Purposive Communication - Chap.1to5

Page 1 of 13
Lesson 1: Communication Principles and Ethics
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:
1. Describe the nature, elements and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in
various and multicultural contexts.
2. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication, and why ethical
communication is essential.
3. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world.
Page 2 of 13
Page 3 of 13
Page 4 of 13
Page 5 of 13
Page 6 of 13
Page 7 of 13
Page 8 of 13
\
References
Academic Writing Style. (n.d). First-Year Seminar Handbook. Mercer University.
Ahmad, I. (2017). Top 10 reasons for using social media. Social Media Today.
Androutsopoulos, J. (2011). Language change and digital media: A review of conceptions andevidence.
Language Standardisation in Europe. Nik Coupland & Tore Kristiansen(Eds.). University of
Hamburg.
Bem, DJ. (2020). Writing the Empirical Journal Article. Cornell University.
Biggs, J. (2003). Aligning Teaching and Assessment to Curriculum Objectives. Learning and
Teaching Support Network.
Boscoloa, P., Barbara, A., and Quarisaa, M. (2007). Improving the Quality of Students' Academic Writing:
An Intervention Study. Studies in Higher Education 32 (August 2007): 419-438.
Branham, L. (2005) The Communication Problem Solver: Simple Tools and Techniques for Busy
Managers, Nannette Rundle Carroll (AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, 2009) 7 Hidden
Reasons Employees Leave, (AMACOM 2005).
Candlin, C. (2016). Academic Writing Step-By-Step: A Research-based Approach. Bristol, CT: Equinox
Publishing Ltd.
Celce-Murcia, M. (2014). Teaching English in the Context of World Englishes. Teaching English as a
Second or Foreign Language, Fourth Edition. National Geographic Learning, part of Heinle
Cengage Learning. Boston, USA.
Coates, S. (2011). Finding Credible Sources. University of Oklahoma's School of Library and Information
Studies.
College of Education (1999). A Handbook for Research Report Writing. University of the Philippines.
Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics. London: Routledge.
Driver, J. and van Aalst. M. (2010). You Say More than What You Think. Three Rivers Press.
Hartley, J. (2008). Academic Writing and Publishing: A Practical Guide. New York: Routledge. Writing
Center. Colorado Technical College.
Herring, S. (1996). Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural

Perspectives.
Institute for Writing and Rhetoric (2020). What Is an Academic Paper? Dartmouth College.
Johnson, R. (2015). Improve Your Writing Skills. Manchester, UK: Clifton Press.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes: Implications for international communication and English
language teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Logan, R. (2010). Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan. Peter Lang.
Murray, R. and Moore, S. (2006). The Handbook of Academic Writing: A Fresh Approach. New York: Open
University Press.
Nygaard, LP. (2015). Writing for Scholars: A Practical Guide to Making Sense and Being Heard. Second
edition. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019). The rise of social media. Our World in Data. University of Oxford, England
Page 9 of 13
Rockowitz and Rockowitz (2020). The Documented Essay: General Guidelines. Dr. Murray and Anna C.
Rockowitz Writing Center (RWC), Hunter College.
Silvia, PJ. (2007). How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
Shortis, T. (2009). Revoicing Txt: Spelling, vernacular orthography and ‘unregimented writing’. In
Connected Minds, Emerging Cultures: Cybercultures in Online Learning by S. Wheeler (Ed.).
Charlotte, NC: IAP. 225–246.
Sword, H. (2012). Stylish Academic Writing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tejada, K. (2017). Refusing to be Alone Together. Sensus Communis VI: The Lathe Journal of Batangas
State University.
Tejada, K., Agena, MG, Rodriguez, E., and Panganiban, P. (2018). Purposive Communication. Muntinlupa:
Pandaylahi Publishing House, Inc.
Tucker, K., Derelian, D., and Rouner, D. (1997). Building the case: Position papers, backgrounders, fact
sheets, and biographical sketches. In Public relations writing: An issue-driven behavioral approach
(pp.79-85). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Turkle, S. (2012). The Flight from Conversation. The New York Times, Sunday Review. April 21, 2012
University of Southern California Libraries (2020). Importance of Good Academic Writing. Research
Guides. United Nations Association of the United States of America and the Business Council for
the United Nations (2020). How to Write a Position Paper. | 801 Second Avenue, 2nd Floor New
York, NY 10017.
Verallo, B.M. and Larion, R.M. (2018). Communication Aids and Strategies using Tools of Technology.
Purposive Communication.
Weaver, R., Bost, L., Karssorla, M., McKinney-Holley, K. and Crowther, K. (2016). Successful College
Composition (3rd Edition). Galileo Open Learning Materials, Galileo, University System of Georgia,
USA.
Williams, M. (2004).Going worldwide, Marketing the entire globe. Sema International, May 2004.
Web sources:
Artistry House Website (2020). Language Image. Available at

https://www.google.com/search?q=language+images.
Baker, M. and Milutinovic, J.(2016) The Importance of Face-To-Face Communication in the Digital Age.
Available at https://www.aib.edu.au/blog/communication/face-to-facecommunication-in-the-
digital-age/
Batangas State University Website (2020). Batangas State University Library Photo. Available at
http://dione.batstate-u.edu.ph/library/#/.
Bryden John and Silverman Eric (2019). Underlying Socio-Political Processes Behind the 2016
US Election. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0214854. Available at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214854.
Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Cliché. Available at

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cliche?q=clich%C3%A9.
Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Slang. Available at

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/slang.
Campbell, A. (2011). Ten Communication Problems and Issues in the Workplace. Available at
https://www.brighthubpm.com/resource-management/101627-top-ten-teamcommunication-issues-
and-how-to-avoid-them/#reference--resource
Page 10 of 13
Crafford, L. (2020). The 7 Rules of Virtual Meeting Etiquette Every Professional Should Know. Available
at https://blog.gotomeeting.com/7-rules-virtual-meeting-etiquetteevery-professional-know/
Creating multimodal texts. Available at http://creatingmultimodaltexts.com/
Consilium.europa.eu Website (2020). Joint statement of the Members of the European Council. Available
athttps://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/43076/26-vc-euco-statementen.pdf.
Ec.europa.eu Website (2020). COVID-19: Commission sets out European coordinated response to counter
the economic impact of the Coronavirus. Available at
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_459.
Effective Communication Skills. Available at

