HYDROSTATICS

Hydrostatics
• Hydrostatics or statics of a fluid, Is
the study of force and pressure in a
fluid at rest
• Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid
mechanics that studies incompressible
fluids at rest.
• Hydrostatics is fundamental to
hydraulics, the engineering of
equipment for storing, transporting
and using fluids.
 Pressure
• Pressure is the magnitude F of a force acting
perpendicular to a surface divided by the area A of
the surface over which the force acts.
𝑭
𝑷=
𝑨
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝑵/𝒎𝟐 = 𝑷𝒂 (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙)
• Pressure in a fluid has the following important
features:
i. The Pressure at a point is the same in all
directions
ii. The pressure exerted at a point on any surface
is normal to the surface
 Transmission of Fluid Pressure
• The principle of transmission of pressure states
that the pressure intensity at any point of a fluid
at rest is transmitted without loss to all other
points of the fluid.
• Assume The cylinders are filled with
incompressible fluid.
• Let the poston in cylinder E move down a
distance x causing the piston in cylinder D to rise
a distance y, then;
Density, relative density, specific weight, specific gravity

• Density of a substance is the ratio of a

given mass of the substance and its
volume
• 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝒌𝒈/𝒎3
• In general, the specific weight w of a
• The relative density of a substance is substance is given in terms its specific
the ratio of its density to that of water gravity s and the specific weight of
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 water, by the expression:
Relative density =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 • 𝑊 = 𝑠 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
The specific weight (w) of a substance is
its weight per unit volume
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑔
Pressure in a liquid due to its own weight

• If the atmospheric pressure on the free surface of

the liquid is Pa , the Total pressure p at depth h in
the liquid is:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Pa= 101.3 kN/m2 or 101.3 bar
Total Thrust on Vertical Plane Surface
Total Thrust on Vertical Plane Surface
Centre of Pressure
Centre of Pressure
Centre of Pressure
 Example 1
A lock gate has sea-water to depth of 3.6m on one side and 1.8m on
the other. Find:

a)The resultant thrust per metre width on the gate

b)The resultant moment per metre width tending to overturn the
gate at it’s base (See Figure) [Density of sea-water = 1.03
Mg/m3]
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
A fuel tank contains oil of relative density 0.7. In one
vertical side is cut a circular opening 1.8m diameter
closed by a trap door hinged at the lower end B (see
figure) and held by a bolt at the upper edge A. If the fuel
level is 1.8m above the top edge of the opening,
calculate:

a) The total force on the door

b) The force P on the bolt
c) The force on the hinge
Example 2
THANK YOU