Historical Antecedents of STS in the World

Mesoamerican Revolution: Mayan Civilization

 Mayan civilization lasted for more than 2,000 years, but the period from about 300 A.D. to
900 A.D., known as the Classic Period,
 They developed a written language of hieroglyphs and invented the mathematical concept
of zero.
 With their expertise in astronomy and mathematics, the Maya developed a complex and
accurate calendar system.

Maya Rituals

Sacrifice & Bloodletting:

 During the festivals, humans and animals were sometimes sacrificed to please the gods.
 The Mayans sacrificed iguanas, turtles, crocodiles, dogs, jaguars, and turkeys in large
numbers.
 The supreme sacrifice, however, was that of human beings.
 Was performed in order to communicate with ancestors.
 In the case of the Maya, bloodletting was constrained to the royal line.

HUMAN SACRIFICE

The sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful offering and a human sacrifice was the ultimate
one. Usually, only high-status prisoners of war were sacrificed while other captives were used as
the labor force.

 The most common ways were decapitation and heart removal.

 The reasoning behind this ritual was due to the belief that it was offering of nourishment to
the gods.
 These rituals provided hope and security to the Maya culture and demonstrated their own
outlooks on death.
 Were also vital in ensuring a military victory.

MAYAN CALENDAR

The Mayan Calendar consists of three separate corresponding calendars:

 the Long Count,

 the Tzolkin (divine calendar),
 and the Haab (civil calendar).
 The Haab is a 365-day solar calendar which is divided into 18 months of 20 days each
and one month which is only 5 days long (Uayeb).
 The Tzolkin, meaning “the distribution of the days, ” is also called the Divine Calendar and
the Sacred Round. It is a 260-day calendar with 20 periods of 13 days, and it is used to
determine the time of religious and ceremonial events.
 The Long Count is an astronomical calendar which is used to track longer periods of time.
The Maya called it the “universal cycle.” Each such cycle is calculated to be 2,880,000
days long (about 7885 solar years).
 The Mayans believed that the universe is destroyed and then recreated at the start of
each universal cycle

CULTURE

 The Maya had a polytheistic religion, which means they worshipped many gods, including
Itzam Na (Creator God), Kinich Ahau (Sun God), Ah Puch (one of several death gods),
and Buluc Chabtan (War God).
 They practiced animism, which is the belief that all things, including inanimate objects, had
a soul.
  The Maya wrote what we call hieroglyphs (glyphs for short). Their writing is a logosyllabic
system in which some signs called logograms represent words or ideas (like “shield” or
“jaguar”).

TECHNOLOGY

 They built complicated looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from mica, a mineral that still has technological uses today.
 Maya was producing rubber products about 3,000 years before Goodyear received his
patent in 1843.
 Maya began to use it in a variety of ways: to make water-resistant cloth, glue, bindings for
books, figurines and the large rubber balls used in the ritual game known as Pok-A-Tok.

ASTRONOMY

 The pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico, for example, is situated according to the sun’s
location during the spring and fall equinoxes The pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico, for
example, is situated according to the sun’s location during the spring and fall equinoxes.
 Understanding about celestial bodies, such as predicting eclipse and using an astrological
cycle in planting and harvesting.
 Mayan Calendar

Mesoamerican Revolution: Inca Civilization

 The largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
 The Inca civilization (c. 1400-1533 CE) is among the most vital of South America in terms
of its cultural influence and legacy. The Inca began as a small tribe who steadily grew in
power to conquer other peoples all down the coast from Columbia to Argentina. They are
remembered for their contributions to religion, architecture, and their famous network of
roads through the region. Here are ten facts about the Inca you need to know.

Quipu

 A Quipu (khipu) was a method used by the Incas and other ancient Andean cultures to
keep records and communicate information using string and knots.
 Quipu were also used to record imperial conquests and royal blood-lines. They were ideal
for recording the census data for provinces, i.e., total numbers, specific numbers of males
and females, children, married and unmarried, etc.
 Other kinds of data that quipu was used to record included accounts, stores, taxes (paid in
kind), livestock, land measurements, armies and their equipment, astronomy, and
calendars. Quipu were also used, along with a short oral description, by Inca postal
messengers (chaski).

