ANA Lab 4.01 Dissection of Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Viscerae

Anatomy Lab 4.
01
Dr. Andrei Cesar S. Abella, Dr. Arturo M. Decano, Dr. Leonardo O. Ona III, Dr. Marissa
P. Roxas | January 16-17, 2023
TH: ENCISA, R. & GOLPEO H. | TG 5 & 6 | CO, DIVINAGRACIA, DOYONGAN, YAP | ESGUERRA, IMPERIAL, INONCILLO, LOPEZ
Overview
I. Oral Cavity, Tongue, Salivary Glands
A. Vestibule IV. Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region
B. Tongue A. Quadrants of the Abdomen
C. Oropharynx B. Superficial Fascia
D. Soft Palate C. External Oblique Muscle
E. Hard Palate
II. Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine
D. Internal Oblique Muscle
A. Esophagus (Thoracic) E. Transversus Abdominis
B. Esophagus(Abdominal) F. Rectus Abdominis
C. Stomach G. Arcuate Line & Rectus Sheath
D. Greater and Lesser omentum H. Transversalis Fascia
E. Rugae
F. Pyloric Sphincter
I. Parietal Peritoneum
G. Ligament of Treitz J. Inguinal Ligament
H. Celiac Trunk K. Spermatic Cord
I. Blood Supply L. External Inguinal Ring
1. Left gastric a. V. Accessory Organs of Digestion
2. Common hepatic a.
3. Gastroduodenal a. A. Liver
4. Splenic a. 1. Lobes of the Liver
III. Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
2. Separation of the Lobes of the Liver
A. Superior Mesenteric Artery
B. Superior Mesenteric Vein 3. Porta Hepatis
C. Appendix B. Gallbladder
D. Cecum
E. Ascending colon C. Pancreas
F. Transverse colon 1. Arterial Supply
G. Descending colon 2. Venous Drainage
H. Sigmoid colon
I. Teniae coli D. Spleen**
J. Appendices epiploicae VI. References
K. Middle Colic Artery
L. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
M. Rectum
**not an accessory organ of digestion
Oral Cavity, Tongue, Salivary Glands
Vestibule
KEY FEATURES Oval shaped, slit-like space
Anterior to the teeth
LANDMARKS 1. Space between the teeth and cheeks [Doc Roxas]
2. Anterior to the gingiva and teeth
Tongue - Intrinsic muscles
KEY FEATURES Confined to the upper portion of the tongue;
within the tongue with contact fibers
Function: Alters tongue shape and can move it

in any direction
Tongue - Extrinsic muscles
KEY FEATURES Fan-shaped muscle
Connects the tongue to the palate and bones
Function: Alter tongue position and gross

movements
LANDMARKS 1. Inner surface of the mandible

2. Hyoid bone
3. Styloid Process
4. Palatoglossus Arch
Oropharynx
KEY FEATURES Part of the throat at the back of the mouth
behind the oral cavity
Function: Allows air and fluid to pass through
LANDMARKS 1. Includes the posterior ⅓ of the tongue, soft

palate, and the tonsils
Soft Palate
KEY FEATURES Part of the throat at the back of the mouth
behind the oral cavity
Function: Allows air and fluid to pass through
Hard Palate
KEY FEATURES Structure with palatine rugae and serves as
the roof of the oral cavity
LANDMARKS Superior to the tongue when mouth is closed
Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine
Esophagus (Thoracic)
Conduit of food from the mouth to the stomach where food is located
Located at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae posteriorly (thoracic - longest portion of esophagus)
Esophagus (Abdominal)
KEY FEATURES Funnel shaped tube that enters the
stomach below the diaphragm
Also referred to as the diaphragmatic

esophagus
LANDMARKS 11th level of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
Sternum and 7th rib anteriorly
Source: https://quizlet.com/268790787/ap-ii-gi-15-cadaveric-abdominal-insides-diagram/
Stomach
KEY FEATURES Chief function: enzymatic digestion
Expanded part of the digestive tract

between the esophagus and small
intestine
First intra-abdominal part of the GI tract
LANDMARKS Starts at gastroesophageal

