AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION

Prepared by:

ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO,RN,LPT,MAN,MSc.Bio

SHS Teacher III / SHS Nurse
 Topics
● METABOLISM
● CELLULAR RESPIRATION
STAGES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
(1) Glycolysis
(2) Formation of Acetyl CoA
(3) Krebs Cycle
(4) Electron Transport Chain
• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION AND
FERMENTATION
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM
• METABOLISM
- the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in
order to maintain life.
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
- break down large molecules.
- provide energy for ATP.

ANABOLIC REACTIONS
- the synthesis of complex molecules
from simpler ones.
- require energy.
 in all healthy creatures .. there is a Balance between Anabolic &
Catabolic pathways

Anabolism Catabolism

Building Degradation
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Cellular respiration can be aerobic or

anaerobic.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen
• While oxygen is not needed for anaerobic
pathways, which involve anaerobic respiration
and fermentation
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Aerobic cellular respiration is the process

of breaking sugar into a form that the cell
can use as energy.
This happens in all forms of life.
Cellular respiration takes in food and uses
it to create ATP, a chemical that the cell
uses for energy.
Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur
in the cell?
Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and
inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are often called the cell's
“power plant,” because most of the process of cellular respiration
takes place inside them. This process produces energy within the cell.
 Steps in Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• GLYCOLYSIS

• FORMATION OF ACETYL
CoA

• CITRIC ACID CYCLE/KREBS

CYCLE

• ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN AND
CHEMIOSMOSIS.
What is the GOAL of Aerobic Cellular
Respiration?
To transfer energy from the food that we eat daily into
ATP that our bodies can use.
This process starts with the eating of a snack or meal
and ends with capturing the energy for the complete
breakdown of the nutrients into energy and carbon
dioxide.

The chemical formula for Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Terminologies
●Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA)
- A small molecule that carries acetyl functional
groups in cells. Composed of an acetyl group attached
to a coenzyme A molecule. The starting product of the
citric acid cycle.
●Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- The molecule from which cells derive energy.
Comprised of an adenosine molecule bonded to three
phosphates, each phosphate bond contains energy,
especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond
and reducing ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the
cell can get the energy to carry out its various
processes.
Terminologies

● Citric acid cycle

- Also known as the Krebs Cycle; a metabolic
pathway found in aerobic organisms that
oxidizes acetyl coA groups to carbon dioxide and
water.

● Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

- A coenzyme that participates in oxidation
and reduction reactions. An important electron
carrier in oxidative phosphorylation.
 Terminologies

• Oxidation
- A reaction that involves the overall loss of
electrons from a specific molecule or atom.
• Reduction
- A reaction that results in the overall gain of
electrons to a specific molecule or atom.
• Oxidative phosphorylation
- A process occurring in the mitochondria that
results in the formation of ATP from the flow of
electrons to oxygen.
IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN AEROBIC CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

• GLUCOSE
- Simple sugar; 6-carbon sugar which acts
as the body's key source of energy.
• ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
- The principal energy currency of the cell;
stores and transports energy within cells; a high-
energy molecule.
IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN AEROBIC CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

•NADH (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

+ HYDROGEN)
- High-energy electron carrier for
transporting electrons to the electron transport
chain produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
• FADH2 (reduced FLAVIN ADENINE
DINUCLEOTIDE)
- High-energy electron carrier for
transporting electrons to the electron transport
chain produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis. (glī-kŏl'ə-sĭs) The process in cell metabolism by

which carbohydrates and sugars, especially glucose, are broken
down, producing ATP and pyruvic acid.
Overview of Glycolysis
In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken
down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called
pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of
2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
Phases of Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase (a.ka
Investment Phase)
- Preparatory phase is the
stage in which there is
consumption of ATP.
- The first five steps of the
glycolysis reaction.
Pay-off Phase
This phase is characterized by
gain of the energy-rich
molecules ATP and NADH.
- Steps six to ten of the
glycolysis reaction.
The pay-off phase is where ATP
is produced.
10 Enzymes of Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase (a.ka
Investment Phase) Pay-off Phase
Step 1: Hexokinase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Step 3: Phosphofructokinase
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase
Step 4: Aldolase
Step 9: Enolase
Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase
10 Enzymes of Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase (a.ka
Investment Phase) Pay-off Phase
Step 1: Hexokinase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Step 3: Phosphofructokinase
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase
Step 4: Aldolase
Step 9: Enolase
Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase

