawing Nos.
20Dcon70 & 20Dconl06). The core and the connection of both the towers are made in R.C.C 1:2:4, whereas
the limb walls are made in CSM 1:4.
Section through CSM Tower (Bridge Entrance)
• Placing the Saddles for the Walkway Cables

The saddles for the walkway cables are to be placed in between the towers. The position of the
saddles has to be checked thoroughly and the levels can be controlled with the help of a transparent plastic
pipe filled with water (Level Pipe).
Concreting Work for CSM Tower Checking Level of Walkway Cable

Saddles

• Construction of Towers and Placing Saddles for Handrail Cables

The Towers or Limb walls support the handrail cables. The limb walls are made out of cement stone
masonry 1:4 with a R.C.C. core.
The handrail cable saddles are to be placed on top of the ’’hump” of the limb wall. Make sure that the
position and shape of the "hump” is correct so that the handrail cable touches the saddle plate only.
Finishing off the CSM Tower

6.6.3 C o n s t r u c t i n g the D eadm an B eam
The Deadman Beam is a soil anchor cast in reinforced cement concrete R.C.C that lies buried under
the gravity structure. The handrail and walkway cables are placed around the reinforcement bars before
concreting the beam. At one bank the cables are inserted into a polyethylene (PE) pipe, so that the cables
can still be moved while sag setting (See Chapter 6.6). Tensioning cable must be tightened with the bridge of
bulldog grip. Use leftover plastic or cloth from cement bags to cover open parts of the pipe so that no
concrete can flow into the pipe.
Fixation Cable.
Deadman Beam
80
The PE pipe has to be cut by two thirds

at several places so that it can easily
be bound around the reinforcement bars ulldog Grips
Erection Hook
The PE pipe can also be bent by PE pipe </>63 ram*
preheating it before bending. rods <{>20 mm

stirrups <)» 12 mm
Nos & spacing of Bulldog Grips

Cable <)>mm Nos G
13 3 10 cm
26 5 15 cm
32 6 20 cm
Place and Fix Reinforcement Bars, Stirrups and Erection Hooks as Shown in Respective Drawings.
The fixation cable can be anchored at the temporary erection hook or fixed at one of the walkway cables.

6 .6.4 C o n s t r u c t in g D r u m A n c h o r a g e s in R o c k
There are two types of Drum Anchorages in Rock:
• R.C.C Drum Anchor in Hard Rock
• R.C.C Drum Anchor in Soft or highly fractured Rock
Drum Anchorages in Hard Rock are made by drilling holes of 32 mm diameter ( = diameter of
crowbar) into the rock. Clean boreholes from dust and debris by flushing them with water.
Fill the holes with cement mortar 1:1 before the anchor rods are inserted.
The formwork for the drum is made by a chitra (bamboo mat) or plain G.I. sheet inside lined with a
plastic sheet.
Use binding wire around the chitra to prevent the bamboo mat bulging during concreting.
' ' o r
■ ’Jsv.v h
Drilling starter holes (up to 1 foot)
for Anchor Rods of a Drum
Anchorage in Hard Rock.
Rotate chisel from time to time.
Use crow bar for making holes

deeper.
Typical Cross Section of RCC Drum

in Hard Rock

Drum Anchorages in soft or fractured Rock are not done by drilling holes but by excavating a
round pit instead. The Anchor Reinforcement has to be placed into the pit and is fixed with the help of
stirrups. The excavated pit is then filled and well compacted with concrete 1 : 2 : 4 up to ground level. At
this stage the anchor rods should protrude (stand out) by approx. 40 cm. The formwork for the drum is made
by a chitra (bamboo mat) inside lined with a plastic sheet bound together with a binding wire.
Typical Cross Section of RCC Drum

in Soft or Fractured Rock
Concreting of a Drum Anchorage

6 .7 C a b l e H o is t in g a n d S a g S e t t in g
Cables are hoisted and the prescribed sag set after the Deadman Beams (see 6.5.3) or the Drum
Anchors have been concreted. Please note that it takes 4 weeks until cast concrete develops its full strength.
Therefore, the final cable pulling is done after a minimum of 4 weeks.
6.7.1 C a l c u l a t io n o f H o is t in g S ag
Before starting any hoisting work, the actual span i from saddle to saddle of the bridge and the actual
difference of elevation h between the walkway cable saddles have to be measured first and filled into Form
No. 2 Chapter ID: Calculation of Hoisting Sag (see also Chapter 3.3.4 D).
Table for Calculating Elevation of Low Point for Cable Hoisting
1. Actual Span measured in the Field t = ........ m
2. Saddle Elevation of the Walkway Cable on the higher side Eh = ......... ........ m
3. Saddle Elevation of the Walkway Cable on the lower side E, = ......... ........ m
4. Difference in Elevation h = E|, - E, = h = ........ m

5. Dead Load Sag
For Span up to 80 meters: b„ = — bd = ......... ........ m

20
For Span over 80 meters: bd - —:- - bd - ........ m

22
6. Hoisting Sag b h = 0.95 x b,| = bh = ........ m
(4 b. - h ) 2
7. f min in hoisting case f - " - fmin ........ m
111111 ” 1/: K
16 b h
8. f max in hoisting case f'max — f min T h fmax = ......... ........ m
9. Elevation of Cable low point in hoisting case = E, - f „„„ = m

• Mark the calculated elevation of the cable hoisting sag (low point) on a prepared stick, tree or at the
tower foundation.
• Now set up the Abney Level or Leveling Instrument at the Elevation of the cable hoisting sag so that
the line of sight can easily see the mark and the low point of the cable. Setting up the Leveling
Instrument at the calculated Elevation has to be done by trial and error and may take several attempts.
6 .7.2 C a b l e H o s t in g
Cables are first pulled by hand and for final sag setting with the help of the cable pulling machine or
tirfor, which is fixed at the erection hook.
• Pull the cable until it reaches a level of about 20 cm higher than the calculated Elevation. Each cable
should be left in this "over-pulled” position for at least 12 hours. "Over-pulling" is done to prevent
any later relaxation of the cable, which may lead to a tilted walkway.
• For actual and precise sag setting first firmly clamp the special cable belonging to the tirfor machine
to the backstay portion of the cable to be pulled. Then fix the tirfor machine at the erection hook and
insert the special cable through the cable-pulling machine. Now apply force until the special cable is
firmly under tension. Now loosen, do not remove, the bulldog grips. The cable should now be held
by the tirfor machine only. Slowly release some force by carefully moving the lever of the cables
pulling machine until the desired pre-calculated Elevation has been reached. When this is the case
immediately retighten the bulldog grips, then completely release the tension applied by the tirfor
machine.
The cable should now hang in proper hoisting position. If the low point has gone below the hoisting
Elevation the whole process has to be repeated.
That means the cable has again to be over-pulled and then slowly released.
Check also that parallel cables have equal hoisting sag.
6 .8 F in a l iz in g t h e C a b l e A n c h o r a g e
After the cables have been pulled and the hoisting sag is firmly set the Cable Anchorage has to be
fully completed before any fitting works for the walkway can start.
6.8.1 R u s t P r o t e c t io n f o r t h e C a b l e
To achieve optimal rust protection, paint the cables in the gravity structure with coal tar and then
cover with 20 x 20 cm cement concrete 1:3:6. Before painting, the bulldog grips need to be checked and
retightened if required.
6 .8.2 C o m p l e t in g t h e G r a v it y S t r u c t u r e
The actual gravity structure on top of the Dead Man Beam or Drum Anchors is constructed according
to the respective construction drawing given in Volume III. The side and back walls as well as the top are
made of coursed cement stone masonry 1:6, whereas the inside is filled with broken stones. The cement
stone masonry work for the walls has to be made with hammer dressed stones of equal layer height. The
broken stones for filling the inside should not be thrown but laid and interlocked as for as possible. (Refer
also to chapter 6.4 Masonry and Stone Dressing Work).
Only after the gravity structure is completed can fitting work for the walkway structure start.

6 .9 W a l k w a y F it t in g
The fitting work for the walkway must only start after the gravity structure of the cable anchorage
have been completed. Walkway fitting is simple and self-explanatory. Refer also to the construction
Drawings No. 19Dcon70 or 19Dconl06 respectively.
Following points must be observed:
• Start fitting from one bank only

• First fit crossbeam, steel panels or wooden planks as close as possible to the bridge entrance.
• Always start fitting walkway deck with a "Flalf Panel" then continue with "Standard Panels" only.
• Fix J-bolts at crossbeams first loosely and hang pre-bent suspender over handrail cable.
• Avoid accidents by bolting panels loosely immediately after placing.
• Maintain equal vertical distance between handrail and walkway cable by using a support guide
("Tokche") made of wood or bamboo.
• Always finish walkway fitting with "Special Panels" and cut off extra length by hacksaw.
• Check and retighten all Nuts and Bolts after completion of walkway fitting.
• If wood is used for the bridge deck, the planks should be 2 meter long and min. 4 cm thick and should
be fitted in staggered way. Use washers below Bolt Heads. Distance between Crossbeams is 1 meter.
V I E W O F F E N C E W E A V IN G
Fencing is woven on the spot with gabion wire (12SWG) between the handrail cable and the fixation
cable. First fix the fixation cable by pulling it through the bottom eye of the suspender along either side of
the walkway, and then join it with the short piece at the other end of the bridge.

...for Fence weaving
Detail at - Z
6.10 Water Management B ackfilling and G eneral finishing W orks
6.10.1 Water Management

The life expectancy of the bridge largely depends on proper water management.
Any water seepage encountered during excavation should be intercepted as close as possible to its
origin and channeled safely to a nearby watercourse. Especially vulnerable is the place behind the
Deadman Beam! If in doubt, or in case of unusual humidity of water seepage, provide a drain behind the
Deadman Beam with side outlet. Sometimes water seepage occurs during rainy season only. Inquire with the
local people.
Divert surface water and provide drainage channels as necessary. Do not hamper existing irrigation
channels, rather improve and adjust them with some cement works. Discuss solutions with local people and
decide on the spot.
As a general rule divert water as far away from bridge foundations as possible.
For managing surface water well, also fill the gaps around completed anchor blocks well above the
existing surface. Back filling prevents surface water to flush out excavations.
Do B a c k Fi l l !!!
6.10.2 F i n i s h i n g W ork
Provide finishing structures like retaining walls, staircases, small trail improvements, adjustments to
nearby houses etc., if it adds functional value to the bridge.
Never do cement pointing or other non-functional works.
Also check the vegetation and plant life in the vicinity of the bridge. Plant some new trees if possible,
especially if some had to be cut for bridge construction.

7. B r id g e M a in t e n a n c e
7.1 I n tr o d u c tio n
Maintenance of trail bridges is very crucial for keeping the mule and foot trails functional throughout
the year. It is extremely essential to guarantee their permanent and safe use, maintain them in usable
condition, and to preserve the investment made in these bridges. In order to determine the required
maintenance, regular inspection of the bridge should be made after completion of the construction work.
The bridge maintenance work consists of the following two categories:
• Routine Maintenance
• Major Maintenance
A brief description of these two maintenance categories is given in the following sub-chapters.
7.2 R o u tin e M a in te n a n c e
Routine maintenance is a preventive type of maintenance and should be done regularly. It is important
to protect the bridges from getting big and irreparable damages and assures long-term use by keeping them in
serviceable condition. After completion of the bridge construction, routine maintenance should be carried out
on regular basis. In general, the works under routine maintenance are simple in nature.
The routine maintenance work includes the following important tasks:
1. Cleaning around the most important bridge elements

Cleaning and removing all sorts of debris, dirt, plants and bushes in and around the drainage channels,
the cable anchorage terminals, the tower base, the area around foundations, the area below the bridge
entrance and the bridge access trails.
2. Fixing and re-tightening of bridge parts

Fixing and re-tightening of walkway wire mesh, nuts and bolts, bulldog grips, etc., which are loose.
3. Repairing the walkway deck

Re-tightening of loose nuts and bolts of steel decks and J-Hooks.
4. Minor repairing of gabion boxes for bank and slope protection purposes
Inspection and checking of the slope and riverbank protection structures and execution of minor
repair work.
5. Reporting of the bridge condition

Inspection and checking the general condition of all the bridge parts and structures and reporting to
the concerned DDC and/or VDC and seek their necessary support in case of big landslides, bank
erosion, etc., which may damage the bridge foundations and structures or even cause the collapse of
the bridge.
Chapter 7: Bridge Maintenance 111

Routine maintenance work can be carried out either by forming a Bridge Maintenance Committee
(BMC) or by appointing a bridge warden. In both cases one trained person must be assigned for regularly
inspecting the bridge. S/he should preferably live close to the bridge and should be equipped with some
basic tools.
Primarily the concerned VDCs are responsible for ensuring that routine maintenance is done. The
DDCs, who bear the overall responsibility, shall monitor the routine maintenance and shall support the
VDCs for cases beyond their capacity.
7 .3 M a jo r M a in ten a n c e
Major maintenance (MM) work includes all works, which need proper - planning, survey, design and
cost estimates. A certain level of knowledge and skill is required to execute the major maintenance of the
bridges.
The major maintenance work includes the following tasks:
1. Replacing rotten wooden planks with galvanized steel decks.

