Module 2: Family & Community Health

Disasters and Health

Manuel M. Dayrit, MD, MSc | September 6, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TAKE NOTE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 1
I. DEFINITION OF TERMS ...................................................................... 1
• Dr. Dayrit mentioned that the questions for the exams are
A. EMERGENCY ................................................................................ 1 going to come from the objectives. We can read the
B. HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND EXPOSURE ............................. 2 materials posted since the lecture is more about his
II. WHO RESILIENCY FRAMEWORK...................................................... 2
A. RESILIENCY ................................................................................. 2 stories.
B. DISASTER ..................................................................................... 2 • He also emphasized the following while discussing the
III. DISASTER MANAGEMENT ............................................................... 5
objectives:
A. DISASTER MITIGATION................................................................ 5
B. DISASTER RESPONSE ................................................................ 5  Objective #1:
IV. RA 10121 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN  “How many were involved in any disaster relief
OF 2020 .................................................................................................. 6
A. STATEMENT OF POLICY.............................................................. 6
operations? How many were actually victims of a
V. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL ........ 6 disaster? Is it correct to say that you are pretty much
A. NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT removed from disaster? Are you more like
COUNCIL (NDRRMC) ........................................................................ 6
B. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NDRRMC ............................... 7 spectators that follow the media? If you’re not
VI. UPDATED NDRRMC PLAN 2020-2030.............................................. 7 victims, and you didn’t help, and you’re not
VII. COMMISSION ON AUDIT REPORT ON THE GOVERNMENT’S spectators, what do you think you are?”
DISASTER RESPONSE .......................................................................... 7
A. COVID-19 RESPONSE .................................................................. 7  Objective #3
QUICK REVIEW ...................................................................................... 9  Gives us an idea of how the government deals or
SUMMARY OF TERMS ...................................................................... 9 reacts with disasters. It is a massive operation
QUESTIONS ...................................................................................... 9 1
RATIONALE ....................................................................................... 9  This law affected the way the IATF was designed
REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 10  “If you think of COVID-19 as a disaster itself, how
REQUIRED ...................................................................................... 10
did the government react and organize society
SUPPLEMENTARY .......................................................................... 10
FREEDOM SPACE ............................................................................... 10 against COVID-19?”
APPENDIX ............................................................................................ 11  Objective #6
 Evaluate how the government reacts to disasters
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 A way of putting a mirror to the face of the
Explain the following: disaster, hazard, vulnerability, risk, disaster risk government and say, “this is how well you did”
reduction, disaster mitigation, disaster risk reduction and management.
Explain the WHO Resiliency Framework and how risk is related to
hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cite and explain at least 3 components of the Statement of Policy of
RA 10121 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
A. EMERGENCY
Cite the 4 thematic areas of the Disaster Risk Reduction and • A state in which normal procedures are suspended and
Management Plan of 2020-2030 and give an example of an outcome in extraordinary measures are taken to avert a disaster
each thematic area.
• An emergency is not a disaster.
Describe the broad organizational structure of the Disaster Risk
Reduction & Management Council as per RA 10121. • An emergency is like an alarm bell that says things are
Cite and explain the 3 findings of the Commission on Audit report on abnormal and we must do something about it
the government’s disaster response (e.g., COVID-19 and Typhoon  E.g., Somebody faints in the house. It’s an emergency. You
Yolanda) don’t know if the patient had a stroke or a heart attack. You
don’t know if a disaster has occurred, but you have to act.
PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL
CONCERN (PHEIC)
• PHEIC is defined in the IHR1 (2005) as, “an extraordinary
event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to
other States through the international spread of disease and to
potentially require a coordinated international response”
• This definition implies a situation that is:
 serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected
 carries implications for public health beyond the affected
State’s national border
 may require immediate international action

COVID-19 Pandemic

• On January 30, 2020, WHO2 finally declared novel

coronavirus acute respiratory disease (2019-nCoV ARD)
health event as a public health emergency of international
concern after an emergency committee convened on January
30, in Geneva, Switzerland

