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Women, Men and Work 7th Edition

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A01_BLAU2817_07_SE_FM.indd 6 07/06/13 10:40 AM
 For

Lawrence M. Kahn
Daniel Blau Kahn
Lisa Blau Kahn

and
Bob Ferber
Don Ferber
Ellen Ferber Rogalin

and
Michael Joseph Kowalkowski
Henrik Francis Kowalkowski
Andrew Joseph Kowalkowski

With Love

In Memoriam

Our dear colleague, friend, and collaborator,

Marianne A. Ferber, January 30, 1923 – May 11, 2013.

The Economics of Women, Men, and Work,

both the textbook and the field of study,
have been deeply enriched by her contributions.

A01_BLAU2817_07_SE_FM.indd 7 07/06/13 10:40 AM

A01_BLAU2817_07_SE_FM.indd 8 07/06/13 10:40 AM
 Brief Contents

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv

Part I Introduction and Historical Perspectives 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

Chapter 2 Women and Men: Historical Perspectives 14

Part II  The Allocation of Time between the Household and the Labor Market 33

Chapter 3 The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives 35

Chapter 4 The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence 58

Chapter 5 The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends 76

Chapter 6 The Labor Supply Decision 91

Part III  Labor Market Outcomes: Theory, Evidence, and Policy 133

Chapter 7 Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes 135

Chapter 8 Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory

and Evidence 163

Chapter 9 Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market

Outcomes: On-the-Job Training, Family Gaps, Psychological Attributes,
and Math Test Scores 196

Chapter 10 Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings

and ­Occupations: Supply-Side Factors versus Labor Market
Discrimination 221

Chapter 11 Labor Market Discrimination: Theory 253

Chapter 12 Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination 271

Part IV The Economics of the Family: Theory, Evidence, and Policy 291

Chapter 13 Changing Work Roles and Family Formation 293

Chapter 14 The Changing American Family and Implications for Family

Well-Being 317

ix

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 x Brief Contents

Chapter 15 Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being 330

Chapter 16 Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family 351

Part V The Economic Status of the World’s Women 373

Chapter 17 Gender Differences around the World: An Overview 375

Chapter 18 Gender Differences around the World: Specific Countries

and Regions 395

Author Index 425

Subject Index 435

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 Contents

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv

Part I Introduction and Historical Perspectives 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3
What Economics Is About 4
Uses of Economic Theory 5
The Scope of Economics 6
Individuals, Families, and Households 7
A Note on Terminology 8
Outline of the Book 9
Appendix 1A: A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market 9
Questions for Review and Discussion 13

Chapter 2 Women and Men: Historical Perspectives 14

The Source of Gender Differences: Nature versus Nurture—
The Ongoing Debate 14
Factors Influencing Women’s Relative Status 18
Women’s Roles and Economic Development 19
The U.S. Experience 21
Colonial America: The Preindustrial Period 21
Period of Industrialization 22
The Evolution of the Family and Women’s Labor Force Participation 24
Occupations and Earnings of Women in the Nineteenth and Early
­Twentieth Century 28
Conclusion 31
Questions for Review and Discussion 31
Suggested Readings 32

Part II The Allocation of Time between the Household

and the Labor Market 33
Chapter 3 The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives 35
The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange 36
Comparative Advantage 37
Specialization and Exchange: Numerical Examples 38
Case 1: Each Individual Has An Absolute Advantage
in One Activity 38
Case 2: One Individual Has An Absolute Advantage
in Both Activities 40

xi

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 xii Contents

Decreasing Gains to Specialization and Exchange and the Shift Away

from the Traditional Family 40
Disadvantages of Specialization 41
Lack of Sharing of Housework 42
Life Cycle Changes 42
Costs of Interdependence 43
Tastes and Bargaining Power 43
Domestic Violence 44
Advantages of Families beyond Specialization 44
Economies of Scale 45
Public Goods 45
Externalities in Consumption 45
Gains from Shared Consumption 45
Marriage-Specific Investments 46
Risk Pooling 46
Institutional Advantages 46
Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches 46
Conclusion 50
Appendix 3A: Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis 50
Questions for Review and Discussion 57
Suggested Readings 57