http://promeng.eu/downloads/trainingmaterials/ebooks/soft-skills/effective-
communicationskills.pdf
Eric-ed-gov Website (2020). Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Logo’s Image. Available at
https://news.milne-library.org/eric-eric-ed-gov-has-a-new-look/.
Fragile States Forum Website (2020) Sociopolitical Analysis. Available at
http://fragilestates.org/about/articles-and-publications/topics/sociopolitical-analysis/.
Freepik.com Website (2020). Elegant Red and Gold Modern Background’s Image 1. Premium Vector.
Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=freepik.com.
Freepik.com Website (2020). Close up Shot of Businessman’s Hands with Pen’s Image. Available at
https://www.google.com/search?q=writing+hands+image.
Freepik.com Website (2020). Luxury Background Elegant Blue and Gold’s Image 1. Available at
https://www.google.com/search?q=freepik.com.
Freepik.com Website (2020). Luxury Background Elegant Blue and Gold’s Image 3. Available
at https://www.google.com/search?q=freepik.com.
Freepik.com Website (2020). Luxury Background Elegant Red and Gold’s Image 1. Available at
Google.com Website (2020). Academic Writing Image. Available at

Google.com/search?q=Academic+Writingimages.
GCFglobal.org Website (2020). Contraction. Available at

https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/grammar/contractions/1/.
How to Write a Follow-up Letter. Available at https://www.learngrammar.net/a/write-a-followup-letter.
How to Write an Endorsement Letter. Retrieved on August 1, 2020 from

https://www.writeexpress.com/How-to-write-an-endorsement-letter.html#requestendorsement
Page 11 of 13
HubSot Blog Website (2020). Punctuation Image. Available at
https://www.google.com/search?q=punctuation.
Internet Public Library(ipl2) Facebook Website (2020). Internet Public Library(ipl2) Logo’s
Image. Available at https://www.google.com.
Journal Publishing.com Website (2020). Google Scholar Logo’s Image. Available at

https://www.google.com.
Last, S. (2019). Correspondence: Text Messages, Emails, Memos, and Letters Netiquette. Available at
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/technicalwriting/ chapter/correspondence/
Mastering Soft Skills for Workplace Success. Available at

https://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/youth/softskills/softskills.pdf
Netiquette from Communicating Online: Netiquette, by UBC Centre for Teaching, Learning and
Technology. Avialable at https://openoregon.pressbooks. pub/ technicalwriting/chapter/1-3-
netiquette/ NHS Library-LibGuides Website (2020). RefSeek Logo’s Image. Available at
Oxford Lexico Website (2020). Figures of Speech. Available at

https://www.lexico.com/definition/figure_of_speech.
Pineda, Erin (2020). Elements of a Successful Political Theory Paper. Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching
and Learning. Available at https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/PLSC118_Writing-
Guide_0.pdf.
Pinterest Website (2020). Tone Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=tone+images.
Pinterest Website (2020). Higher Order Thinking Skills Image. Available at

https://www.google.com/search?q=higher=order=thinking=skill+images.
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020). Appropriate Language: Overview. College of Liberal Arts, Purdue
University. Available at
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/using_appropriate_language/index.h
tml.
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020). How to Use Quotation Marks. College of Liberal Arts, Purdue
University. Available at https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/quotation_marks/index.
html.
SlideServe Website (2020). Diction Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=diction+images.
SlideShare Website (2020). Thesis-Driven Image. Available at

https://www.google.com/search?q=Thesis+Driven+images.
The Nology Website (2020). About.com Logo’s Image. Available athttps://www.google.com.
The Reading/Writing Center (2020). Invention: Five Qualities of Good Writing. Hunter College. Available
at http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writingprocess-1/invention/Five-Qualities-of-
Good-Writing.
The Walden Writing Center (2020). Scholarly Voice: Tone. Walden University. Available at
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/scholarlyvoice.
The WriteAtHome Blog Website (2020). The Dictionary’s Image. Available at https://www.google.com/. .
The Writing Center (2020). Colon. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Available at
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/semi-colons-colons-and-dashes/.
The Writing Center (2020). Style: College Writing. University of North Carolina. Available at
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/style/.
Page 12 of 13
Today’s Businesses-WordPress.com Website (2020). Wikipedia Logo’s Image. Available at
Tulsa Community College Library (2020). Avoiding Plagiarism: Fair Use. Tulsa Community College.
Available at https://guides.library.tulsacc.edu/c.php?g=918045&p=6622073.
Vista-Heights 8th Grade Science Weebly Website (2020). Evidence-based Reasoning Image. Available at
https://www.google.com/search?q=evidence-based+reasoning+images.
Whalen, S. (2020) Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research Paper. Available at
http://academics.adelphi.edu/edu/hpe/healthstudies/whalen/HED601_r2.shtml. by
cornellcollege.edu.
Writing Center (2020). Academic Writing. Writing Center. Colorado Technical College. Available at
https://libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/c.php?g=572647&p=3959489.
Writing Center (2012). Style, Diction, Tone, and Voice. Wheaton College. Available at
https://www.wheaton.edu/academics/services/writing-center/writingresources/style-diction-tone-
and-voice/.
Xavier University Library (2020). How to Write a Position Paper. Available at

https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2010/SOC978/position_paper.pdf.
Page 13 of 13
Page 1 of 10
Lesson 2: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the styles in communication considering various multicultural settings.

2. Determine varieties and registers of spoken and written language.
3. Adopt cultural an intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communicating ideas.
4. Develop a sense of appreciation on the richness and diversity of registers used in written and
spoken communication.
COMMUNICATION STYLES IN VARIOUS MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS
As mentioned in Lesson 1, each person has a unique style of communicating, which may depend
not only on his/her linguistic ability but also on his/her cultural and social context. Some are outspoken;
some are more quiet yet on point. Some always seem formal, while some have a lot of introduction before
getting to the main point. Communication style refers to the choices people make and the strategies or
tools they use in the process of communication. A style may sometimes depend on the demands of the
communicative situation, as well as on the needs and requirements of the target recipients of the
information.
Each style has two dimensions: the (1) assertiveness level and the (2) emotiveness level, which is shown
in the Communication Styles Matrix below.
The Communication Styles Matrix

