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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Respiration: An Overview
Quarter 2- Week 4

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General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: An Overview
Quarter 2- Week 4

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 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PART 2)

Introduction

In the absence of oxygen, the type of respiration through which cells

can break down sugars to produce energy is anaerobic respiration. This
contrasts with the highly efficient aerobic respiration process that relies on
oxygen to produce energy. Due to its high affinity for electrons, molecular
oxygen is the most efficient electron acceptor for respiration. However, certain
species have adapted to use other final electron acceptors and can carry out
oxygen-free respiration as well (Biology dictionary 2020).

This learning activity sheet will provide the students an overview of

aerobic and anaerobic respiration including fermentation. The detailed
discussion of the processes and biochemical reactions will be discussed in
the succeeding weeks.

Learning Competencies

1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6).

2. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular
respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7).

Objectives

At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. give an overview of the four stages of aerobic respiration;
2. indicate where each stage of aerobic respiration takes place in a
eukaryotic cell;
3. compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration; and
4. contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

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 Review

In your previous lessons, you have learned about phases of Calvin cycle
and the important roles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate + hydrogen (NADPH).
Let’s have a review on the above mentioned concepts by completing the
concept map. Write word/s associated with the concept word in the middle.
Then transform the concept map into a short paragraph to summarize all
your ideas. Write down your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

Discussion

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: AN OVERVIEW

Cells are small factories which, through thousands of metabolic

reactions, process materials at the molecular level. Cells exist in an active

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state hence, many different cell components are constantly building up and
breaking down. There are two components of metabolism: (1) catabolism,
releases energy by breaking large molecules into smaller components; and (2)
anabolism, the combination of large molecules from simpler building blocks.
Through photosynthesis, each organism must derive energy from food
molecules that it either creates or obtains from the environment. Organic
molecules are obtained by animals from their diverse plant and animal food.
But how do they derive energy from organic molecules? Through the
process of digestion, the food molecules are broken down by smaller pieces
that are absorbed into the blood and transported to all the cells.
Inside the cell, the catabolic mechanism that transforms energy into
molecular energy contained in ATP in the chemical bonds of nutrients. This
process is known as cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration
requires oxygen, while oxygen is not needed for anaerobic pathways, which
involve anaerobic respiration and fermentation (Solomon, Berg, and Martin
2011, 215).

LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF THE FOUR STAGES OF AEROBIC

RESPIRATION

IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Glucose = Simple sugar; 6-carbon sugar which acts as the body's key source
of energy
• ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) = The principal energy currency of the cell;
stores and transports energy within cells; a high-energy molecule
• NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen) = High-energy
electron carrier for transporting electrons to the electron transport chain
produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle
• FADH2 (reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) = High-energy electron
carrier for transporting electrons to the electron transport chain produced in
the glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Produced by the reduction of FAD
(Biology LibreTexts 2020)

STAGE 1: GLYCOLYSIS
• Occurs in the cytosol
• A six-carbon glucose is converted into two three-carbon molecules of
pyruvate

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• With the creation of two kinds of energy carriers, ATP and NADH, some of
the glucose energy is absorbed
• By transferring a phosphate group, ATP transfers energy.
• NADH is a reduced molecule that, as part of a hydrogen atom, transfers
energy by transferring electrons
• Glycolysis has a net profit of 2 ATPs

STAGE 2: FORMATION OF ACETYL COENZYME A (Acetyl CoA)

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Each pyruvate that enters the mitochondrion is oxidized to a two-carbon
group (acetate) that combines with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A
• Hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers
• NADH is produced
• CO2 is released

STAGE 3: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

• Also called as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• The acetate group of acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate (a
four-carbon molecule) to form citrate (a six-carbon molecule)
• In the course of cycle, citrate is recycled to oxaloacetate, and CO2 is released
as waste product
• Krebs cycle has a net profit of 2 ATPs

STAGE 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS

• Occur in the mitochondria
• The chain with several molecules containing electrons; electrons are
transferred through the chain
• During the preceding steps, electrons withdrawn from glucose are passed
from NADH and FADH2 to the chain of electron acceptor compounds
• Some of their energy is used to carry hydrogen ions (protons) through the
inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient, as the electrons
are transferred from one electron acceptor to another
• In a process known as chemiosmosis, ATP is generated using the energy of
this proton gradient
• This stage yields a net profit of 32-34 ATPs

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 Oxidative phosphorylation, which includes the electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis, produces much ATP. Maximum of 36-38 ATPs are
produced in a complete aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule
(Solomon, Berg, and Martin 2011, 217-18).