1 2
International Health Regulations World Health Organization
TG 03: Boco, Callanta, Chuanico, Gutierrez, Jarin, Medina, Nocon, Pataroque, Reyes, Salamanca, and San Felipe
YL6: 02.11 1 of 13
CG 11: Aquino, Arabia, Araña, Matias, Montoya, Sanchez, Shi, and SIlvoza
  At this time, DOH3 still has not conducted a meeting. There  Any action, any policy, or any plan either has to do with
was that inertia. managing or reducing the hazard
 “What were you doing?” “Attending class.” “Attending a  China - they tried to eliminate the hazard; they wanted to

conference in Bangkok.” go zero COVID through strict lockdowns

 In December 2019, China sent out the word that they were  Other countries deal with the hazard by reducing

hit with COVID-19. It took them a while to send it out. exposure (e.g., wearing masks)
 This was one of the issues against China because they  Decrease vulnerability through vaccination

did the same thing for SARS4 − Some people don't understand this because they
• How did WHO declare an emergency? don't understand the risk; for some people, the
WHO Headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland
 vaccine is the hazard i.e., anti-vaxxers → this is
Normally, WHO calls international experts
 where risk communication is important
 There is emergency committee that looks at data coming
II. WHO RESILIENCY FRAMEWORK
from different parts of the world
 Based on this data, WHO can decide to recommend

calling for an emergency

− It took a while for COVID-19
− In the Philippines, cases were already showing up
and we weren’t sure with what we were dealing with
− Dr. Dayrit was then President of the Association of
Philippine Medical Schools
 They had a scheduled conference in Dumaguete in

February, which Dr. Dayrit had to cancel.

• After the emergency was declared, nothing much was
happening yet in the Philippines from January to February
• The lockdown was enforced in March out of the blue
 Nobody was prepared for the lockdown
 Another way it could've been handled:
 When the emergency was declared or even prior to it,

we should have already been preparing for something Figure 1. WHO Resiliency Framework
like a lockdown
• Health care facility capacity level (Y axis)
 Many companies were unprepared, so people couldn't
 The higher it is, the better the capacity
come to work
 E.g., hospital / health center
 The lockdown was extended for 77 days
 Capacity is high
B. HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND EXPOSURE  When a disaster hits (e.g., typhoon), the capacity to see

• Hazard patients falls

 An agent of harm
 A natural or human-made event that threatens to adversely
affect human life, property, or activity to the extent of
causing a disaster
 E.g., volcanic eruption, typhoon, poison, infectious agent
• Vulnerability
A predisposition to a hazard or to suffer damage due to

external events
 E.g., old age, diabetes
• Exposure
 The state of being put into a situation in which something
harmful or dangerous might affect you
 “Are you exposed to the hazard?”
 E.g., if there was an eruption in Mayon and you're in Manila,
you're not exposed to it
• Risk ≈ Hazard + Vulnerability + Exposure
 The possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as
an injury or loss) will happen
 The probability that you will get unwell
 Think about COVID
 What's your risk of getting COVID? What's your risk of
death from COVID?
 E.g., old or sick people - high risk
• Risk reduction ≈ ↓ Hazard + ↓ Vulnerability + ↓ Exposure
 In disasters, you manipulate the risk equation
 Reduce risk by reducing the hazard or removing it
entirely or reducing your exposure or vulnerability
• Risk
 Hazard, vulnerability, and exposure translates the risk
A. RESILIENCY
• The capacity to recover
• When the disaster strikes or the shock hits, the capacity falls
 Resiliency has to do with the way it recovers
• Outcomes:
 It is good if it recovers to pre-event levels
 However, it can just drop down, never recover at all, and
collapse
 Recover above what was pre-event
 What we want
 COVID-19 context: recover and transform ourselves
beyond our usual / pre-event capacity
B. DISASTER
• WHO: An occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of
existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the
capacity of adjustment of the affected community
• Severe destruction of normal conditions to the extent that
it destroys the capacity of the affected community
• Not called disasters if no people are affected
 E.g., you can have a typhoon in the middle of the Pacific
Ocean but because it does not hit landfall, there is no
disaster
 Disaster involves people

3 4
Department of Health Severe acute respiratory syndrome

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD DISASTERS

Refer to Figure 12 in Appendix for the Classification of

Hazard Disasters

TAKE NOTE!
• Dr. Dayrit did not discuss this figure and mentioned that
we can read it in the articles posted.