The model, developed by Dr. Eileen M. Russo, shows four different communication styles (direct,
spirited, systematic and considerate), categorized further into two different dimensions (level of
assertiveness and level of expressiveness). All of these must be considered because people with different
cultural contexts tend to have varying levels and styles of communication.
People who are categorized within the assertive communication level tend to tell or instruct others
what to do and sometimes even how to do it, while the less assertive styles usually tend to be on the
receiving end, often asking for guidance, instructions or directions. On the other hand, people who fall
under the expressive level usually show their real feelings and emotions through facial expressions, tone
of voice, or language use. The less expressive ones tend to either hide their feelings or exert some effort
for these feelings not to show.
Page 2 of 10
The combination of these levels result to the basic communication styles:
Spirited == High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness

Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
Direct = Low Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Style

1. Respect decisions and agenda that have been agreed upon, as well as time limits during meetings or
any communicative situation.
2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes that may take the discussion off-topic.
3. Make sure you are allowing others to contribute their ideas and suggestions – and that you are
genuinely listening to them.
4. Be certain that any request you make is clear and that you convey the reason for such request.
5. Communicate your appreciation for others’ work and input.
Tips for People with a Considerate Communication Style
1. Recognize that other people’s opinions about a topic are separate from their opinions about you.
2. Realize that not everyone is comfortable discussing personal topics with colleagues.
3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature.
4. Respect your own opinion as you respect that of others’.
5. Recognize that you don’t have to be friends with everyone, but you should treat others – and be treated
– professionally.
Tips for People with a Direct Communication Style
1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting.
2. Allow time for ‘chatting’ at the beginning of a meeting.
3. Recognize that others may also feel the need to express themselves.
4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective and is not a waste of time.
5. Take some time to show your appreciation for others’ contributions.
Tips for People with a Systematic Communication Style
1. Recognize that for good working relationships, consideration for others’ feelings is important.
2. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will help you get the information you need.
3. Make sure you understand the background of the discussion or scope of the conversation so no time is
wasted.
4. Politely ask other questions about themselves if you want to build rapport.
5. If you need to ask for more time to know, analyze or discuss something, explain the benefit of the
information you need to know.
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
In a multicultural society, people must use culturally-appropriate terms, gestures, expressions and
images in any communicative situation.
The ‘I Love You’ Map

Page 3 of 10
Language Varieties
Also called “lects”, these refer to the different variants of a language that can be sufficiently delimited
from one another in terms of social, historical, or geo-spatial factors, thus forming language clusters.
In addition, language varieties may also be grouped in the following classifications:
a. Pidgin. It refers to a new language that develops into situations where speakers of different languages
need to communicate but do not share a common language. Examples are Chavacano in the Philippines
and Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu.
b. Creole. It is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or the mother tongue of a certain
community. Examples are the Gullah and the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica.
c. Regional Dialect. It is not a language that is not distinct from a national language, but rather a variety
of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples are as Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and
Hiligaynon in the Philippines.
d. Minority Dialect. This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety,
by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples are the Sinama of the Badjaos in the
Philippines and the London-Jamaican variety in Britain.
e. Indigenized Varieties. These are spoken mainly as second languages in former colonies with
multilingual populations. A classic example is Singlish (or Singaporean English).
POINT FOR DISCUSSION

How do you classify the ‘conyo’ language in the
Philippines? What do you think are the unique
characteristics of this language variety? How do you
feel about people using this variety?
Discuss your answers in class.
https://www.eaglenews.ph/taglish-or-mother-tongue/
Language Registers
A language register is characterized by the way a speaker uses language differently in different
social circumstances. These are determined by such factors as social atmosphere, purpose of
communication, audience, and the general context of the discourse.
Generally, language registers can be classified as (1) formal, (2) casual, (3) intimate, (4) frozen, and
(5) consultative.
a. Formal. These registers are used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is
expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to specific rules. Slang is never used and
contractions are rare. Examples are registers used in research paper, government documents, business
letters, and in business presentations.
b. Casual. These registers are used when communicating with friends, close acquaintances, colleagues,
and family members. These are used in birthday parties or family gatherings.
c. Intimate. Intimate language registers are reserved for special occasions, usually between only two
people and often in private. Examples are an inside joke between two high school friends or sweet
nothings whispered to your “special someone.”
d. Frozen. It refers to historic language that is intended to remain unchanged. Examples are the registers
used in the Philippine Constitution and the Holy Bible.
e. Consultative. It is used in conversations when people are speaking with someone who has specialized
knowledge or is offering advice. Tone is often respectful, such as the use of honorifics or courtesy titles,
but may be more casual if the relationship between or among the communicators is friendly. Examples
are registers used in local television broadcast or in a conversation with a doctor during medical
examination.
Language registers can also be classified as Formal, Informal, or Neutral. Formal language
registers are appropriate for professional situations, such as when speaking to a supervisor or writing an
invitation letter. Informal language registers, on the other hand, are conversational and appropriate
when speaking or writing to a friend or to someone you know quite well.
The use of one or a combination of these registers highly depends on the audience (person/s for
whom the message is intended) and the context (nature of the communicative situation). Using the proper
registers show respect, interest, and a certain level of professionalism, hence enhancing harmonious
personal and professional relationships. These are also used in writing short notes, personal journals, or
Page 4 of 10
diaries. Lastly, neutral language registers are non-emotional and laden with facts. These are most
appropriate for research or technical writing.
Improving one’s Ability in Communicating in a Multicultural Setting

Everything should start with a personal desire and strong conviction to relate more effectively
with persons having different cultural backgrounds. This will not only create positive personal
relationships, but also open more opportunities for professional growth. Limiting one’s reliance on
preconceived notions and established stereotypes is also a major leap towards effective intercultural
communication.
The following specific guidelines can enhance your ability to handle situations involving
intercultural communication, and better prepare yourself to meet the communication challenges in an
increasingly global environment.
 Refrain from forming expectations based solely on your culture. Knowing and accepting the validity of
cultural differences are key in communicating with people having diverse communication styles. Being an
effective communicator requires allowing yourself to be immersed in the multicultural society and
embracing diversity.
 Remove personal biases or any stereotype that may impede understanding. You do not want to be at the
receiving end of a biased judgment, right? You don’t want people avoiding you just because of how they
see other members of your group or culture. Determine how much your family, friends and colleagues
have ‘dictated’ how you view or feel about other people or other groups, and identify which among these
pre-judgments are stereotypes that can damage relationships.
 Make a personal commitment to develop communication skills appropriate in multicultural settings.
Your ability to develop intercultural communication skills largely depends on how many – and how much
– of these promises you are willing to make:
o I will make a commitment to seek information from persons whose cultures are different from my own.
o I will try to understand how the experiences of persons from different cultures leads them to develop
perspectives that differ from mine.
o I will pay attention to the situation and the context when I communicate with persons from different
cultures.
o I will make every effort to become a more flexible communicator.
o I will not insist that persons from other cultures should communicate with me on my terms.
Page 5 of 10
\
References
Hamburg.
Publishing Ltd.
Studies.

