Athirah Bone hari ke -2

Read these following texts and choose the correct answer.

Text 01 (1 - 5)
The meltdown of two major banks in recent weeks made headlines around the
world. More than US$250 billion was mobilized during the course of just one
weekend to protect banks in the United States and Switzerland. But there has
been no such rescue attempt for scores of developing countries struggling to
deal with a cascade of crises, from climate-related shocks to the COVID-19
pandemic and the Russian war in Ukraine. They are treated as though failure is
an acceptable option. The pandemic and the unequal recovery hit developing
countries hard. Developed countries adopted expansionary fiscal and monetary
policies that enabled them to invest in recovery; they have now largely returned
to pre-pandemic growth paths. But developing countries, faced with high
borrowing costs and limited fiscal space, were unable to do so. Turning to the
financial markets, they may be charged interest rates up to 8 times higher than
developed countries – a debt trap.
The climate crisis continues unabated, with a disproportionate impact on
least-developed countries and small island developing states. While developed
countries can afford to pay for adaptation and resilience, developing countries
cannot. Meanwhile, Russia’s war in Ukraine has amplified and accelerated a
global cost-of-living crisis, pushing tens of millions more people into extreme
poverty and hunger. Sixty percent of low-income countries are currently at high
risk of or in debt distress – double the number in 2015. Since 2020, African
countries have spent more on debt service payments than on healthcare. While
each country has its own unique context, the challenges are systemic,
perpetuated by a dysfunctional global financial system that focuses on
short-term returns and delivers too little, too late.
The world is fast running out of time to rescue the 2030 Agenda and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – our universally agreed plan for
peace and prosperity on a healthy planet. The prospect of a world in which
everyone can benefit from healthcare, education, decent work, clean air, water,
and a healthy environment is slipping out of reach. As inequalities between rich
and poor, men and women, and developing and developed countries widen, a
two-track world of haves and have-nots holds clear and obvious dangers for
everyone.
Without urgent, ambitious action, this gap will translate into not only a
catastrophic development deficit in many countries – but an explosive trust
deficit around the world. This is why I am calling on the G20 to approve an
SDG stimulus – to scale up affordable long-term financing for countries in need,
by at least $500 billion a year. The SDG stimulus aims to boost long-term
investments in sustainable development, particularly where transformation is
most urgent: renewable energy, sustainable food systems, and the digital
revolution. Developing countries need financing and technology to go through
these transitions with minimal social disruptions. This requires action in three
areas. First, we must tackle the high cost of debt and the rising risks of debt
distress. We need a new initiative to address debt relief and restructuring for all
countries at risk – from least-developed countries to vulnerable middle-income
countries. Debt instruments should incorporate disaster and pandemic clauses
that halt payments in times of crisis. The SDG Stimulus also calls for innovative
tools to replace debt with SDG investments. We need a new debt architecture to
deal effectively with the new debt landscape. Second, we must scale up long
term concessional financing for all countries in need. (theJPind)

1. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses…. A. The

overcome of climate crisis, decent jobs, population are fierce issues
that can’t be solved by United Nation.
B. Many foreign investors hesitate to invest in countries that are at war so
that they feel disadvantaged in making long-term investments. C.
Investors' hesitation to invest in a hostile country is a big problem that
makes them reconsider investing their capital.
D. Long-term productive investments in sustainability can combat the
climate crisis, create decent jobs, stimulate growth, and build
resilience.
E. the issue of climate change and world hunger has often been debated
by international agencies, but the result is disappointing due to the
prolonged war and covid 19 pandemic.

2. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that the more enthusiastic

United Nation to stop the war in Russia, ….
A. the affluent countries are increasingly condescending to developing
countries.
B. the United Nation will be more appreciated by its member countries.
C. the extreme poverty and starvation won’t be experienced by more tens
of millions people.
D. developed countries are interested in helping financial problems of
poor countries.
E. the humanitarian goals will be created and sided with the victorious
 country in the war.
3. The meltdown of two major banks in recent weeks made headlines around
the world. More than US$250 billion was mobilized during the course of
just one weekend to protect banks in the United States and Switzerland.
But there has been no such rescue attempt for scores of developing
countries struggling to deal with a cascade of crises, from climate-related
shocks to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian war in Ukraine. They
are treated as though failure is an acceptable option. The underlined
pronoun refers to….
A. two major banks
B. headlines around the world
C. climate – related shocks
D. banks in USA and Switzerland
E. developing countries

4. Which of the following obviously shows the author’s false idea in the
passage?
A. More than US$250 billion was disbursed by IMF to recover and
protect troubled banks in poor and developing countries.
B. Hunger and poverty were accelerating rapidly which was a result of
the war in Russia.
C. The developed countries can afford to pay for adaptation and
resilience, developing countries cannot.
D. The SDG stimulus aims to boost long-term investments in sustainable
development, particularly where transformation is most urgent. E. The
developing countries may be charged interest rates up to 8 times higher
than developed countries; therefore, they are in a debt trap.

5. The author conveys some adverse effects due to the Russian

War in Ukraine taken in paragraph(s) ….
A. 1
B. 1 and 2
C. 2
D. 2 and 3
E. 3 and 4
Text 2 (6 – 10)
Babies in the womb are big fans of carrots but not so much leafy green
 vegetables—and show it in their faces, scientists said in a new study
published on Thursday. Researchers at Durham University in northeast
England said the findings were the first direct evidence that babies react
differently to various smells and tastes before they are born. A team of
scientists studied 4D ultrasound scans of 100 pregnant women and
discovered that babies exposed to carrot flavours showed "laughter face"
responses.
(1)Those exposed to kale flavours in contrast showed more "cry face"
responses. (2)Kale is a favourite vegetable for pregnant women
because it is very easy to cook. (3)Lead postgraduate researcher Beyza
Ustun said, "A number of studies have suggested that babies can taste
and smell in the womb, but they are based on post-birth outcomes while
our study is the first to see these reactions prior to birth.” (4) "As a
result, we think that this repeated exposure to flavours before birth could
help to establish food preferences post-birth, which could be important
when thinking about messaging around healthy eating and the potential
for avoiding 'food-fussiness' when weaning." (5) Humans experience
flavour through a combination of taste and smell.
In fetus, it is thought that this might happen through inhaling and
swallowing the amniotic fluid in the womb. The study, published in the
journal Psychological Science, included scientists from Durham's Fetal
and Neonatal Research Lab and Aston University in Birmingham, central
England. A team from the National Centre for Scientific Research in
Burgundy, France, was also involved.
The teams believe the findings could deepen understanding of the
development of human taste and smell receptors as well as perception and
memory. Research co-author Professor Jackie Blissett of Aston
University said, "It could be argued that repeated prenatal flavour
exposures may lead to preferences for those flavours experienced
postnatally.” "In other words, exposing the fetus to less 'liked' flavours,
such as kale, might mean they get used to those flavours in utero.” "The
next step is to examine whether fetuses show less 'negative' responses to
these flavours over time, resulting in greater acceptance of those flavours
when babies first taste them outside of the womb.” (theJPind)

6. Based on the passage, the author of the passage is trying to convey

that….
A. the baby in the womb does not react to various smells and tastes due
to the food consumed by his/her mother.
 B. many researchers are not interested in further examining the
relationship between babies in the womb and their reaction in smells
and tastes.
C. high nutritious food is very good for the growth of the baby in the
mother's womb.
D. baby boys and girls in their mother's womb give different reactions to
the food from their mother consumption.
E. researchers say that babies in the womb give different reactions to
various smells and tastes.

7. The word ‘argued’ in paragraph 4 in the passage is closest in meaning

to….
A. collaborated
B. questioned
C. implemented
D. emphasized
E. highlighted

8. Which of the following best restates the underlined sentence in paragraph

1?
A. Research finding shows that carrots are preferred over leafy green
vegetables by babies in the womb.
B. The researchers advise pregnant women to eat lots of carrots instead
of green vegetables after giving birth.
C. The infants like green vegetables better than carrots in its mother's
womb.
D. The babies in the womb would rather have leafy green vegetables than
carrots.
E. Leafy green vegetables are not recommended for consumption by
pregnant women.