2. Replacing rotten wooden crossbeams with galvanized steel beams.
3. Repairing of windguy arrangements/system.
4. Repair, adjustment or replacement of suspenders including adjustment of camber of for
suspension bridges.
5. Re-painting of all non-galvanized steel parts.
6. Re-tensioning of all loose cables and adjusting bridge alignment.
7. Coaltar treatment of all non-galvanized threads.

8. River bank and slope protection works.
The existing bridges, which were constructed in the past with wooden walkway decks and non-
galvanized steel, need in the first instance major maintenance work. These bridges may require almost all
tasks mentioned above under major maintenance.
Major maintenance responsibilities are gradually operationalized at the district level by imparting
technical know-how, methods and practices for carrying out maintenance work and providing material
support. The DDCs are becoming better prepared to implement the major maintenance and are responsible
for the execution independently or with the support of the Trail Bridge Section (TBS), or other concerned
bridge building agencies.
Reference Documents for Maintenance:
A. Bridge Maintenance Concept, Suspension Bridge Division, DoLIDAR, HMG/N, August 2000.
B. Routine Maintenance Manual for Trail Bridges, Suspension Bridge Division, HMG/N 1999.
C. Directives on execution of Routine Maintenance of Main Trail Bridges through Bridge Wardens,
Suspension Bridge Division, DoLIDAR, HMG/N, Shrawan 2057.
D. Local Bridge Repair, Maintenance and Management, BBLL, Kathmandu.
112 Chapter 7: Bridge Maintenance

S h o rt S p a n T r a il B r id g e S ta n d a r d S u sp e n d e d T y p e V o lu m e II
V olume I I : Form s
(m ake p h o to c o p y fo r u s e )
Form No . 1 S u r v e y F o r m & C h e c k l is t
Form No. 2 B r id g e D e s ig n
Form No. 3 Q u a n t it y & C o s t E s t im a t e f o r C o m m u n it y A p p r o a c h
Form No. 4 Q u a n t it y & C o s t E s t im a t e f o r P u b l ic T e n d e r &
C o n t r a c t in g
His Majesty's Government of Nepal

Ministry of Local Development SDC/Helvetas Nepal
Department of Local Infrastructure Trail Bridge Sub-Sector Project
Development and Agricultural Roads
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Suspended Type Volume II
Form No. 1 : Survey Form & Checklist

SURVEY FORM AND CHECK LIST

(total 54 pages)
Crossing Name
River
District
Surveyed by
Date
His Majesty’s Government SDC /Helvetas Nepal

Ministry of Local Development Trail Bridge Sub-Sector Project
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and
Agriculture Roads
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Volume II, Form No. 1
Table of Content
1. S u r v e y a n d B r id g e S ite S e l e c t io n ____________________________________________________________________________ 1
1.1 S ocial Feasibility S u r v e y _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1
1.2 T e chn ical S u rv e y _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2
2. P r e p a r a t io n f o r S u r v e y _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2
3. G e n e r a l D a t a C o l l e c t io n _________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2
3.1 Location o f Bridge S ite ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2
3.2 N ature o f C rossing and F ordability_____________________________________________________________________________________ 4
3.3 T ra ffic V o lu m e _______________________________________________________________________________________________________4
3.4 W idth o f W alkw ay_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
3.4 Local P a rtic ip a tio n ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
3.5 T ra nsportation D is ta n c e _ _ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
3.6 A va ila b ility o f Local M a te ria ls __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
3.8 A vailab ility o f Local B ridge B u ild e rs ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
3.9 T e m po rary C ro ssin g ______________ 6
4. B ridg e S ite S electio n ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
4.1 G eneral C o n d itio n _________ 6
4.2 R iver C o ndition_____________ _ _ _ _ _ _________________________________________________________________________________ 11
4.3 S lope and Bank C o n dition _ ^ _ _ _ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 12
4.4 E valuation o f the B ridge Site _ _ _ _ _ _____________________________________________________________________________ 23
4.5 C lassification o f soil and R o c k ______ ________ 24
4.6 Identification o f Soil and R o c k ____________ 26
5. T o p o g r a ph ic S u r v ey _ ____________________________________________________________________________________31
5.1 S urvey A re a _____________________ 31
5.2 S etting o f B ridge C e n te rlin e ____________________________________________________________________________________ 31
5.3 S urvey M e th o d s ___________________________ 34
5.4 S urvey by A b ne y Level _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 32
5.5 S urvey by T h e o d o lite ________ 38
6. P h o t o g r a p h s ________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 46
7. S u r v ey R e p o r t ___________ 53
1. S u r v e y a n d B r id g e S ite S e l e c t io n
Survey and Bridge Site Assessment is the basis for planning and design and forms the main resource for bridge construction. The main objective of the Survey
and Bridge Site Assessment is to identify the proper bridge site by considering socio -economic as well as technical points of view. Survey and Bridge Site
Assessment is done in the following two stages:
Social Feasibility Survey and Technical Survey
1.1 S o c ia l F e a s ib il it y S u r v e y
A Social Feasibility Survey is necessary to justify the construction of a req uested bridge. For ranking and prioritizing the vast number of requests, the following
socio-economic indicators are of utmost importance:
- Level of local participation - Size of traffic flow

- Size of area of influence - Socio-economic benefits produced by the proposed bridge
One of the major indicators reflecting the real need of the bridge is the degree of participation by the local community or beneficiaries in the construction of the
requested bridge. These indicators are assessed and measured fro m different points of view depending on the need and purpose of the bridge. A detailed Social
Feasibility Survey is not included in this Technical Handbook, for further details refer to Social Organization Support (SOS) Manual.
Local Persons contacted:
Write down the names of local persons contacted or consulted during the survey work.
Name / Address Occupation
1 ....................................................................... ................................................................
2 ............................................................................... .....................................................................................
3 .............................................................. ..........................................................
4 .............................................................. ..........................................................
5 .............................................................. ..........................................................
6 .................................................................... ................................................................
Survey Form and Checklist 1

1.2 T e c h n ic a l S u r v e y
The technical survey includes: - Bridge site selection and
- Topographic survey of the selected bridge site
2. P r e p a r a t io n fo r S u r v e y
The following preparatory work must be completed before going to the field for survey:
- Collect maps with tentative location of the bridge and any available background information.
- Collect the survey equipment.
Survey equipment consists of the fol lowing materials:
For Survey by Abney Level For Survey by Theodolite
- Abney Level, Survey Form & Checklist Theodolite
- Measuring Tape (50 or 100m and 3m) Staff and Plumb Bob
- Nylon Rope (Min. 50m) Measuring Tape (50m and 3m)
- Masons Thread and Plumb Bob Red Enamel Paint and Paint Brush
- Red Enamel Paint and Paint Brush Marker Pen, Scale and A3 Graph Paper
- Marker Pen, Scale and A3 Graph Paper Camera and Film Roll
- Camera and Film Roll Hammer
- Hammer Survey Form and Checklist
- Ranging rod (can be prepared at site also) Note Book & Pencil
- Note Book, Calculator & Pencil Calculator
3. G e n e r a l D a t a C o l l e c t io n
General data is required for needs assessment and construction planning of the proposed b ridge. Collect the following general data and information:
3.1 L o c a t io n o f B r id g e S ite
Left Bank Right Bank

VDC
Ward No.
Ilaka No.
District No.
Zone
2 Survey Form and Checklist
Draw a bridge site location map covering the proposed bridge’s area of influence as shown in the example below. The map should contain the following
information:
• River system with names and river flow direction

• Location of proposed bridge and traditional crossing point
• Location of the nearest bridge (approximate walking distance from the prop osed bridge site)
• Existing trail system and, if required, specify length of new trail for access to the proposed bridge
• Location of the next villages, health post, school and other important places with approximate distances from the bridge site
Bridge Site Location Map:___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________
tN

3 .2 N a t u r e o f C r o s s in g a n d F o r d a b il it y
Assess period of time the river cannot be crossed in one year?
........................... whole year

........................... months per year only
........................... days during high flood only
What type of crossing facility is available at present? .....
3 .3 T r a f f ic V o l u m e
Traffic volume at the crossing is one of the key indicators in the need Determine the purpose of the traffic by interviewing the persons crossing and
assessment of the bridge. Information should be collected by 2 methods. the local people as per the table below. This will indicate the importance of the
Count traffic volume at the traditional crossing point for at least one day. crossing.
And then interview the local people to form a broader impression of the
traffic volume throughout the year.
Access to Yes No
Average number of School
traffic per day Health post/Hospital
Porters Bazaar/Market
Goods traffic Post office/Telephone
Pack animals
Road head
Persons Farming
Non-goods traffic
Animals Others (specify)
3 .4 W id t h o f W a l k w a y
The standard width of walkway in this handbook is 70 cm or 106 cm.
In most cases the 70 cm walkway is sufficient. In stances of heavy traffic, mule and pack animal passage carrying bulky goods, or if the crossing is on a main
trail, a 106 cm walkway is necessary.
Discuss this issue with the local people, informing them that more work, especially collection of stones, is required for the 106 cm walkway.
Recommended width of walkway: 70 cm I I 106 cm I I

Tentative preliminary required number of mandays:
3 .5 L o c a l P a r t ic ip a t io n Mandays for skilled Labor: = 1.3 x span [m] + 400
Assess the availability of local participation for bridge Mandays for unskilled Labor: = 5 x Span fm] + 1300
building from within the concerned local community
By Whom Type o f Participation/Support
Local Community
User’s Committee
VDC
DDC
Local NGO
Individual
3 .6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n D is t a n c e
Distance from site up to Rroadhead/Airstrip
Type o f Ttransport Name o f nearest Roadhead/Airstrip etc.
Km/Kosh Porter days By Mule, days
Served by Trucks
Served by Tractors
Airstrip
Helipad
3 .7 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l M a t e r ia l s
Assess the availability of local materials needed for the bridge construction.
*Do not overestimate hau age distance. Identify the nearest col ection place for stone, gravel and sand.
D escription H aulage D istance*, m R em arks
Stones
Natural Gravel
Sand
Wood
Bamboo

3 .8 A v a il a b il it y o f L o c a l B r id g e B u il d e r s
Are there any local bridge builders? If yes, record their names.
Names Skill (Mason, Bridge Fitter) Village /Address
3 .9 Temporary C r o s s in g
Is temporary crossing is necessary during the construction of the bridge ? Yes No
If yes, what kind of temporary crossing do you propose? ____ Ferry Cable car Temporary bridge, m span.
4. B r id g e S ite S e le c tio n
The main purpose of the technical field survey is to select the appropriate bridge site. The site should optimally serve the local people. The selected site must be
economically justified and have along life span:
fulfill the general conditions (listed below) - have stable bank and slope conditions
- have Favorable river conditions - have shortest possible span
4.1 G e n e r a l C o n d it io n
The bridge site should fulfill a number of general conditions:
- Traditional crossing point - Minimum free board

- Maximum bridge span - Space for the bridge foundations
=> Use the checklist on following pages to evaluate the general condition at the survey site:

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Traditional crossing point

The bridge site should be selected at or near to the traditional crossing point.
Favorable: Selected site is at or

nearby traditional
crossing point
Unfavorable: Selected site is far from

the traditional crossing
point
• For minor river, detoure from the tradditional crossing point is not acceptable.
• For major river, detour up to 500 m u/s and 500 m d/s from the traditional crossing point may be
acceptable.
Bridge span
At local level bridge can be built only up to 120 m span.
Favorable: span, t is equal or

shorter than 120 m
Unfavorable: span, i is longer

than 120
m
Approximate span
m
• Measure tentative span.

• Compare with the limit.

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Level Difference between two Banks
The level difference between the two foundation blocks should not be more than £ ¡25.
Favorable: h is equal or less

than £ ¡25
Unfavorable: h is bigger than £ ¡25
• Locate the tentative position of the bridge foundations at both banks.