EXAMPLES OF DISASTERS

[Example] The 1972 Great Flood of Luzon

• No school for two months
Flooded for two months in Angeles, Pampanga

 Had to reach here by boat

• September 21, 1972: Martial Law

Figure 2. Example of Getting Predisposed to Disaster
 Two disasters in a row in the same year

Figure 2

• People settled a lot more over time

• Community is now vulnerable because of crowding
• When it rains, slope slides / landslide → disaster

Figure 4. The 1972 Great Flood of Luzon

[Example] July 16, 1990: Earthquake (collapse of Hyatt

Terraces hotel)
• Disaster for the country, but particularly for the city
Figure 3. A Disaster Occurs When Hazards and Vulnerability Meet • They had to bring in miners to try to extract the bodies that
TYPES OF DISASTERS were still alive under the rubble
• Duck, cover, and hold protocol did not exist yet
• Hurricane Katrina
• Kennon road was inaccessible
• Yolanda (November 13, 2013)
• People had to go to Baguio to try to ascertain and get data
• Acts of terrorism
on what was happening
 9/11 incident
 How to help? What did they need?
 World changed because of this
 Disaster relief operations were not sophisticated yet
 As a result of 9/11, and the threat of bioterrorism,
• Had to mobilize resources
traveling has become much more strict
 What will you send? Where are you going to send?
• Death of Mikhail Gorbachev
How many are you going to send?
 Cold war (West vs. East)
 Everybody tries to help (e.g., send old clothes, unused
 Russia had a sphere of influence, and had a Union of
medicines)
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
 Worst thing that can happen because you tie up all
 This union collapsed in the late 1980s under the
your people sorting out donations (e.g., medicines
presidency of Gorbachev
you do not need)
 The Russia we know today is only that country that was
 First thing they needed: cadaver bags
the nucleus of USSR
 People that were dead needed to be buried
− Why Putin invaded Ukraine: to regain and create
 Need people who can cook food and distribute to
another empire
people who lost their houses
• Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone in 2014-2016  Blankets were also needed

Other Examples

• June 15, 1991: Mt. Pinatubo Eruption

 Could not go back to the country because of the ashfall
 Ashfall reached Manila

− Fear of absorbing the ash

 Result of American forces leaving Clark and Subic Airbase

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  Research done from Volcanic Eruption Aftermath: Infrastructure
 People who were affected by the ashfall had their roofs

caved in by the ash • Communication lines cut off for at least a week
− People had no experience with disposing of ash • Electricity cut off for a month
 Ashfall was like sand • Roads not passable for 3 days
• 60-80% of homes totally damages
• All government unit buildings were damages, including
evacuation centers, gyms
• 50-80% of resorts totally damaged

Figure 5. 9/11 Terrorist Attack on the World Trade Center

• September 11, 2001: 9/11 Terrorist Attack

 3,000 died because of the attack
 People jumping out of the building itself
Figure 7. Dr. Arelene’s RHU Office wrecked
• 2003: SARS Outbreak
 Dean Dayrit was Secretary of DOH • Recall: WHO Resiliency
 Was able to control the outbreak in the country
 Capacity dropping → What happened to Siargao when
 Hazard was not as infectious as COVID-19
Odette struck
• 2020: COVID-19 Pandemic RHU: Rural Health Unit

EFFECTS OF ODETTE ON RHUs5 IN SIARGAO • Republic Act 1082

• From Dr. Arelene Sebastian, RHU Physician  82 on June 22, 1963
 Done on July 29, 2022  One RHU in each municipality
 “…takes charge of the effective and economical
implementation of Health-related services and programs.
Develop and formulate plans and strategies in the
Prevention and occurrence of diseases and be in the
Frontline of health services during and aftermath of
Calamites, man-made or natural”
• Resilience
 How can that health center provide help once again?
Aftermath on Health