Chapter 4 The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence 58

Time Spent in Nonmarket Work 58
Time Spent in Housework 59
Time Spent with Children 62
Time Spent in Volunteer Work 65
Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production 67
The American Family in the Twenty-First Century 71
Conclusion 74
Questions for Review and Discussion 75
Suggested Readings 75

Chapter 5 The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends 76

The Labor Force: Some Definitions 77
Trends in Labor Force Participation 79
Broad Labor Force Trends by Gender: 1890 to Present 79
Labor Force Trends by Race/Ethnicity 81
Labor Force Trends over the Life Cycle 82
Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women 84
Trends in Hours Worked 85
Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment 86
Conclusion 88

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 Contents xiii

Questions for Review and Discussion 90

Suggested Readings 90

Chapter 6 The Labor Supply Decision 91

The Labor Supply Decision 91
The Budget Constraint 93
Indifference Curves 93
Substitution in Consumption 95
Substitution in Production 96
Substitution Between Market Goods and Nonmarket Time 96
Tastes 97
The Labor Force Participation Decision 98
The Value of Nonmarket Time (w*) 100
The Value of Market Time (w) 104
The Hours Decision 108
Empirical Evidence on the Responsiveness of Labor Supply
to Wages and Income 108
Economic Conditions 112
Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Child Care Costs,
and Labor Supply 113
Taxes and the Decision to Work 113
Government Subsidies of Child Care and Women’s Labor Force
Participation 114
Other Factors Affecting Child Care Costs and Women’s Labor
Force Participation 115
Analyzing the Long-Term Growth in Women’s Labor
Force Participation 116
Factors Influencing the Value of Market Time (w) 116
Rising Qualifications: Education and Experience 117
The Demand for Female Labor 117
Overall Productivity Increases 117
Factors Influencing the Value of Nonmarket Time (w*) 118
Availability of Market Substitutes and Household Appliances
and the Role of Technological Change 118
Demographic Trends 119
Changing Role of Husband’s Income 119
Tastes 120
Recent Trends in Women’s Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine
of Growth Stalled? 122
Analyzing Trends in Men’s Labor Force Participation 125
Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems
for Black Men 127
Conclusion 130
Appendix 6A: The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look 130

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 xiv Contents

Questions for Review and Discussion 130

Suggested Readings 131

Part III Labor Market Outcomes: Theory, Evidence, and Policy 133
Chapter 7 Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes 135
Gender Differences in Occupations 135
Overview of Gender Differences in Occupations 136
Measuring Occupational Segregation 142
Hierarchies within Occupations 143
Evaluating the Extent of Occupational Segregation 143
Trends in Occupational Segregation by Sex 144
The Gender Pay Ratio 146
Gender Differences in Union Membership 155
Gender Differences in Self-Employment 157
Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work 159
Conclusion 160
Questions for Review and Discussion 161
Suggested Readings 161

Chapter 8 Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory

and Evidence 163
Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview 163
What Is Human Capital? 165
Evidence on Gender Differences in Educational Attainment 165
The Educational Investment Decision 172
The Rising College Wage Premium 177
Education and Productivity 180
Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: The Human
Capital Explanation 181
Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions: Social Influences
and Anticipation of Discrimination 184
Socialization 186
Biased Evaluations 187
Subtle Barriers: Role Models, Mentoring, and Networking 187
Policy Issues: Title IX—Sports, Academics, and the Status of Single-Sex
Education 189
Explaining Women’s Rising Educational Attainment 191
Conclusion 193
Questions for Review and Discussion 194
Suggested Readings 194

Chapter 9 Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market

Outcomes: On-the-Job Training, Family Gaps, Psychological
Attributes, and Math Test Scores 196