MNEMONICS: Hungry Peter Pan And The Growling Pink Panther

Eat Pies”
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Mnemonics: GLYCOLYSIS INTERMEDIATE

• Girls Get Fine Food

• Gentlemen Dine girls
• Boys Prefer to Pick up Pepperoni
Pizza
Mnemonics: GLYCOLYSIS INTERMEDIATE

• Girls Get Fine Food (first 4

molecules)
• Gentlemen Dine girls (split of
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)
• Boys Prefer to Pick up Pepperoni
Pizza (remaining 5 molecules)
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 1: Conversion of

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase
(a.ka Investment
Phase)

Step 1:
Hexokinase
Here, the glucose is phosphorylated.
Step 2: Phosphoglucose Phosphorylation is the process of adding a
Isomerase
phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP.
Step 3: As a result, at this point in glycolysis, 1 molecule of
Phosphofructokinase
ATP has been consumed.
Step 4: Aldolase

Step 5: Triphosphate
isomerase
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 2: Conversion of

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase
(a.ka Investment
Phase)
Step 1: Hexokinase

Step 2:
Phosphoglu
cose
Isomerase The second reaction:
Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is converted to
Step 3:
Phosphofructokinase fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate
isomerase (Phosphoglucose Isomerase).
Step 4: Aldolase

Step 5: Triphosphate
isomerase
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 3: Conversion of

FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

FRUCTOSE-1, 6-BISPHOSPHATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase
(a.ka Investment
Phase)
Step 1: Hexokinase

Step 2: Phosphoglucose
Isomerase Third step:
Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-
Step 3: 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP).
Phosphofru Similar to the reaction that occurs in step 1 of
ctokinase glycolysis, a second molecule of ATP provides the
Step 4: Aldolase phosphate group that is added on to the F6P
molecule.
Step 5: Triphosphate
isomerase
 GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 4: Conversion of

FRUCTOSE-1, 6-BISPHOSPHATE

GLYCERALDEHYDE-3- DIHYDROXYACETONE
PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase
(a.ka Investment
Phase)
Step 1: Hexokinase

Step 2: Phosphoglucose
Isomerase

Step 3:
Phosphofructokinase
This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase, which
catalyzes the cleavage of FBP to yield two 3-
Step 4:
carbon molecules.
Aldolase
One of these molecules is called glyceraldehyde-3-
Step 5: Triphosphate phosphate (GAP) and the other is called
isomerase
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
 GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 5: Isomerization of

GLYCERALDEHYDE-3- DIHYDROXYACETONE
PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis

GAP is the only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway.

As a result, all of the DHAP molecules produced are further acted on
by the enzyme triphoshpate isomerase (TIM), which reorganizes the
DHAP into GAP so it can continue in glycolysis.
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Preparatory Phase
(a.ka Investment
Phase)
Step 1: Hexokinase

Step 2:
Phosphoglucose
Isomerase

Step 3:
Phosphofructokinase

Step 4: Aldolase

Step 5: Triphosphate
isomerase
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 6: Conversion of
GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-
PHOSPHATE

1-3 BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6:
Glyceraldehyde
-3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate
Kinase phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate,
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Mutase
Step 9: Enolase
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6:
Glyceraldehyde
-3-phosphate In this step, two main events take place:
Dehydrogenase 1) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized by the
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate
Kinase coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate
Mutase
(NAD);
Step 9: Enolase 2) the molecule is phosphorylated by the addition
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase
of a free phosphate group.
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 7: Conversion of

1-3 BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate Dehydrogenase

Step 7:
Phosphoglyce
rate Kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate phosphate group from 1,3-
Mutase
Step 9: Enolase bisphosphoglycerate to
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase
ADP to form
ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 8: Conversion of

3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate Dehydrogenase
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate
Kinase

Step 8:
This step involves a simple rearrangement of
Phosphoglyce the position of the phosphate group on the 3
rate Mutase phosphoglycerate molecule, making it 2
Step 9: Enolase
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase phosphoglycerate.
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 9: Conversion of

2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate
Kinase
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate
Mutase

Step 9: This step involves the conversion of 2

Enolase phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase (PEP).
The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
enolase.
GLYCOLYSIS

• STEP 10: Conversion of

PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE

PYRUVATE
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Step 7: Phosphoglycerate
Kinase
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate
Mutase
Step 9: Enolase

Step 10: The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P

from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
to ADP
Kinase
to form pyruvic acid and ATP
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
Pay-off Phase
Step 6:
Glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate
Dehydrogenase
Step 7:
Phosphoglycerate
Kinase
Step 8:
Phosphoglycerate
Mutase
Step 9: Enolase
Step 10: Pyruvate
Kinase
10 Steps of
Glycolysis
10 Steps of
Glycolysis

Steps 1 and 3 = – 2ATP

Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP

Net “visible” ATP

produced = 2 ATP
Immediately upon finishing
glycolysis, the cell must
continue respiration in either
an aerobic or anaerobic
direction; this choice is made
based on the circumstances
of the particular cell.