Perspectives.
University Press.
Page 6 of 10
State University.
York, NY 10017.
USA.
Web sources:

digital-age/


Page 7 of 10




Page 8 of 10



Guide_0.pdf.

tml.
html.

Good-Writing.
Page 9 of 10
cornellcollege.edu.
and-voice/.

Page 10 of 10
Page 1 of 10
Lesson 3: Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Text Types
Learning Outcomes
1. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive skills (i.e. listening, reading, viewing).
2. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences
in local and global settings using appropriate registers.
3. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS REFLECTING

DIFFERENT CULTURES
As discussed in Lesson 1, the advancements in digital technology paved the way to innovative
modes and platforms of communication. The massive and rapid developments in digital communications
ushered in a new era of communication that does not simply rely on words, but also on images and other
semiotics of the channel used to convey the message.
The effects of cultural and global issues to communication were highlighted in previous discussions,
as well as the impact of effective communication to society and the world. This has highlighted the
importance of exploring the concept of World Englishes, or as defined by CelceMurcia (2014), the
regionally distinct varieties of English that have arisen in parts of the world where there is a long and
often colonial history of English being used in education, commerce and government.
There is no debate that the English language has become the most widely used language for most
purposes of communication in international diplomacy, business, science, education and entertainment.
Over time, this widespread use of English – spoken side by side with local languages – has given rise to
local varieties of English with their own standards. Examples of World Englishes are Indian English,
West African English, Singapore English, and Filipino English.
One major issue that has been raised with respect to these established varieties is that they are
often not fully intelligible to users of other varieties of English. For example, a Filipino ordering food in a
restaurant in Singapore for the first time would be confused when he is asked, “Having here, or take
away?” because in the Philippines, they are more accustomed to “Dine in, or take out?” Kirkpatrick (2007)
proposes a scale with two extremes that characterize this problem:
Extreme 1: The goal of national or regional identity. People use a regional variety of English with
its specific grammar, structure and vocabulary to affirm their own national or ethnic identity (e.g.
Only Filipinos use the terms “senatoriable”, “congressman”, “chancing”, and “bedspacer”, among
others, and use these when communicating with other Filipinos).
Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility. Users of a regional variety should ideally still be readily
understood by users of English everywhere else in the world to fully participate in the use of
English as an international language (e.g. Users of Filipino English have to understand that they
have to use “bin” instead of “trash can” or “lift” instead of “elevator” when in a country using
British English).
The challenge is to find a good balance between the identity-intelligibility extremes. Hence,
speakers of the English language may resort to code-switching (i.e., using English and another language
in the same statement). For example, Filipinos may use a strongly local version of Filipino English to
communicate with fellow Filipinos using English as medium, but they should use a weaker and more
formal version when communicating with users of other varieties of English, especially when
international intelligibility is necessary.
The Power of Words and Images

Look at the illustration on international arrivals below. Answer the five key questions that follow.
Page 2 of 10
Five Key Questions:
1. What is the message?
2. What is the purpose of the message?
3. How is the message conveyed (by the text and/or image)?
4. Who is the target audience of the message?
5. What other ways of presenting the message are there?
Before effectively engaging in multicultural communication, people have to be ready and

knowledgeable for situations such as the one demonstrated in the illustration. If anything unplanned or
unanticipated comes up, there must be alternative ways of communicating the same message without
being offensive.
The illustration above sends a relatively vivid and powerful message not just through the use of a
careful juxtaposition of text and illustration, but also because of the other semiotics or elements such as
color combinations. This is called a multimodal presentation.
Multimodality
Multimodality is a fairly new concept in the general academic setting, but can be a very powerful
tool in light of digital and multicultural communication. A text or output is considered multimodal if it
uses two or more communication modes to make meaning. It shows different ways of knowledge
representations and meaning-making, and investigates contributions of semiotic resources (language,
gestures, images) that are co-deployed across various modalities (visual, aural, somatic, etc.). Most
importantly, multimodality highlights the significance of interaction and integration in constructing a
coherent text
A multimodal text can either be one of the following:
 Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)

 Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages, social media, animation, film, video games
 Live (performance or an event)
 Transmedia (A story is told using multiple delivery channels through a combination of platforms, such
as comics, film, and video games all working as part of the same story with the same message.)
The creation of multimodal texts and outputs requires a creative design concept that orchestrates
the purposive combination of text, color, photo, sound, spatial design, language, gestures, animations and
other semiotics, all with the unitary goal of bringing meaning to life.
The following are examples of posters that showcase good multimodality.
This is a poster entitled “Run for Rio”, a run-for-a-cause event organized for the benefit of the
Philippine International Volunteers for the 2013 World Youth Day which was held in Rio de Janeiro
Brazil.
Page 3 of 10
The inclusion of the multi-colored bird, the official mascot of that year’s World Youth Day, is
crucial in juxtaposing it with the actual text on top of the photo. Since Blue is used as the poster’s
dominant color, the multi-colored symbol is highlighted that even if the onlooker fails to read the text, the
purpose of the event will still be obvious.
The same reason goes with the use of the silhouette of a man running (suggestive of the nature of
the event) and the Christ the Redeemer statue on top of mountain (the symbolic representation of Rio de
Janeiro.)
The use of Red in the text for the amount and the running distance puts attention to the event
details without overshadowing the other details. The inclusion of the biblical quote and the cross also add
to the religious motive of the event, thus making it coherent.
https://runforrio.wordpress.com/
The poster is titled “Concert for Kids”, which is fund-raising concert for the New Jersey (NJ) Kids
Foundation in the U.S.
The dominant photo is that of a guitar, suggesting the music-inclined nature of the event. The use
of candies is suggestive of the concert’s beneficiaries, who are kids with special needs. The use of various
colors adds to the notion on the playful nature of kids.
The font used is also playful rather than sharp, and the dominant color of light blue is light on the
eyes, as well as the other color palettes used in the poster.
Both posters, Run for Rio and Concert for Kids, demonstrate purposive use of semiotics to forward
a specific message. These are successful in meaning making through the interplay of various elements.
http://do512.com/events/2016/10/8/hush-hush-music-bash
Page 4 of 10
In creating a multimodal text, the Purpose, Audience, Context must all be considered.
 As to purpose, the creator of the text must be clear on the message and the reason(s) why the message
has to be delivered.
 As to audience, the nature, interests and sensitivities of the target audience must be considered so the
text will not be offensive and hurt people’s sensibilities.
 As to context, the message should be clearly delivered through various semiotic resources, and in
consideration of the various situations where and how the text will be read by different people having
different cultural backgrounds.
Page 5 of 10
References
Hamburg.
Publishing Ltd.
Studies.