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 Contents xv

On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience 196

Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience 197
The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision 198
General Training 198
Firm-Specific Training 199
Why Do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits? 201
Experience and Productivity 201
Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions 202
Expected Work Life 202
Discrimination 205
Occupations and Earnings 205
Family-Related Earnings Gaps 207
Traditional Gender Roles and Gender Wage Gaps 207
Women’s Greater Responsibility for Housework
and Caregiving 207
Gender Differences in Quitting 208
Gender and the Location of the Family 208
Wage Penalties and Premiums Associated with Marriage
and Parenthood 208
Male Marriage Premium 209
Motherhood Wage Penalty 209
Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes 211
Attitudes toward Negotiating 213
Attitudes toward Competition 214
Attitudes toward Risk 214
Gender Differences in the “Big Five” Personality Traits 215
A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores 216
Conclusion 219
Questions for Review and Discussion 219
Suggested Readings 220

Chapter 10 Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings

and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors versus Labor Market
Discrimination 221
Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition 222
Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market
Outcomes 222
Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings 223
Evidence from Statistical Analyses: Labor Market-wide Evidence 223
Biases in the Estimate of Discrimination 225
Evidence on Possible Sources of the Unexplained Gender
Wage Gap 226
Further Evidence from Statistical Analyses: A Look at Subgroups
of College Graduates, Lawyers, and MBAs 228

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 xvi Contents

Evidence on Discrimination from Experiments 230

Evidence on Discrimination from Court Cases 231
Evidence on Discrimination: An Assessment 232
The Declining Gender Pay Gap 232
The Context: Widening Wage Inequality 232
Determinants of Trends in the Gender Wage Gap 233
Explaining the Decline in the Gender Wage Gap 234
Results of the Blau-Kahn Study 235
Understanding the Decline in the Unexplained Portion of the
Gender Pay Gap 235
Minorities Fared Less Well in Narrowing the Wage Gap
with Whites 237
Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender
Differences in Occupations 238
Consequences of Occupational Segregation 238
Causes of Occupational Segregation 240
Is There a Glass Ceiling? 241
Conclusion 246
Appendix 10A: Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor
Market Discrimination 247
Questions for Review and Discussion 251
Suggested Readings 252

Chapter 11 Labor Market Discrimination: Theory 253

Theories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview 253
Tastes for Discrimination 254
Employer Discrimination 255
Employee Discrimination 259
Customer Discrimination 261
Subtle Barriers 261
Statistical Discrimination 262
Perceptions of Average Gender Differences Can Result in a Pay
Gap 262
Statistical Discrimination and Feedback Effects 263
Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Quitting 264
The Overcrowding Model 264
Institutional Models 266
The Internal Labor Market 267
Primary and Secondary Jobs 267
Feedback Effects 268
Conclusion 269
Questions for Review and Discussion 270
Suggested Readings 270

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 Contents xvii

Chapter 12 Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination 271

Rationales for Government Intervention 271
Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations 272
Equal Pay Act 273
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 273
Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action 273
Major Court Decisions and Legislation That Have Shaped the Equal
Employment Laws and Regulations 274
Exceptions to Title VII Due to Bona Fide Occupational
Qualifications 274
Rulings Regarding Sex Plus Another Characteristic 275
Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact 275
1991 Civil Rights Act 276
Sexual Harassment 276
Sexual Orientation 277
The Lilly Ledbetter Case 278
The Failed Walmart Class Action Suit 278
Effectiveness of the Government’s Antidiscrimination Effort 279
Affirmative Action 281
Comparable Worth 285
Conclusion 288
Questions for Review and Discussion 289
Suggested Readings 289

Part IV The Economics of the Family: Theory, Evidence, and Policy 291
Chapter 13 Changing Work Roles and Family Formation 293
Economic Explanations for Family Formation 293
The Role of Gains to Specialization in Production 293
Declining Gains from Specialization in Production 294
Other Benefits from Marriage Remain and Some May
Be Increasing 295
Marriage 296
Divorce 300
Cohabitation: Opposite-Sex Couples 303
Cohabitation: Same-Sex Couples 306
Fertility 307
Trends in Fertility Rates: World War II to Present 309
Timing of Fertility by Educational Attainment 312
Births to Unmarried Mothers 313
Teen Births 315
Births to Older Mothers 315
Conclusion 315