9. Which sentence is NOT relevant to the topic discussed in paragraph

2? A. Sentence (1)
B. Sentence (2)
C. Sentence (3)
D. Sentence (4)
E. Sentence (5)
10. This passage can be generally found in….
 A. a famous international magazine
B. a well – known scholarly journal
C. a health news in newspaper
D. a scientific English article
E. a brochure promoting health
(Reading text/Reading comprehension/mudah)
Bahas : Sudah sangat jelas bahwa wacana pada soal pada umumnya
dapat ditemukan pada berita kesehatan di surat kabar = a health news
in newspaper. (C).

Text 3 (11 – 13)

William Baver, Vice NTT certainly believes there is a correlation between
President, Smart Platform, smart city maturity and progress on the SDGs. Smart
NTT solutions and data are powerful tools for cities to
achieve their sustainability goals: these can in fact
provide useful information not only to track progress
on how they are doing against their goals and set new
measurable KPIs, but also to really understand their
starting points and therefore outline a precise and
relevant strategy.

Jose Antonio Ondiviela, Smart innovation is the main driver to achieve the
Microsoft Western SDGs, not only for goal #11 (Sustainable Cities) but
Europe Industry also for the rest. Technology plays a crucial role in
Executive Smart Cities: achieving sustainable cities and communities, as it is
the key enabler for energy, water, air, traffic, buildings
and processes to work efficiency and in alignment
with expected goals.

Andrew Caruso, Technology enables SDG progress because it can

Director, Urban integrate both technical and social solutions. It
Solutions optimizes use of scarce resources, connects
governments with their citizens, and scales quickly to
respond to dynamically changing conditions. Further,
it enables both front-end insights, and feedback loops
that power a cycle of continuous improvement which
drives progress.

Gerald Uche Africa faces the most challenges in meeting the SDG
Maduabuchi, Director of commitments with its highest environmental
Sales, Panorama Data degradation, poverty and unemployment rates. But,
Solutions Ltd counterpoints like social media and high mobile
broadband penetration provide some unique
opportunities for Smart City solutions. Smart City
technologies can help Africa meet its SDG
commitment. It entails enabling policy reforms and
 the use of new and existing technologies to improve
all sectors of the economy.

Eugenie L. Birch, Cities use smart innovation to advance any number of

Nussdorf Professor and SDGs depending on what they have selected to
Co-Director, Penn IUR concentrate. For example, if they are focusing on
Goal 3 health, they might use smart phone apps to
help mothers

keep track of their children’s vaccinations. If they are

pursuing Goal 11 cities and human settlements, they
might invest in various systems (water, sanitation,
transit) to make them more efficient.

11. Who stated that technology optimizes use of scarce resources, connects
governments with their citizens, and scales quickly to respond to
dynamically changing conditions in progressing smart city? A. Gerald Uche
Maduabuchi
B. Jose Antonio Ondiviela
C. William Baver
D. Eugenie L. Birch
E. Andrew Caruso