Perspectives.
University Press.
Page 6 of 10
State University.
York, NY 10017.
USA.
Web sources:

digital-age/


Page 7 of 10




Page 8 of 10



Guide_0.pdf.

tml.
html.

Good-Writing.
Page 9 of 10
cornellcollege.edu.
and-voice/.

Page 10 of 10
Page 1 of 14
Lesson 4: The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids in Communication
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the proper strategies in communication using social media and other advancements in
technology.
2. Evaluate language in new media and adopt an awareness of proper use of language in these media
platforms.
3. Develop an appreciation on the importance of proper communication planning.
SOCIAL MEDIA USE
Social media has undoubtedly altered the world operates. The rapid and vast adoption of new
media platforms have changed the way people relate and communicate with each other in the social,
economic, and political arenas.
Though there are minor social media platforms available since the 90s, the social media that we
know today – the one with millions of active and interactive users - started with MySpace in 2004, when
it reached a million active users. Since then, other sites started mushrooming, and people began getting
hooked to these new media.
Some media platforms have been so popular that the number of users rise at such an exponential
rate. TikTok, for example, became such a craze in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, when people
were mostly at home and thus have “nothing to do” because of the worldwide call to “Stay Home”. It was
launched in 2016, and had half a billion users by 2018. This number even got higher in mid-2020, with
over 800 million active users within that time span.
However, not all social media platforms last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace, and Friendster
were close competitors to the social media giant, Facebook. In 2012, all three had virtually disappeared as
shown by very poor performance of market shares. Interestingly, the social media platforms that survived
did so because of their continuous evolution and response to the needs and interests of its users.
For example, Twitter used to disallow the uploading of videos or images, but because of the high
demand and the stiff competition, this feature was allowed in 2011. Today, more than half of the content
that can be seen in Twitter includes photos and videos.
The exponential rise in the use of social media can be partly attributed to the emergence of
technologies that enable modern communication (that is, FAST, CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE
communication). These include computers, laptops, and smart phones, among others. In addition, the rise
Page 2 of 14
of social media is a unique manifestation of how quickly and drastically patterns of social behaviors
change.
Some Interesting Statistics on Social Media Use
Here are a few interesting statistics on social media use. All data are extracted from statista.com
as of July 2020.
Global digital population

Active internet users – 4.57 billion
Unique mobile internet users – 4.17 billion
Active social media users – 3.96 billion
Active mobile social media users – 3.91 billion
Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by number of active users

1. Facebook (2.6 billion)
2. Youtube (2.0 billion)
3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion)
4. Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion)
5. Weixin/ Wechat (1.2 billion)
6. Instagram (1.1 billion)
7. TikTok (800 million)
Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by reach/ active usage penetration
1. Facebook (63%)
2. Youtube (61%)
3. WhatsApp (48%)
4. Facebook Messenger (38%)
5. Instagram (36%)
6. Twitter (23%)
7. Snapchat (13%)
Countries with most number of Facebook users
1. India (290 million)
2. United States (190 million)
3. Indonesia (140 million)
4. Brazil (130 million)
5. Mexico (89 million)
6. Philippines (76 million)
7. Vietnam (64 million)
8. Thailand (50 million)
9. Egypt (42 million)
10. Bangladesh (38 million)
In a 2017 report by the Global Web Index, around 42% of people use social media platforms to stay
in touch with what their friends are doing, while 39% said they want to stay up-to-date with news and
current events.
The other top reasons for using social media are filling up spare time, general networking with
other people, looking for entertaining content, sharing photos or videos, sharing one’s opinion, meeting
new people, and researching or finding out products to buy.
Responsible Use of Social Media
Social media has grown in popularity over the years, with hundreds of options for sharing your
thoughts, photos, and videos and for interacting with friends and family. The more it grows, the more we
discover about the do's and don'ts of social media. The same rules apply to all social media playgrounds,
regardless of which site is your favorite. There are some practices for engaging in responsible social media
use and best practices for social site etiquette.
We all have a social responsibility.
We all have friendships and professional relationships that can either be helped or hindered by our
social media presence. Imagine you post inappropriate selfies of your weekend activities on Instagram.
Have you considered what your boss will think? What if you say something spiteful after a fight with a
friend and then realize they saw it before you could delete it? You may have just lost a friendship over
Page 3 of 14
social media silliness. You are 100 percent responsible for everything that appears on your social media
accounts, from your status updates and comments to pictures, videos, and links you share.
1. You may not agree with everything or everyone you encounter on social media networks, but treat each
person with dignity and respect. The Golden Rule of treating others how you want to be treated is a good
practice.
2. Do not turn to social media as a way to harass, demean, or bully someone else. Sitting in front of a
computer screen does not give you license to embarrass, intimidate, or spread hurtful rumors about
others.
3. Regardless of your privacy settings, keep in mind that anything can possibly be seen by anyone at any
time, even by that person that you did not want to see it. Pause before you post, think before you click.
4. Whether you're concerned with maintaining good friendships or future job prospects, be responsible in
what you post and how it could affect your reputation. Many employers now check up on job candidates'
social media accounts for evidence of bad behavior.
Something to Ponder on
Social media have become a very powerful communication tool and platform in the new era of
technology and globalization. In the early beginnings of social media, the usual reaction would be, “I have
ideas or feelings and I can share these to the world through social media as a platform.” Today, however,
most millennials would claim, “I have access to social media, so I have to have an idea. I have to have a
feeling or emotion that I can share with the world.”
This attitude has led to the proliferation of fabricated or exaggerated emotions, with the hope of
getting many ‘likes’ or receiving many ‘comments’, which have become the norm for social acceptance.
What can you say about this? Consider this article in reacting to this phenomenon:
While is it true that we have real friends whom we can rely on in the
real world, there is that ubiquitous itch that we have to post something, with
the hope of ‘friends’ liking it, sharing it, or commenting on it. A hundred
likes and a few comments would suffice; couple these with shares and
threads and it would be ecstatic, even if those who supposedly liked or
commented on it remain detached to how we actually feel.
Social media give us friends who will tell us who we are based on how
we project ourselves in that virtual environment. The technology that is
supposed to help us connect and communicate with people by showing the
‘real us’ is the very technology that prompts us to give others a false
impression of who we really are.
Is this the purpose of social media? Are we using this powerful
platform appropriately?
(an excerpt from the article “Refusing to be Alone Together” by Tejada, K. 2017)
Modern Communication? Think about it.

