Concept and analysis questions

Discuss various principles of energy conservation.

Principle of Energy
Conservation
Reduce energy consumption
Increase energy efficiency Use of energy-efficient building materials and air conditioning systems.
Switch to renewable energy
sources
Implement energy
management systems
Adopt sustainable
transportation
Educate and raise awareness
Example in Bahrain
The Bahrain Energy Efficiency Program aims to reduce electricity and
water consumption by 5% each year.
The Bahrain Petroleum Company is investing in a solar power project.
The Bahrain Ministry of Works is implementing an energy management
system in government buildings.
The Bahrain Urban Transit Company operates a bus network.
The Bahrain Energy Authority runs public awareness campaigns and
educational programs.

Explain Green-house concept.

The greenhouse effect is a natural process where gases trap heat from the sun's rays, keeping
Earth's temperature livable. But human activities have increased greenhouse gas emissions,
causing global warming and climate change. Countries are taking measures to reduce emissions
and promote sustainability. Greenhouses work similarly, trapping heat for plant growth.

According to data from the World Bank in 2018, the energy sector accounted for approximately
92% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in Bahrain

What is the importance and role of energy management?

 Energy management helps organizations reduce energy consumption and costs.

 It involves planning, monitoring, and controlling energy use to ensure efficiency
and effectiveness.
 Renewable energy sources and sustainable practices may be implemented.
 Energy management can benefit organizations financially and enhance their
reputation.
 It plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability and reducing environmental
impact.
 Sector Energy Savings (MWh) Cost Savings (BD) CO2 Reductions (t)

Public Sector 8,541 500,000 4,377

Layout general procedure in Energy Audit.

 Establish scope and objectives of the audit

 Collect energy consumption data
 Conduct site visit to identify energy consumption patterns and equipment usage
 Identify potential energy conservation measures (ECMs)
 Evaluate feasibility and cost-effectiveness of ECMs
 Prioritize ECMs based on potential energy savings and implementation costs
 Develop an energy audit report
 Present findings and recommendations to relevant stakeholders
 Implement prioritized ECMs
 Monitor and evaluate performance of implemented ECMs

Sector Total Energy Savings (MWh/yr) Total Cost Savings (BD/yr) CO2 Reductions (t/yr)

Public Sector 10.3 675,000 4,880

What are the advantages of Renewable energy?

Advantage Example

Environmental The 5 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) plant at the University of Bahrain will reduce
Friendliness carbon emissions by 2,600 tons per year.

The 105 MW Al Dur 2 independent power producer (IPP) project will provide
electricity to the grid at a competitive tariff, potentially saving the government $2.5
Cost Savings billion over 25 years compared to conventional fuel sources.

Energy Security The National Renewable Energy Action Plan aims to increase the share of
Advantage Example

renewables in Bahrain's electricity mix to 5% by 2025, diversifying the country's

energy sources and enhancing energy security.

The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan includes a target to create 1,500 jobs in
Job Creation the energy sector by 2030, including in renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Give some examples of use of renewable energy in Bahrain

Project Technology Capacity Status

University of Bahrain Solar PV Plant Solar PV 5 MW Operational

Alba PV Project Solar PV 1.2 MW Operational

Avenues Solar PV Plant Solar PV 1 MW Operational

100,000 Roofs Project Solar Water Heaters - Ongoing

LED Street Lighting Project LED Lighting - Ongoing

Explain in detail how can you reduce energy consumption in your home by 20%

Measure Potential Energy Savings

Install Energy-Efficient Lighting Up to 75%

Install Programmable Thermostats Up to 10%

Seal Air Leaks Up to 10%

Upgrade to Energy-Efficient Appliances Up to 30%

Use Power Strips and Turn off Electronics When Not in Use Up to 10%

Use Energy-Efficient Cooking Methods Up to 10%

Turn off lights when leaving a room

Limit the use of hot water and take shorter showers

Unplug electronics when not in use

What is the future of CSP in Bahrain? Support you answer with values.
there are challenges associated with the implementation of CSP in Bahrain, including high capital costs,
land availability, water availability, and technical expertise. However, with the decreasing cost of CSP
technology and the increasing demand for renewable energy, it is possible that Bahrain may explore CSP
as a viable renewable energy option in the future

Discuss energy management techniques suitable for Bahrain?

Technique Description

Conducting energy audits can help identify areas for energy savings and prioritize
Energy Audits energy efficiency measures.

Energy Monitoring and Implementing an energy monitoring and targeting system can help track energy
Targeting use and identify areas where energy savings can be achieved.

Developing renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help
Renewable Energy diversify Bahrain's energy mix and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Energy Efficiency Implementing energy efficiency standards for buildings and appliances can help
Standards reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability.

Implementing demand response programs can help manage peak electricity

Demand Response demand and reduce strain on the power grid.

Fuel Economy. What are the techniques to reduce fuel consumption in the transport sector in
Bahrain?

Technique Description

Encouraging eco-driving practices, such as driving at a steady speed and avoiding

Eco-Driving rapid acceleration and braking, can help reduce fuel consumption.
Technique Description

Regular vehicle maintenance, such as oil changes and tire rotations, can help ensure
Maintenance that vehicles are running efficiently and reduce fuel consumption.

Using alternative fuels, such as biodiesel or compressed natural gas, can help reduce
Alternative Fuels the use of fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Efficient Route Planning the most efficient route for vehicles can help reduce fuel consumption and
Planning improve productivity.