Figure 1: Overview of Aerobic Respiration

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 LESSON 2: OVERVIEW OF ANEAROBIC RESPIRATION AND
FERMENTATION

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Does not use oxygen as the final acceptor of an electron.
• This is done by some prokaryotes, such as waterlogged soil, stagnant ponds,
and animal intestines living in anaerobic environments.
• Like in aerobic respiration, electrons are transported in anaerobic
respiration from glucose to NADH; they then pass down an electron transport
chain that is coupled to ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis.
• However, an inorganic substance such as nitrate (NO3 –) and sulfate
(SO4 2–) swaps molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
• Carbon dioxide, one or more reduced inorganic compounds, and ATP are
the end products of anaerobic respiration.

FERMENTATION
• Certain other bacteria use fermentation routinely, as well as fungi.
• This is an anaerobic pathway that does not involved an electron transport
chain.

Alcohol Fermentation
• Yeast are facultative anaerobes that conducts respiration when oxygen is
available but, when depleted of oxygen, switches to alcohol fermentation.
• The final waste products are Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Lactate (lactic) Acid Fermentation

• This form of fermentation is carried out by some fungi, bacteria and animal
cells.
• Hydrogen atoms are added to pyruvate to form lactate, a waste product.
• Bacteria are able to produce lactate that is used for yogurt processing.
• Lactate is also provided by Vertebrate muscle cells. Due to inadequate
oxygen, the loss of fuel molecules, and lactate accumulation during strenuous
exercises, exercise can induce fatigue and muscle cramps.
(Solomon, Berg, and Martin 2011, 233-34).

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 Activities

General Directions: Write all your answers in your answer sheet.

Guided Practice 1: Venn Diagram (20 points)

Directions: Individual Work. Complete the Venn diagram below to compare

and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Below the diagram, write a
short paragraph that summarizes all of your ideas.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

Guided Practice 2: Scientific Research Skills (20 points)

Directions: Can be individual or collaborative work (2 students). Think of one
research title (Qualitative or Quantitative) related to concepts of aerobic or
anaerobic respiration, or fermentation then do the following:
A. Brief introduction
B. Research Framework
C. Research Questions / Statement of the Problem
D. Significance of the Study
E. Methodology

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Independent Practice: Modified True or False (1 point each)
Directions: If the statement is correct write True, if not write False. Then
replace the word/s to make the false statement, true. Write down your
responses on separate sheets.

1. Glucose is 6-carbon sugar which acts as the body's key source of energy.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

2. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

3. In the stage 1 of glycolysis, each pyruvate that enters the mitochondrion is

oxidized to a two-carbon group (acetate) that combines with coenzyme A,
forming acetyl coenzyme A.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

4. Aerobic respiration does not use oxygen as the final acceptor of an electron.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

5. In the lactic acid fermentation, hydrogen atoms are added to pyruvate to

form lactate, which is waste product.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

6. Anabolism releases energy by breaking large molecules into smaller

components.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

7. Catabolism is the combination of large molecules from simpler building

blocks.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

8. Bacteria are able to produce lactate that is used for yogurt processing.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

9. Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway that does not involved an electron

transport chain.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

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10. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occur in cytosol.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________.