12. The word “entails” in Gerald Uche Maduabuchi’s post is closest in

meaning to ….
A. combines
B. requires
C. supports
D. encourages
E. accelerates

13. What is the tone of the thread regarding smart city?

A. cynical
B. emotional
C. indifferent
D. encouragement
E. determined
Text 04 (14 – 16)

Many people are unaware of the fact that surfing the web can contribute
significantly to carbon emissions caused by the energy consumption of data
centres. With a view to reducing the amount of greenhouse gases we create, here
is a list of five easy ways to reduce your digital carbon footprint. 1. Do not
leave your computer in sleep mode. Systematically turning off your computer
and more generally any electronic equipment that is not in use should come at
the top of any list to save energy consumed by digital devices. Even if the
quantity of energy is small, the fact that it is used when a machine is asleep
means that it is effectively wasted. Let’s not forget that lowering your screen
brightness can also improve the battery life of machines while making them
kinder to the planet.
2. Downloading is better than streaming. When watching videos or listening to
music, you should know that downloading files always uses less power than
streaming. As a general rule, if you are trying to save energy you should opt for
locally sourced data rather than files on remote servers. By the same token,
storing data in the cloud is more damaging to the environment than storing it
locally.
3. Manage your emails. Applying a few simple techniques can also reduce the
carbon footprint of your email correspondence. As a rule you should limit the
number of mails you send, especially mails to multiple recipients. At the same
time, it is worth thinking about the size of attachments, which should be kept
small and in text format rather than HTML wherever possible. 4. Use your
browser intelligently. To cut down on your personal carbon footprint, there
are a few browsing behaviour that you might want to avoid. First and
foremost, you should try to minimize the number of tabs you have open at
any one time, and make use of bookmarks rather than Google searches to find
frequently visited websites. Last, but not least, it is important to ensure that
autoplay for video is turned off in settings.
5. Use an alternative search engine. The search engine Ecosia donates 80
percent of its profits to organizations that plant trees. The non-profit
organization which runs the service claims to have financed the planting of 100
million trees worldwide, each of which was funded by an average of just 45
web searches. The long-term goal Ecosia, which is a Berlin-based carbon
negative business, is to compensate for some of the emissions caused by global
Internet use.
14. The author would apparently agree that….
A. five easy ways to reduce our digital carbon footprint are immensely
needed to get environmentally friendly.
B. Knowing the knowledge the bad effects of a digital carbon footprint
should be conveyed to beginners since they are familiar with gadget. C.
knowledge related to digital carbon footprint should be taught by ICT
teachers in schools from the start of learning to use gadget.
D. digital carbon footprint must be seriously understood only by students
and workers who use gadgets in their daily lives.
E. even the easiest way to reduce digital carbon footprint will not appeal
to people who care about their environment.
15. All of the following statements are true according to the passage,
EXCEPT…..
A. We should limit the number of mails we send, especially mails to
multiple recipients.
B. It is crucial to ensure that autoplay for video is turned off in settings.
C. Lowering your screen brightness can also improve the battery life of
machines while making them kinder to the planet.
D. Many people have really recognized and understood the fact that
surfing the web can contribute significantly to carbon emissions. E. We
cut down on our personal carbon footprint, there are a few browsing
behaviour that we might want to avoid.

16. We ….attempt to minimize the number of tabs we have open at any one
time, and make use of bookmarks rather than Google searches to find
frequently visited websites.
A. may
B. must
C. had better
D. have to
E. might

Text 05 (17 – 20)

TEXT 1

New European research has found that the more added sugar we eat, the fewer
vitamins and minerals we appear to consume in our daily diets. Carried out by
researchers at Lund University in Sweden, the new study looked at data
gathered from two different study groups; one which surveyed 1,797
participants aged 18 to 80 years and assessed their dietary intake using a four
day food diary, and another which included 12,238 participants aged 45 to 68
years and assessed their diet using a combination of a seven-day food diary, a
food frequency questionnaire and an interview. From this data, the researchers
were able to look at the participants' intake of added sugar, which is sugar added
to food and drinks during processing, not the sugar that exists naturally in fruit,
vegetables or milk, and the average daily intake of nine micronutrients: calcium,
folate, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc.

The findings, published in the journal Nutrition & Metabolism, showed that in
both sets of participants, the higher the intake of added sugar, the lower the
intake of all nine vitamins and minerals.

Although eating too much sugar has been linked to a number of diseases and
health problems, including poor dental health, obesity, diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease, the recommended daily maximum for sugar intake still
varies from country to country. As an example, the researchers point out that
The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, which are the dietary guidelines set
for the Nordic populations, suggest that added sugar should be no more than 10
per cent of the total energy intake, while the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) says that there is insufficient scientific data to set an upper limit for
sugar. “The selection of added sugar as opposed to other types of sugar, was
done with the purpose of looking at the overall effect of the quality of diet.
Added sugar is not part of foods and beverages naturally, it is added to foods
and beverages during processing, manufacturing or at the table for different
purposes, and is therefore not strictly necessary in our diets,” says researcher
Esther González-Padilla. “However, to be able to ascertain a clear limit of added
sugar intake, the decrease in micronutrient intake needs to be remarkably
enlarged, which we did not observe in our study. Even though this study alone is
not sufficient to change recommendations, it adds valuable evidence to the body
of knowledge we have, in order to possibly adjust recommendations in the
future,” she concludes

