Microwave Engineering

and Antennas

Transmission lines part 2

The terminated line and lossy lines

Bart Smolders, Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering
Center for Wireless Technology Eindhoven
Transmission lines:
The terminated line and lossy lines
Objective of this lecture

• Derive expression for input

impedance of terminated line
• Introduce return loss and
insertion loss
• Quarter-wave transformer
• Extend theory towards lossy lines
 The terminated lossless Tline
V(z), I(z) IL
+
Z 0, β VL ZL
-

z
-l 0

V ( z ) = V0+ e − jβz + V0− e jβz V0− Z L − Z0

Γ( z = 0) = + =
V0+ − jβz V0− jβz V0 Z L + Z0
I ( z) = e − e
Z0 Z0
 The terminated lossless Tline V(z), I(z) IL
+
Z 0, β VL ZL
-

The input impedance at z=-l is Zin -l 0

jβ l − jβ l
V ( z = −l ) V e + V +
− jβ z
+V e 0 
 e +
− jβ zΓ e 
=Z in = 0
− jβ z
= 0
− jβ z
Z0
I (z = −l ) I e 0
+
−I e jβ l
V0  e − Γe
+
0
− jβ l


Z L − Z0
Γ= Reflection coefficient at z=0
Z L + Z0

Z L + jZ 0 tan β l
Z in = Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tan β l
Example V(z), I(z)
+
IL

Z 0, β VL ZL
-

Consider a short-circuited Tline of length l: Zin -l 0

z

ZL = 0

Z L + jZ 0 tan β l
Z in = Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tan β l
This is equivalent to an
= jZ 0 tan β l
inductor (Zin=jωL)
Return loss

The incident (Pin) and reflected power (Pr) are related to the reflection
coefficient Γ  V− 2 
 0 
 2 RL 
Pr   2
= = Γ in case of Z L = RL
Pin  V+  2

 0 
 2 RL 
 
The return loss is now defined as
2
−10 log10 Γ =
RL = −20 log10 Γ [dB]
Insertion loss
Consider two Tlines connected to each other

V0 ( z ) V0+ (e − jβ z + Γe jβ z )
z≤0 =
Z0 Z1 z≥0 V1 ( z ) = V0+Te − jβ z
Z1 − Z 0
z=0 T = 1+ Γ = 1+
Z1 + Z 0
0
z 2Z1
=
Z1 + Z 0
The insertion loss is now defined as
 V 2 
 1

 P1   2 Z1   Z1 
−10 log10 
IL = =−10 log10 −20 log10 T + 10 log10 
=  [dB]
P
 in   V0+ 2
 Z
 0
 
 2 Z 0 
The quarter-wave transformer

Z0 Z1 RL

z
-λ/4 0
Zin

Input impedance at z=-λ/4:

RL + jZ1 tan β l
Z in = Z1
Z1 + jRL tan β l Z12
Z in = =Γ 0=
if Z1 Z 0 RL
2π λ π RL
βl
= =
λ 4 2
Example
Design a quarter-wave transformer to match a 100 Ohm load to
a 50 Ohm transmission line.
0.35
Z0=50Ω Z1 RL=100Ω
Γ 0 if=
= Z1 RL 70.71Ω
Z 0= 0.3

z
RL + jZ1 tan β l
0.25
-λ/4 0
Z in = Z1
Z1 + jRL tan β l

abs(Gamma)
0.2

0.15

Z in − Z 0
Γ = 0.1

Z in + Z 0
0.05

πf
βl = 0

2 f0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
f/f0
The terminated lossy Tline
V(z), I(z) IL
+
Z 0, α, β VL ZL
-

z
-l 0

V ( z ) V0+ (e −γ z + Γeγ z )
= γ= α + j β
+
V −γ z γz
I ( z)
= (e0
− Γe )
Z0
The terminated lossy Tline V(z), I(z)
+
IL

Z 0, α, β VL ZL
-

The input impedance at z=-l on the Tline is: -l 0

z
Zin

γl −γ l
V ( z = −l ) V +
0 
 e + Γ e 
=Z in = Z0
I ( z = −l ) V0  e − Γe 
+ γl −γ l

Z L + jZ 0 tanh γ l
= Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tanh γ l
The terminated lossy Tline V(z), I(z)
+
IL

Z 0, α, β VL ZL
-

The power delivered at z=-l is: -l 0

z
Pin

+ 2
V0
Pin =
1
2
Re(V ( −l ) I * ( −l ) ) =
2Z0
( 2
e 2αl − Γ e −2αl )

The power delivered to the load at z=0 is:

+ 2
1 V0
PL = Re(V (0) I (0) ) =
* 2
(1 − Γ )
2 2Z0
The terminated lossy Tline
The loss in the line is the difference between Pin and PL:
+ 2
V0
Ploss = Pin − PL =
2Z0
([e 2αl
] 2
[
− 1 + Γ 1 − e − 2αl ])

Loss of incident wave Loss of reflected wave

V(z), I(z) IL
+
Z 0, α, β VL ZL
-

z
-l 0
Pin
Summary
• The terminated Tline is an impedance tuner
• Special case: Quarter-wave transformer
• Lossy Tline