Assessment (1 point each)

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write down your
responses on separate sheets.
1. It is the major energy currency of the cell.
A. ADP C. ATP
B. NADH D. All of these

2. Where does glycolysis take place in the cells?

A. Ribosomes C. Nucleus
B. Vacuoles D. Cytosol

3. Glycolysis has a net profit of __________.

A. 2 NADH C. 2 ATPs
B. 3 ATPs D. 3 ATPs

4. During a workout, lactic acid fermentation happens in your muscles

when your cells are unable to get __________.
A. Oxygen C. Water
B. CO2 D. None of these

5. The waste products of alcohol fermentation are:

A. Pyruvate and oxygen C. Oxygen and ethyl alcohol
B. CO2 and oxygen D. CO2 and ethyl alcohol

6. What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

A. C6H12O6 C. H2O
B. CO2 D. All of these

7. Krebs cycle has a net profit of __________.

A. 3 NADH C. 4 ATPs
B. 3 ATPs D. 2 ATPs

8. Where does Krebs cycle take place in the cells?

A. Cytosol C. Plasma membrane
B. Mitochondria D. Endoplasmic reticulum

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9. Which of the following is the correct sequence of aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Formation of acetyl coA → Glycolysis → Electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis → Citric acid cycle.
B. Glycolysis → Citric acid cycle → Electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis → Formation of acetyl coA.
C. Glycolysis → Formation of acetyl coA → Citric acid cycle → Electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis.
D. Glycolysis → Formation of acetyl coA → Electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis → Citric acid cycle.

10. All of the following processes occur in the mitochondria except

__________.
A. Glycolysis
B. Formation of acetyl coA
C. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
D. Krebs cycle

Reflection

Directions: Answers must be precise and concise. You can use other sources
of information related to the topic. Write down your responses on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Explain the roles of NAD and FADH2 in glycolysis.
2. Explain the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration.
3. What is main difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
Explain.

References

1. Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R. Berg, and Diana W. Martin, General Biology,

Philippine Edition., (Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte,Ltd., 2011),
215; 217-18; 233-34.

2. Katy McLaughlin, Ph.D. “Aerobic Respiration.” Biology Dictionary,

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 November 7, 2020. https://biologydictionary.net/aerobic-respiration/.

3. Libretexts. “Cellular Respiration.” Biology LibreTexts. Libretexts, November

8 14, 2020.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ancillary_Materials/Workshee
ts/Biology_Tutorials/Cellular_Respiration.

Key to Corrections

Review: Answers may vary.

Guided Practice 1: Answers may vary.
Guided Practice 2: Answers may vary.
Independent Practice:
1. True
2. False
Correct statement: Glycolysis occurs in cytosol.
3. False
Correct statement: In the stage 2 of glycolysis, each pyruvate that
enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized to a two-carbon group
(acetate) that combines with coenzyme A, forming acetyl
coenzyme A.
4. False
Correct statement: Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen as
the final acceptor of an electron.
5. True

6. False.
Correct statement: Catabolism releases energy by breaking large
molecules into smaller components.

7. False.
Correct statement: Anabolism is the combination of large
molecules from simpler building blocks.
8. True
9. True
10. False

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 Correct statement: Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
occur in the mitochondria.
Assessment:
1. C 6. A
2. D 7. D
3. C 8. B
4. A 9. C
5. D 10. A
Reflection:
1. Answers may vary.
2. Answers may vary.
3. Answers may vary.

GENERAL RUBRICS (For Guided practice 1, 2 and Reflection)

Scores
Categories 4 3 2 1

Degrees of Thorough Substantia Partial or Misunderstandin

Understandin and complete l incomplet g or
g e misconception
Degrees of Highly Generally Somewhat Ineffective
Effectiveness Effective Effective Effective
Degrees of Completely Generally Inaccurat Major
Accuracy Accurate Accurate e Inaccuracies
Degrees of Student With With With
Independence successfully minimal moderate considerable
completes the assistance assistanc assistance
task required e required required
Independentl
y
Degrees of Exceptionally Generally Lacks Unclear;
Clarity clear; easy to clear; Able clarity; impossible to
follow to follow difficult to follow
follow

Total Points 20

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 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt

gratitude to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to
the successful preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and
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coordination with the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval
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Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the
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To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would
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Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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