A cell that can perform

aerobic respiration and which
finds itself in the presence of
oxygen will continue on to
the aerobic citric acid cycle in
the mitochondria.
 KREBS CYCLE
Krebs Cycle = Sir Hans Adolf Krebs
was a German-born British physician
and biochemist. He was the pioneer
scientist in the study of cellular respiration,
A biochemical pathway in cells for
The production of energy. He is best known for his discoveries of two
important chemical reactions in the body, namely the urea cycle and
the citric acid cycle.

TCA Cycle = Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle = The first stable compound is Citric

Acid.
"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money,
Officer?"
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
occur?
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
occur?
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
occur?
KREBS CYCLE

Organisms derive the majority of their energy

from the Krebs Cycle.
The Krebs Cycle is an aerobic process consisting
of eight definite steps.
In order to enter the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate must
first be converted into Acetyl-CoA by the
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex found in the
mitochondria.
After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in
order to enter the citric acid cycle.
OVERVIEW OF THE KREBS CYCLE
Can = Citrate
I = Isocitrate
Keep = a-ketoglutarate
Selling = Succinyl COA
Sex = Succinate
For = Fumarate
Money = Malate
Officer = Oxaloacetate
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 1
In the first step of the citric
acid cycle, acetyl COA joins
with a four-carbon molecule,
oxaloacetate, releasing the
COA group and forming a six-
carbon molecule called
citrate.
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 2
In the second step,
citrate is converted into
its isomer, isocitrate.
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 3
In the third step,
isocitrate is oxidized and
releases a molecule of
carbon dioxide, leaving
behind a five-carbon
molecule—α-
ketoglutarate.

During this step,

NAD is reduced to form
NADH.
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 4.
In this case, it’s α-
ketoglutarate that’s
oxidized, reducing NAD
​to form NADH and
releasing a molecule of
carbon dioxide in the
process.
The remaining four-
carbon molecule picks up
Coenzyme A, forming the
unstable compound
succinyl CoA.
Steps of the citric acid cycle
Step 5
In step five, the CoA of
succinyl CoA is replaced by a
phosphate group, which is
then transferred to ADP to
make ATP.
In some cells, GDP
(guanosine diphosphate) —
is used instead of ADP,
forming GTP (guanosine
triphosphate) —as a
product. The four-carbon
molecule produced in this
step is called succinate.
GTP is similar to ATP: both serve as energy sources, and
the two can be readily interconverted. Which of the
two molecules is produced during the citric acid cycle
depends on the organism and cell type.

For example, ATP is made in human heart cells, but GTP

is made in liver cells.
Steps of the citric acid cycle
Step 6
In step six, succinate is
oxidized, forming another
four-carbon molecule called
fumarate.
In this reaction, two
hydrogen atoms—with their
electrons—are transferred
to FAD, producing FADH2.

Why use FAD here?

FAD is a better electron acceptor than NAD, meaning that it
has a higher affinity, or “hunger”, for electrons.
Succinate is not a great electron donor, meaning that it has a fairly high
affinity for electrons itself and is not eager to give them up.
NAD is not electron-hungry enough to pull electrons
away from succinate, but FAD is.
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 7
In step seven, water is
added to the four-
carbon molecule
fumarate, converting it
into another four-
carbon molecule called
malate.
Steps of the citric acid cycle

Step 8
In the last step of the citric
acid cycle, oxaloacetate—
the starting four-carbon
compound—is regenerated
by oxidation of malate.
Another molecule of NAD
is reduced to NADH in the
process.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

The electron transport chain is

the final and most important
step of cellular respiration.

While Glycolysis and the Citric

Acid Cycle make the necessary
precursors, the electron
transport chain is where a
majority of the ATP is created.
There are four protein complexes (labeled complex I-IV) in the
electron transport chain, which are involved in moving electrons from
NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.