READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

01: SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

 • March 16, 1521
 -they arrived at Zamar
ZAMAR – island which has three hundred leagues from the islands of Ladroni
 • March 18, 1521
 -boat with 9 men inside of it
ZULUAN – an island that is not large
HOMONHON ISLAND – watering place of good signs
SEIGNOR – old man who was painted (tattooed)
CAPHRI – dark, fat, painted, and naked
 -have large earrings
 -have a long hair
 -uses daggers, knives, and spears
4 ISLANDS in the WEST SOUTHEAST
 1. CENALO
 2. HINUNANGHAN
 3. IBUSSON
 4. ABARIEN
 • March 28, 1521
 -Boloto – small boat with 8 men
 -Sumatra/Taprobana – slave
 -Balanghai – large boats
ANIME – gum of the tree RAIA COLAMBU – First King RAIA SIAUI – Second King BUTUAN and CALAGAN – island of the King

 • March 31, 1521

 -That morning, the captain-general sent the pries with some men to prepare the place where
mass was to be said.
 -50 men – was landed when the hour for the mass arrived
 -Six pieces – were discharged as a sign of peace before they reached the shore with their boat
 -Cross – set on the summit of the highest mountain
 -Abba – the god they praise and they worship by raising their clasped hands and their face to
the sky
CALAGHAN – after the cross was erected in position, wach of them repeated Pater Noster and
Ave Maria and adores the cross
CEYLON – best port to get food ZUBU – the largest and one with the most trade

MAZAUA – they remained there in seven days after laid their course toward the northwest
passing among five islands;
 -Ceylon
 -Bohol
 -Canighan
 -Baybai
 -Gatighan – there are bats as large as eagle
02: Cavite Mutiny (1872)
MUTINY – a rebellion against authority
 -comes from an old verb, “mutine” which means “revolt”
CAVITE MUTINY
 -a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among Filipinos
Spanish Accounts:
 1. Jose Montero y Vidal account of the Cavite Mutiny
 2. Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on Cavite Mutiny of 1872
JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
 -Spanish historian
 -his account centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing Spanish government
in the Philippines
 -his account was criticized woefully biased
 -“…the idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to
work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy…”
GOVERNOR RAFAEL Y IZQUIERDO
 -implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward secularization of
parishes
 -in a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines to install a new “hari” in the persons of Father Burgos and Zamora
 -“…whose head in Filipino would be called ‘hari’; but it turns out that they would place at the
head of the government priest… that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto
Zamora…”
Spanish Accounts
 -Underscore the reason for the “revolution” abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of
Cavite arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in Polos y
Servicios (foced labor).
 -Presence of the native clergy, against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the
rebels.
 -In the Spaniard’s Accounts, 1872 was premediated, a part of big conspiracy among educated
leaders, mestizos, lawyers and residents of Manila and Cavite.
 -January 20, 1872 – the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin Loreto, came
with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with
the attack.
 -200 men was led by Sergeant La Madrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized the
arsenal
 -Izquierdo, upon learning the attack, ordered reinforcement of the Spanish forces to Cavite to
quell the revolt
 -The revolution was easily crushed, when Manilenos who were expected to aid Cavitenos did
not arrived
 -In result, leaders of the plot were killed; Father Gomez, Burgos & Zamora were tried by a
court-martial and sentenced to be executed
Others who were implicated such as:
 -Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
 -Antonio Ma. Regidor
 -Jose Basa
 -Pio Basa
and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of law, arrested, and sentenced to
life imprisonment at the Marianas Island