• Measure the level difference between the foundations of two banks.
• Compare with the condition.
Space for Foundation

Foundation should be placed at least 3 m behind the soil slope and 1.5 m behind the rock slope.
Favorable: Condition can be

fulfilled
Unfavorable: Condition can not be

fulfilled

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Slope Profile
Bridge foundation should be placed behind the line of the angle of internal friction. (Angle of internal
friction is the angle of slope of soil or rock at which it is still stable and does not slide).
• Draw a slope line of 35° (angle of internal friction) in case of Soil slope and 60° in case of Rock
slope.
• Foundation should be placed behind this line.
• Check if these conditions can be fulfilled.

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Free Board
Clearance between (Free board) the lowest point of the bridge and the highest flood level (HFL) should
not be less than 5 m. For this, sufficient clearance between lower walkway saddle and HFL should be
maintained.
Clearance between lower foundation

saddle and HFL is:
not less less than

span than:
up to 55 m 7.5 m 7.5 m
55 - 65 m 8.0 m 8.0 m
66 - 85 m 9.0 m 9.0 m
86 - 110 m 10.0 m 10.0 m
111 - 120 m 10.5 m 10.5 m
• Identify HFL by local observation and villagers’ information.

• Calculate available cleamace and compare with the requirement.
• Exception: At flat or wide river banks free board may be reduced.
At gorge free board has to be increased.

4 .2 R iv e r C o n d it io n
The selected bridge site must have favorable river condition. Accordingly, a bridge should be loc ated:
a) on a straight reach o f the river, b) beyond the disturbing influence o f larger tributaries, c) on well defined banks.
Use the following check list to evaluate the river condition:

Site Assessment
Features Condition
River Flow
In order to protect the bridge from sudden over-flooding and strong erosion, the bridge site should not
be located near the confluence area of two rivers.
Favorable: Bridge site far from

the confluence
Unfavorable: Bridge site near the

confluence
River Bed
The river bed at the selected bridge site should be stable without the possibility of erosion or filling up
with bed load (boulders, gravel, silt, or sand)
Favorable: River bed is not

erosive not filling up
Unfavorable: River bed is erosive

or filling up
River bed filled up after heavy flood

4 .3 S l o p e a n d B a n k C o n d it io n
A bridge should be located at the site with safe and stable slope and bank condition. The surveyor must identify any potential instability features or failure
modes of the soil or rock slope and bank.
If the slope and bank is soil, potential instability features and failure modes are:
• bank erosion
• toppling instability o f the bank
• erosion of the slope
• land slide
If the slope and bank is rock, potential instability features and failure modes are:
• plain failures in a rock slide along the slope.

• wedge failure leading to the fall o f rock mass.
• toppling, leading to the fall o f rock blocks.
• rotational slide, similar to the landslide in a soil slope. Such failure is likely when the material o f the rock is very weak (soft rock) and the rock mass is
heavily jointed and broken into small pieces.
To avoid the above instability features, use the following checklist to evaluate the slope and bank o f the selected site

Site Assessment
Features Condition
If the River Bank or Slope is SOIL

Bank Profile
Bank profile should be smooth.
Favorable: Bank profile is smooth RB

to partially cut out
LB
Unfavorable: Bank profile is strongly RB

cut out
LB
Smooth Partially cut out Strongly cut out
River Bank Contour

The bridge site should be located at the straight reach of the river to avoid the river from undercutting
or bank erosion.
Favourable Unfavourable
Favorable: River contour is

straight or convex
Unfavorable: River contour is

concave
Concave

* •
Site Assessment
Features Condition
Bank Erosion
The river bank should not show sign of erosion.
Favorable: No Fresh erosion
Unfavorable: Presence of Fresh

erosion
Bank erosion due to high river current
Slope Profile
Select applicable profile from pictures given below. The slope profile should be smooth.
RB
Favorable: Slope profile is
smooth to LB
partially cut out
Partially cut out Strongly cut out Unfavorable: Slope profile is RB

Smooth strongly cut out
LB

Features Site Assessment

Condition
Transverse Slope
The transverse slope should be smooth.
F av o ra b le : Transverse slope is smooth to RB

partially cutout
LB
U n fav o rab le: Transverse slope is strongly RB

cutout
LB
Transverse slope strongly cut out
a a 1a a1
a 1’V _ rTTT^ X tttt/
Partially cut out Strongly cut out
Slope Inclination
Slope inclination should be less than 35°.
F av o ra b le : Slope inclination is equal or RB

smaller than 35°
LB
U n fav o rab le: Slope inclination is bigger RB
than 35°
LB
Estimate the slope inclination and compare it with the condition. If the site has an unfavourable slope
inclination, it can still be selected provided the general condition of slope profile is fulfilled._________

Site Assessment
Features Condition
River Undercutting
Bridge site should be free from river undercutting which may lead to landslide.
RB
F av o ra b le : No river undercutting
LB
U n fav o rab le: River undercutting is RB

active or there is
potential
LB
Landslide caused by river undercutting
Inclined Trees
Selected site should not have inclined trees which indicate an active land slide.
F av o ra b le : Inclined trees not present RB
LB
U n fav o rab le: Inclined trees present RB
LB
Inclined trees on landslide mass

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Seepage or Swampy Area

The bank slope should not have any seepage or swampy area which may lead to slope instability. F av o rab le: Seepage or swampy RB
area is absent
LB
U n fav o rab le: Seepage or swampy RB

area is present
LB
Gully Erosion
No signs of gully erosion should exist within the vicinity of the selected site.
F av o rab le: No sign of gully RB

erosion or only light
gully erosion LB
U n fav o rab le: Heavy gully erosion

exists RB
LB
Active gully erosion
• Observe if any rivulets are within the vicinity of the selected site.
• If rivulet exists, examine the dimension of the gully cutting.

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Slipped (Slump) Soil Mass

The bridge should not be located on already slipped soil masses.
F av o ra b le : There are no back RB

scars or signs of soil
mass movement LB
U n fav o rab le: There are back scars RB

or signs soil mass
movement LB
Slope with slipped soil mass
back scar
Slop failure model
• Examine and identify of soil mass movement by observing traces of back scars on the slope.

Site Assessment
Features Condition
If the river bank is ROCK

Plain Failure
Plain failure leads to the slide of rock layers along the slope. The rock bank/slope of the selected site
should not have any feature of plain failure.
F av o ra b le :
Plain failure will not take place, if RB

• Bedding/fracture plain is sub
parallel to the slope LB
• Bedding/fracture plain is parallel to RB

the slope but inclination is less than
35° LB
U n fav o rab le:

Plain failure will take place, if
• Bedding/fracture plain is parallel to RB
the slope and inclination is greater
Bedding plain is parallel to the slope and plain failure is active.
than 35° LB
Site is extremely unfavorable.
• Presence of old slided rocks
P la n view S id e e le v a tio n
S id e e le v a tio n
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \
Bedding fracture Sub parallel to '' Opposite to

the slope the slope
Plane p a r a lle l to
th e slo p e
Identify bedding/fracture plain (layers of rock)

Check its direction and inclination
Compare with the condition_______________

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Wedge Failure
Any form of wedge failure leads to sliding of rock masses. The rock bank/slope should not have wedge
failures or potential wedge failures.
Fa vorable:
Wedge failure will not take place, if

• There are no fracture plains facing
each other
• There are two or more intersecting RB

its line of intersection is less than LB
35°
RB
fracture plains but the inclination LB
of its line of intersection is opposite
Trace of wedge failure
to the slope
Direction of movement U n fa vora b le:

Fracture Plane
Wedge failure will take place, if
• There are two or more intersecting RB
fracture plains and the inclination of
its intersection line is more than 35° LB
to the slope
Presence of old slided wedge RB
LB
Identify if there are fracture plains facing each other (intersecting)

Check the inclination of the intersection line
Compare with the condition_______________________________

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Toppling Failure
The rock bank/slope should not have any features of toppling failure.
Favorable:
Toppling will not take place, if

• the Rock slope is less than 60°
• there is no formation of rock blocks
• there is formation of rock block but

Potential toppling failure b/h (width of the block/height of the
block) is > 1
U n fa vora b le:
Toppling will take place, if

• there is formation of vertically RB
elongated rock blocks in the steep
slope > 60° and the blocks are tilted LB
towards slopes
RB
• old toppled rock blocks are present
LB
T o p lin g F a ilu re model
• Identify if there is formation of vertically elongated rock blocks (cubes) due to vertical and
horizontal fracture planes/joints
• Estimate inclination and orientation of the rock block and compare with the conditions

Site Assessment
Features Condition
Translational Failure (Slide)
The rock slope should not have any potential of translational failure.
Favorable:
Sliding will not take place, if

• slope is hard rock
• slope is soft rock but not weathered
• slope is soft rock and weathered but

not steeper than 40°
U n fa vora b le:
Sliding will take place, if

T ranslational failure (sliding) of soft rock slope • Slope is highly weathered soft rock
and steep > 40°
• Presence of back scar or old slide
failure(slide) model
• Identify type of rock and its weathering grade

• compare with the conditions

4 .4 E v a l u a t io n o f t h e B r id g e S it e
A fter com pleting investigation o f the site as per chapter 4.1 to 4.3, categorize the bridge site as
G ood | | Questionable | | Bad | |
G ood All or m ost o f the features are favorable and if the surveyor is confident about the stability o f the slopes. Proceed w ith further survey
work.
Q uestionable M ost o f the features are favorable and some are unfavorable. The site is questionable. In this case, further detailed investigation by an
experienced geo-technical engineer is necessary. For detail refer to the SBD Survey M anual.
Bad M ost o f the features are unfavorable. Reject site.
As far as possible, the bridge site should be selected at a location w here protection works will not be required. If protection w orks are unavoidable determ ine the
required special structures like retaining walls, drainage channels, etc. A tentative design with dim ensions and location o f these structures should be illustrated in
a sketch show ing a plan view and a typical section. But it is best to avoid b rid ge sites w hich req u ire riv e r protection w orks.
W rite dow n rem arks, if any and note also proposed spec ial structures, if necessary: retaining walls, gabion walls, drainage, lining o f existing irrigation canal,
river protection w orks etc. M ention height, length and location o f these structures and also reflect it in the sketch o f plan (page no 34).
Rem arks:

4 .5 C l a s s if ic a t io n o f s o il a n d R o c k
Identification o f Soil and R ock type is required for appropriate foundation design. Soil and Rock can be broadly classified and categorized for the foundation
design proposes as per the follow ing tables.
Soil Param eters U n it A pp lica b le
Soil T y p e H o w to iden tify Bearing capacity Angle of internal W eig h t Foundatio n
kN/ m2 Friction, cp° y, kN/m3 Design
Estimate the percentage (%) of coarse grains larger than 6
Coarse G ra in e d Soils mm
M ore than h alf o f the G ra v e lly 400-600 32-38
19
Anchor
Soils (400) (35)
m aterials are individual If, more than half of the coarse fraction is larger than 6
grains visible to the naked mm, the soil is Gravelly Soil
eye (grain size bigger than Sandy If, more than half of the coarse fraction is smaller than 6 200-300 31-37
0.06 mm) 18
Soils mm grain size, the soil is Sandy Soil (200) (33)
Deadman
Fin e G ra in e d Soils Prepare moist soil ball from the soil sample and cut it with
S ilty 150-200 30-32
M ore than h alf o f the a knife. If, the cut surface is dull or scratched, the soil is 17
Soils (150) (30)
m aterials are individual Silty Soil
grains not visible to the Prepare moist soil ball from the soil sample and cut it with
naked eye (grain size sm aller 100-200 9-25
C la y a knife. If, the cut surface is smooth and shiny, the soil is 16
(100) (22)
than 0.06mm) Clay.
Ratio of coarse grains
1 ♦ ' : • & -m
• •dk j % * V£sq • * •%f
•« • «
+ * m 0 mÊ * V -‘
0 . * % m : *4v-: m 2 • •
• pi . *
For estim ation o f percentage (%) * m Li •• : ? a \ y |2C
o f coarse grain use the figure. 0
• 0 m
m
ft * * -—X
m * t
‘
%\% *
* % i 0
r#j
% ftp - •m
1 * ' i* •* ♦r :
y 0 •« ♦ . ».
W ¿îî- te s » ;
V.
Rock Classification
Rock Parameters
Degree of
Rock How to Bearing Angle of
Examples Fractures or How to identify Applicable Foundation Design
Type identify Capacity, Sliding
Weathering
kN/m2 Friction, cp°
Rock has no sign of
Quartzite
Rock is sound weathering or only faint
Gives 1500-2000 35-50
and fresh to signs of weathering up to Drum Anchor in Hard Rock
Limestone (1500) (40)
■O ¿4 metallic fairly weathered 1-5 cm thickness
u a sound after
03 © Granite,
X X hammer
blow Highly fractured In the rock exists widely
Dolomite 35-50 Drum Anchor in Fractured
rock and fresh to open cracks, fractures 1500
etc. (40) Rock
fairly weathered and bedding
Phylite
25-40 Drum Anchor in Fractured
Fresh No sign of weathering 1300
u Slate (30) Rock
w
( Gives dull
a Siltstone sound after
• Most of the original
ao hammer
blow rock has been
Claystone Fairly to highly 600-750 25-40
Cfl seriously altered Deadman Anchor
weathered (650) (30)
• Rock can be broken
Schist
by hand
etc.