The Inca Calendar

 The Incas apparently used two different calendars, one for daytime and one for nighttime
(Morris and von Hagen 1993: 180-183). The Incas apparently used two different
calendars, one for daytime and one
 The daytime calendar was based on the solar cycle and was approximately 365 days
long. It was used for economic activities such as agriculture, mining, warfare, and
construction.
 Incas’ nighttime calendar was developed to mark important ceremonies to the moon and
stars, which were sacred deities of the Incas. It had only 328 days, which equals twelve
months of 27.33 days each. The latter almost corresponds to a lunar month, which is 28
days long.

CULTURE “Navel of the world”

 Over time, the city of Cusco became a very important cultural center, where Inca and
Spanish cultures mixed. And it was at that moment when Garcilaso de la Vega, a Spanish
 writer and historian born in Peru, coined the term “Navel of the World” in his chronicles
called “Royal Commentaries of the Incas,” a term he coined based on the function that the
Inca capital served as the navel of that great empire of the four directions
 The Incas excelled in ceramics, goldsmiths and textiles but without reaching the levels of
other cultures such as the Chimú, whose artisans were transferred to Cusco to transmit
their knowledge
 Among the main divinities of Tahuantinsuyo we have the Sun, Wiracocha, Pachacamac
and the Keel or moon. The maximum priest of the sun was Villac Umu and also the
worship of the gods was destined for the dead or the Malquis or mummified bodies of the
ancestors.

TECHNOLOGY

 Made advanced scientific ideas considering limitation and old civilization.

 Road paved with stone. They had a major road system of over 16,000 miles.
 Stone buildings that surmounted earthquake and other disaster.
 Irrigation system and technique in storing water.
 First suspension bridge.
 Quipu system of knotted ropes to keep records that only expert can interpret. The Incas
excelled in ceramics, goldsmiths and textiles.
 The Inca had different groups of weapons for the different war groups. They split the
armies into groups, because before the warriors just had random weapons they didn't
know how to use, so they made groups to train each warrior to handle a specific weapon.
 The Inca slingshot warriors didn't just use slingshots, they also used weapons called
Boleadoras.

ASTRONOMY

 The Incas not only identified constellations and individual stars, but they also assigned
each a purpose. They believed that everything in and around our world was connected.
 Astronomy was used for agricultural purposes. Cusco for example lies on a radial plan,
mimicking the sky and pointing to specific astronomical events on the horizon.
 Machu Picchu was a sacred ceremonial site, an agricultural experimentation center, and
an astronomical observatory.
 Calendar with 12 months.

Mesoamerican Revolution: Aztec Civilization

 The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the
postclassic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of
central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who
dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
 Highly accomplished in agriculture and trade, the last of the great Mesoamerican
civilizations was also noted for its art and architecture.

Chinampa

 Chinampa, also called floating garden, small, stationary, artificial island built on a
freshwater lake for agricultural purposes.
 Chinampa is a technique used in Mesoamerican agriculture which relies on small,
rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the
Valley of Mexico.
 They are built up on wetlands of a lake or freshwater swamp for agricultural purposes, and
their proportions ensure optimal moisture retention.

CULTURE

Aztec Education for Girls

  Girls were taught various things which were important to run the Aztec household. This
included cooking, sewing, weaving, and childcare.
 Additionally, girls were educated in religion and taught how to dance and sing, since
dancing and singing was a part of Aztec religion.
 Girls were sent to schools at the age of about 12 or 13.
 Thus, the main attention was paid on educating girls in disciplines that would make them
better mothers and wives.

Aztec Education for Boys

 Aztec boys, at about the age of 15, were sent to schools which were called Telpuchcalli
schools, meaning “House of youth”.
 Boys were taught various subjects related to history and religion. Additionally, Aztec
education at these schools included the art of war and fighting as well as education in law
and civic duties.
 There were military competitions between different schools which sometimes even led to
fighting between them.

Aztec Education for Nobility

 There were different schools for Aztec children from the nobility and those of commoners.
Both schools gave an education in history, religion, and military training.
 Aztec education for the children of the nobility included further subjects such as law,
medicine, engineering, hieroglyphics, construction, and omen interpretation.
 These schools for the children of the nobility were attached to temples and were run by
the priests and priestesses. A lot of children who aspired to be priests were also educated
at these schools.
 Aztec education and routine at these schools for the nobility was difficult as students were
subjected to strict discipline.