DR. TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA

 -a Filipino scholar and researcher
 -wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite
According to de Tavera, the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers
against Governor Izquierdo’s harsh policy.
Differing Accounts:
 -friars used Cavite mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance
 -they showcased the mutiny as part of a greater conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to
overthrow the Spanish government
 -it paved way to the revolution culminating in 1898
03: THE CRY OF PUGAD BALINTAWAK OR PUGAD
LAWIN
CRY – translated from the Spanish term, el grito de rebelion (cry of rebellion)
 -does not necessarily connote shouting, unlike the Filipino “sigaw”
 -according to Teodoro Agoncillo from his 1956 book “The Revolt of the masses”, he defined
is as the tearing of cedulas
CRY OF BALINTAWAK/PUGAD LAWIN
 -a historical event during the struggle for Philippine independence
 -Andres Bonifacio and his comrades from the Katipunan tore their cedulas in the hills of
Balintawak
 -it was the starting signal of the Philippine Revolution
Different versions to consider:
 • Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
 • Santiago Alvarez’ “The Cry of Bahay Toro”
 • Gregoria de Jesus’ version of the “First Cry”
 • Guillermo Masangkay’s “The Cry of Balintawak”
PIO VALENZUELA’S CONTROVERSIAL “CRY OF PUGAD
LAWIN”
 -At September 1896, stated that Katipunan meetings took place from Sunday to Tuesday or
August 23 to 25 at Balintawak.
 -At 1911, states that Katipunan began meeting on August 22 while the “Cry”
 took place on August 23 at Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak.
 -Stated that “hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na kinalalagian
ngayon ng bantayog kung di sa pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugad Lawin.”
 -He claimed that the Cry took place in Pugad Lawin instead of Balintawak.
 -His version, through Agoncillo’s influence became the basis of the current stance of the
Philippine Government.
CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN (August 23, 1896)
• August 19-20
 -Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Proopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario &
Pio Valenuela, the frist to arrive at Balintawak.
• August 21
 -Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code because the Spanish authorities has already
deciphered it.
 • August 22
 -500 members of the Katipunan met at the house of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong.
 -Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo are also there.
 -Views were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted.
• August 23
 -Over 1,000 Katipuneros met and carried out considerable debate and discussion in the house,
store-house and yard of Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin.
 -Only one man protested and fought against the wasr, and that was Teodoro Plata
(Bonifacio’s brother-in-law).
 -After the meeting, many of those present tore their cedula certificates and shouted “Mabuhay
and Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!”
SANTIAGO ALWAREZ’ “THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO” (August 24, 1896)

SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
 -Katipunero from Cavite
 -son of Mariano Alvarez
 -relative of Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio
 -not an eye witness of this event
Sunday, August 23, 1896
 -As early as 10 o’clock in the morning, at the barn of Kabesang Melchora (Melchora Aquino-
Z.), at a place called Sampalukan, Barrio of Bahay Toro, Katipuneros met together, about 500 of
those arrived, ready and eager to join the “Supremo” Andres Bonifacio and his men…
Monday, August 24, 1896
 -There were about 1,000 Katipuneros… The “Supremo” decided to hold a meeting inside the
big barn. Under his leadership, the meeting began at 10 o’clock in the morning…
 -It was 12 o’clock noon when the meeting adjourned amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons
of the Country” (Mabuhay ang mga anak ng Bayan!)
GREGORIA DE JESUS’ VERSION OF THE “FIRST CRY”
 -“Lakambini of Katipunan”, wife of Andres Bonifacio
 -Keeper of the secret documents of the Katipunan
 -Lived in Caloocan then fled to Manila when she was told that Spanish authorities want to
arrest her
 -First “Cry” happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S “THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK” (August 26,
1896)
 -he is an eyewitness of the historic event and childhood friend of Bonifacio
 -a big meeting was held in Balintawak at the house of APOLONIO SAMSON
LEADERS OF KATIPUNAN and BOARD OF DIRECTORS of the Organization
 -Andres Bonifacio
 -Emilio Jacinto
 -Aguedo del Rosario
 -Tomas Remigio
 -Briccio Pantas
 -Teodoro Plata
 -Pio Valenzuela
 -Enrique Pacheco
 -Francisco Carreon
Katipunan
 -revolutionary movement armed to fight for freedom against Spain
 -revolution which would free the Philippines from shackles of Spanish oppression had to be
national in scope
Triangle Method
 -they called the Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK) or simply “katipunan”
Objective of Katipunan
 1. Unite the Filipinos under one flag
 2. Achieve independence by mean of revolution
 3. Depend the oppressed and helped member who are in need
THE KATIPUNAN
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
 -July 07, 1892, Katipunan was founded
 -Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK),
 -Supreme and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation
 -founded by:
 ▪Andres Bonifacio
 ▪Valentin Diaz
 ▪Teodoro Plata
 ▪Ladislao Diwa
 ▪Deodato Arellano
 -Founded in Azcarraga (Claro M. Recto Avenue)
 -Used “blood compact” to form the Katipunan
The Aims of Katipunan
 -Political – separation of the Philippines from Spain.
 -Moral – good morals and good hygiene
 -Civic – self-help and defense of the poor and the oppressed.
 -To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
 -To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. The Katipunan prepared the country for an
armed revolution to regain the country’s lost freedom.
Three Governing Bodies
 • Kataas-taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
 -for the whole country
 -consisted of a president, as fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller
• Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
 -for every province
• Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council)
 -for every town
 • Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
 -it decided cases involving treachery among the members and quarrels between them
Secret initiation of the Katipunan
 -A candidate for membership was first blindfolded and entered a secret room. In the room
there was a table with a lamp, a skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from his eyes. He
was given a test on the history of the Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards had
oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his patriotism, courage and sincerity.
Katipunan Membership
 -Originally the KKK recruited new members by means of TRIANGLE SYSTEM
 ▪An original member would recruit two new members who did not know each other.
 -They also agreed that they would pay a membership fee amounting to one real fuerte
(twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of media real (twelve centavos).
Kinds of Membership
 • Katipon (Member)
 ✓Outfit:
 -black hood, with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters Z, Li, B
 ✓Password:
 -Anak ng Bayan
 ✓Monthly Dues:
 -one real fuerte (old money), or 12.5 centimos, or 20 cuartos
 • Kawal (Soldier)
 ✓Outfit:
 -green hood, with triangle of white lines, at the three angles were the letters Z, Li, B
 -suspended from the neck was a green ribbon with a medal, with the letter K in the ancient
Tagalog script inscribed in the middle
 ✓Password:
 -Gom-Bur-Za
 ✓Mothly Dues:
 -Twenty centavos
 • Bayani (Patriot)
 ✓Outfit:
 -red mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the KKK, Z, Li, B
 -red sash with green borders
 ✓Password:
 -Rizal
 ✓Monthly Dues:
 -two real Fuertes (old money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos
The Katipunan Women
 -Bonifacio wanted women be involved in Katipunan without putting them in danger
discovery.
 -When a secret meeting was being held, the female Katipuneros pretended it was a party by
singing and dancing.
 -Only wife, sisters, and daughter of the Katipunero.
Katipuneras
 -President: Josefa Rizal
 -Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus
 -Secretary: Marina Dizon
 -Fiscal: Angelica – Rizal Lopez
Officers (first election) August 1892
 -President: Deodato Arellano
 -Honorary President: Jose Rizal
 -Comptroller/Auditor: Andres Bonifacio
 -Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
 -Secretary: Teodoro Plata
 -Treasurer: Valentin Diaz
Officers (second election) February 1893
 -President: Roman Basa
 -Comptroller/Auditor: Andres Bonifacio
 -Fiscal: Andres Bonifacio
 -Secretary: Jose Turiano Santiago
 -Treasurer: Vicento Molina
Officers (third election) December 1895
 -Supremo: Andres Bonifacio
 -Secretary of State: Emilio Jacinto
 -Secretary of War: Teodoro Plata
 -Secretary of Justice: Briccio Pantas
-Secretary of Interior: Aguedo del Rosario
 -Secretary of Finance: Enrique Pacheco
 o Every member of the Katipunan adopted a symbolic name:
 ▪Andres Bonifacio – May Pagasa
 ▪Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian
 ▪Artemino Ricarte – Vibora
 ▪Emilio Aguinaldo -Magdalo
KALAYAAN
 -Newspaper of Katipunan
 -Pseudonyms:
 ▪Emilio Jacinto a.k.a “Dimas Ilaw”
 ▪Andres Bonifacio a.k.a “Agapito Bagumbayan”
 ▪Pio Valenzuela a.k.a “Madlang Awa”
 -March 1896
 -First issue of kalayaan
 -2000 copies
 -It included articles written by Emilio Jacinto, Andres Bonifacio and Pio Valenzuela
 -The copies were circulated outside Manila and even reach as far as Cavite and Rizal
KATIPUNAN
 -Utak ng Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
 -Ama ng Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
 -Ina ng Katipunan: Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)
 -Lakambini ng Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
The Discovery of the Katipunan
 -Teodoro Patino (katipunero)
 -His Sister worked in an Orphanage in Mandaluyong
 -Madre Portera of the Orphanage
 -Father Mariano Gil, parish urate of Tondo, Manila was one who warned Spanish authorities
about secret society
 -In printing shop of Dario de Manila, the police, Father Gil and owner of Katipunan
newspaper found receipts of Katipunan and other evidences.