Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems

Professor: Carlos Balam

Engineering Program: Computational Robotics

Computational Robotics Engineering <

Interface of Electronic Systems – Robotics 4B

Unit 1

“Unit 1_Practice 1”
Students:
Cimé:/
Angel Maximiliano Álvarez Arista
Macbeth Emmanuel Ávila Villegas
Walter Jesús Guerrero Fajardo
Diana Angelica Orozco Narvaez
Arturo Rodolfo Sosa Martínez

Teacher:
Carlos José Balam Poot

Delivery date:
Sunday, 21st January 2024
Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems
Professor: Carlos Balam
Engineering Program: Computational Robotics
Practice 1: Rectifier Diodes CRE 4B

Objective: Perform measurements of electrical variables in basic circuits and visualize general
applications using semiconductor diodes.

Materials:

 1 multimeter
 4 diodes type 1N4001
 1 bridge rectifier (Steren Puente de diodes)
 1 transformer (output 12v / 500mA / central Tap) (Steren Transformer de 12 Vca,
500 mA, con Tap central)
 1 red LED
 1 green LED
 1 Electrolytic capacitor 1 µF
 1 Electrolytic capacitor 4.7 µF
 1 Electrolytic capacitor 220 µF
 1 Electrolytic capacitor 1000 µF
 1 resistor 1kOhm
 1 resistor 10kOhm
 1 resistor 220Ohm
 1 protoboard

I. Identification of the diode terminals.

With the help of a multimeter in the diode tester option, connect the test leads to the diode
as shown below and identify the anode and cathode terminals.

Write down your conclusions.

Conclusion:
After testing the diodes, we can conclude they are in good condition to continue with the practice.
II. Measurement of threshold voltage of different diodes.

Performing the same procedure as the previous point, fill out the following table with the
threshold voltages measured for different types of diodes.

Diode Turn-on Voltage

1N4007 Diode 0.785
Red Diode LED 0.4
Green Diode LED 0.4
Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems
Professor: Carlos Balam
Engineering Program: Computational Robotics
III. Rectifier circuits.

3.1 Half wave rectifier.

The half-wave rectifier is a circuit that eliminates half of the signal it receives at the input, depending on how the
diode is polarized: if the polarization is direct, it will eliminate the negative part of the signal, and if the
polarization is reverse, it will eliminate the positive part.

It uses a diode to allow half of the input wave to pass through, half of the wave is eliminated, allowing only the
positive or negative part, depending on the diode.

A half-wave rectifier removes the negative component of an alternating signal leaving only the positive part.

A half-wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle, and for this and other reasons is only used in very small
power supplies.

For a given effective DC output, a half-wave rectifier requires about twice the maximum AC input voltage as the
full-wave rectifier.

A half-wave rectifier removes the negative component of an AC signal leaving only the positive part.

Assemble the following half-wave rectifier circuit and take evidence of the results.

Evidence of the practice:

Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems
Professor: Carlos Balam
Engineering Program: Computational Robotics
3.2. Full wave rectifiers.

This type of rectifier uses four diodes to operate, so they pass alternating current through this four-diode circuit
to replace all the alternating current with direct current.
A full wave rectifier is a rectifier that converts the complete cycle of alternating current into pulsating DC. Unlike
halfwave rectifiers that utilize only the halfwave of the input AC cycle, full wave rectifiers utilize the full cycle.
Unlike halfwave rectifiers that utilize only the halfwave of the input AC cycle, full wave rectifiers utilize the full
cycle. The lower efficiency of the half wave rectifier can be overcome by the full wave rectifier.

Working of the Full Wave Rectifier:

The full-wave rectifier operates with a high voltage AC input. A
transformer reduces this voltage, and the anode of the center-
shunt diodes is connected to the secondary winding and load
resistor. During the positive half-cycle of the AC current, the upper
half of the winding turns positive, and the lower half turns negative.
In the positive half-cycle, diode D1 conducts by being direct biased,
acting as a short circuit, while diode D2 does not conduct by being
reverse biased, acting as an open circuit.
During the negative half-cycle, D1 is reverse biased and D2 is direct
biased, generating DC voltage in both the positive and negative half-cycles. In summary, the full-wave rectifier
provides a DC voltage output for both half cycles of the input waveform.

g full-wave rectifier circuits and take evidence of the resulting signals. Use the 12 Vrms to
500 mA transformer connected to the power line.

Evidence of the practice

3.3. Bridge rectifier.

Bridge Rectifiers use four diodes that are arranged cleverly to convert the AC supply voltage to a DC supply
voltage. The output signal of such a circuit is always of the same polarity regardless of the polarities of the input
AC signal. Depicts the circuit of a bridge rectifier with diodes interlocked in a bridge configuration. The AC signal is
applied at the input terminals a and b, and the output is observed across the load resistor R1.
Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems
Professor: Carlos Balam
Engineering Program: Computational Robotics
Among the rectifiers, the bridge rectifier is the most efficient rectifier circuit. We can define bridge rectifiers as a
type of full-wave rectifier that uses four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration to efficiently convert
alternating (AC) current to a direct (DC) current.

Nonetheless, this output voltage of single polarity is not pure DC voltage, as it is pulsating and not a straight line
in nature. This problem is quickly solved by connecting a capacitor in parallel with the load resistor. In this new
design, the positive half cycle will charge the capacitor via the diodes. And, during the negative half cycle, the
capacitor will stop charging and will begin to discharge itself through the load resistor.

This process is known as filtration, and the capacitor acts as a filter. The capacitor has improved the pulsating
nature of the output voltage, and it will now only have ripples. This waveform shape is now much closer to a pure
DC voltage waveform. The waveform can be further improved by using other types of filters such as an L-C filter
and pie filter.

To the full wave rectifier circuit connects a capacitor in parallel to the load resistor.

Take evidence of the resulting signals. Use 3 different capacitor values, 4.7 μF, 220 μF and
1000 μF. The resistor will be 10 kΩ.

Evidence of the practice:

Unit 1 Subject: Interface of Electronics Systems
Professor: Carlos Balam
Engineering Program: Computational Robotics
Waveform behavior on the oscilloscope:

 With the oscilloscope, you will be able to visualize the waveforms before and after
rectification.

 In the case of the half-wave rectifier, you will only see half of the waveform, as the
other half is removed.

 In the full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier, you will see the full rectified
waveform.