Page 4 of 14
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THE NEW MEDIA
Question: Does the language we use dictate the language of new media, or do new media shape the
language that we use?
Let me rephrase that: Are we using new media, or are new media using us?
What is new media?
New media refer to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily processed, stored,
transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and accessed.
Generally, these can be classified as:

 Blogs
 Social media
 Online newspaper
 Virtual reality
 Computer games
Language in new media is sometimes referred to as Computer-mediated communication (CMC),

though it may also be called any of the following:
 Netspeak
 Computer-mediated discourse
 Digital discourse
 Electronic discourse
 e-communication
 Digitally mediated communication
 Keyboard-to-screen communication
The Internet is the largest area of language development we have seen in our lifetimes. Crystal
(2011) said that only two things are certain: it is not going to go away, and it is going to get larger. Hence,
we must be prepared for its inevitable expansion.
Digital discourse illuminates social and cultural processes, which is under the domain of
sociocultural linguistics.
The primary concern is not with abstract, grammatical linguistics, but rather the everyday
functions and uses of language.
This type of discourse or computer-mediated communication can be described as:
 Vernacular
 Interpersonal
 Spontaneous
 Dialogical
CMC is Vernacular, which means it uses language that is common to people regardless of age,
social class, gender, or race
Examples
 Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae)
 Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, idk, jk, af, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!)
 Emoticons/ Emojis
 Expressive Punctuations
o Hello? VS Hello?!?
o No. VS No? VS No!!!
Page 5 of 14
o <3 ; </3
o :-) ;)
Misspellings / Respellings
Respelling is a resource whose use is subject to a variety of factors, including users’ ‘technoliteracy’,
their considerations of audience and purpose, and physical constraints of message production (foreconomy
and text entry reduction).
( cu, 2nyt, tom/2mrw, abt, y? )
These increase insecurities in spelling, but also tolerance towards typographical “errors”, which
are reinterpreted as outcomes of speedy text production rather than indices of lacking competence.
CMC is Interpersonal. It is relationship-focused rather than subject-oriented. This can be

explained by the number of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and the number of individuals and GCs a
person engages simultaneously.
The interpersonal nature of CMC is characterized by the following:

 Turn-taking
 Topic development
 Back-channels
 Repairs
CMC is Spontaneous. It is usually unplanned, unstructured, and sometimes impulsive. This

spontaneity also gave rise to Net Neologisms through Lexical Creativity, such as the use of “b4n” and “f2f”,
or such terms as trolls, meme, hashtag, and meh. These can be described as mediatized stylization and
popular representation.
CMC is Dialogical. It carries expectation of continuous exchange. This is why most media
platforms have a “Reply” or “Comment” option, while some have a “Leave a comment” button, to ensure
continuous interaction.
The English language in the New Media is

 Brief
 Multimodal
 Ideological
Brevity. Do you notice how much people put premium on length and on the time it would take for them to
read an article in the net?
Take a look at this example, on the number of words in Wattpad, which is relatively popular
reading platform for the youth:
This means that most readers of Wattpad (the youth, generally) can accommodate less than 1,000
words per chapter. That’s around four (4) pages or less of bond paper. Anything beyond that is considered
very long already by most young readers.
Let’s take a look at these examples:
Page 6 of 14
Do you notice a similarity? Yes, both web articles found in social media have a time element: “2
MIN READ”, spelled in capital letters for easier access. This means that they want readers to read the
article because “It’s just two minutes; it won’t take much time.” That is a psychological conditioning,
suggesting that most readers want brief materials, thus making brevity a characteristic of language in
the new media.
Multimodality. This refers to the layering of different digital media. We all know that words are only ever
part of the picture. All texts, all communicative events, are always achieved by means of multiple semiotic
resources, even text-based new media like instant- and text-messaging
These screenshots are examples of multimodality in language use. Texts alone might not catch
that much attention, so a combination of purposively-designed text, photo, and/or video are a staple in
new media to make it interactive.
Ideologically-motivated. New media is inherently ideological, especially in terms of their political-

economies of access and control.
They are used to control people, and they are used to resist control. This is quite apparent, most
especially through the symbolic power of the news and broadcast media.
Language use is not simply a way of communicating, but a powerful resource for representing (or
manipulating) its users, especially the young people – so-called “digital natives”. None of this is especially
new; every generation likes to “complain” about the next generation’s communication practices.
This is an important context in which language can be seen taking place in and around new media,
and how it continues to evolve with every new technological revolution taking place.
COMMUNICATION PLANNING
The communication planning process involves defining the types of information you will
deliver,who are the intended recipients of that information, the format for communicating it, and the
timing of its release and distribution.
The key goal is to make sure everybody gets the right message at the right time. It serves various
purposes:
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3. To prevent misunderstanding
4. To present a point of view or reduce barriers
Steps in Communication Planning
1. Research and analyze current situation.