(GE) junction and ends at the duodenum
Greater Omentum
The Greater Omentum attaches to the greater curvature of the Stomach and the
superior part of the duodenum to the inferior part of the transverse colon
Lesser Omentum
KEY FEATURES Connects the lesser curvature of the
stomach and the proximal part of the
duodenum to the liver
LANDMARKS Found on the lesser curvature of the stomach
Rugae
Longitudinal ridges or wrinkles that increase the surface area of the stomach and stretch out to increase stomach
volume when the stomach is full[Whitman College]
Pyloric Sphincter
KEY FEATURES Smooth visceral muscle that acts like a
valve to regulate the flow of partially
digested food
Its opening and closing is controlled by

peristaltic waves
LANDMARKS 1 End of stomach
2 Start of duodenum
NOTES FROM [Thickened portion of the stomach just before

THE LAB the duodenum]
Other Notes Acts like a valve in food regulation
Pyloric Sphincter
KEY FEATURES Smooth visceral muscle that acts like a
valve to regulate the flow of partially
digested food
Its opening and closing is controlled by

peristaltic waves
LANDMARKS 1 End of stomach
2 Start of duodenum
Photo shows the pyloric sphincter from the

inside of the stomach
NOTES FROM [Thickened portion of the stomach just before

THE LAB the duodenum]
Other Notes Acts like a valve in food regulation
Ligaments of Treitz
Landmark for surgery indicating the start of the jejunum

The ligament of Treitz has no clear function and is composed of the accessory muscle and suspensory muscle of the duodenum
Plicae Circulares
KEY FEATURES Differentiates the small intestine from the
large intestine
Covered with finger-like projections of

mucosa (villi)
LANDMARKS Small intestine*
Vascular Arcades
KEY FEATURES Arterial arches that anastomoses
between the arterial branches of the
jejunum and ileum
LANDMARKS Small intestine
Other Notes Photos also clearly show the mesentery
Celiac Trunk (CT)
KEY FEATURES Main blood supply of the the duodenum
Supplies the esophagus, stomach,

proximal duodenum, liver/biliary
apparatus and pancreas
Gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), Source: Kumar et al. (2016)
splenic artery (SA), and common hepatic

artery (CHA)
LANDMARKS First branch of the abdominal aorta
Left Gastric Artery
KEY FEATURES Largest artery supplying the stomach
Abdominal Aorta
LANDMARKS Arises from the celiac trunk Left gastric Artery
Common Hepatic
Artery
Splenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery
KEY FEATURES Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver,
duodenum, and pancreas[Khan et. al, 2017]
Abdominal Aorta
LANDMARKS Branches from the Celiac Trunk Left gastric Artery
Common Hepatic
Artery
Splenic Artery
Gastroduodenal Artery
KEY FEATURES Supplies the stomach, pancreas, first part
of duodenum, and distal part of bile duct
Branch of the Hepatic Artery
LANDMARKS Descends retroperitoneally, posterior to

gastroduodenal junction
Gastroduodenal
Artery (No. 7)
Source: McMinn’s Clinical Atlas of

Human Anatomy, 8th Edition
TH: ENCISA, R. | TRANS GROUP 6 | ESGUERRA, IMPERIAL, INONCILLO, LOPEZ
Splenic Artery
Gives rise to the left gastroepiploic artery that supplies the greater curvature of the stomach
TG Note: pancreas is lifted in the photo
Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
TH: ENCISA, R. | TRANS GROUP 6 | ESGUERRA, IMPERIAL, INONCILLO, LOPEZ