• Medical and Public Health

 Deaths within 24 hours: 28
 Diarrhea outbreak in General Luna: 7 deaths
 All RHU facilities critically damaged except Dapa, Del
Carmen
 Increased home deliveries: Birthing units non-functional
Figure 6. Map of Siargao
 COVID-19 vaccination temporarily stopped
• Brief Information:
 Average 25 patients per day; 80% needed suturing
 Also known as Siargaw – Premna odorata
• WASH (Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene)
 169 sq. miles
Water sources contaminated by improper septic tanks

 Total Population: 150,000
Dependent on bottled water

 Municipalities: 11
 Poor sanitation: Island of “basura ug barungbarung”
 Literacy rate: 90%
 Had to bring in safe drinking water
 Poverty Incidence Rate: 42%
 Livelihood: Fishing, Farming (Copra), Tourism • Nutrition
 Dependent on processed/canned food for months
 SIPLAS declared on October 10, 1996
 Increase in malnutrition cases: 11-15%
Typhoon Odette
 First cases of malnourished pregnant women

• Tropical Cyclone Rai • Mental Health Psychosocial Services (MHPSS)

• December 12-22, 2021  Increased cases of stress disorders
 Hidden psychiatric patients resurfaced
• Category 5 Typhoon
 No suicide case identified
• Highest Wind Speed of 260 km/hr
 1 attempted suicide case: former resort employee
• First landfall unexpectedly in Siargao
 No case of gender violence reported
• Second landfall in Southern Leyte

5
Rural Health Units

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 Lesson Learned: Understanding PREPAREDNESS

• Health • Measures that ensure the organized mobilization of personnel,

 “People in rural areas generally have less access to health funds, equipment, supplies, within a safe environment for
care than their urban counterparts. Fewer medical effective relief
practitioners, mental health programs, and healthcare  Preparations are not cancelled out due to disaster

facilities in these areas mean less preventive care and  Most often this is the part where we are lacking

longer response times in emergencies” • Contingency planning

 Magna Carta on Health not fully implemented • Warning and evacuation
 Meager budget barely covers commodities
B. DISASTER RESPONSE
 Meager budget left for preventive health
 Politically-driven white elephant health facilities • Rehabilitation and reconstruction can take years
 Political partisanship in service delivery  Ex. Marawi
 Man-made disaster
III. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 No proof of ownership in their culture

− Cannot rebuild because of no proof of ownership

• Response
 Also known as Relief
 The set of activities implemented after the impact of
disaster in order to:
 Assess the needs

 Reduce the suffering

 Limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster

 Open the way to rehabilitation

• Rehabilitation
 The restoration of basic social functions
• Reconstruction
 The full resumption of socio-economic activities plus
Figure 8. Disaster Management preventive measures
• Recovery from disaster could be from 5-10 years
• Split into two parts
 Disaster Mitigation
[Example] COVID
 Everything you need to do before the disaster

 Disaster Response • Disaster Response

 Things you do after the disaster hits  Relief
 There has been some relief due to vaccinations
• E.g., COVID-19
 There has been some relief now we are doing rehabilitation  Rehabilitation
 Trying to recover from the disaster
A. DISASTER MITIGATION  i.e., wearing masks is part of the rehabilitation period

• Reduction of the risk of disaster  It can take quite a while

• Primary Mitigation - reducing the presence of the hazard;

reducing vulnerability Refer to Figure 13 in Appendix for the Emerging Framework
 E.g., China trying to eradicate COVID
for a Resilient Local Health System
• Secondary Mitigation - reducing the effects of the hazard
 Has to do with preparedness TAKE NOTE!
RISK ASSESSMENT • Dr. Dayrit mentioned to study the different activities under
• Hazard assessment Preparedness, Relief, Recovery in the Emerging
• Vulnerability assessment Framework for a Resilient Local Health System
• If you were an LGU what’s the risk of your community?
 Caution towards people living in coastlines → risk Refer to Figure 14 in Appendix for the Municipal Framework
 Also considered as sociopolitical issues (they don’t want for Disaster Resiliency
to move)
DISASTER PREVENTION
• Structural measures
• Non-structural measures
• How do you prevent it?
 How do you prevent the hazard from reaching you?
• You do all things for preparation here
 Early warnings
 Have people ready
 Stockpiling commodities

