VERBS

Verbs show “action” or “being.”

Action verbs can be visible (eat, smile, run, talk) or mental (hope, think, decide,
believe).
VERBS
Being verbs express the
existence or the state of the
subject.
TENSES
AUXILIARY VERBS
Also called “helping”
verbs

These are verbs that

describe how other
(main) verbs are
done.
MODAL
AUXILIARY VERBS

A kind of auxiliary
verb that indicates
likelihood, ability,
permission, and
obligation.
MODALITY
When should you use auxiliary
verbs?
Infinitive: take

TERMS TO REMEMBER
Progressive - currently taking
place
Passive - inactive; focuses on
the receiver of the action
PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLE VERBS
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
● a verb in the -ing form (ex. speaking, studying, believing)
● Example: She is speaking to the public.
● used with auxiliary verbs and modals
● can be a gerund, or a verb used as a noun (ex. I like public speaking.)

PAST PARTICIPLE
● any verb that follows the auxiliary verb but doesn’t end in –ing
● Examples: She could speak to the public. / She might have spoken to the public.
INFINITIVES
The basic or root form of the verb (to + main verb)

Examples: To hate, to scream, to smile, to love, to be loving, to have loved

Exception: When modal auxiliaries (shall, could, may, etc.) are used.
Other exceptions of short infinitives (without “to”)
● Also found after a
handful of other
verbs that introduce
a verb complement
● (ex. dare), verbs of
primary perception
(ex. see, hear, smell,
feel),
● some verbs of
permission or
causative verbs, (ex.
let, have).
● rather and better
The INFINITIVE as VERBAL COMPLEMENT
This is the most common use of the infinitive. The infinitive is found in many
verbal complements, and notably after the following verbs (among others): want,
wish, have, ought, like, need, hope, expect, fail, pretend, refuse, demand, apply,
agree, try.
PAST/ACTIVE INFINITIVE
This is formed using the full present infinitive of the auxiliary have + the past
participle of the verb. (Ex. to have eaten, to have lost.)
Form
sentences
using any of
the present
and past
participles.

Remember to
use auxiliary
verbs.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES
These are formed using the full present/past infinitive of the auxiliary be + the
past participle of the verb. (Ex. to be eaten, to have been eaten, to be found, to have
been found.)
 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE - Focuses

on what happened to the
subject/the state of the
subject/the object.

ACTIVE VOICE - Focuses

on what the subject does (to
the object).
game time!
ADD-ON STORY
1. The first person must begin with, “Once upon a time, I was…”
2. Each person continues the story with one sentence and a matching action.
3. This process is repeated until everyone has spoken at least 2 times.
4. Here’s the catch: You must repeat what everybody has said beforehand.