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 xviii Contents

Questions for Review and Discussion 316

Suggested Readings 316

Chapter 14 The Changing American Family and Implications for Family

Well-Being 317
Changing Family Structure 317
Dual-Earner Families 317
Single-Parent Families 319
Poverty: Incidence and Measurement 321
Implications for Children’s Well-Being 324
Maternal Employment, Child Care, and Children’s Outcomes 324
Family Structure and Children’s Outcomes 327
Conclusion 328
Questions for Review and Discussion 329
Internet-Based Data Exercise 329
Suggested Readings 329

Chapter 15 Government Policies Affecting Family Well-Being 330

Policies to Alleviate Poverty 330
Aid to Families with Dependent Children: The Former U.S. Welfare
Program 331
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families: The Current U.S. Welfare
Program 333
The Earned Income Tax Credit 337
Employment Strategies 339
Child Support Enforcement 340
Taxes, Specialization, and Marriage 341
Federal Income Tax 342
Social Security 345
Conclusion 348
Questions for Review and Discussion 349
Suggested Readings 349

Chapter 16 Balancing the Competing Demands of Work and Family 351

The Competing Demands of Work and Family 351
Rationales for Government and Employer Policies to Assist Workers 355
Rationales for Government Policies 355
Rationales for Employer Policies 357
Government and Employer Family-Friendly Policies 357
Family Leave 358
Child Care 361
Other Family-Friendly Policies 366
Alternative Work Schedules 366
Flexible Benefits 368
Policies to Assist Couples 368

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 Contents xix

Conclusion 371
Questions for Review and Discussion 372
Suggested Readings 372

Part V The Economic Status of the World’s Women 373

Chapter 17 Gender Differences around the World: An Overview 375
Indicators of Women’s Economic Status 375
Labor Force Participation 376
Occupations 382
Earnings 383
Educational Attainment 383
Fertility 386
Housework 386
Women’s Role in Government and Their Standing Before the Law 387
Cultural Factors 388
Women’s Status: An Assessment 390
Economic Development, Globalization, and Women’s Status 391
Conclusion 393
Questions for Review and Discussion 394
Suggested Readings 394

Chapter 18 Gender Differences around the World: Specific Countries

and Regions 395
A Comparison of the United States to Other Economically Advanced
Countries 395
Overview of International Differences in Policies 396
Labor Force Participation 399
Occupations 402
The Gender Wage Ratio 403
Demographic Trends 407
Challenges Facing Women in Developing Countries 410
The Benefits of Educating Girls 411
Fertility and Population Control 413
Microcredit for Women: Lifeline or Mirage? 415
Countries of the Former Soviet Bloc 417
Countries of the Middle East and North Africa 419
Conclusion 422
Questions for Review and Discussion 422
Suggested Readings 423
Author Index 425
Subject Index 435

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A01_BLAU2817_07_SE_FM.indd 20 07/06/13 10:40 AM
 Preface

We wrote The Economics of Women, Men, and Work because we saw a need for a text that
would acquaint students with the findings of research on women, men, and work in
the labor market and the household. We are extremely gratified on the publication of
the seventh edition to reflect that this belief was justified, and hope that this fully re-
vised and updated edition will serve as effectively as the earlier ones.