TECHNOLOGY

 They made drills which were made of reed or bone. One of the innovative weapons used
by the Aztecs was called Macuahuitl which was a wooden club having sharp pieces of
volcanic glass. It was used to disable an enemy soldier without killing him.
 Aztec technology used for making weapons mainly relied on the use of stone and copper.
 Aztecs has developed special boats called canoes which made transportation through
streams and rivers easier.
 Aztec technology for agriculture was the farming method called “chinampa”

ASTRONOMY

 The Aztecs made use of two calendars one of which was exclusively reserved for tracking
of religious ceremonies and festivals.
 This calendar was called tonalpohualli or “day count” and had 260 days.
 The other calendar was using for tracking of time and was called Xiuhpohualli or “solar
year”. This one had 365 days having 18 months of 20 days each.
 Both calendars coincided after each 52 years.

Mesoamerican Revolution: Olmec Civilization

 The Olmec lived along the Gulf Coast of Mexico in the modern-day Mexican states of
Tabasco and Veracruz.
 The Olmec society lasted from about 1600 BCE to around 350 BCE, when environmental
factors made their villages unlivable.
 The Olmec are probably best known for the statues they carved: 20-ton stone heads,
quarried and carved to commemorate their rulers.
 The name Olmec is an Aztec word meaning the rubber people; the Olmec made and
traded rubber throughout Mesoamerica.
  Monumental sacred complexes, massive stone sculptures, ball games, the drinking of
chocolate, and animal gods were all features of Olmec culture passed on to those peoples
who followed this first great Mesoamerican civilization.
 The Olmec were the oldest civilization in the Mesoamerican region.

CULTURE

Religion

 The Olmecs were polytheists (they worshipped many gods). The jaguar was considered
one of the major gods. They considered themselves descendants of the jaguar.
 Another important god was Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent god of maiz.

Art

 The Olmecs carved stone, jade, and the volcanic rock basalt (used for the great stone
heads). The stone was quarried and imported.
 We can see similar types of sculpture as far away as central Mexico (the land of the
Aztecs) and the states of Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, perhaps even farther.
 The colossal heads are representations of human heads. It is unknown who they are, or
what was the purpose.
 They are at least seventeen and they measure approx. 1.8 mts. But they may vary in size.

Traditional calendar and ritual ball game

 The Olmecs created the beginning of an urban ceremonial calendar that began with the
development of astronomical knowledge, which founded and established a pictographic
script. They think they started numbering knowledge, calendar and writing, as seen in
several of his monuments and sculptures.
 It was a sport with ritual associations played since 1,400 B.C.by the pre- Columbian
peoples of Ancient Mexico and Central America. The sport had different versions in
different places during the millennia, and a modern version of the game, this ball game, is
still played in a few places by the local indigenous population.

The jaguar god: is the most important god, God of life, represented by an animal half jaguar, half-
serpent.

 Quetzalcoatl: God of rain, weather and corn. It is represented as a feathered serpent.

 Huehueteotl old god, the god of fire.

TECHNOLOGY

 Make rubber ball for ritualistic ballgame.

 Built cities and acquired great wealth.
 Artifacts such as jade mask and giant heads.
 Olmec art is most famous for colossal sculpture in volcanic stone and intricate works in
jade.
 Among the most remarkable inventions of the Olmec was a writing system which made
use of symbols,
 A mathematical system which used bars and dots to represent numerical values.
 Water drainage system which the Olmec used to transport water to their cities.
 The Olmec writing system has been termed hieroglyphics by the recent researchers, since
it is composed entirely of symbols.
 Olmec Vulcanised Rubber
 Raw rubber as extracted from the rubber tree is not very durable. Olmec had an
abundance of rubber trees in the region they inhabited.
 They were able to come up with an original method of vulcanizing raw rubber and making
it more durable.
  To do this, the Olmec treated raw rubber with palm nut smoke. Thanks to their knowledge
of vulcanizing rubber, Olmecs were able to create an extensive range of objects using this
rubber. These included bottles, shoes and balls made of rubber.
 Vulcanized rubber is particularly notable as an Olmec cultural feature because the rubber
balls which the Olmec created were then used in ballgames which became a permanent
feature of the later Mesoamerican civilizations.

ASTRONOMY

Long Count Calendar

 This Long Count calendar begins on August 13, 3114 B.C. Although some have claimed
that the date suggests the actual time when the calendar was created, modern
scholarship believes that the date was arbitrarily fixed by an Olmec priest when creating
the Long Count
 Consequently, the use of a Long Count calendar among the epi-Olmec people is regarded
as evidence enough to suggest that such a calendar was originally invented by the
Olmecs.
 Olmec Long Count calendar is one of the most remarkable inventions of the civilization,
something which was extensively used by the later Mayan civilization.