YL6: 02.11 Disasters and Health 5 of 13


Figure 14
• Disaster response can take different domains (e.g., health,
livelihood, education, child protection)
• Preparedness in education
 Immediate relief: class resumption
 We are currently here
 Way of mitigating the impact of the lockdown
 E.g., online classes
• E.g., online classes
 Universities had to gear up practically overnight
 To deliver the curriculum despite the lockdown
 Organizing for the rest of the school
 This did not work in the public system
 They were not prepared; poor families are not
prepared (i.e., they did not have computers, internet)
 Impact of COVID on children in poorer families is huge
as they lost 2 years of schooling unless home schooled
ACTIVE RECALL BOX
1. T/F Primary mitigation means reducing the presence of
the hazard and reducing vulnerability.
2. What law pertains to that of RHUs
a. Republic Act 1082
b. Republic Act 10121
c. Republic Act 248
d. NOTA
3. This refers to disaster mitigation involving the reduction
of the effects of the Hazard
a. Primary Mitigation
b. Secondary Mitigation
c. Tertiary Mitigation
Answers: 1T, 2A, 3B
IV. RA 10121 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT PLAN OF 2020
• Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act
of 2010
• The creation of the National Council
 Section 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council - the present national disaster
coordinating council or NDCC shall henceforth be known as
the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council, hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the
National Council
A. STATEMENT OF POLICY
TAKE NOTE!
• There are 16 paragraphs in the RA 10121 policy. The
information below are some of the paragraphs that Dr.
Dayrit mentioned and highlighted during the session.
• (d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management
approach that is holistic comprehensive, integrated, and
proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental
impacts of disaster including climate change, and promote the
involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially local
community
 Questions regarding this paragraph to think about:
 How are we going to do it?
YL6: 02.11 Disasters and Health
 What are the resources involved?
 Who are the people involved?
 What are the institutions involved?
• (e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
(NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national
government and the local government units, together with
partner stakeholders to build the disaster resilience of
communities and to institutionalize arrangements and
measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected
climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and
response capabilities at all levels
 This sets what the goal should be
• (f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive,
integrated, efficient, and responsive disaster risk reduction
program incorporated in the development plan at various
levels of government adhering to the principles of good
governance such as transparency and accountability within the
context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection
 Provide program, activities, budget, and human resources
for the plan
• (k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country, and
strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk
reduction and management through decentralized powers,
responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local levels
 One of the best provinces for disaster risk response is Bicol
 They have a lot of volcanic eruptions; they have been
able to organize the province that they can respond
whenever there is a disaster
V. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
COUNCIL
A. NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT COUNCIL (NDRRMC)
BROAD ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
• How the disaster management functions, and how they
organize according to the government bureaucracy
 Chairperson: Secretary of the Department of National
Defense (DND)
 Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness: Department
of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
 Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response: Secretary of the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
 Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation:
Secretary of Department of Science and Technology
(DOST)
 Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and
Recovery: Director-General of the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA)
• IATF was structured after this law
 Military was placed in leadership
 The president appointed military men as heads of these
agencies
 For COVID, they were thinking of command and control
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL
• The National Council’s members shall be the following:
 Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH)
 Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR)
 Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA)
 Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd)
 Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE)
 Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF)
6 of 13
  Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) • Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
 Secretary of the Department of Transportation and (LDRRMO)
Communications (DOTC) • National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund
 Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management
VI. UPDATED NDRRMC PLAN 2020-2030
(DBM)
 Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways • This plan has four thematic areas
(DPWH) • 4 key components have to do with the same thing:
 Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)  Disaster preparedness
 Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ)  Disaster Response and Early Recovery
 Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment  Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
(DOLE)  Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
 Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT)
 The Executive Secretary
 Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the
Peace Process (OPAPP)
 Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
 Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
 Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP)
 The Press Secretary
 Secretary General of the Philippine National Red Cross
(PNRC)
 Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-
Victims of Disasters and Calamities Sector
 Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino
Women
Figure 9. Updated NDRRMC Plan 2020-2030
 Chairperson, Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC) VII. COMMISSION ON AUDIT REPORT ON THE
 Executive Director of the Climate Change Office of the GOVERNMENT’S DISASTER RESPONSE
Climate Change Commission
A. COVID-19 RESPONSE
 President, Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
 President, Social Security System (SSS) • These are all immediate responses
 President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation • When COVID hit, look at what we did:
(PhilHealth)  Travel restriction
 President of the Union of Local Authorities of the  Community interventions
Philippines (ULAP)  Flexible work arrangement