4 .6 I d e n t if ic a t io n o f S o il a n d R o c k
Excavate a test pit with a depth of up to the estimated foundation level (but not less than 2.0m) or up to the bed rock at the proposed foundation locations. If the
bank/slope is soil, investigate each layer of soil in the pit and classify according to the Soil Classification chart, filling in the soil investigation table as per the
following example.
R ig h t B ank (at location of Main Anchorage Block) ________________ _________ ___________________________________ S O I L

Soil Param eter
D epth from B earing A ngle o f U n it
Sketch Soil T y p e R em arks
Surface, m C a pa city, In te rn a l W eig h t
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp y, kN/m3
L e ft B ank (at location of Main Anchorage Block)_____ __________________________________________________________________ S O I L

Soil Param eter
Sketch Soil T y p e Rem arks
Surface, m C a p a city, In te rn a l W eig h t
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp y, kN/m3

R igh t B ank (at location of windguy block of up stream)_______________ __ _______________________________________________________________________ S O I L __________

Soil Param eter
Surface, m C a p a city, In te rn a l W eig h t
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp Y, kN/m3
L e ft B ank (at location of windguy block of up stream) So il

Soil Param eter
D epth from B e aring A n gle o f U n it
Surface, m C a p a c ity, In te rn a l W eig h t
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp Y, kN/m3

Right B ank (at location of windguy block of down stream)_______________________________________________________________________________________ S O I L __________

Soil Param eter
D epth from B e aring A ngle o f U n it
Surface, m C a p a city, In te rn a l W e ig h t
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp Y , kN/m3
L e ft B ank (at location of windguy block of down stream)________________________________________________________________________________________ S O I L

Soil Param eter
D epth from B e aring A ngle o f U n it
Surface, m C a p a c ity, In te rn a l W e ig h t
kN/m 2 F ric tio n , cp Y, kN/m 3

If the bank/slope is rock, investigate the rock type according to the Rock Classification chart, filling in the following rock investi gation table.
R ig h t B ank (at location of Main Anchorage Block)_________________________________________________________________________________________________ R O C K

R o ck Param eter
Degree o f B e a rin g A n g le o f
R ock T y p e A pp lica b le Fo undatio n Design R em arks
F racture/W eathering C a p a c ity, S lid in g
kN/m 2 F ric tio n , cp°
L e ft B ank (at location of Main Anchorage Block)__________________________________________________________________________________________________ R O C K

R ock Param eter
Degree o f B e a rin g A n gle o f
R ock T y p e A pp lica b le Fo u n d a tio n Design R em arks
F racture/W eathering C a p a c ity, S lid in g
kN/m2 F ric tio n , cp°

Right Bank (at location of windguy block of up stream) ROCK
Left Bank (at location of windguy block of down stream) R ock

5. T o p o g r a p h ic S u r v e y
After final selection of the bridge site, the surveyor proceeds with the topographic su rvey. The purpose is to:
• provide a topographic map of the bridge site with details relevant to the bridge design
• establish axis pegs and bench marks for use during construction of the bridge
5.1 S urvey A rea

Area to be covered by the topographic survey:,
• A profile along the bridge axis covering up to 25m behind the main anchorage blocks, for bridges w ith o u t w in d g u y arrangement.
• A profile along the bridge axis covering up to 25m behind the main anchorage blocks and a topographic plan covering the area of 10m up stream and
10m downstream from the tentative location of the windguy foundations; for bridges w ith w in d g u y arrangement
5 .2 S e t t in g o f B r id g e C e n t e r l in e
Fix the bridge centerline with two permanent axis points L on the left bank and R on the right bank. Permanent axis points L and R should be fixed on rock out
crop along the bridge centerline, if available. If rock out crop is not available, these points should be marked on a boulder sufficiently embedded into the ground
as per the sketch below:
Chiseled
hole OR
Additional survey points along the centerline should be fixed to survey the bridge axis profile as shown in the sketch below. These survey points should be fixed
at breaking points of slope and terraces, which will accurately indicate the t opography of the bridge axis. The profile should cover 25m behind the main
anchorage block up to the edge of the river flow.

• • •
5 .3 S urvey M etho ds
There are two options for conducting the topographic survey. Depending upon the span and type of bridge, a profi le along the bridge axis or a more detailed
survey including contour lines will be necessary.
• P rofile along the B rid g e axis:

Generally bridges up to 120 m do not need windguy arrangement. A detailed profile along the selected bridge axis is sufficient f or this bridge design. A
topographic profile can be taken by the Abney level, however for fixing precise levels a Level Instrument is necessary.
• For bridges over 120 m span, a Theodolite should be used to carry out the topographic survey.
5 .4 S urvey by A bney L evel

The main function of the Abney Level is to measure the ve rtica l angle cp. By measuring the slope distance d between the survey points with a measuring tape,
the horizontal distance D and the vertical difference of elevation AH can be calculated.
The principle of measuring the vertical angle by the Abney Level is illustrated in the sketch and procedure described below:
To take a profile along the bridge axis, the surveyor should first set the exact centerline as described in chapter 5.2. Ther e are two methods of setting the
centerline.
B y measurement tape o r n ylon rope and plum b bob:
This method is accurate enough for span up to 50m. The survey points along the bridge centerline are fixed with the help of a measurement tape or nylon rope
and a plumb bob as per procedure shown in the sketch below.

B y Bam boo o r W ooden Sticks o r R ang ing R ods:
This method is applied for span above 50m. In this method the survey points along the bridge centerline are fixed with the help of Bamboo or Wooden Sticks or
Ranging Rods. Fix a Stick at each axis point L and R in ve rtica l position. Now the surveyor can aim at other points along the bridge centerline line of L and R .
By fixing in line additional survey points behind and in front of L and R , more points can be gained along the bridge centerline ranging as per the procedures
shown in the sketch below:
Proceed with the survey of bridge profile after having fixed the centerline. Measure the vertical angles and sloped dista nces between the points of the centerline.
The measured vertical angle between axis points L - R and R - L should be checked for error correction.
The "error-factor" is calculated with the following formula:
E - (-^¿/?)+ (- V r l ) _ ±e ; Corrected angle cp' = cp ± E

2
Compute the horizontal distances and elevations of the corresponding survey points with the corrected vertical angles as per trigonometry.
Enter the measurements and calculations into the Bridge Axis Profile by Abney Level sheet.

# • •
Draw a plan view with the bridge axis (centerline), axis points L and R , with all the benchmarks and fixed objects like trees, houses etc. Give distances and directions
from the reference points so that the axis points and benchmarks can be located during the construction. A plan view is necessary only when a windguy arrange ment
needs to be considered in bridge design.
Plan
(indicate river flow and north direction)

Draw a sketch of the profile/cross section of the bridge axis (centerline) with axis points L and R , with all the survey points and topographic features, including tentative
position of the bridge foundations, low water level and high flood level.
Profile/Cross Section

BRIDGE AXIS PROFILE BY ABNEY LEVEL Page No. 1

Bridge Name : D istrict: Surveyed by : Date :
Horizontal Distance, P
D = d x Coscp'
AH = d x Sintp'
H = R.L. of Station ± AH
SLOPE VERTICAL Corrected HORIZONTAL VERTICAL REDUCED LEVEL

REMARKS
DISTANCE ANGLE VERTICAL DISTANCE DISTANCE (ELEVATION)
STATION POINTS (Description of
d ANGLE D H
± ah Points)
m <P <p' m m
Remarks: 1. Applicable only for suspended type bridge up to 100m span and suspension type up to 70m.
2. For other cases use Theodolite.
BRIDGE AXIS PROFILE BY ABNEY LEVEL Page No. 2

| Bridge N am e: D istrict: Surveyed b y : D a te:
SLOPE VERTICAL Corrected HORIZONTAL VERTICAL REDUCED LEVEL

REMARKS
DISTANCE ANGLE VERTICAL DISTANCE DISTANCE (ELEVATION)
STATION POINTS (Description of
d ANGLE D H
± aH Points)
m <P <p’ m in

S u r v e y b y T h e o d o l it e
When the span of the bridge is more than 120 m or when a windguy arrangement needs to be included in the bridge design, the survey is conducted with a
Theodolite.
For proper use of a Theodolite, refer to the respective instruction manual, that comes with the Theodolite, and to the SBD Survey Manual .
P rofile A lo n g B rid ge A x is :
Fix the bridge centerline as described in chapter 5.2. Measure distance between the axis points L and R by horizontal triangulation method. Triangulation is
done by measuring all three angles of a triangle and length of one si de as illustrated in the sketch below. For accuracy double triangulation is necessary.
C
LJA)
Insert all the readings in the T ria n g u la tio n S u rve y F o rm and calculate distance between axis points L and R by trigonometry formulas given therein.
E levatio n o f A xis Points and B enchm arks:

It is necessary to establish the elevations of Axis Points L and R and Benchmarks. Select elevation of one of the Bench mark BM i as 100.00m. Establish
elevations of axis points and other benchmarks by vertical triangulado n as illustrated in the sketch below.
Insert the readings in the Survey form of S um m ary o f T ria n g u la tio n and E levations o f Pegs and Benchm arks and calculate the Elevations (reduced levels) of
the points by trigonometry formulas given ther ein.

TRIANGULATION
Bridge Name : District : Surveyed by : Date
1st Triangulation Sketch: 2nd Triangulation Sketch:
di = ---------- d ,=
d2 = ---------- d2 =
d3= ---------- d3 =
n dmeanx Sin y d,mean — D = dme
Sin y
Sin ß Sin ß
H O R IZ O N T A L C IR C L E ANGLE
FA C E R IG H T FA C E LEFT FA C E R IG H T FA C E LEFT MEAN
an
= ßo
Yo
Ö= 0to + ß0 + Yo =
A = (200gor 180°)-5 =
a = a 0 + A/3 a = a 0 ± A/3 =
ß = ßo±A/3 P = ßo±A/3
r = Yo± a /3 Y = y0 ±A/3
If ô > + 0.02s or 0.018° repeat the angle readings If 5 > ± 0.028 or 0.018° repeat the angle readings

SUMMARY of TRIANGULATION and ELEVATIONS of PEGS and BENCHMARKS

Bridge Name : District : Surveyed by : Date
1. Summary of Triangulation 2. Elevation
AH = V-Z + I
D
V = D x tan cp
tan ß AH = V + Z -I
D IF F E R E N C E IN
1st Triangulation D, VERTICAL ANGLE E L E V A T IO N
2nd Triangulation D2 w Z
W
z u uz
Difference AD U 2 1g H
u.. H SC M E A N
<
< < 2H 3a § ss H
CA
Mean Distance D = = H H 5
___ Ç/5 X NN i g si F A C E R IG H T (L e ft + R ig h t)
O> AH M E A N
2 m cm m cm FACE LE FT 2 m cm
AD/D =
If AD/D> 0.0025 repeat the triangulation
BMI
REDUCED LEVELS: BMI = 100.00

BMII BMI
A
B
B M II
BMI

Topographic Detail Survey:

Topographic detail survey is necessary to represent the topography of the bridge site by means of the contour lines. This is done by tacheometric su rvey.
Tacheometric survey is done by Theodolite with stadia hairs and leveling staff. The horizontal, vertical distances and position of the points are measured by
horizontal and vertical angles and stadia hair readings as illustrated in the sketches below .
The survey points should be taken at break points of slopes, terraces,

fields and other features representing the actual topography of the ground
as shown in the sketch .
® Points to be measured
Insert all the readings in the Tacheometry Survey Form and calculate the horizontal distances and elevations by the formulas given therein.
Check the stadia hair of the Thedolite before the survey. For this measure a distance of about 40m by stadia readings and actual measurement by a tape. If the
difference between stadia measurement and tape measurement is more than 0.2%, corrections on calculation of horizontal and vertical distance should be
applied. The distances should be corrected for error A as per following Formula.
D = (100x1+A) x Cos2<p V = (50xl+A) x Sin2(p

TACHEOMETRY P a g e N o. 1
Bridge Name :_______________________________ District :______________________ Surveyed by :_________________________ Date :




6. P hotographs
Photographs of the bridge site to support its technical feasibility / topography and faci litate the bridge design.
Take following photographs:
• Overall view of the bridge site from upstream indicating approximate location of bridge foundations and axis line
• Overall view of the bridge site from down stream indicating approximate location of bri dge foundations axis line
• View of the right bank from left bank with approximate location of bridge foundations
• View of the left bank from right bank with approximate location of bridge foundations
• Over all top view (if possible)
• Close up view of axis points and bench marks
• Soil test pits at the location of bridge foundation blocks
• Other relevant photos
Take above photographs from the positions as per sketch below. If one picture does not cover the necessary area, take several pictures from the same spot with
sufficient overlapping.
Present all the photographs on the following blank pages.