2. Establish goals and objectives (short and long term).
3. Identify the target audience (what they know, what influences them, communication
impediments, etc.).
Page 7 of 14
4. Conceptualize on key messages.
5. Strategize on communication styles and platform(s).
6. Evaluate and anticipate.
PERFORMANCE TASK: Communication Flows, Communication Flaws
Follow the step-by-step process of communication planning. The date, time, and platform or submission of
the output will be agreed upon by you and your professor.
1. Think of one of the “situations” in your college that needs to be addressed. (Research and analyze
current situation.)
2. Identify what you want to happen in this situation (seek to inform? call to action? seek to change
behavior?) (Establish goals and objectives)
3.Determine person(s) who need(s) to know what should be done. (Identify the target audience (what they
know, what influences them, communication impediments, etc.).
4. Develop the message you want the audience to know/ believe in. (Conceptualize on key messages.)
5. Decide on your communication vehicle (essay? FB post? video? letter? memo? audio? music video?).
(Strategize on communication styles and platform.)
6. Decide on how the message will be reached by the target audience, and what to do if the audience does
not receive/ respond. (Evaluate and anticipate.)
Communication Strategies in Tech-based Communication
Modern technology did not only usher in new forms of language used in new media, but also paved
the way on how communication takes place and how messages are presented. Part of communication
planning is deciding on the platform in which the message will be presented. In some cases, the use of
technology will do wonders for your presentation.
Multimedia presentations often always require the use of technology, and these, when used
properly, can do wonders for your presentation. They are visually-oriented and allow multimodality (as
discussed in Lesson 3) and the use of such features as text, graphics, photos, audio, anmations, and video.
There are a wide array of presentation software and tools to choose from, some of which are free
and very user-friendly, that is, you do not need training to be able to utilize the software and maximize its
features. Regardless of the software or technological tool that you use, there are a few factors that you
need to bear in mind in using technology as an aid to communication:
1. Keep it simple. Avoiding including too much information in a graphic or in one slide. The message
should be immediate and clear. By keeping the visual material simple, you also maintain maximum
personal contact with your audience
2. Emphasize only on key ideas. When you call attention to ideas with a graphic presentation, make sure
the graphic clearly illustrates your essential points and the important supporting data.
3. Show what you can’t say. The best use of visual media is to reveal material you can’t easily describe
orally or with written text. Graphics, photos, charts, and illustrations can accomplish this objective.
4. Keep the number of images you present manageable. Too many images will tire your audience (so will
too much text). Eight to ten images should be the maximum number for most presentations.
Page 8 of 14
5. Combine variety with coherence. If you use several images, vary the design to make them interesting,
but keep them aesthetically consistent.
6. Use large lettering. Use large text font sizes with minimal use of serifs so the audience can read the
text easily. In addition, do not flood your presentation with text.
Page 9 of 14
References
Hamburg.
Publishing Ltd.
Studies.

Perspectives.
University Press.
Page 10 of 14
State University.
York, NY 10017.
USA.
Web sources:

digital-age/


Page 11 of 14




Page 12 of 14



Guide_0.pdf.

tml.
html.

Good-Writing.
Page 13 of 14
cornellcollege.edu.
and-voice/.

Page 14 of 14
Page 1 of 9
Lesson 5: Communication for Work Purposes
Learning Outcomes
1. Discuss the importance of oral communication skills in the workplace.

2. Describe the pressing challenges encountered by business communicators.
3. Expound on the fundamentals of online interviews.
4. Discuss the essentials of physical and virtual meetings.
5. Observe the etiquette of face-to-face and online meetings.
6. Show the ability to communicate through independent and group communicative learning
activities
Oral Communication in the Workplace
Your activity in the company or organization that you will be part of in the future involves a lot of
oral communication. More often than not, your daily tasks require effective communication. Hence, your
good communication skill is important because it helps you and your company meet desired goals for
personal and business productivity. The importance of oral communication skill at the workplace is
evident in various researches conducted among organization executives, managers, employees and
trainees. These researches have revealed that effective oral communication skill takes the top place
among the business skills needed in the company for its quality performance.
Oral communication skill in business is highly valued. Without exception, everybody in business
needs it to communicate details of information, discuss strategies, map out plans, close business
agreements, work in teams, and deal with managers, employees, business partners, guests or clients. To
improve yourself, you also need communication skill to help you initiate personal plans, lead project
undertakings, and solve pressing problems. Executives and managers need good communication skills to
demonstrate effective leadership, efficient transaction, quality performance, and excellent productivity.
Successful businesses have gained their good reputation because strong communication skill is
fully recognized and developed among employees. However, some companies’ need for employees with
effective communication skill is all too often unfulfilled. Some business transactions miss the mark as
business people fail to convey proper course of communication.
Pressing Challenges in Workplace Communication

Communication has always been essential in any business’ growth and development. As effective
communication is needed to be able to operate and become successful, pressing challenges do interfere
and are likely to affect your work and communication in the future.
Business communicators
have always encountered
communication problems. Some of
these problems are sometimes
hard to avoid or deal with. Andrea
Campbell, author of Top 10 Team
Communication Issues and How
to Avoid Them, believe that poor
communication skills create
business problems.
One of these is the team communication issues and problems among people at work. Common
cases being encountered are those with coworkers (1) losing trust with others, (2) poor cooperation among
team members, and sometimes (3) the disapproval or disrespect from colleagues or immediate superior.
The said problems are considered communication challenges. The terms refer to the problem when the
manager does not provide feedback or coaching. If there is no feedback, it means there is no
communication. Campbell echoed the idea of Leigh Branham, the author of 7 Hidden Reasons Employees
Leave. She said, as quoted, that the root problems of this issue are managers' inattention to people they
supervise. They provide irregular or nonexistent feedback. People get criticisms instead of praise. Worse
is that feedback is not valued or valuable at all.
Page 2 of 9
To avoid or solve the issue, Branham suggested (1) improving coaching and feedback especially
among the new recruits; (2) setting up mentoring programs with experienced employees; and (3) requiring
managers to provide feedback.
Top Communication Issues
Campbell identified top ten communication issues that business communicators have to consider
to be able to avoid or solve them.
1. Failure to Listen. Ineffective listening is a big problem in communication. Good communication fails
when one doesn’t pay much attention or plan what to say before one ends his statement. Many
distractions affect effective listening. Team members are distracted by the thoughts bothering his mind.
They have short attention span. Other distractions like noise and other physical barriers present in the
environment take toll resulting to communication failure. To avoid it, speakers have to emphasize the
importance of active listening in the discussion. Also point out that inattentiveness results to different
understanding of the topic being discussed. Speakers also have to maintain eye contact during the
conversation or discussion.
2. Culture Differences. The diversity of backgrounds and cultural customs create communication issues
among team members and leaders. People would just love to stay along with people of the same
background. Hence, leaders face challenges of grouping and team communication hurdles. To avoid it, try
to promote “unity in diversity” wherein team members have to be assigned to different groups to break
the usual grouping.
3. Locale or Distance to Office. The office location or its distance to its employees or contributors entails
problem in the communication. The company usually resorts to email, phone or video conferencing. The
very low level of interaction in electronic communication poses a communication barrier. It causes
misunderstanding and failures. To solve it, meetings should be done at the nearest venue and on a
regular schedule. Important issues and solutions can be posted or sent to all for further knowledge and
verification.
4. Ego and Attitude. Self-image or ego often affects team’s effort to execute plans. One’s arrogance causes
trouble, and more often, teamwork ends due to one’s defiance. Arrogant team member could not accept
the fact that he contributes to team’s problem. The presence of conflict is evident when someone displays
inequality or bias and doesn’t want to take responsibility. To solve it, the team leader or manager should
promote better understanding as the group discusses the issue. He has to re-direct the group to be able to
meet the goals. Calmness and tactfulness help reduce tension and friction between or among team
members.
5. Authority or Hierarchy Problems. The authority that the team leader or manger demonstrates more
often creates intimidation or gap with team members. They become shy and hesitant to approach or talk
to their manager for authority being shown doesn’t create friendly atmosphere. To resolve, managers or
team leaders should promote harmoniously relation among the team members. Communicate to the
members about the intention of helping and letting them feel they are important. And they can approach
the managers for consultation or discussion on personal or work-related issues.
6. Poorly Written Communication. The confusion or misunderstanding of in interoffice business