 President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines  Prohibition of mass gatherings

(LPP)  Testing
 President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP) • While you’re trying to figure out how to study the country was
 President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines trying to prevent COVID-19
(LMP) Refer to Figure 15 in Appendix for the Timeline of key
 33. President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay (LMB) events and developments in the Philippines, 20 January-
 Four (4) representatives from the COs (Civil Society 21 March 2020
Organizations)
 One (1) representative from the private sector; and SWISS CHEESE PROTECTION
 Administrator of the OCD (Office of Civil Defense)
 Like the Secretariat

 Office is in Camp Aguinaldo

B. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NDRRMC

• Policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision,
monitoring and evaluation
• The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is an organization within the
Philippines' Department of National Defense (DND) and
serves as the implementing arm of the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC).
 It has the primary mission of administering a
Figure 10. Swiss Cheese Protection
comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk
reduction and management program by providing • Layers to prevent exposure
leadership in the continuous development of strategic and • Had physical distancing, use of masks, quarantine, isolation,
systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the these are all there to manage
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the
IATF-NTF PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL STRCUTURES
consequences of disasters.
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at the • NTF head: Secretary Galvez
Regional Level  Job: Head of office of presidential adviser
• Organization at the Local Government Level • Response cluster: DOH

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• Early recovery cluster head: NEDA  There was also more than P23.6 billion in COVID-19 funds
• Social recovery: DSWD left undisbursed
• Governance: DILG  Really went down to the management of the bureaucracy,
management of funds
• Food security: Department of Agriculture
 Analogy → parents give you P 1 million to spend on
• Transport: DOT
immunization
Refer to Figure 16 in Appendix for the IATF-NTF-COVID 19 − However, you don’t know where and how to spend the
Organizational Structure money
− You end up not spending the entire budget
CHALLENGES IN FIGHTING COVID-19 − Think of this from the point of view of the organization
 Too much money goes into buying equipment,
• Clarity in governance
training, and manpower and yet, nothing happens
 When it filters down
 DOH management said that the causes for low utilization
 When members of the government do their own actions,
include:
that is where the problem lies
 Incomplete supporting documents
 Local implementation
 Delay in processing of payments
• Building capacity to test, trace, treat fast and across the board
 Failed bidding for medical equipment
• Data Management
 Delayed bidding due to revisions of specifications
 Delayed, incomplete
 Other challenges encountered in the procurement
 Now improved and improving
process
 Ex. COVID data needed to be fixed; took months of the
 COA said
pandemic
 “The low utilization thereof can be counter-beneficial to
 Private sector helped a lot with the data
the continuing efforts of the DOH towards ensuring
• Human resources for health access to basic public health services to all Filipinos and
 Illness, deaths, exhaustion, shortage controlling the spread of COVID-19”
• Financing
PhilHealth woes
 TAKE NOTE!
Inadequate coverage, delays, scandal
 • There were two other cases written down on Dr. Dayrit’s
• Communicating to the public lecture slides. However, he skipped over those and did not
• Reviving the economy discuss them during the live lecture.
• Opening public transport
• Opening schools COA FINDINGS ON YOLANDA DISASTER RESPONSE
LESSONS LEARNED FROM FIGHTING COVID-19 • In general, based on the audit findings on Yolanda disaster
• Lockdowns slow viral spread but have not suppressed it response (November 2013), common problems are:
 Low budget utilization
• We need to continue to improve pandemic interventions
 Procedural lapses in accounting for receipt and use of
• Keep improving data for decision making
funds
 Eg. Socio-eco classification of confirmed cases
 Deficiencies for accounting of receipt and utilization of
• Government needs to communicate more effectively to the
funds
public
 Procurement and contracting issues
• Plan ahead  Abuse and overpricing
Eg. Plan for the procurement and delivery of a safe and