1. Overall view of the bridge site from upstream (with approximate location of bridge foundations on both R/B & L/B and axis line)
2. Overall view of the bridge site from downstream (with approximate location of bridge foundations on both R/B & L/B and axis line)

3. Overall view of the right bank (with approximate location of bridge foundatio n and axis line)
4. Overall view of the left bank (with approximate location of bridge foundation and axis line)

5. View of the right bank with proposed location of bridge foundation 6. View of the left bank with proposed location of bridge foundation
7. View of Axis Peg/Left Bank 8. View of Axis Peg/Right Bank

9. View of Bench Mark 10. Pit excavation at
11. Pit excavation at 12. Pit excavation at
Survey Form and Checklist

13. Pit excavation at 14. Pit excavation at
15. Pit excavation at 16.

• •
17.
19.

# # •
7. S urvey R eport
The technical survey report consists of:
• Filled in Survey Forms and Checklist
• Topographic map
1. Profile along the bridge axis in scale

2. Contour plan of the bridge site in scale ( only, if windguy arrangement is necessary)

Note Pad

His Majesty’s Government SDC / Helvetas Nepal
Ministry of Local Development Trail Bridge Sub-Sector Project
Department of Local Infrastructure Development and
Agriculture Roads
S h o r t S p a n T r a il B r id g e S ta n d a r d S u sp e n d e d T y p e V o lu m e II
Form No. 2 : Bridge Design
His Majesty’s Government of Nepal

S h o rt S p a n T r a il B r id g e S ta n d a r d S u sp e n d e d T y p e V o lu m e II
Form No. 2
Bridge Design 1. Cable Design
2. Anchor Block Design
3. Bridge Standard Drawings
Bridge Name:
River Name:
District Name:
Designed by:
Date:

Department of Local Infrastructure Pedestrian Trail Bridge Programme
Bridge N o : ................ Bridge Name :............................................

District:.........................................
S p a n :......................m, Walkway Width (70 or 1 0 6 ):.........................cm
1. Cable Design for Suspended Bridge Type

A. Survey Data and Calculation of Freeboard
1. Span of the Bridge i = ...................m
2 . Saddle Elevation of the Walkway Cable on the higher Side Eh = ...................m
3. Saddle Elevation of the Walkway Cable on the lower Side E, = ...................m
4. Difference in Elevation h — E h “ E* — h ...................m

(max. permissible height: hmax = £125)
. _ t
...................m
5. Dead Load Sag: for Span up to 80m: bd — — — bd =
20
for Span over 80m: bd = ...................m

- é -
6 . f min in Dead Load Case , (4 b d -h )2

f min ...................m
(at the lowest point of the cable) mm 16 b d
7. Highest Flood Level H f, = ...................m
8. Free Board (min. 5.00m) Fb = Ej - Hf i - f min = Fb = ...................m
5.00m, try e ith e r to r a is e the s a d d le e le v a tio n s o r to a d ju st th e span ,

( i f th e f r e e b o a r d is le s s than
b u t k ee p th e r a tio b e tw e e n sp a n a n d s a g a lw a y s fixed at / / b (j =20 o r / / b r f -22)
Form No. 2: Bridge Design 1

B. Selection of Cables
Select a cable combination according to the span and walkway width of the bridge. Always select the
higher cable combination, when the span is in between two values.
Maximum Span for Cable Combinations Weight of

Walkway Width: all Cables
Handrail Walkway
70cm 106cm Cables Cables gh
span [m] span[m] nos 0m m nos 0mm [kg/m]
50 40 2 26 2 26 10.04
90 60 2 26 2 32 12.62
100 75 2 26 4 26 15.06
120 105 2 26 4 32 20.22

—
120 2 32 4 32 22.80
Above cable combinations are calculated for the following specifications:
Cables: construction 7x19, wire strand core, 160 kg/mm2 (1.57 kN/mm2) tensile strength
of wire
Safety Factor: minimum 3 or higher than 3
Live load p= (300 + 5222.) kg/m2 or (3 + - ^ - ) kN/m2
r v span 7 0 v span
or p= 400 kg/m2 (4 kN/m2) if the span is 50.0 m or less
Sag to Span Ratio: = 20 for Spans up to 80 meters

(in dead load case) = 22 for Spans over 80 meters
spat
Max. permissible Height Difference of Saddles: h = ----
25
Example: w id th o f w a lk w a y = 70cm ; sp a n = 88m

=> s e le c te d c a b le co m b in a tio n : H a n d ra il C a b le s 2 26m m
W a lk w a y C a b le s 2 0 32m m
W eig h t o f C a b le s = 1 2 .6 2 k g /m
Selected Cable Combination and Parameters from the Table above:
HRC Handrail Cables: nos 2 0 ...... mm

WWC Walkway Cables: nos 0 ...... mm
Weight of all Cables per meter ...........kg/m
2 Form No. 2: Bridge Design

C. Calculation of Cable Length
Backstay Length * Cutting Length**

Type of Cable Dia (mm) Nos
[m] [m/pc]
Fixation Cable 13 2
Handrail Cable 2
Walkway Cable
*Backstay Length = Cable length between saddle center and center of dead man or drum as per foundation drawing
(both banks) + 6.0m. Calculate backstay length after selection of foundation blocks.
**Cutting Length = 1.1 x Span + Backstay Lengths
D. Calculation of ( fmin & fmax )Hoisting Sag

This calculation has to be made after tower and foundation work is completed

2. A nchorage Type (Foundation) Design for Suspended Bridge Type

A. Design Data W Fill in the following Design Data from Form No. 1: Survey Form and Checklist
• Walkway Width, WW (70 or 106cm): ................ cm

• Bridge Span: ................ m
Right Bank Condition
Geology: Soil □
If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat or Hill Slope 1 1

(up to 10° slope) (more than 10° slope)
What is the Soil Type? Gravelly | | Sandy □ Silty □
2.4m Q 3.4m □ 4.4m □
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock
| | Hard Rock □
(highly fractured)
Soft Rock □
Left Bank Condition
Geology Soil | |
If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat or Hill Slope d H

What is the Soil Type? Gravelly | | Sandy □ Silty □
2.4m □ 3.4m □ 4.4m □
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock 1
1 Hard Rock □
(highly fractured)
Soft Rock □
B. Selection of Anchorage Types
Select appropriate anchorage type at Right and Left Bank according to the above design data.
Procedure for Selection:
• According to the Soil/Rock type and Slope of the ground, refer to respective tables for selection of
Anchorage Types as per below.
for Soil and Flat Ground : Table 1
for Soil and Hill Slope : Table 2
for Hard Rock : Table 3 or Table 4
for Fractured Hard Rock or Soft Rock:
Span up to 90m (WW = 70cm) and up to 60m (WW = 106cm) : Table 5 or Table 6
Span Range 91-120m (WW = 70cm), 61-120m (WW = 106cm): Table 7
• In the Table match the Design Data: Selected Walkway Width —> Bridge Span —> Tower Height
-» Soil Type —» Select the corresponding Anchor Type and Drawing No. for right bank and for left
bank respectively.

Anchor Type Selection Tables
• In Soil and Flat Ground:

T a b le 1: Selection of Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Flat Ground
Span Range, m Tower

Foundation Drawing
Height Block Type
Soil Type No.
Walkway:70cm Walkway: 106cm [ml
2.4 IF 21Dcon
Up to 45m Up to 30m 3.4 All 2F 22Dcon
4.4 3F 23Dcon
2.4 4F 24Dcon
46-90 31-60 3.4 All 5F 25Dcon
4.4 6F 26Dcon
2.4 7F 27Dcon
91 - 120 61-75 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 9F 29Dcon
2.4 10F 30Dcon
- 76-90 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 1IF 31Dcon
2.4 12F 32Dcon
- 91 - 105 3.4 All 8F 28Dcon
4.4 13F 33Dcon
Gravely 12F 32Dcon
2.4
Sandy, Silty 14F 34Dcon
- 106-120 3.4 15F 35Dcon
All
4.4 13F 33Dcon
• In Soil and Slope Ground:

T a b le 2: Selection of Gravity Soil Anchor Block in Hill Slope
Span Range, m Tower

Height
Soil Type Type No.
Walkway:70cm Walkway: 106cm [ml
Up to 60m Up to 40m 2.4 All IS 41Dcon
6 1 -9 0 41-60 2.4 All 2S 42Dcon
91 - 120 61-75 2.4 All 3S 43Dcon
Gravely 4S 44Dcon
- 76-90 2.4 Sandy 5S 45Dcon
Silty 6S 46Dcon
- 91 - 105 2.4
Silty 8S 48Dcon
- 106- 120 2.4
Silty 9S 49Dcon

• In H a rd R ock f o r a ll S pan R an ges:

Table 3: Selection of RCC Single Drum Anchor in Hard Rock
Span Range, m Tower Height Drawing
Block Type
Walkway:70cm Walkway: 106cm [m] No.
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1HRS 61Dcon

91 - 120 61 - 120 2.0 2HRS 62Dcon
When slope is too steep and there is not enough space for single drum anchorage system (Table 3), select
the double drum system from following table 4.
Table 4: Selection of RCC Double Drum Anchor in Hard Rock
Block Type
Walkway:70cm Walkway:106cm [m] No.
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1HRD 63Dcon

91 - 120 61 - 120 2.0 2HRD 64Dcon
• In F ractured H ard R ock/Soft R ock f o r Span Range up to 90m (W W = 70 cm)

and 60m (W W =106cm):
Table 5: Selection of RCC Single Drum Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
Block Type
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 IFRS 65Dcon
When slope is too steep and there is not enough space for single drum anchorage system (Table 5), select
the double drum system from following table 6.
Table 6: Selection of RCC Double Drum Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
Block Type
up to 90 up to 60 2.0 1FRD 66Dcon
• In Fractured H ard R ock/Soft R ock f o r Span R ang o f 91 - 120m (W W = 70 cm)

and 61-120m (W W = 106cm ):
Table 7: Selection of RCC Deadman Anchor in Fractured Hard Rock/Soft Rock
Block Type
91-120 61-120 2.0 2FRD 67Dcon
Selected Anchorage Foundation Type and corresponding Drawings from the Table above:
Right Bank: Anchor Type ........................ Drawing No
Left Bank: Anchor Type ........................ Drawing No

Example:
Design Data
Fill in the following Design Data from Form No. 1: Survey Form and Checklist
• Walkway Width, WW (70 or 106cm): ....... 7Q...... cm
• Bridge Span: ....... §§...... m
R ight B ank Condition
Geology: Soil LZH

If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat l~71 or Hill Slope 1 1
What is the Soil Type? Gravelly 1^ 1 Sandy Silty 1 1
Tower Height from Ground up to 2.4m □ 3.4m |J | 4.4m [^ ]
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock | [ Hard Rock | | Soft Rock | |
(only few fractures) (highly fractured)
Tower Height 2.0m in Case of Rock [ 1
L e f t B ank Condition
Geology Soil | |
If Soil, how is the Ground Surface? Flat or Hill Slope \Z Z \

What is the Soil Type? Gravelly [ | Sandy Silty
Tower Height from Ground up to 2.4m Q 3.4m □ 4.4m Q J
If Rock, what is the Rock Type? Hard Rock | •/ Hard Rock [ ^ ] Soft Rock | |
(only few fractures) (highly fractured)
Tower Height 2.0m in Case of Rock | / |
=> Selected Anchorage Types:
Right Bank: Block Type 5F, Drawing No. 25Dcon