Superior Mesenteric Artery
KEY FEATURES Supplies blood flow to the terminal ileum,
proximal ascending colon and the
ascending colon
LANDMARKS Branches into ileocolic artery and right

colic artery
Superior Mesenteric Vein
KEY FEATURES Drain the jejunum and ileum
The SMV ends posterior to the neck of the

pancreas, where it unites with the splenic
vein to form the hepatic portal vein
LANDMARKS Right of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)
Appendix
KEY FEATURES (Red arrow)
Main blood supply being the

appendicular artery
Size depends on the size of an individual
LANDMARKS Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Position of the tip is variable but usually

retrocecal or behind the cecum
Red arrow: Appendix, Green arrow: Cecum

Cecum
KEY FEATURES (Green arrow)
Absorbs fluid and salts that remain after

completion of intestinal digestion and
absorption and to mix its contents with
mucous
First part of the large intestine
Has no mesentery and freely mobile
Red arrow: Appendix, Green arrow: Cecum

Ascending Colon
KEY FEATURES Absorbs remaining water and other key
nutrients from indigestible material that
solidifies it to form into stool
Narrower than cecum
Fixed to Right Paracolic Gutter
Partly retroperitoneal along the right side of

the posterior abdominal wall
Source: M. Sar (2017)

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003277817300898)
Transverse Colon
KEY FEATURES Absorbs water from digested food which
makes it easier to move through the body
Bends inferiorly to become the

descending colon
Most mobile part of the large intestine
LANDMARKS 1 Right Colic Flexure (hepatic flexure)
2 Left Colic Flexure (splenic flexure)
Descending Colon
KEY FEATURES (Blue arrow)
Stores feces that will be emptied out into

the rectum
Occupies a secondarily retroperitoneal

position between the left colic flexure and
the left iliac fossa which is continuous
with the sigmoid colon
LANDMARKS 1 Left paracolic gutter
2 Left Upper quadrant (Superior)
3 Left Lower Quadrant (Inferior)
Sigmoid Colon
KEY FEATURES (Green arrow)
Links the descending colon and the

rectum where it extends from the iliac
fossa to the third sacral vertebra where it
joins the rectum
S-shaped loop, narrowest segment, freely

mobile
LANDMARKS Left Lower Quadrant
Teniae coli
NOTES FROM Outer longitudinal muscle of the colon
THE LAB
Band-like structure
Other Notes 3 Distinct Longitudinal Bands:

● Mesocolic Tenia: transverse and
sigmoid mesocolon attachment
● Omental Tenia: omental
appendices attachment
● Free Tenia: no attachments
Appendices Epiploicae (a.k.a. Omental appendices)
Middle Colic Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
KEY FEATURE Supplies blood to the distal one-third of
transverse colon, descending colon and
proximal two-thirds of the rectum
Source: M. Manyama (2019)

(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-019-02245-4)
Rectum
Fixed terminal part of the large intestine; starts at the rectosigmoid junction at the level of S3 (where colon would end)
Rectum divided into 3 parts: upper, middle, and lower
Rectum
Rectum and Sigmoid Colon
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and
Inguinal Region
Quadrants of the Abdomen
KEY FEATURES The four quadrants of the abdomen are
divided by the:
Median plane - vertical plane that

passes the umbilicus
Transumbilical plane - horizontal plane

that passes the umbilicus
RUQ LUQ
The quadrants are:
● Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
● Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
● Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
● Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
RUQ LLQ
LANDMARKS The two planes intersect at the umbilicus
Superficial Fascia
KEY FEATURES Superficial fascia is divided into:
Camper’s fascia - fatty layer
Scarpa’s fascia - membranous layer
LANDMARKS The superficial fascia is connective tissue
The composition of this layer depends on its

location:
(1) Above the umbilicus – a single sheet

of connective tissue
(2) Below the umbilicus – divided into
two layers: the Camper’s and the
Scarpa’s fascia
Found posterior to the skin and anterior to the

major muscles of the abdomen
External Oblique Muscle
KEY FEATURES Largest and most superficial anterolateral abdominal
muscle
Origin:
● External surfaces of the 5th-12th ribs
Attachment:
● Linea alba
● Anterior half of iliac crest
● Pubic tubercle
Fibers become aponeurotic medially, forming part of