Overview of the Text

The book is written at a level that should both utilize and enhance students’ knowledge
of economic concepts and analysis but do so in terms intelligible to those not versed in
advanced theory. Even though we assume a knowledge of introductory economics on
the part of the reader, an interested and determined individual wanting to learn more
about the economic status of women as compared to men could benefit considerably
from the material offered here. The book also draws upon research in the other social
sciences. The text, used in its entirety, is primarily intended for courses specifically con-
cerned with the economic status of women. However, this book could be used to good
advantage in interdisciplinary women’s studies courses, as well as introductory-level
courses in economic problems. Selected readings would also make a useful supplement
to round out a general labor economics course or a course in the economics of the fam-
ily. In addition, this book would serve as a useful reference work for those not familiar
with the rapidly growing body of literature on women, men, and work as well as for
practicing economists looking for a single volume on this topic.
For instructors, in a recent chapter written by two of us, Blau and Winker, entitled
“Women, Men, and the Economy” in the International Handbook on Teaching and Learn-
ing Economics, we offer a discussion of how this course can enhance student learning.1
As discussed in our handbook chapter, courses like this offer an opportunity for stu-
dents to apply their microeconomic knowledge to gender-related policy issues and can
be used to motivate useful discussions about data, research methods, and interpreting
mixed research findings. Our handbook chapter also points to ways to fully engage
students in the course material and offers suggestions about how to teach more dif-
ficult concepts as well as provides ideas for supplementary assignments, in addition to
the end-of-chapter questions.

Significant Features of the Seventh Edition

The seventh edition reflects the numerous changes in the labor market and in the family
that have occurred in recent years. All data and tables have been updated, and discus-
sions and references take into account the most recent research on each subject covered.
As in the recent prior editions, questions are provided at the end of each chapter to
review major concepts and to stimulate further discussion among students and instruc-
tors. As this edition was being prepared, the United States was recovering from the
most serious recession it had experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The
Great Recession, which began in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009, was fol-
lowed by a period of prolonged high unemployment. For example, the unemployment

1
Francine D. Blau and Anne E. Winker, “Women, Men, and the Economy,” in International Handbook on Teaching
and Learning Economics, edited by Gail M. Hoyt and KimMarie McGoldrick, (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar,
2012) pp. 693–702.

xxi

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 xxii Preface

rate still hovered in the 8 percent range through 2012. We discuss the considerable im-
pact it has had on the lives of women, men, and families in a number of sections. At
the same time, throughout the book, we continue to emphasize long-run changes and
developments, as we have done in previous editions.
Key features of the seventh edition include the following:
• While the coverage and order of the content largely remains the same, the book
is now divided into five major parts: (I) Introduction and Historical Perspec-
tives; (II) The Allocation of Time Between the Household and the Labor Market;
(III) Labor Market Outcomes: Theory, Evidence, and Policy; (IV) The Econom-
ics of the Family: Theory, Evidence, and Policy; and (V) The Economic Status
of the World’s Women. In addition, we have increased the number of chapters
from 12 to 18, and so chapter length is correspondingly reduced. The purpose
of this change is to provide additional flexibility to instructors and to break
the material into smaller units for students. Some material has been relocated
across chapters. The material covered in Chapter 8 in the sixth edition has been
relocated as follows: The analysis of the narrowing of the gender pay gap has
been moved to Chapter 10 (“Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in
Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors versus Labor Market Discrimi-
nation”); the material on the rising college wage premium has been moved to
Chapter 8 (“Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evi-
dence”). The material covered in Chapter 9 of the sixth edition on unionism,
self-employment, and nonstandard work has been shortened and moved to
Chapter 7 (“Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes”).
• We highlight recent developments in the labor market and their consequences
for women and men. These developments include the increasingly divergent
outcomes for individuals and families by level of educational attainment, as
well as the implications of the Great Recession for both individuals and families.
• This edition includes several new topics: a section examining why the engine of
growth in women’s labor force participation has stalled (Chapter 6); a section
on the role of gender differences in psychological attributes (attitudes toward
negotiation, competition, and risk, and personality traits) in explaining the
gender difference in earnings (Chapter 9); a consideration of corporate board
quotas for women (Chapter 12); and a discussion of the relationship between
women’s status, globalization, and economic development (Chapter 17).
• Chapter 2 has been fully revamped. The first section provides a substantially
­revised discussion on the ongoing debate about nature versus nurture in explain-
ing gender differences. The latter part of the chapter, which provides a historical
context, introduces the theory behind the U-shaped female labor force function
to explain the relationship between women’s role in production and women’s
status across countries and over the course of U.S. economic development.
• In keeping with changing demographics, the book incorporates additional dis-
cussion of same-sex marriage and its changing legal status. Chapter 13 also
points to changing dimensions of fertility, including the rise in serial cohabita-
tion and multipartner fertility, and the decline in teen birth rates.
• New material has been included on “hot topics” in the news. New to this edi-
tion are discussions of the recent Supreme Court ruling in the Walmart discrim-
ination case; the finding reported in the press that young women earn more
than young men in large cities; the ongoing debate about whether women can,
indeed, “have it all” (both a career and a family); and the extent to which gen-
der differences in math test scores are influenced by social factors, gender dif-
ferences in competition, and “stereotype threat.”