TEXT 2

In Fiji, the traditional diet of fresh tropical fruits, leafy vegetables and fresh
seafood is progressively being replaced with imported, processed foods, high in
fat, salt and sugar. The result is an epidemic of obesity (growing most rapidly
across Pacific nations) and crippling levels of non-communicable disease
(NCDs), such as stroke, heart disease and diabetes. Since the government of Fiji
implemented a tax on sugary drinks, the beverage industry has resorted to
common push-back tactics, declaring taxes would hurt the economy of Fiji: jobs
would be lost, communities would suffer. However, in Fiji, one parent company
owns 90 percent of the beverage industry, with five sister companies producing
all beverages, including water, and juice — meaning that a sugary drink tax will
only minimally impact the company’s profits and employment, because
consumers would buy substitutes for sugary drinks from the same company.
The tax also stacks up, when weighing up the economic benefit of reduced
NCDs against any potential loss of prosperity from reduced consumption of
sugary drinks. Fiji’s case provides a lesson for policymakers around the world
facing industry lobbying against health taxes. There is strong political will and
commitment to reduce NCDs, which remain the biggest cause of death globally.
In 2021, they were responsible for over 40 million deaths – that’s nearly three
quarters of total deaths. Of these deaths, 15 million occurred in the ‘premature’
30-69 age bracket, people who would otherwise be leading productive lives.
Diet is a key risk factor for NCDs, so taxes on sugary drinks have proved a
popular and effective intervention for reducing diet-related NCD risk factors.
World Bank figures show that in 2020, more than 40 countries had various
sugary drink taxes in place.

Some countries also tax unhealthy, low nutrient, energy-dense foods. Mexico
taxes foods with high energy density, such as fried foods and ice-cream;
Denmark, Dominica, Finland and Norway tax chocolate and sweet
confectionery. Researchers worldwide are looking into ways to group, and tax,
foods based on how healthy they are, using scientifically based, non
discriminatory nutrient profiling. Researchers at Imperial College London, UK,
are designing taxes that don’t add financial burden to individuals or households,
that get distributed equally across income groups, and that are administratively
feasible. The resulting policy could nudge consumers to adopt healthier diets
without adding to the household food bill, and incentivise industry to
reformulate their products to meet healthier nutrition standards.

17. Based on the information from TEXT 1, new research reveals that the
more sugar we eat, ….
A. the more exercise we do
 B. the more confident we work
C. the less chance of getting diabetes
D. the fewer vitamins we gain
E. the more decreased appetite every day

18. What is the relationship between TEXTs 1 and 2?

A. TEXT 1 presents a new research finding of consuming sugar and
sugar tax could boost both health and economy stated in TEXT 2. B.
TEXT 1 highlights how consuming sugar can improve our stamina
and regulation on exporting sugar and cane discussed in TEXT 2.
C. Both texts explain what scientists have seriously debated related to
sugar consumption in developed countries.
D. TEXT 2 exposes how taxes imposed in sugar export regulation and it
is researched to get effects by scientists in TEXT 1.
E. TEXT 2 discusses the encouragement created to tax food and beverage
industry that has been improved by the research findings explained in
TEXT 1.

19. In the passage there are statements like these.

In Fiji, the traditional diet of fresh tropical fruits, leafy vegetables and
fresh seafood is progressively being replaced with imported, processed
foods, high in fat, salt and sugar. The result is an epidemic of obesity
(growing most rapidly across Pacific nations) and crippling levels of non
communicable disease (NCDs), such as stroke, heart disease and
diabetes.

Based on the statements above, If the traditional diet of Fijian people

hadn’t been changed, an epidemic of obesity and NCD such as stroke,
heart disease and diabetes……

A. couldn’t have been prevented

B. could have prevented
C. couldn’t have prevented
D. could be prevented
E. could have been prevented

20.
Based on the infographic, it can be concluded that….. in the affordability,
availability, natural resources, safety and quality of food in 2020. A.
Asian Countries weren’t found in the big five
B. Ireland was superior to Finland
C. United States was the lowest country
D. Japan was in the seventh position
E. United Kingdom and Sweden were more better than Austria