the anterior rectus sheath
MAIN ACTION Compresses and supports the abdominal viscera
Flexes and rotates the trunk
LANDMARKS Fibers are oriented inferomedially (hand-in-pocket

orientation)
Internal Oblique Muscle
KEY FEATURES Intermediate of the three lateral abdominal muscles
Origin:
● Thoracolumbar fascia
● Anterior ⅔ of the iliac crest
● Lateral half of inguinal ligament
Attachment:
● Inferior borders of 10th-12th ribs
● Linea alba
● Pecten pubis via conjoint tendon

the anterior and posterior rectus sheath (above the
arcuate line)

Flexes and rotates the trunk
LANDMARKS Fibers are oriented superomedially (perpendicular to

the fibers of the external oblique)
Transversus Abdominis
KEY FEATURES Innermost of the three lateral abdominal muscles
Origin:
● Internal surfaces of 7th-12th costal cartilages
● Thoracolumbar fascia
● Iliac crest
● Lateral ⅓ of inguinal ligament
Attachment:
● Linea alba
● Pubic crest
● Pecten pubis via conjoint tendon

the posterior rectus sheath (above the arcuate line)
LANDMARKS Fibers are oriented horizontally
Rectus Abdominis
KEY FEATURES Long, broad, strap-like muscle of the anterior
abdominal wall
The paired rectus muscles are separated by the linea

alba at the midline
Origin:
● Pubic symphysis
● Pubic crest
Attachment:
● Xiphoid process
● 5th-7th costal cartilages
MAIN ACTION Compresses the abdominal viscera
Flexes the trunk (lumbar vertebrae)
LANDMARKS Fibers are oriented vertically
Arcuate Line & Rectus Sheath
KEY FEATURES Arcuate Line - area of demarcation from the
peritoneal surface of the abdominal wall
residing ⅓ the distance of the umbilicus and
pubis
(Posterior) Rectus Sheath - a fibrous envelope

that encloses the rectus abdominis; composed
of anterior and posterior wall
LANDMARKS Relation to the arcuate line:

Above the arcuate line:
● Aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle covers the rectus m. anteriorly
● Aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscle
covers the rectus m. anteriorly and
posteriorly
● Aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis
muscle covers the rectus m. posteriorly
Below the arcuate line:

● Aponeurosis of all 3 muscles form the
anterior wall (no posterior wall)
Transversalis Fascia
KEY FEATURES Thin layer of connective tissue lining
most of the abdominal cavity
LANDMARKS Found posterior to the transversus

abdominis and anterior to pre-peritoneal
fat
Parietal Peritoneum
KEY FEATURES Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines
the walls of the abdominal and pelvic
cavity
FUNCTION Provides protection and support for the

abdomen and its organs
Acts as a lubricating surface, thereby

decreasing the friction between the
organs
LANDMARKS Covers the abdomen and pelvic walls, as

well as the diaphragm
Inguinal Ligament
KEY FEATURES (pink pin)
Thick distal border of the aponeurosis of

external oblique muscles
Serves as the floor of the inguinal canal
LANDMARKS Found between between the anterior superior

iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic tubercle
Found between pelvis and thigh
Spermatic Cord
KEY FEATURES Collection of vessels, nerves, and ducts
that run to and from the testes
Runs from the deep inguinal ring down to

the testes
FUNCTION Serves as a conduit between the

abdominal wall to the testis, suspending
the testis in the scrotum
LANDMARKS Found in the inguinal region exiting

through external inguinal ring going to
the testis
NOTES FROM External inguinal ring cannot be identified in