Left Bank: Drum Type 1HRS, Drawing No.61Dcon

3. Bridge Standard Drawings

Select the required Steel Drawings and Construction Drawings from the following Drawing List.
3.1 Steel Drawings
Required
Drawing Title Drawing No
Drawing
02D or 02D4 or
Walkway Cross Beams
03D or 03D4
Saddle and Reinforcement for RCC RB
20D2 or 20D4
Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor LB
Saddle and Reinforcement for RCC RB
Deadman Anchor in Soft or Fractured 20D4S
Hard Rock LB
Saddle and Reinforcement for Drum RB
60D2 or 60D4
Rock Anchor LB
Steel Deck 08A, 09A and 10A 08A, 09A, 10A
3.2 Construction Drawings
Required
Drawing Title Drawing No
Drawing
Walkway Fitting 19Dcon70 or 19Dconl06
Details of Cement Stone Masonry Tower
20Dcon70 or 20Dconl06
& RCC Core
RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor RB
21Dcon............. 35 Dcon
Block for Flat Ground LB
RCC Deadman and Gravity Soil Anchor RB
41Dcon.............49Dcon
Block for Hill Slope LB
RCC Single Drum Rock Anchor RB
61 Dcon or 62Dcon
in Hard Rock LB
RCC Double Drum Rock Anchor RB
63 Dcon or 64Dcon
in Hard Rock LB
RCC Single Drum Rock Anchor RB
65Dcon
in Soft or Fractured Hard Rock LB
RCC Double Drum Rock Anchor RB
66Dcon
in Soft or Fractured Hard Rock LB
RCC Deadman in Soft or Fractured Hard RB
67Dcon
Rock LB
Designed b y : ............................................................... Date:
Cable hoisted b y : ....................................................... Date:

E xam ple:
=> S elected D raw in gs
S teel D raw in gs
R eq u ired
D raw in g Title D ra w in g N o
D raw in g
W a lk w a y C r o s s B e a m s 02D o r 0 2D 4 o r 03D , o r 03D 4 02D
S a d d le a n d R e in fo r c e m e n t f o r R C C RB: 20D 2
20D 2 or 20D 4
D e a d m a n a n d G r a v ity S o il A n c h o r LB: x
S a d d le a n d R e in fo r c e m e n t f o r R C C RB: x
D eadm an A nchor in S o ft 2o 0r DF4r Sa c tu r e d
H ard R ock LB: 60D 2
S a d d le a n d R e in fo r c e m e n t f o r D ru m R o c k RB: 60D 2
60D 2 or 60D 4
A nchor
LB: x
S te e l D e c k 0 8 A , 0 9 A , 10A 08A, 09A,
C on struction D raw in gs
R equ ired
D raw in g Title D raw in g N o
D raw in g
W a lk w a y F ittin g 1 9 D c o n 7 0 o r 1 9 D c o n l0 6 19D con 70
D e ta ils o f C e m e n t S to n e M a s o n r y T o w e r
2 0 D c o n 7 0 o r 2 0 D c o n l0 6 20D con 70
& R C C C ore
R C C D e a d m a n a n d G r a v ity S o il A n c h o r R B : 25D con

B lo c k f o r F la t G r o u n d 21D con. .......... 3 5 D c o n
LB: X
R C C D e a d m a n a n d G r a v ity S o il A n c h o r RB: X
B lo c k f o r H i l l S lo p e 41 D con. .......... 4 9 D c o n
LB: X
R C C S in g le D r u m R o c k A n c h o r RB: X
in H a r d R o c k 61D con o r 62D con

L B : 61D con
R C C D o u b le D r u m R o c k A n c h o r RB: X
in H a r d R o c k 63D con o r 64D con

LB: X
R C C S in g le D r u m R o c k A n c h o r RB: X
in S o ft o r F r a c tu r e d H a r d R o c k 65D con
LB: X
R C C D o u b le D r u m R o c k A n c h o r RB: X
in S o ft o r F r a c tu r e d H a r d R o c k 66D con
LB: X
R C C D eadm an in in S o ft o r F r a c tu r e d RB: X
H a rd R ock 6 7 D con
LB: X

Form No. 3 : Quantity & Cost Estimate

His Majesty’s Government o f Nepal

Ministry o f Local Development SDC/Helvetas Nepal
Department o f Local Infrastructure Trail Bridge Sub-Sector Project
Form No. 3
Bridge Name:
River Name:
District Name:
Estimated by:
Date:

COST ESTIMATE: Summary of Estimated Cost
Bridge Number: Bridge Name:

Span in meters: River:
Walkway width: District:
Type of Bridge: Region:
Mode of Execution: Com m unity Approach
Bridge Cost
Description Cost (NRs) %
100 Materials and Road Transportation
110 Wire Ropes (Cables)
120 Steel Parts
130 Steel Deck
140 G.I.Wire
150 Cement
160 Paints
170 Tools
180 Road Transportation
Sub-total of Materials and Road Transportation
200 Labour
210 Transportation from Road Head to Site
220 Local Materials Collection (skilled/unskilled labour)
230 Construction Works (skilled/unskilled labour)
Sub-total of Labour
Total actual Bridge Cost (Sub-total of Material+Sub-total of Labour)
Contribution
Local Contribution, NRs. Outside C ontribution, NRs.
K ind of Contribution DDC VDC/ Local In d ivid Users Total
M unicip Institu uals Cometee NRs
ality tion
Wire Ropes (Cables)
Steel Parts
Steel Deck
G.I.Wire
Cement
Tools
Paints
Cash
Unpaid Labour
Total Contribution
Breakdown of the Contribution %

Local Contribution, NRs.
Outside Contribution, NRs.
Total
Cost Per Meter Span, NRs.
Form No. 3: Quantity and Cost Estimate for Community Approach 1

COST ESTIMATE: Summary of Actual Cost*

Mode of Execution: Com m unity Approach
Bridge Cost
Description Cost NRs. %
100 Materials and Road Transportation
120 Steel Parts
130 Steel Deck
140 G.I.Wire
150 Cement
160 Paints
170 Tools
Sub-total of Materials and Road Transportation
200 Labour
210 Transportation from Road Head to Site
220 Local Materials Collection (skilled/unskilled labour)
230 Construction Works (skilled/unskilled labour)
Sub-total of Labour
Total actual Bridge Cost (Sub-total of Material+Sub-total of Labour)
Contribution
Local Contribution, NRs. Outside Contribution, NRs.
K ind of Contribution DDC VDC/ Local In d ivid Users Total
M un icip Institu uals Cometee NRs.
ality tion
Wire Ropes (Cables)
Steel Parts
Steel Deck
G.I.Wire
Cement
Tools
Paints
Cash
Unpaid Labour
Total Contribution
Breakdown of the Contribution %

Local Contribution, NRs.
Outside Contribution, NRs.
Tota l NRs.
Cost Per Meter Span, NRs.

*Note: This Form to be filled only after completion of the bridge to calculate the actual Bridge Cost

COST ESTIMATE : Abstract of Cost
Description U n it Q uantity Rate Cost
100 M aterials & Transportation

110 Wire Ropes1 0 13 mm m
0 26 mm m
0 32 mm m
Total 110 W ire Ropes
120 Steel Parts
121 Fabrication2 Steel Parts kg
Reinforcement steel kS
122 Supply of Thimbles3 0 13 mm pc
0 26 mm pc
0 32 mm pc
123 Supply of Bulldog GripsJ 0 13 mm pc
0 26 mm pc
0 32 mm pc
124 Miscellaneous Supply2 Bolts, Nuts and Washers kg
Binding Wire
PE Pipes, dia 63mm m
125 Rust Prevention2 Hot Dip Galvanization kg
Total 120 Steel Parts
130 Steel Deck

131 Fabrication4 Steel Deck kg
132 Rust Prevention4 Hot Dip Galvanization kg
Total 130 Steel Deck

140 G .L W ire 5 141 G.I. Wire kg
Total 140 G .I. W ire

150 Cement5 151 Cement bags
Total 150 Cement
160 Paints5
161 Red Oxide Zinc Chromate ltr
162 Polyurethane Enamel ltr
Total 160 Paints

COST ESTIMATE : Abstract of Cost (Page 2)

170 Tools 171 Tools set 1
Total 170 Tools
Description Unit Q uantity Rate Cost

180 Road Transportation6 181 M aterials & Wire Ropes kg
Total 180 Road Transportation
Description U n it Q uan tity Rate Cost
200 Transportation from road head to site7

210 Transportation 211 Porter (unskilled labour)* md
from roadhead to site 212 By Mule kg
Total 210 Transportation from road head to site
220 Local Material Collection 221 Skilled Labour* md

222 Unskilled Labour* md
Total 220 Local M aterial Collection
Description Unit Q uantity Rate Cost
230 Construction Works 231 Skilled Labour* md

232 Unskilled Labour* md
Total 230 Construction W orks
1 Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation "110 Wire Rope" (Page 5)

2 Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation "120 Steel Parts" (Page 5)
3 Refer to Respective "Steel Drawings"
4 Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation "130 Steel Deck" (Page 5)
5 Refer to Sheet "List of Construction Materials" (Page 7)
6 Refer to Sheet "Transportation Weight" (Page 8)
7 Refer to Sheet "Quantity of Works and Labour" (Page 9)
* Apply District rates.

COST ESTIM ATE: ________________ Quantity Calculation

Single Length per Type per 0
Type No. Length 0
(m) (mm) 0 13mm 0 26mm 0 32mm
Walkway Cable
Handrail Cable
Fixation Cable
Total length per 0 in meter

Total length, m
Weight of cable per m length 0.67 2.57 3.9
Total weight of cable per 0 in kg
Total weight, kg
Note: Above Quantities are derived from Form No. 2: Cable Design Form
120 Steelparts
DRAWINGS Structural Reinforce Binding Nuts, Bolts Steel to be Transport
Steel ment Steel Wire & Washers galvanized W eight
Units
No. Name
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
Cross Beam _ _
Saddles and
Reinforcement for
RCC Dead-man &
Gravity Soil
Anchor
Saddle and
Reinforcement for
Drum Rock Anchor
Saddles and
Reinforcement for
RCC Anchor in
fractured Rock
Total Steel Parts
130 Steel Decks

DRAWINGS Steel to be T ransport
Units Structural Steel galvanized W eight
No. Name
(kg) (kg) (kg)
08A Standard Panel
09A Half Panel
10A Special Panel
Total
Note: Above Units and Quantities are derived from the respective Steel Drawings.

COST ESTIM ATE: Quantity Calculation (Page 2)

230 Construction
Foundation Excavation
Soft Hard Back
Location Soil Rock Rock filling
3 3 3
m m3 m m
RCC Deadman & Gravity
Soil Anchor Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
RCC Drum Rock
Anchorage
Right Bank
Left Bank
Other Structures
Total
Note: Above Quantities are to be calculated from General Arrangement Drawing.
Concrete W orks Cement Stone Masonry W orks Dry Stone Masonry Works
Coursed Coursed Coursed
Chisel Hammer Hammer Broken Cement
Location 1:3:6 1:2:4 Dressed Dressed Dressed Stone Plaster
1:4 1:6 dry 1:4
3 3 3 3 2
111 m3 m3 m m m m
RCC Deadman & Gravity
Soil Anchor Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
RCC Drum Rock Anchorage

Right Bank
Left Bank
RCC Deadman in Soft or
Fractured Hard Rock
Right Bank
Left Bank
CSM Tower & RCC Core
Right Bank
Left Bank
Other Structures
Total
Note: Above Quantities are derived from respective Construction Drawings.