 Recording and documentation issues
effective vaccine  Lapses in recording of donations
• Execute efficiently and effectively  Issues in management of inventory, supplies, and
• Invest wisely warehousing
 Increase investment in our public health system going  E.g., people order vaccines but suddenly don’t want to
forward to ensure a constant state of readiness be vaccinated anymore or the vaccines expired
− Vaccines are bought but there is problem with the
storage
− How do you manage so that those don’t expire? How
would you manage the surplus from people taking
back their vaccination requests?
 Issues on loading, shipment, and logistics management
 Delay and non-delivery of goods

Closing Remarks

• Capacity for DRRM is made up of:

 Information
 Data to assess situation

Figure 11. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic  Basis for decisions

 Authority
REVIEW OF RESPONSE TO COVID-19  Legal mandates

 Roles
• CNN report, August 17, 2022
 In a report, state auditors said the DOH failed to legally  Institutions
 Government
spend over P6.6 billion COVID-19 funds for 2021

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  Private agencies d. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
 Partnerships of 2020-2030
 Among institutions 2. Exposure is a predisposition to suffer damage due to external
 Resources events. A hazard is an agent of harm.
 Human resources, budget, supplies a. Both statements are true.
 Plans and procedures to activate them b. Both statements are false.
 Expertise and capability to execute interventions c. Only statement 1 is true.
 Social solidarity d. Only statement 2 is true.
 Social cohesion among all stakeholders 3. Which of the following is true about disasters?
• Huge competency needed to manage all of these a. An incident is labelled as a disaster with or without people
 Particularly at the national level and local government level involved.
for proper disaster response b. Disaster happens when the hazard meets the vulnerable
population exposed to it.
ACTIVE RECALL BOX c. The 9/11 incident is an example of terrorism, not a
disaster.
1. T/F RA 10121 is also known as the Philippine Disaster
d. None of the above
Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
4. What belongs to Disaster Mitigation?
2. The _____ has the primary mission of administering a
a. Risk Assessment
comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk
b. Disaster Prevention
reduction and management program?
c. Preparedness
a. LDRRMO
d. All of the above
b. Office of Civil Defense
5. True or False. Preparedness measures that ensure the
c. NDRRMC
organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipment,
3. Identify one of the problems involving management of
supplies, within any environment for effective relief.
inventory, supplies and storage that manifested during
a. True
the COVID-19 pandemic
b. False
6. Which of the following government bodies act as the Vice
Answers: 1T, 2B, 3 Having problems storing surplus after
Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness?
people back out on their orders; Improper storage of vaccines
a. DND
that cause those to expire
b. DSWD
c. DILG
QUICK REVIEW d. DOST
SUMMARY OF TERMS 7. T/F Generalized findings regarding Philippine disaster
preparedness include recording and documentation
• Disaster: an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of
problems, inappropriate authorization of disaster efforts, and
existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the
low budget utilization
capacity of adjustment of the affected community
a. True
• Disaster Mitigation: reduction of the risk of disaster b. False
• Disaster Response: the set of activities implemented after the 8. Capacity for DRRM is made up of the following except:
impact of disaster in order to assess the needs, reduce the a. Information
suffering, limit the spread and the consequences of the b. Authority
disaster, and open the way to rehabilitation c. Social Solidarity
• Emergency: a state in which normal procedures are d. Marketing
suspended and extraordinary measures are taken to avert a 9. Disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of
disaster existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds
• Hazard: an agent of harm; a natural or human-made event capacity for adjustment. Vulnerability is the state of being put
that threatens to adversely affect human life, property, or into a harmful situation.
activity to the extent of causing a disaster a. Both statements are true
• Primary Mitigation: reducing the presence of the hazard; b. Both statements are false
reducing vulnerability c. Only the first statement is true
• Secondary Mitigation: reducing the effects of the hazard d. Only the second statement is true
• Reconstruction: the full resumption of socio-economic 10. Disaster mitigation is composed of relief, rehabilitation, and
activities plus preventive measures reconstruction. Secondary mitigation is about reducing the
• Rehabilitation: the restoration of basic social functions effects of the hazard.
a. Only Statement 1 is true
• Resiliency: the capacity to recover
b. Only Statement 2 is true
• Vulnerability: a predisposition to a hazard or to suffer damage
c. Both statements are true
due to external events
d. Both statements are false
QUESTIONS
Answer Key
1. Which instrument gives us an idea of how the Philippine
government deals with or reacts to disasters? 1C, 2D, 3B, 4D, 5A, 6C, 7B, 8D, 9C, 10B
a. International Health Regulations of 2005 RATIONALE
b. WHO Resiliency
1. C. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Law – The
c. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Law
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Law or
RA 10121 provides for the national disaster risk reduction and