Public Encouraging the use of public transportation, such as buses and trains, can help
Transportation reduce the number of vehicles on the road and reduce fuel consumption.

What are the factors affect energy consumption in the transport sector?

Factor Example

Vehicle Type A large SUV consumes more fuel than a small sedan.

Driving Behavior Rapid acceleration and speeding can significantly increase fuel consumption.

Road Conditions Traffic congestion can increase fuel consumption due to frequent stops and starts.

Weather
Conditions Extreme temperatures, such as high heat, can reduce fuel efficiency.

Maintenance Poor vehicle maintenance, such as dirty air filters, can reduce fuel efficiency.

Alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas, can be more fuel-efficient than
Fuel Type gasoline or diesel.
Explain payback period for energy conservation.
The payback period for energy conservation is the amount of time it takes for the energy savings
from an energy efficiency project to equal the cost of the project. In other words, it's the length of
time it takes for the project to "pay for itself" through energy savings.
Here's an example of how to calculate the payback period for an energy efficiency project:

Project Cost Energy Savings per Year Payback Period

$10,000 $2,000 5 years

What is the importance of Energy Audit?

Benefit Description

Cost Savings Energy audits can identify opportunities for reducing energy consumption and costs.

Energy audits can identify areas where building occupants may be experiencing
Improved Comfort discomfort due to issues such as temperature, humidity, or lighting.

Environmental Reducing energy consumption can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
Benefits environmental impact.

Energy audits can help ensure compliance with building codes and regulations
Compliance related to energy use.

Energy audits can help identify opportunities for improving the performance and
Asset Management longevity of building systems and equipment.

Define energy management. State the basic principles and benefits of energy management.

Energy management involves implementing strategies and systems to monitor and control
energy consumption in order to optimize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.

Principle Description

Monitoring and Analysis Tracking energy usage patterns and identifying areas for improvement.

Implementing upgrades and improvements to building systems and equipment to

Efficiency Improvements reduce energy consumption.

Behavior Change Encouraging building occupants to adopt energy-efficient behaviors and practices.

Maintenance and Regularly maintaining building systems and optimizing their performance to
Optimization maximize energy efficiency.
Benefit Description

Cost Savings Improved energy efficiency can lead to lower energy costs.

Environmental Reducing energy consumption can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
Benefits environmental impact.

Energy-efficient building systems can improve indoor air quality, temperature, and
Improved Comfort lighting.

Energy management can help ensure compliance with building codes and regulations
Compliance related to energy use.

Competitive Demonstrating a commitment to sustainability and energy efficiency can help

Advantage organizations stand out in the marketplace.

How long does it take to charge on EV?

Charging Level Typical Voltage Estimated Full Charge Time

Level 1 120 V 8-20 hours

Level 2 240 V 3-8 hours

DC Fast Charging Varies 20-30 minutes for 80% charge

What is the range of an EV?

Electric Vehicle Model Estimated Range (km)

Tesla Model S Up to 600 km

Chevrolet Bolt Up to 417 km

Nissan Leaf Up to 364 km

Hyundai Kona Electric Up to 415 km

Ford Mustang Mach-E Up to 491 km

What is the biggest problem with EV cars?

Challenge Summary Example with data

Limited driving EVs have a shorter range compared to traditional The 2021 Nissan Leaf has an estimated
range gasoline-powered cars, which may not be suitable range of up to 363 kilometers, while a
Challenge Summary Example with data

for long-distance trips or drivers without access to 2021 Honda Civic has an estimated range
charging infrastructure of up to 805 kilometers.

In Bahrain, there are currently 73 public

The availability and accessibility of charging charging stations, which is relatively low
Charging infrastructure can be a challenge, particularly in compared to other countries with higher
infrastructure areas with low EV adoption EV adoption rates.

What are the factors that affect energy consumption in buildings?

Factor Summary Example with data

The building's exterior components, such as walls,

Building windows, roofs, and doors, can affect the amount Installing double-pane windows can reduce
envelope of heat that enters or exits the building heat gain or loss by up to 50%.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems

can account for a significant portion of a building's Upgrading an older HVAC system to a more
HVAC energy consumption, depending on their efficiency efficient one can reduce energy
systems and usage consumption by up to 30%.

The type of lighting, as well as its intensity and Replacing incandescent bulbs with LEDs can
Lighting usage, can affect energy consumption reduce energy consumption by up to 75%.

The behavior of building occupants, such as their Educating occupants on energy-saving

use of electronic devices, temperature habits, such as turning off lights and
Occupant preferences, and awareness of energy-saving electronics when not in use, can reduce
behavior practices, can affect energy consumption energy consumption by up to 20%.

What is the future of renewable energy in Bahrain?

 Bahrain aims to generate 5% of its energy from renewable sources by 2025 and
10% by 2035.
 The National Renewable Energy Action Plan outlines specific actions to achieve
these targets, such as promoting renewable energy projects, increasing energy
efficiency, and implementing energy management systems.
 Bahrain has already made progress towards these goals, with the development of
its first solar power plant in 2018 and plans to build additional renewable energy
projects in the future.

Why peoples in Bahrain are not using solar water heaters?

The reason why people may not buy a solar water heater can vary, but some common factors include
the higher initial investment, perception of higher maintenance costs, lack of awareness or concern for
environmental impact, dependence on weather conditions, perception of lower reliability, and
perception of complexity and inconvenience. However, it's important to note that the long-term cost
savings and environmental benefits of a solar water heater may outweigh these concerns