ASIA Culture Technology Astronomy

China ⮚ It is one of the ⮚ Known for traditional ⮚ Chinese made a
ancient civilizations medicines, discovered significant record on
with substantial various medical supernovas, lunar and
contributions in many properties and uses of solar eclipses, comets
areas such as in different plants and were recorded to
medicine, astronomy, animals to cure human understand better the
science, mathematics, illness (practice of heavenly bodies and
arts, philosophy and acupuncture). their effect to the
music. ⮚ Known to develop world.
⮚ Confucianism is an many tools like ⮚ They also used
ethical philosophical compass, lunar calendar and
system developed from papermaking, seismology so that
the teaching of early gunpowder, printing they can prepare in
Chinese rage tools, iron plough, times of natural
Confucius. wheelbarrow, calamities.
propeller, etc.
⮚ Different model of
bridges, seismological
detector and dry dock
facilities.
India ⮚ Tried to standardize ⮚ Manufacturing iron ⮚ India is also notable
the measurement of and metallurgical in astronomy, they
length to a high degree works, their iron steel developed theories on
of accuracy and is considered the best configuration of
designed a ruler called in whole Roman universe, the
mohenjodaro. Empire. spherical supporting
⮚Astronomers and ⮚ India is also famous earth, and the year of
mathematician in medicine. (Ex. 360 days with 12
Aryabhata introduce Ayurveda it is system equal parts to 30 days
number of of traditional each.
trigonometric functions, medicine.)
tables, techniques as
well as algorithms of
algebra.
⮚Bragmagupta
suggested that gravity
 was a force of
attraction.
Culture Technology Astronomy
Middle East ⮚ The common ⮚ Muslim scientists ⮚ A significant
language is Arabic and placed greater value number of stars in the
access text from the on science sky such as
Byzantine Empire to experiments rather Aldebaran, Altair, and
create innovations and than in plain thought Deneb, and
developed new ideas. experiments. astronomical term
⮚ Algebra is derived ⮚ Led to the such as Alidade,
from al-jabr the title of development of Azimuth and Nadir,
one of his publications scientific methods. are still referred to by
what is known as ⮚ Muslim chemist and their Arabic names.
Arabic numerical alchemist also played
system. an important role in
foundation of
chemistry.
Culture Technology Astronomy
Africa ⮚ Egyptians are good ⮚ Africa is blessed ⮚ The structure of
in four fundamental with natural and Egyptian pyramids,
mathematical mineral resources, which are based on
operation and other thus caused the Constellation Orion’s
mathematical skills emerge of science. belt, and dams to
such as basic concept ⮚ Early science divert water in Nile
of algebra and activities in Egypt River.
geometry. were developed to ⮚ Astronomy is also
⮚ The lemombo bone improve the quality of famous, they used
which is a tool for their life especially in three types of
multiplications, building homes and calendars (lunar, solar
divisions and simple cities. ⮚ Also known to and stellar)
mathematical be the center alchemy
calculation or six- known as medieval
month lunar calendar, forerunner of
considered as oldest chemistry.
known mathematical
artifact from 35,000
BCE.

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

PHILIPPINES CULTURE TECHNOLOGY ASTRONOMY

Pre-Colonial Period ⮚ They have ⮚ Already engaging in ⮚ They had no
alphabet, a system of activities and calendar but counted
writing, as method of practices related to the years by the
counting and weights science forming period of the moon
and measures. primitive or first wave and from one harvest
⮚ They learn to of technology. to another. (baybayin
weave cotton, make ⮚ They have curative buan)
glass ornaments, values on how to
cultivate lowland rice extract medicine from
and dike fields of the herbs. ⮚ They
terraced made simple tools and
weapons of stone
flakes and later
developed method of
sawing and polishing
stone. ⮚ Also built
boat for trading
purposes. (caracoa).
 Colonial Period ⮚ Introduced formal ⮚ In 1871 the school ⮚ Accounts by
educations founded of medicine and Spanish friars in the
by scientific institution pharmacy were 1580s showed that
school were opened to UST. astronomy was
established religion, ⮚ Science was already known and
reading, writing, and inclined in agriculture practiced. The
arithmetic. and food processing. accounts also give
⮚ Spanish the local names of
established colleges constellations, such
and universities. ⮚ as Moroporo for the
Instructions in English Pleiades and Balatik
and American history for Ursa Major among
lead to forming of others.
national identity and
Filipino nationalism.
Modern Period ⮚Education become ⮚Throughout our ⮚The institutions
stable, new history, social continued to be well
curriculums were innovations have known for its accurate
established and used. played a central role typhoon forecast and
⮚Modern Filipino in our technological scientific works in the
culture developed transformation. field of meteorology,
through influence ⮚ By applying geo magnetism and
from Chinese traders, technology to resolve astronomy.
Spanish social innovation
conquistadors, and challenges, the
American rulers. Philippines is looking
⮚ Filipino people tend to solve the
to be very hospitable urbanization
especially to western challenges.
visitors.