COST ESTIM ATE: List of Construction Materials

140/1 Fence Knitting
Requirement
Item Bridge span per meter span Total Weight
(m) (kg) (kg)
12 SWGG.I. Wire 3.9
140/2 Gabion Wires (for maintenance only, if rquired)

Mesh Wire 10 SWG Selvege wire 7 SWG Binding Wire 12 SWG
Box Size (m) Volume Require Require Require
ment Weight ment Weight ment Weight
(mJ) per nV (kg) per rrF (kg) per rrF (kg)
2.0/1.0/1.0 12.08 1.58 0.48
3.0/1.0/1.0 11.70 1.37 0.43
2.0/1.0/0.3 22.33 3.75 1.08
3.0/1.0/0.3 21.94 3.33 1.00
Total
Total Weight of Gabion Wire (kg)
160 Paints (For maintenance only)
Painting Require
Area ment Quantity Weight Weight
Item per m2 per Itr.
(m2) (Itr.) (Itr.) (kg) (kg)
Red Oxide Zinc Chromate 0.25 1.8
Polyurethane Enamel 0.20 1.8
230 Construction
Total Require Chisel Hammer
Units
Quantity ment Cement Sand Gravel Dressed Dressed Broken

Item of per Stone Stone Stone
Work Unit (Bags) (M 3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)
Construction of Gabions
4.4
Concrete 1:3:6 mJ 0.47
0.89
6.4
Concrete 1:2:4 m3 0.45
0.85
0.04
Grouting of Holes nos
0.01
2.28
Coursed Chisel Stone
m3 0.32
Masonry 1:4
1.1
1.5
Coursed Hammer Stone
m3 0.32
Masonry 1:6
1.1
Dry Coursed Hammer
m3 1.1
Stone Masonry
Dry Broken Stone Masonry m3 1.1
1:4 Cement Plaster 20 3 0.18
m
mm thick 0.024
Total Quantity of Construction Materials

COST ESTIM ATE: Transportation Weight
180 Transportation
Quantity
S.N. Materials Remarks
kg
Refer to:
1 Steel Parts Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation "120
Steel Parts" (page 5)
Refer to Sheet "130 Steel Deck" (page

2 Steel Deck
5)
3 Cement
4 Fencing G.I. Wire

Refer to Sheet "List of Construction
D Gabion Wires
Materials" (Page 7)
6 Paints
7 Tools 80.0
Sub-Total Materials
Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation

"110 Wire Ropes" (Page 5)
Total o f M aterials & Wire Ropes

COST ESTIM ATE: Quantity of Works and Labour

Labour input
Mandays
S.N. Description Quantity Unit per unit Remarks
skilled unskilled skilled | unskilled
A. Local M aterial Collection
1 Chisel Dressed Stone m3 10.00 3.00
2 Hammer Dressed Stone in' 5.00 3.00
3 Broken Stone m3 - 5.00
4 Gravel m3 - 7.00
5 Sand nr' - 3.00
A. Total Local M aterial Collection
B. Construction W orks
6 Foundation Excavation in Soil m3 - 1.70
7 Foundation Excavation in Soft rock m3 - 2.50
8 Foundation Excavation in Hard Rock m3 - 12.00
9 Hard Rock hole drilling & grouting nos 0.10 2.00
10 Coursed Dry stone Masonry m3 1.00 1.00
11 Cement Stone Masonry (1:4) m3 1.50 3.00
12 Cement Stone Masonry (1:6) m3 1.50 3.00
3
13 Concrete RCC 1:2:4 m 1.00 4.00
14 Concrete RCC 1:3:6 m3 1.00 4.00
15 Cement Plaster (1:4) m2 0.22 0.22
16 Gabion Works m3 0.35 0.40
17 Cable Pulling* m - 0.30
18 Walkway Erection** m - 0.60
19 Fence Knitting** m - 0.30
3
20 Dismantling of masonry structures m - 2.20
21 Dismantling of walkway m - 0.28
22 Painting m2 0.18 0.33
B. Total Construction Works
* Quantity is equal to total length of cables of all 0 . Refer to Sheet Quantity Calculation "110 Wire Ropes" (Page 5)
** Quantities are equal to bridge span
S.N. Description Total Unit Porter Labour Input

weight days per Unit Mandays Remarks
md Porter
a b c d e = axcxd
C. Portering
16 Transport of Materials tons 25.00
18 Transport of Wire Rope (Cable) tons 65.00
C. Total Portering
Summery (A+B+C) Total Rate Total Cost

Mandays Rs. Rs.
Skilled Labour
Unskilled Labour
Porter (Unskilled Labour)
Total Labour Cost

COST ESTIM ATE: List of Tools
S.N. Description Unit Quantity Remarks
A. Tools for Construction

1 Shovel pc 2
2 Pick axe pc 2
3 Crowbar (1 'A”) pc 2
4 Large hammer (5 kg) pc 1
5 Large hammer (3 kg) pc 2
6 Stone dressing hammer (1 kg) pc 12
7 Long chisel (2’ x 1") pc 2
8 Stone breaking chisel pc 2
9 Stone dressing chisel pc 15
10 Square bottom pc 2
11 Plum bob pc 2
12 Measuring tape (5 m) pc 1
13 Seiving wire mesh (1.5 m) (3 mm") pc 1
14 Level pipe (5 m) pc 1
15 Mason thread rol 1
B. Tools for Bridge Erection

1 Pliers pc 2
2 Slide wrench 12" pc 1
3 Ring wrench size 18/19 mm pc 1
6 Masonry trowel pc 4
7 Headpan pc 6
8 3/4msuspender bending pipe pc 2
9 Suspender bending die pc 1
10 Plastic sheet (15 m) pc 1
11 Hacksaw Frame pc 1
12 Hacksaw blade pc 10
13 Kerosene tine pc 4
14 Inexpensive bag pc 1
15 Tool Box pc 1
16 Claw Hammer pc 1
17 Nails (3") ____kg____ 1

COST ESTIMATE: Rate Analysis
Unit
Description Unit Rate Unit Cost
Quantity
120 Fabrication of Steel Parts and Steel Deck
121 Fabrication of Steel Parts per kg
Materials Structural Steel* kg 1.11
Labour Skilled md 0.11
Unskilled md 0.11
Sub-total
Tools and Plants (7%)
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg
122 Fabrication of Reinforcement Steel per kg

Materials Reinforcement Steel* kg 1.11
Unskilled md 0.04
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg
130 Fabrication of Steel Deck per kg

Materials Structural Steel* kg 1.11
Unskilled md 0.11
Sub-total
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg

181 Transportation of Material, Equipment and Wire Ropes per tone
Transportation by Truck Dist, km Weight, t Rate Unit Cost
From: Metalled Road 1.00
to : Non-Metalled Road 1.00
Transportation by Tractor (only where aplicable)
From: to: Earthen Road 1000.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per tone
Total cost per kg

COST ESTIMATE: Official Rate
Fiscal Year:
Description Unit Rate

Wire Ropes 0 13 mm m
0 26 mm m
0 32 mm m
Supply of Steel Parts Structural Steel kg
Reinforcement Steel kg
Thimbles 0 13 mm pc
0 26 mm pc
0 32 mm pc
Bulldog Grips 0 13 mm pc
0 26 mm pc
0 32 mm pc
Miscellaneous Bolts, Nuts and Washers kg
Binding Wire kg
Rust Prevention Hot Dip Galvanization kg
Workshop Labour Rate Skilled md
Unskilled md
Transportation Truck Metalled Road txkm
Truck Non-Metalled Road txkm
Construction Fuel ltr
G.I. Wire 7,10,12 SWG kg
Cement bag
Painting Works Red Oxide Zinc Chromate ltr
Polyurethane Enamel ltr
Miscellaneous Tools 1 set
Note: The above rates are including VAT

Form No. 4 : Quantity & Cost Estimate

for Public Tender & Contracting
His Majesty’s Government o f Nepal

Ministry o f Local Development SDC/Helvetas Nepal
Department o f Local Infrastructure Trail Bridge Sub-Sector Project
Short Span Trail Bridge Standard Suspended Type V o lu m e II
Form No. 4
for Public Tender & Contracting
Bridge Name:
River Name:
District Name:
Estimated by:
Date:

COST ESTIMATE: Summary of Cost
Mode of Execution: Contracting
DESCRIPTION Cost NRs. %
200 Steel Parts
300 Transportation
400 Construction
Total
Cost per meter span
Total Cost in Words:
NAME SIGNATURE DATE
Estimated by
Checked by
Approved by
Form No. 4: Quantity and Cost Estimate for Public Tender & Contracting 1
COST ESTIMATE : Abstract of Cost
100 MATERIALS
Description POS Unit Quantity Rate Cost

110 Wire Ropes* 111 0 13 mm m
112 0 26 mm m
113 0 32 mm m
Subtotal 110
5% Contingencies
Total 100 Materials
200 STEEL PARTS

210 Fabrication** 211 Structural steel kg
212 Reinforcement steel kg
220 Supply of Thimbles*** 221 0 13 mm pc
222 0 26 mm pc
223 0 32 mm pc
230 Supply o f Bulldog 231 0 13 mm pc
Grips*** 232 0 26 mm pc
233 0 32 mm pc
240 Miscellaneous 241 Bolts, Nuts and Washers kg
Supply** 242 Binding Wire kg
250 Rust Prevention** 251 Hot Dip Galvanization kL
Subtotal 210-250 (including VAT)
5% Contingencies
Total 200 Steel Parts
300 TRANSPORTATION

310 Transportation**** 311 Materials kg
312 Wire Ropes kg
Subtotal 310
5% Contingencies
Total 300 Transportation
* Refer to Quantity Calculation S heetM100 Wire Rope” (Page 4)

** Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet ”200 Steel Parts” (Page 4)
*** Refer to Respective "Steel Drawings"
**** Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet "300 Transportation weight" (Page 7)
|Cost Estimate Abstract of Cost (page 2)|
400 CONSTRUCTION
410 Foundation 411 Soil m3
Excavation* 412 Soft Rock m3
413 Hard Rock (quarrying) rn
3
414 Backfilling m
3
420 Construction of 421 Box Size 2 x 1 x 1.0 m m
Gabions* 422 Box Size 3 x 1 x 1.0 m m3
423 Box Size 2 x 1 x 0.3 m rn
424 Box Size 3 x 1 x 0.3 m m3
430 Concrete Works* 431 Plain Mass Concrete 1:3:6 m3
432 Reinforced Cement Concrete 1:2:4 m3
433 Hole Drilling & Grouting of Holes m
3
440 Cement Stone 441 Chisel dressed in 1:4 c/m m
3
Masonry Works* 442 Hammer dressed in 1:6 c/m m
2
443 Cement Plaster 1:4, 20 mm thick m
450 Dry Stone 451 Chisel dressed mJ
Masonry Works* 452 Hammer dressed m3
3
453 Broken stones m
460 Erection 461 Hoisting of Cables ** 0 13 mm m
0 26 mm m
0 32 mm m
462 Erection of Walkway & Steel Deck*** m
463 Fencing*** m
Subtotal 410-460
5% Contingencies
Total400 Construction
500 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS (For Major Maintenance only)

510 Concrete and 511 Dismantling of Masonry Structures mJ
Masonry Works 512 Dismantling of Concrete Structures m3
Pretensioning of
520 521 Walkway & Handrail Cables m
Wire Ropes
530 Walkway 531 Adjusting of Suspenders m
Adjustments 532 Replacing of Crossbeams m
533 Adjusting of Crossbeams m
534 Dismantling of Walkway m
535 Refixing of Walkway & Steel Deck m
536 Dismantling of Fencing m
537 Replacing of Fencing m
540 Finishing Works 541 Retightening of Bulldog Grips, Nuts, etc. m
542 Coaltar Application m
543 Repainting of Steel Parts m2
550 Miscellaneous 551
552
553
Subtotal 510-550
5% Contingencies
Total 500 Miscellaneous
* Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet ”400 Construction" (Page 5)
** Quantities are equal to cable length. Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet "100 Wire Ropes" (page 4)
*** Quantities are equal to bridge span
COST ESTIMATE: Quantity of Calculation

Single Length per Type per 0
Type No. Length 0
(m) (mm) 0 13mm 0 26mm 0 32mm
Walkway Cable
Handrail Cable
Fixation Cable
Total length in meter

Weight of cable per m length 0.67 2.57 3.9
Total weight of cable per 0 in kg
Total weight
Position of Cost Estimate 111 112 113
Note: Above Quantities are derived from Form No. 2: Cable Design Form
200 Steel Parts

DRAWINGS Structural Reinforce Binding Nuts, Bolts Steel to be T ransport
Unit Steel ment Steel Wire & Washers galvanized W eight
No. Name
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
Cross Beam _ _
Steel Deck _ _
Saddle and
Reinforce
ment for RCC
Deadman &
Gravity Soil
Anchor Block
Saddle and
Reinforce
ment for
Drum Rock
Anchor Block
Total
Position of Cost Estimate 211 212 242 241 251 311
Note: Above Quantities are derived from the respective Steel Drawings.
COST ESTIMATE: Quantity of Calculation

400 Construction
Foundation Excavation
Soft Hard Back
Location Soil Rock Rock filling
3 3 3 3
m 111 m m
Deadman & Gravity
Soil Anchor Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
RCC Drum
Rock Anchor Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
Other Structures
Total
Note: Above Quantities are to be calculated from General Arrangement Drawing.
Concrete W orks Cement Stone Masonry W orks Dry Stone Masonry Works
Coursed Coursed Coursed
Chisel Hammer Hammer Broken Cement
Location Dressed Dressed Dressed Stone Plaster
1:3:6 1:2:4 1:4 1:6 1:4
3 3 3 3
m3 m m m m m3 m2
Deadman & Gravity Soil
Anchor Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
RCC Drum Rock Anchor
Block
Right Bank
Left Bank
Cement Stone
Masonry Tower
Right Bank
Left Bank
Other Structures
Total
Note: Above Quantities are derived from respective Construction Drawings.
COST ESTIMATE: List of Construction Materials
400 Construction
Total Require Chisel Hammer
Quantity ment Cement Sand Gravel Dressed Dressed Broken
Item
Unit of per Stone Stone Stone
Work Unit (Bags) (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3)
Construction of Gabions m3
4.4
Concrete 1:3:6 3 0.47
m
0.89
6.4
0.45
Concrete 1:2:4 m3
0.85
0.04
Grouting of holes nos
0.01
2.28
Coursed Chisel dressed 0.32
m3
Stone Masonry 1:4 1.1
1.5
Coursed Hammer dressed 3 0.32
m
Stone Masonry 1:6 1.1
Dry Coursed Hammer Stone 3

m 1.1
Masonry
Dry Broken Stone Masonry m3 1.1
Cement Plaster 1:4 3 0.18
m
20 mm thick 0.024
Total Quantity of Construction Materials
463 Fence Knitting