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 Preface xxiii

• The international chapters point to dramatic changes occurring across the

globe, including rapid declines in fertility in nearly all countries, as well as dra-
matic increases in women’s education in developing countries. While the ratio
of boys to girls at birth remains high in many East Asian countries, we point
to substantial declines in this ratio in South Korea, which is a very promising
development.

A01_BLAU2817_07_SE_FM.indd 23 07/06/13 10:40 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Vahingon ja vastoin käynin
Tuulet turkaiset tulevat?
Niinkuin aaltoja ajaavi
Tulemahan tuonempata.
Raju ilma innoissansa
Meri meiskavi jalosti
Pilven tanssivi tasalla.
Niinpä mielessä minulla
Ajatukset ajelevat
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Rauha kauaksi katoovi.
Niinkuin pilven pimennossa
Meren muoto mustenevi —
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Kuvaella kuvaistansa
Veden pinnassa pimiän —
Niin on sieluni sisussa
Kuvan julkisen Jamalan
Mustununa murheilta. —

Tähän asti aikojani

Kuljeskelin kunnialla
Vaan nyt vasta alkavaiset
Päivät päätäni panevat
Jo mä selvästi selitän
Katsellessa kahden puolen
Silmän eessä ja sivulla
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Jopa saattavi salassa
Olla joit' en oivaltana.
Kallioita ja karia
Joihin haaksi halkiavi
Pahki purteni menevi. —

[Nimellä »Epäilys» painettu Koittareen I, s. 138.]

JOS MA LAULAJA OLISIN.

Jos ma laulaja olisin

Laulasin ma laivan tänne,
Laivan tänne lastinensa
Tälle laihalle lah'elle
Tälle ra'alle rannikolle.
Mik' on lasti laivassani?
Suuri summaton tavara,
Tuota tuolta tuonempoa
Etsitty eteläisiltä
Paikoilta palaus-piirin.
Kelle tarvitsen tavaran?
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Jota kauvan katseltua
Olisin jo ottanunna
Oman onneni osaksi,
Jos se joutava koria
Kukka-päinen, päärly-vöinen, —
Ehkä on kanaljan kaunis,
Aika kaunis kasvoiltansa,
Koko ruusu ruumihilta,
Soma-varsinen, solakka, —
Olis mieltynyt minuhun,
Ois mieheksi minua
Tahtonut tavaratonta. —
Vaan jos laivani näkisit
Tuovan tuulella tavaran
Rikeneellä rikkauden,
Takoa Tasaus-kaaren
Tälle ra'alle rannikolle
Tälle laihalle lah'elle,
Niin ma verkkoni, veneeni,
Pyssyni ja pyydökseni,
Hevoseni, henkeheni,
Kaikki pantiksi panisin,
Vedon löisin ja vetäsin,
Että tahtosit tariten
Ihan ilo-mielelläsi
Tulla miehelle minulle.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 149, muutamilla parannuksilla.]

VARPUNEN.

Lauletaan kuin:
Muntra sparf i linden
Gungande för vinden etc.

Varpunen sä räivä!
Joka tullut päivä
Härkyt seutuilla kartanon.
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Pidät ääntä virren
Kadehtittu yli kaiken maan.
Eikä kuka pidä
Sirkutosta sitä
Laulun arvoisena kuitenkaan.