FILIPINO SCIENTIST and their INVENTIONS

1. Fe del Mundo (Invention: Incubator)

 The first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard University’s School of
Medicine.
 She was an alumna of the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Medicine.
 Incubator: An incubator is an apparatus used maintain environmental conditions
suitable for newborn baby. It is used in pre-term births or for some full-term
babies.
2. Gregorio Y. Zara (Invention: Videophone)
 He is a renowned Filipino engineer and physicist.
 He was the inventor of the first videophone. A native of Lipa, Batangas and
enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIIT) in the United States,
and graduated with a degree of BS in Mechanical Engineering in 1926.
 Videophone (1995): The two-way television telephone or videophone in 1995
patented as a “photo phone signal separator network.”
3. Agapito Flores (Invention: Fluorescent Lamp)
 He is the inventor of the fluorescent lamp, which is the most widely used source
of lighting in the world today. The fluorescent lamp reportedly got its name from
Flores. The fluorescent lamp, however, was not invented in a particular year. It
was the product of 79 years of the development of the lighting method that began
with the invention of the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison.
4. Eduardo San Juan (Invention: Lunar Rover)
 Filipinos consider Eduardo San Juan as the inventor of the Lunar Rover, or more
popularly known as the Moon Buggy. The Moon Buggy was the car used by Neil
Armstrong and other astronauts when they first explored the moon in 1969.
  He worked for Lockheed Corporation and conceptualized the design of the Moon
Buggy that the Apollo astronauts used while on the moon. As a NASA engineer,
San Juan reportedly used his Filipino ingenuity to build a vehicle that would run
outside the Earth's atmosphere. He constructed his model using homemade
materials.
5. Daniel Dingel (Invention: Water-powered car)
 Daniel Dingelstarted working on a water-powered car and prototype in 1969. His
hydrogen reactor uses electricity from a 12-volt car battery to transform ordinary
tap water with salt into deuterium oxide or heavy water.
 Dingel's car has never been patented and commercialized because of what he
suspects as an anti- Dingel car conspiracy by multinational oil companies.
6. Diosdado Banatao (Invention: GUI or Graphical User Interface)
 Banatao is most known for introducing the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster and for helping
develop the Ethernet controller chip that made the Internet possible.
 In 1989, he pioneered the local bus concept for personal computers and in the
following year developed the First Windows accelerator chip. Intel is now using
the chips and technologies developed by Banatao.
7. Angel Alcala (Invention: Artificial Coral Reefs)
 Angel Alcala is behind the invention of artificial coral reefs used for fisheries in
Southeast Asia.
8. Roberto del Rosario (Invention: Karaoke 1975)
 He developed a sing along system in 1975 and patented it in the 1980s called his
sing-along system "Minus-One", now holds the patent for the device now
commonly known as the "karaoke machine".
 Roberto del Rosario, a Filipino, is claiming the right for the invention of the Sing-
Along-System (SAS) that eventually led to the development of Karaoke, a
Japanese term for "singing without accompaniment".
9. Julian Banzon
 Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels.
 He experimented with the production of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and
coconut, and invented a means of extracting residual coconut and invented a
means of extracting residual coconut oil by a chemical process rather than a
physical process.
10. Narciso Mosuela (Invention: Superkalan)
 The Superkalan is a stove that can be powered by any substance that burns.
Narciso Mosuela of the Filipino province of La Union invented it and received the
Best Design award from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in 1987.
Among the substances that can power the Superkalan are wood, paper, dried
dung and leaves, corncobs and coco shells. Mosuela has also invented a
functional rice thresher.
11. Antonio G. Leutorio (Invention: High-Definition Speaker)
 Founder of several companies under Leutorio Realty & Brokerage group
12. Raul Destura (Invention: Biotek-M Agua Dengue Kit)
 Biotek-M Agua kit that utilizes polymerase reaction technology to detect the
Dengue Fever in less than an hour.
13. Diosdado Banatao (Invention: 16-bit microchip)
 Entrepreneur, Engineer, Inventor, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist.
 Banatao developed the single-chip graphical user interface accelerator that made
computers work a lot faster.
14. Aisa Mejino (Invention: SALT Lamp)
 Sustainable Alternative Lighting
 LED lamp powered by galvanic reaction of anode with saline water Mejino is the
CEO of Sustainable
  Alternative Lighting

Paradigm Shift

Paradigm is basically a set of ideas, usually unwritten. That people have learned and developed
through education and experiences that defines the conventional methods about the rules of nature
and life (J.F. Cali, 1993).