YL6: 02.11 Disasters and Health 9 of 13

 management framework and institutionalizes the NDRRM SUPPLEMENTARY
Plan.  Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010,
2. D. Only statement 2 is true. Exposure is the state of being Rep. Act No. 10121. Republic of the Philippines. (2009, July 27)
put into a situation in which something harmful or dangerous  National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council -
(NDRRMC). (2020). National Disaster Risk Reduction and
might affect you. Meanwhile, vulnerability is predisposition to Management Plan 2020-2030. Office of Civil Defense.
a hazard or to suffer damage due to external events.  Commission on Audit. (2014). Report on the Audit of Typhoon Yolanda
3. B. Disaster happens when the hazard meets the Relief Operations.
vulnerable population exposed to it. – (A) is false because IMPORTANT LINKS
disaster involves people; (C) is false because the 9/11
Feedback form: https://bit.ly/2026TF
incident is an act of terrorism that is identified as a disaster.
Errata tracker: https://bit.ly/2026ET
4. D. All of the above – Risk Assessment, Disaster Prevention
and Preparedness all belong to Disaster Mitigation
FREEDOM SPACE
5. B. False – Preparedness measures that ensure the
organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipment,
supplies, within a safe environment for effective relief. This is
so that the preparations are not affected when disaster
strikes.
6. C. DILG – The Department of Interior and Local Government
(DILG) acts as the Vice Chairperson for Disaster
Preparedness.
7. B. False – Inappropriate authorization of disaster efforts was
not mentioned in the lecture as one of the generalized
findings.
8. D. Marketing – Information, Authority and Social Solidarity
make up the capacity for DRRM, along with Institutions,
Partnerships, Resources, Plans and Procedures, and
Expertise and Capability.
9. C. Only the first statement is true – Exposure is the state
of being put into a harmful situation.
10. B. Only Statement 2 is true – The first statement is
describing disaster response. Disaster mitigation is composed
of risk assessment, prevention, and preparedness
REFERENCES
REQUIRED
 <Dayrit, M.M..>. (2022, September 06). <Disaster Risk Reduction &
Management> [Lecture slides].

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 APPENDIX

Figure 12. Classification of Hazards and Disasters

Figure 13. Emerging Framework for a Resilient Local Health System

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 Figure 14. Municipal Framework for Disaster Resiliency

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 Figure 15. Timeline of key events and developments in the Philippines, 20 January-21 March 2020

Figure 16. IATF-NTF-COVID 19 Organizational Structure

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