Bridge span Requirement Total Weight
Item
(m) per meter span (kg)
12SW GG.I. Wire 3.9
420 Gabion Wires

Mesh Wire 10 SWG Selvege wire 7 SWG Binding Wire 12 SWC
Box Size (m) Volume Require Weight Require Weight Require Weight
ment ment ment
(m3) per m3 (kg) per m3 (kg) per m3 (kg)
2.0/1.0/1.0 12.08 1.58 0.48
3.0/1.0/1.0 11.70 1.37 0.43
2.0/1.0/0.3 22.33 3.75 1.08
3.0/1.0/0.3 21.94 3.33 1.00
Total
Total Weight of Gabion Wire (kg)
COST ESTIMATE: Transportation Weight
300 Transportation
Q uantity
S.N. 311 Materials Remarks
kg
Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet ”200
1 Steel Parts
Steel Parts” (page 4)
Refer to Sheet "List o f Construction
2 Cement
Materials" (page 6)
3 Fencing G.I. Wire
4 Gabion Wires
Sub-Total Materials
Refer to Quantity Calculation Sheet

5 312 W ire Ropes (Cables)
"100 Wire Ropes" (page 4)
Total of Materials & W ire Ropes
COST ESTIMATE: Rate Analysis
U n it
Description U n it Rate U n it Cost
Q uantity
210 Fabrication
211 Fabrication of Structural Steel per kg
Materials Structural Steel* kg lu
Unskilled md 0.11
Sub-total
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg structural steel
212 Fabrication of Reinforcement Steel per kg
Materials Reinforcement Steel* kg 1.11
Unskilled md 0.04
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg reinforcement steel
310 Transportation
311 Transportation of M aterial and Equipm ent per kg
Transportation bv Truck Dist, km Weight, t Rate Unit Cost
From : Metalled Road 1.00
To : Non-Metalled Road 1.00
Transportation by Porter (Rate=Daily Wage/38) 1000
Sub-total per 1000 kg
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg transportation of materials and equipment
312 Transportation of W ire Ropes per kg
Transportation by Truck
From : Metalled Road 1.00
To : Non-Metalled Road 1.00
Transportation by Porter (Rate=Daily Wage/15) 1000
Sub-total per 1000 kg
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per kg transportation of wire ropes
410 Foundation Excavation
411 Foundation Excavation in Soil per m
Labour Unskilled md 1.7
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3 soil excavation
412 Foundation Excavation in Soft Rock per m3
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT soft rock excavation
* Material rates should be without VAT
COST ESTIMATE: Rate Analysis (page 2)
U n it U n it Rate U n it Cost
Description
Q uantity
413 Foundation Excavation in H a rd Rock per m3
Material Fuel ltr 4.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total Cost per m3 hard rock excavation
414 Backfilling per m3
Overhead and VAT
Total Cost per m3 b ack filling
420 Construction of Gabions
421 Box Size 2.0x1.Oxl.O per m3
Materials Mesh Wire 10 SWG* kg 12.08
Selvage Wire 7 SWG* kg 1.58
Binding Wire 12 SWG* kg 0.48
Rubble 1.10
Labour
Fabrication o f Gabions Skilled md 0.23
Unskilled md 0.10
Construction o f Gabions Unskilled md 0.20
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3
422 Box Size 3 .0xl.0 xl.0 per m3
Rubble mJ 1.10
Labour
Unskilled md 0.10
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3
423 Box Size 2.0xl.0x0.3 per m3(matress)
Rubble nT 1.10
Labour
Unskilled md 0.20
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3
Description
Quantity
424 Box Size 3.0xl.0x0.3 per m3

Rubble nT 1.10
Labour
Unskilled md 0.19
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT
430 Concrete Works
431 Cement Concrete 1:3:6 per m3
Materials Cement* bag 4.40
. 3
Gravel (5-40 mm) m 0.89
„ 3
Sand m 0.47
Unskilled md 4.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT concrete 1:3:6
432 Cement Concrete 1:2:4 per m3
Gravel (5-40 mm) m 0.85
Sand m 0.45
Unskilled md 4.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT 1:2:4
433 Hole D rillin g & G rou ting of Holes
Unskilled md 2.00
Sand nT 0.01
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost for one hole d rillin g & grouting
Unit Unit Rate U n it Cost

Description
Q uantity
440 Cement Stone Masonry Works
441 Coursed Chisel Dressed Stone M asonry in 1:4 c/m per m3
Sand nT 0.32
Dressed Stones m3 1.10
Unskilled md 3.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3 coursed chisel dressed stone masonry 1:4
442 Coursed Hammer Dressed Stone M asonry in 1:6 c/m per m3
Materials Cement* bag t 1.50
3
Sand m 0.32
3
Dressed Stones m 1.10
Unskilled md 3.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3coursed hammer dressed stone masonry 1:6
443 Cement Plaster 1:4, 20 mm thick per m2
Materials Cement* bags 0.18
3
Sand m 0.02
Unskilled md 0.22
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m2 cement plaster 1:4, 20 mm thick
450 Dry Stone Masonry Works
451 Coursed Chisel Dressed D ry Stone M asonry per m3
Materials Dressed Stones nT 1.10
Unskilled md 1.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT coursed chisel dressed d ry stone masonry
452 Coursed Hammer Dressed D ry Stone M asonry per m3
Materials Dressed Stones m3 1.10
Unskilled md 1.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per nT coursed hammer dressed d ry stone masonry
Form No. 4: Quantity and Cost Estimate for Public Tender & Contracting II
Description
Q uantity
453 Packing with Broken (stratified) Stones per m3
Materials Stratified Stones m 1.10
Unskilled md 1.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3for packing with broken stones
460 Erection
461 Hoisting Cables 0 13 mm per m cable
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m cable <J) 13 mm
Hoisting Cables 0 26 mm per m cable
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m cable <|>26 mm
Hoisting Cables 0 32 mm per m cable
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m cable <|>32 mm
462 Erection of the W alkway & Steel Deck per m span
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m span
463 Fence Knitting per m span (both sides)
Materials 12SWG G.I. Wire* kg 3.90
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
470 Local Material Collection
471 Chisel Dressed Stones per m3
Labour
Collection and Dressing Skilled md 8.00
Unskilled md 3.00
Cost per mJ for collecting and chisel dressing stones
472 Hammer Dressed Stone per m3
Labour
Collection and Dressing Skilled md 4.00
Unskilled md 3.00
Cost per mJ for collecting and hammer dressing stones
Description
Q uantity
473 Broken Stones per m3
Labour
Collection and breaking Unskilled md 3.00
Cost per m3 for collecting and breaking stones
474 Sand pe m3
Labour Collection of sand Unskilled md 1.50
Additional Haulage Distance Unskilled md 0.01
Cost per mJ for collecting and hauling sand
475 G ravel (Broken)
Labour Breaking of gravel Unskilled md 7.00
Cost per mJ for breaking gravel
1
500 Major Maintenance
510 Concrete and M asonry W orks
511 Dismantling of M asonry Structures per m3
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3 for dismanteling of masonry structures
512 Dismantling of Concrete Structures per m3
Material Fuel ltr 4.00
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m3 for dismanteling of concrete structures
520 Pretensioning/Hoisting W orks
521 Pretensioning/Hoistingof of Cables per m cable
Cable 0 13 mm
Labour Pretensioning Skilled md 0.01
Unskilled md 0.01
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m pretensioning/hoisting cables 0 13 mm
Cable 0 26-40mm
Labour Loosening Skilled md 0.01
Unskilled md 0.02
Labour Pretensioning Skilled md 0.01
Unskilled md 0.05
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m pretensioning/hoisting cables 0 26 - 40 mm
U n it Unit Rate U n it Cost

Description
Q uantity
530 Walkway Adjustment
531 Adjusting of Suspenders per m span
Unskilled md 0.52
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
532 Replacing of Cross Beams per m span
Unskilled md 1.42
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
533 Adjusting of Crossbeams per m span
Unskilled md 0.48
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
534 Dismantling of W alkw ay per m span
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
535 Refixing of W alkw ay per m span
Unskilled md 0.52
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
536 Dismantling of Fencing per m span
Unskilled md 0.06
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
537 Replacing of New Fencing per m span
Material 12 SWG G.I. Wire* kg 3.90
Unskilled md 0.13
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
* Material Rates should be without VAT
Description
Q uantity
540 Finishing Works

541 Retightening of Bulldog grips, Nuts, etc. per m span
Total cost per m span __________
542 Coaltar Application per m span
Material Coaltar ltr 0.20
Kerosene ltr 0.20
Unskilled md 0.07
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
543 Repainting of Steel Parts per m2

Labour Preparation of surface Skilled md 0.01
Unskilled md 0.16
Material 1 Base Coat Red Oxide Zinc Chromate* ltr 0.25
Unskilled md 0.07
Material Finishing Coat Polyurethane Enamel* ltr 0.20
Unskilled md 0.10
Sub-total
Overhead and VAT
Total cost per m2 steel surface
COST ESTIMATE: Official Rate
Fiscal Y ear:
Description U n it Rate
110 W ire Ropes 211 0 13 mm m

212 0 26 mm m
213 0 32 mm m
210 Supply of Steel Parts 211 Structural Steel kg

212 Reinforcement Steel kg
220 Thimbles 221 0 13 mm pc

222 0 26 mm pc
223 0 32 mm pc
230 Bulldog G rip s 231 0 13 mm pc

232 0 26 mm pc
233 0 32 mm pc
240 Miscellaneous 241 Bolts, Nuts and Washers kg

242 Binding Wire kg
250 Rust Prevention 251 Hot Dip Galvanization kg

Workshop Labour Rate Skilled md
Unskilled md
310 Transportation 311/312 Truck Metalled Road txkm

311/312 Truck Non-Metalled Road txkm
400 Construction 520/530 Fuel ltr

440 G.I. Wire 7,10,12 SWG kg
550/560 Cement bag
540 Painting W orks 541 Red Oxide Zinc Chromate ltr

542 Polyurethane Enamel ltr
Note: The above rates are including VAT

Short Span Trail Bridge Standarad Technical Handbook

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Short Span Trail Bridge Standarad Technical Handbook

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Short Span Trail Bridge Standard

How to Build a Short Span

His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Local Development

Published by : SKAT, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology

First edition 2002

Project commissioned by : HELVETAS

Financed by the Swiss Government

Printed by : Dongol Printers

Copyright : Material from this publication may be freely quoted, translated or

HELVETAS Nepal, Swiss Association for International Cooperation

VOLUME III S t e e l & C o n s t r u c t io n D r a w in g s

G u id elin e fo r S u r v e y , D esign &

1 .2 C o ncept of the Handbo o k

The three volumes have been structured as follows:

• Social Feasibility Survey and

The Survey process follows as per the flow chart below:

Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 3

• Level of local participation • Size of area of influence

Survey equipment consists of the following materials:

For Survey by Abney Level For Survey by Theodolite

4 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

2.3.1 L o c a tio n o f B r id g e S ite

Average Number o f Traffic per Day

6 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

Recommended Width of Walkway: 70 cm | | 106 cm | |

• Mandays for skilled Labor: = 1.3 x span [m] + 400

• Mandays for unskilled Labor: = 5 x Span [m] + 1300

By Whom Type o f Participation

Disdance from Site up to

Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 7

Description Haulage Distance, m Remarks

Names Skill (Mason, Bridge Fitter) Village /Address

Is a temporary crossing necessary

If yes, what kind of temporary

Temporary Bridge, m Span m

8 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

- traditional crossing point - minimum free board

Use the following checklist to evaluate the general condition:

• Measure tentative span

Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 9

Level Difference between two Banks

• Locate the tentative position of the bridge foundations at both banks

Space for Foundation

10 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

Clearance between lower

not less less than:

• Identify HFL by local observation and villagers’ information.

Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 11

• on a straight reach of the river

Use the following checklist to evaluate the river condition:

River bed is erosive or

River bed filled up after heavy flood

12 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

If the River Bank or Slope is SOIL

River Bank Contour

Straight Convex Concave

Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection 13

Bank erosion due to high river current

Transverse slope strongly cut out

Smooth Partially cut out Strongly cut out

14 Chapter 2: Survey and Bridge Site Selection

Slope Inclination (Soil Slope)

• Bedding/fracture plain is sub