THE LAB the photos (was probably cut while looking
for the spermatic cord). You may refer to the
figure in the next slide, instead.
Superficial Inguinal Ring
KEY FEATURES Where the testis exits the inguinal canal
LANDMARKS Lies just superior to the pubic tubercle, in

the medial border of the external oblique
Source: TeachMeAnatomy
Accessory Organs of Digestion
Liver
KEY FEATURES Function:
● Metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, and fat
● Storage of vitamins, iron,
glycogen
● Bile secretion
Falciform Ligament
● Attaches the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall
Ligamentum Teres
● Round ligament
● Remnant of the umbilical vein
LANDMARKS ● Located anteriorly to the IVC and

aorta
● Greater part of the liver is
located posterior to the right
costal margin
Lobes of the Liver
KEY FEATURES Right lobe (RL)
● Largest lobe
● Divided into anterior and posterior
sections by the right hepatic vein
Left lobe (LL)
● Divided into lateral and medial
segments by the left hepatic vein
Caudate lobe (CL)
● Located on the posterior surface of the
right lobe
Quadrate lobe (QL)
● Located on the inferior surface of the
right lobe
LANDMARKS Right and left lobes are superiorly and

anteriorly separated by:
● Falciform ligament
Posteroinferior view of the liver
● Ligamentum venosum
● Ligamentum teres
Separation of the lobes of the Liver
KEY FEATURES Right sagittal fissure (RSF)
● Groove for the inferior vena cava
(IVC) and gallbladder (GB)
Left sagittal fissure (LSF) IVC
● Contains the ligamentum LV
venosum (LV) and ligamentum
teres (LT)
Transverse fissure (TF)
● Where the hilum/porta hepatis is
located
LT
GB
Posteroinferior view of the liver
Porta Hepatis
KEY FEATURES Portal Vein
● Brings blood from GIT to liver
● 75-80% of the blood supply of
the liver comes from the portal
vein
● Venous drainage of the entire
GIT drains here
Hepatic Artery
● Brings blood from aorta to liver
● 20-25% of the blood supply
comes from the hepatic artery
Common Hepatic Duct
● Drains bile from liver into the
biliary tract, towards duodenum
Source: medicaltechservices.com
Gallbladder
KEY Function: GB
FEATURES ● Storage of excess bile from
liver
Cystic Duct
● Transfers bile from
gallbladder to common bile
duct
● Cystic artery is closely related
(but not seen in the photo)
Pancreas
KEY FEATURES Head
● Biggest division embraced by the
C-shaped curve of the duodenum
● Mostly functions as exocrine
Neck
● Short segment that overlies the
superior mesenteric vessels
Body
● Lies on the left of the superior
mesenteric vessels
● Passes over the aorta and L2
Tail
● Lies anterior to the left kidney
● The tip is blunted and turned
superiorly
LANDMARKS Posterior to the stomach between the Source: McMinn’s
duodenum (right) and spleen (left)
Arterial Supply
KEY FEATURES Splenic artery
● Main arterial supply of the
pancreas
● One of the three branches of the
celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
● Gives off the anterior inferior and
posterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery
LANDMARKS Splenic artery: Runs along the superior

border of the pancreas
SMA: originates from the abdominal aorta
Source: McMinn’s
Venous Drainage
KEY FEATURES Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
● Drains the anterior superior and
anterior inferior
pancreaticoduodenal vein
Portal vein
● Drains the posterior superior
pancreaticoduodenal vein
Splenic vein
● Drains the posterior body and tail
Source: McMinn’s
Spleen
KEY FEATURES Function:
● Site of lymphocyte (WBC)
proliferation and of immune
surveillance and response
● Blood reservoir for storing RBCs
and platelets
LANDMARKS ● Rests on the left colic flexure