Vaikk' on sulla kaula,

Niin et herjä laula
Kansan mieltä myöten ensinkään.
Tekisit sä muuta,
Tukitsisit suuta,
Pakenisit tieltä pahan sään.

Varpunen se vastaan,
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Miks ei sinne mennyt
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Syy on isä vainaan;

Miks hän meni naimaan
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Josta pahnan pohjimaiseks jäin.

Tuskin vielä lensin

Kuin jo kurki ensin
Läksi matkan tielle ajallaan,
Vaikk' ol' viljat vielä
Koskemata siellä
Haasioilla eli hajallaan.

Minä kiljun heille:

Mikä kiire teille
Ennen kuin ma nämät syödyks saan.
Mutta syönnin alla
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Jääksi jähmetytti järven, maan.
 Ken o'is silloin tiennyt
Kuinka nyt on viennyt
Talvi kaiken sen kuin kasvo maa.
O'isin lentänynnä,
Muiden kansa ynnä
Vaivallakin, valta meren taa.

Vaan mä syöä mätin,

Matka huolet jätin
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Ja nyt tyhjä säkki
Menon matka-tielle estivät.

Vaan kuin päivä palaa,

Kultiansa valaa
Yli hangen, yli meren, maan;
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Silloin minä uuden mielen saan.

Kosiin mään ja palan,

Luvan saan ja valan
Teen, mun kulta kaunoiselleni.
Sitte työtä lisää
Taivaallinen isä
Mulle ja mun ainoiselleni.

Ei nyt huolet anna,

Eikä minua panna
Aikaa laulamalla viettämään;
Kuin ma annan suuta
Joudanko ma muuta,
Silloin huulillani tiettämään.

Ensin tehdään pesää,

Sitten pitkin kesää
Pesä pienoisilla täytetään;
Niist' on kyllä työtä,
Niitä juota, syötä,
Niitä pellollakin käytetään.

Ei Mar' oltu laiskat,

Mutta lapsi-raiskat
Tarvitsivat kaiken kesän työn;
Etten saanut sunkaan,
Mitään muuta junkaan,
Talveks tallelleni mitä syön.

Nyt mä pidän majaa

Pitkin katon rajaa,
Enkä niinkään ole turvata.
Vasten Luojan mieltä
Katoltakaan sieltä
Eipä varpuistakaan murhata.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 156.]

Jos kunniaksi kutsut sitä rosvon tapaa,

Kuin toisen varat miekan voimin viep' ja paljastaa
Ja orjaksensa kansan tekis, joka oli vapaa
Ja maat ja asuinpaikat lyöp' ja anastaa
Jos kunnialliseksi kutsut sitä kansaa,
Niin Suomen mies ei kunniallisuutta sitä ansaa.

[Painettu Koittareen I, s. 150 nimellä 'Suomalaisen kunnia'.]

Niinkuin narri minä nain

Vanhan kompuran ma sain
Hän oil rikas, minä köyhkö
Vaikka työtä tein kuin löyhkö.

Hoki sitä päivät yöt

Kuka tehnyt täss on työt
Tokko leivot tokko paistat
Vaikka parhat palat maistat.

Minä poltin tupakkaa

Jost' oil altis jupakkaa
Otin kerran tilkan viinaa
Jost' kärsin paljon piinaa.

[Ennen painamaton.]

Viittaukset

1) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja Suomen aatelittomia sukuja.