What is a paradigm shift?

A paradigm shift is a way of looking at something differently. We are stepping "outside the box".

When we make a paradigm shift, we can see, think, feel and behave differently.

Example:

Ptolemy thought the earth was the center of the universe.

Copernicus believed the sun was the center of the universe. (a paradigm shift occurred)

A paradigm shift is a phenomenon conceptualized and explored by Thomas Kuhn and is not just a
small modification to an existing scientific theory. Instead, it wholly changes the scientific theory
itself and radically modified how it seeks to understand reality.

Examples of Paradigm Shifts:

SOCIETY/ETHICS

 Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable

 Role of Children in Society - Child labor was, now is not acceptable
 Male Superiority - Beating wives was, now is not acceptable
 Reading and the Control over information - Invention of the printing press (& other major
inventions) allowed for the elites' control over reading/writing to end.
 The Reformation- broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian's "relationship with
God.

Notable Paradigm Shifts in History

1. Copernican Revolution

For the first time in 16th century, a man named Copernicus bravely challenged the
Ptolemaic model of heavens – geocentric. It described the cosmos as having the Earth
stationary at the center of the universe and everything revolves on it.

Copernicus proposed new model, heliocentric, showing sun as the center of the solar
system.

The Catholic church were against him, so his ideas did not prosper at once. His books
and he, himself, were denied by the society.

Few centuries have passed before the world started to acknowledge his greatness
through Galileo Galilei – the man who picked up all Copernicus had left. Until then, the
sun stands out in the center of the solar system, and everything on it. All the species of
animal and plants now in existence were thought to have been created in their final
form at the time of the Creation. Then one mind questioned it all – Charles Darwin. The
increased in the scientific awareness during his time was fueled by the interest in fossils.
He focused on geological change and presented a classic explanation of development
over millions of years.

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

 Nicholas Copernicus

Revolutionary astronomer

 A Polish mathematician and astronomer.

 developed his model of a Sun-centered universe.
 explained the daily and yearly motion of the sun and stars in the

Claudius Ptolemy

 Famous Greek philosopher and astronomer.

 Stated that the planets, the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion
around the earth Existence of days and nights

Geocentrism/ Geocentric Model

 a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.

 Under the geocentric model. the Sun, Moon. stars, and planets all orbited Earth.

Heliocentrism/ Heliocentric Model

 The center of the solar system is not the Earth but actually the sun
 Started the birth of modern astronomy/
 scientific revolution/ transformation of society's thoughts and beliefs

 Darwinian Revolution
 According to the bible, God had created the world and everything on it. All the
species of animals and plants now in existence were thought to have been
created in their final form at the Creation time.
 Then one mind questioned it all – Charles Darwin. Interest in fossils fueled the
increase in scientific awareness during his time.
 He focused on geological change and presented a classic explanation of
development over millions of years. He had persuaded most people that
‘transmutation’ was an acceptable scientific explanation of the geological past.
However, he had not necessarily persuaded them that natural selection was the
cause of it.
 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: This theory explained how species
change over time through a process of differential survival and reproduction
based on heritable traits that provide advantages in a given environment.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

Charles Darwin
  An English naturalist, biologist and geologist.
 all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the
bananas, the fishes and the flowers all related.
 Published his book, On the Origin of Species.
 complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Sigmund Freud

 was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness
and also a theory which explains human behavior.

FREUD’S THEORY

 emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

 Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three conflicting
elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.

 Freudian Revolution
 Freud’s revolution may be viewed as discovering a way of locating in the mind
objective entities that can be studied like material things.
 When Freud introduced the unconscious realm concept, the mind’s mode of
operation had been a subject of confusion and debate in the scientific
community.
 Freud was mostly responsible for elevating our interpretations of human
behavior to the rational ideas of reason and science.
 After years of analysis and research, Freud reached a simple conclusion that
changed the face of intellectual history and proved to be amongst his most
significant gifts to the twentieth century.
 Unconsciousness is held responsible if the symptoms were not consciously
created with a physical basis.