communication is due to poor content of written documents, substandard organization, fractured
grammar, among other flaws in written interoffice materials. To avoid it, ensure that documents are well-
edited and proofread by best editor in the department. Allow other eyes to check for mistakes in grammar,
spelling, punctuations, and organizations.
7. Gender Bias. The choice of which gender makes a more effective leader in the department is an issue of
gender bias. This gender discrimination creates problem in the organization. To avoid this, team leaders
or managers should ensure that the issue on gender choice is set aside in tackling issues or taking course
of action for the department. Speak about concerns without engaging in demeaning oneself. Avoid gender-
bias language or terms that connote gender. For example, use chairperson for chairman or chairwoman.
8. Focus or Listening Problems. Inability of employees to focus on the issue is equivalent to listening
problems. The generation gap is often the cause of communication barrier that affects the achievement of
department goals. To help avoid it, leaders or managers have to initiate mutual understanding regardless
Page 3 of 9
of age. Encourage teamwork and unity despite differences of age, sex, social status, and family
background. Understand one’s weaknesses and capitalize on one’s strength.
9. Inadequate Knowledge. Little knowledge is dangerous. Hence, team performance is affected due to
ineffective education or lack of understanding or other inadequate knowledge foundation. To resolve it,
leaders or managers encourage team members to upgrade knowledge by pursuing higher degree programs.
Include in the annual target plan the participation of members to seminar, training or conferences.
Promote reading culture in the department and productive focus group discussion.
10. Cliques, Groups and Friendships. Group membership or group affiliation or exclusive grouping of
team members can sometimes create segregation. To avoid it, promote teamwork spirit in the department.
Conduct team building activities to promote objectivity, teamwork, cooperation, and unity in diversity
Page 4 of 9
References
Hamburg.
Publishing Ltd.
Studies.

Perspectives.
University Press.
Page 5 of 9
State University.
York, NY 10017.
USA.
Web sources:

digital-age/


Page 6 of 9




Page 7 of 9



Guide_0.pdf.

tml.
html.

Good-Writing.
Page 8 of 9
cornellcollege.edu.
and-voice/.

Page 9 of 9

Purposive Communication - Chap.1to5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Purposive Communication - Chap.1to5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Page 1 of 13

Lesson 1: Communication Principles and Ethics

Academic Writing Style. (n.d). First-Year Seminar Handbook. Mercer University.

Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics. London: Routledge.

Herring, S. (1996). Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural

Artistry House Website (2020). Language Image. Available at

Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Cliché. Available at

Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Slang. Available at

Effective Communication Skills. Available at

Google.com Website (2020). Academic Writing Image. Available at

GCFglobal.org Website (2020). Contraction. Available at

How to Write a Follow-up Letter. Available at https://www.learngrammar.net/a/write-a-followup-letter.

How to Write an Endorsement Letter. Retrieved on August 1, 2020 from

Journal Publishing.com Website (2020). Google Scholar Logo’s Image. Available at

Mastering Soft Skills for Workplace Success. Available at

Oxford Lexico Website (2020). Figures of Speech. Available at

Pinterest Website (2020). Tone Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=tone+images.

Pinterest Website (2020). Higher Order Thinking Skills Image. Available at

SlideServe Website (2020). Diction Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=diction+images.

SlideShare Website (2020). Thesis-Driven Image. Available at

The Nology Website (2020). About.com Logo’s Image. Available athttps://www.google.com.

Xavier University Library (2020). How to Write a Position Paper. Available at

1. Describe the styles in communication considering various multicultural settings.

COMMUNICATION STYLES IN VARIOUS MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS

The Communication Styles Matrix

Spirited == High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness

Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Style

VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

The ‘I Love You’ Map

POINT FOR DISCUSSION

Improving one’s Ability in Communicating in a Multicultural Setting

Academic Writing Style. (n.d). First-Year Seminar Handbook. Mercer University.

Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics. London: Routledge.

Herring, S. (1996). Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural

Artistry House Website (2020). Language Image. Available at

Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Cliché. Available at

Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Slang. Available at

Effective Communication Skills. Available at

Google.com Website (2020). Academic Writing Image. Available at

GCFglobal.org Website (2020). Contraction. Available at

How to Write a Follow-up Letter. Available at https://www.learngrammar.net/a/write-a-followup-letter.

How to Write an Endorsement Letter. Retrieved on August 1, 2020 from

Journal Publishing.com Website (2020). Google Scholar Logo’s Image. Available at

Mastering Soft Skills for Workplace Success. Available at

Oxford Lexico Website (2020). Figures of Speech. Available at

Pinterest Website (2020). Tone Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=tone+images.

Pinterest Website (2020). Higher Order Thinking Skills Image. Available at

SlideServe Website (2020). Diction Image. Available at https://www.google.com/search?q=diction+images.

SlideShare Website (2020). Thesis-Driven Image. Available at

The Nology Website (2020). About.com Logo’s Image. Available athttps://www.google.com.

Xavier University Library (2020). How to Write a Position Paper. Available at

EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS REFLECTING

The Power of Words and Images

Before effectively engaging in multicultural communication, people have to be ready and

A multimodal text can either be one of the following:

 Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)

The following are examples of posters that showcase good multimodality.

Academic Writing Style. (n.d). First-Year Seminar Handbook. Mercer University.

Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics. London: Routledge.

Herring, S. (1996). Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural

Artistry House Website (2020). Language Image. Available at

Cambridge Dictionary Website (2020). Cliché. Available at