Kuopiossa, 1892 —. XIII vh. s. 1038. 2) Kts. C.A. Gottlundin
päiväkirjaa esim. v. 1808—10 Suomal. Kirjall. Seuran
kokoelmissa. 3) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja. 4) C.A.G:n päiväkirja
1817 lokak:n 17 p:ltä. 5) C.A.G:n päiväkirja. 6) A.R. Niemi,
Kalevalan kokoonpano I, s. 29. 7) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 1/3 1816
8) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 5/11 1816 9) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 15/10
1816 10) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 5/11 1816 11) C.A.G:n päiväkirja,
kirjeenjäljennös 5/11 1816 12) C.A.G:n päiväkirja,
kirjeenjäljennös 15/1 1817 13) Tällaisia pitäjänkertomuksia oli
Porthanin kehoituksesta muutamia kokoonpantu jo hänen
elinaikanansa, ja hiljattain v. 1815 oli Bengt Jakob Ignatius
kirjoittanut semmoisen: »De paroecia Haliko I». — 14) C.G.
Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 31-32. 15)
Kts. Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 17/3 1818, Suomal. Kirj.
Seuran kokoelmissa. 16) 17/3 1818 17) Helmikuussa 1818
18) C.G. Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 33
—34. — C.A.G:n päiväkirja 12/10 1817. 19) C.A.G:n
päiväkirja 13/10 —28/10 1817. 20) C.G. Estlander, A.I.
Arwidsson som vitter författare, s. 34. — C.A.G, Läsning for
finnar i blandade ämnen, ss. 219-223. 21) C.A.G., Läsning for
finnar, s. 224 ja C.G. Estlander — A.I. Arwidsson som vitter
författare, s. 34, 36. 22) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 15/6 1818. 23)
Helmikuussa 1818. 24) 17/3 1818 25) C.A.G:n päiväkirja.
esim. 4/11 ja 19/12 1817. 26) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille
helmikuussa 1818. 27) 14/8 1818 28) Helmikuussa 1818. 29)
C.G. Estlander, A.I. Arwidsson som vitter författare, ss. 34-35.
30) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 17/3 1818. 31) 14/8 1818. 32)
14/11 1818. 33) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 26/5 1818. 34)
»Omkring 800 Rdr B:co har jag redan på detta år förstört»,
sanoo Poppius kirjeessään Sjögrenille 15/10 1823. 35)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/9 1818. 36) C.A.G:n päiväkirja
vuosilta 1818—20. 37) Julius Krohn, Koitar I, s. 128;
Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden vaiheet, s. 235. — Biografinen
Nimikirja, s. 547. — A.R. Niemi, Kalevalan kokoonpano I, 43.
38) 7/7 1819 kirjoittaa GottIund päiväkirjaansa: »Tog i gär 3
exemplar af Schröters Finnische Runen af Aminoff.» (»Otin
eilen Aminoffilta 3 kappaletta Schröterin Finnische Runen.»)
39) 15/10 1818. 40) C.A.G:n päiväkirja 27/5 1820. 41) 16/9
1818. 42) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 23/5 1820. 43)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 28/8 1822. 44) Poppiusen kirje
Gottlundille 15/4 1823. 45) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 28/3
1822. 46) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 15/4 1823. 47)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 15/10 1823. 48) Edellä main. kirje.
49) Kirjeessä Upsalasta 3/10 1828. 50) Poppiusen kirje
Tukholmasta Gottlundille Upsalaan 22/11 1824. Lagusen
tiedonanto Åbo Akademies Studentmatrikelissa II s. 529, että
Poppius jo edellisenä keväänä olisi saanut papinviran
Pietarissa, ei siis voi pitää paikkansa; P. muutti nähtävästi
Tukholmasta suoraan Viipuriin vasta seuraavana vuonna. 51)
J. Krohn, Koitar I, s. 129. 52) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja, s. 1040,
T. 6. 53) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/2 1826. 54) Poppiusen
kirje Sjögrenille 31/5 1820. 55) A. Bergholm, Sukukirja, s.
1040, T. 6. 56) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 7/6 1858. 57)
Edellä main. kirje. 58) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 24/1 1860.
59) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 7/6 1858. 60) Poppiusen kirje
Gottlundille 26/8 1862. 61) Poppiusen kirje Gottlundille 1/5
1863. 62) Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 23/5 1820. 63)
Poppiusen kirje Sjögrenille 16/8 1826.
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