● Associated posteriorly with the left
9th-11th ribs
Other Notes Not an accessory organ of the digestive

system (part of lymphatic system)
References
● Khan, A. A., Vishwakarma, S. K., Bardia, A., Habeeb, M. A., & Dhayal, M. (2017). Repopulation of cirrhotic liver by hepatic
stem/progenitor cells. Liver Pathophysiology, 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804274-8.00059-x
● Netter, F. H. 1. (2019). Atlas of human anatomy (Seventh edition.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
● 2.4 Abdominal region ii. Ross University Anatomy Instructional Site. (2019, July 4). Retrieved January 18, 2023, from
http://medicaltechservices.com/lessons/tap/abdominal-region-ii/
● Abrahams, P. H., & Hay, M. M. R. M. (2020). Abrahams' and McMinn's clinical atlas of human anatomy|mcminn and
Abraham's clinical atlas of human anatomy. Mosby Elsevier.
● Jones, O. (2012). The inguinal canal. TeachMeAnatomy - Making Anatomy Simple.
https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/areas/inguinal-canal/
● Stomach and spleen. Whitman College. (n.d.). Retrieved January 19, 2023, from
https://www.whitman.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/biology/virtual-pig/digestive-system/the-abdominal-cavity/abdome
n/stomach-and-spleen#:~:text=Inside%20the%20stomach%20are%20rugae,when%20the%20stomach%20is%20full.
● Kumar, Naveen & Swamy, Ravindra & B, Satheesha & Patil, Jyothsna & Aithal, Ashwini. (2016). Multiple Branching Variation
of Celiac Trunk with Clinical Importance: A Case Report.. RJPBCS. 7. 1354.

ANA Lab 4.01 Dissection of Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Viscerae

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ANA Lab 4.01 Dissection of Abdominal Wall and Abdominal Viscerae

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Anatomy Lab 4.

**not an accessory organ of digestion

Anterior to the teeth

LANDMARKS 1. Space between the teeth and cheeks [Doc Roxas]

2. Anterior to the gingiva and teeth

Function: Alters tongue shape and can move it

Connects the tongue to the palate and bones

Function: Alter tongue position and gross

LANDMARKS 1. Inner surface of the mandible

Function: Allows air and ﬂuid to pass through

LANDMARKS 1. Includes the posterior ⅓ of the tongue, soft

Function: Allows air and ﬂuid to pass through

LANDMARKS Superior to the tongue when mouth is closed

Also referred to as the diaphragmatic

LANDMARKS 11th level of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

Sternum and 7th rib anteriorly

Expanded part of the digestive tract

First intra-abdominal part of the GI tract

LANDMARKS Starts at gastroesophageal

LANDMARKS Found on the lesser curvature of the stomach

Its opening and closing is controlled by

LANDMARKS 1 End of stomach

NOTES FROM [Thickened portion of the stomach just before

Other Notes Acts like a valve in food regulation

Its opening and closing is controlled by

LANDMARKS 1 End of stomach

Photo shows the pyloric sphincter from the

NOTES FROM [Thickened portion of the stomach just before

Other Notes Acts like a valve in food regulation

Landmark for surgery indicating the start of the jejunum

Covered with finger-like projections of

LANDMARKS Small intestine*

LANDMARKS Small intestine

Other Notes Photos also clearly show the mesentery

Supplies the esophagus, stomach,

splenic artery (SA), and common hepatic

LANDMARKS First branch of the abdominal aorta

LANDMARKS Arises from the celiac trunk Left gastric Artery

LANDMARKS Branches from the Celiac Trunk Left gastric Artery

Branch of the Hepatic Artery

LANDMARKS Descends retroperitoneally, posterior to

Source: McMinn’s Clinical Atlas of

TH: ENCISA, R. | TRANS GROUP 6 | ESGUERRA, IMPERIAL, INONCILLO, LOPEZ

LANDMARKS Branches into ileocolic artery and right

The SMV ends posterior to the neck of the

LANDMARKS Right of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)

Main blood supply being the

Size depends on the size of an individual

LANDMARKS Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Position of the tip is variable but usually

Red arrow: Appendix, Green arrow: Cecum

Absorbs fluid and salts that remain after

First part of the large intestine

Has no mesentery and freely mobile

LANDMARKS Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Red arrow: Appendix, Green arrow: Cecum

Narrower than cecum

LANDMARKS Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Fixed to Right Paracolic Gutter

Partly retroperitoneal along the right side of

Source: M. Sar (2017)

Bends inferiorly to become the

Most mobile part of the large intestine