Full Download Ebook PDF Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition PDF

(eBook PDF) Human Biology: Concepts
and Current Issues 8th Edition

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-human-biology-concepts-and-current-is
sues-8th-edition/
Contents vii
The degree of nerve activation influences force 131 7.3 Human blood types 150
Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus ABO blood typing is based on A and B antigens 150
strength 132
Rh blood typing is based on Rh factor 151
Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and
Blood typing and cross-matching ensure blood
endurance 133
compatibility 152
MJ’s BlogInFocus 134
New tests make transfused blood safer 153
6.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special 7.4 Blood substitutes 153
features 134
Health & Wellness Donating Blood 154
How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated 134
Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments 135
Speed and sustainability of contraction 135
7.5 Blood disorders 154
Mononucleosis: contagious viral infection
of lymphocytes 154
6.5 Diseases and disorders of the muscular Blood poisoning: bacterial infection of blood 155
system 136
Anemia: reduction in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity 155
Muscular dystrophy 136
Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white
Tetanus 136 blood cells 155
Muscle cramps 136 Multiple myeloma: uncontrolled production
Pulled muscles 136 of plasma cells 156
Fasciitis 136 Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number 156
MJ’s BlogInFocus 138 MJ’s BlogInFocus 158
7 Blood 139 8 Heart and Blood Vessels 159

Current Issue Should You Bank Your Baby’s Current Issue How Should Comparative Effec-
Cord Blood? 140 tiveness Research Be Used? 160
7.1 The composition and functions of blood 142 8.1 Blood vessels transport blood 161
Arteries transport blood away from the heart 162
Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes 142
Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate
Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon
blood flow 163
dioxide 143
Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances
Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying
with tissues 164
capacity 144
The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume 165
All blood cells and platelets originate
from stem cells 145 Veins return blood to the heart 165
RBCs have a short life span 145
RBC production is regulated by a hormone 146 8.2 The heart pumps blood through the vessels 166
White blood cells defend the body 146 The heart is mostly muscle 166
Platelets are essential for blood clotting 148 The heart has four chambers and four valves 167
The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular
system 168
7.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss 148
Arteries and veins of the human body 169
Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood
flow 148 MJ’s BlogInFocus 170
Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel 149 The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes 170
MJ’s BlogInFocus 149 Heart sounds reflect closing heart valves 172
A blood clot forms around the platelet plug 149 The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction 172
MJ’s BlogInFocus 149 Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electrical activity 173
viii Contents
8.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls 174 9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line
Measuring blood pressure 174 of defense 195
Hypertension: high blood pressure can be Skin: an effective deterrent 195
dangerous 175 Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin 195
Health & Wellness Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis 176
Hypotension: when blood pressure is too low 177 9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line
of defense 196
8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated 177 The complement system assists other defense
Baroreceptors maintain arterial blood pressure 178 mechanisms 196
Local requirements dictate local blood flows 178 Phagocytes engulf foreign cells 197
Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain 198
output 179 Natural killer cells target tumors and virus-infected
cells 199
Interferons interfere with viral reproduction 199
8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue 179
Fever raises body temperature 199
Angina: chest pain warns of impaired blood flow 180
Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue 180
Heart failure: the heart becomes less efficient 181 9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line
of defense 199
Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel 181
The immune system targets antigens 200
Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain 181
Lymphocytes are central to specific defenses 200
B cells: antibody-mediated immunity 200
8.6 Replacing a failing heart 182
The five classes of antibodies 202
An antibody’s structure enables it to bind to a specific
antigen 202
8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease 183 T cells: cell-mediated immunity 202
9.6 Immune memory creates immunity 205
Health & Wellness The Case for Breast Milk 206
9 The Immune System and Mechanisms MJ’s BlogInFocus 206
of Defense 187
Current Issue An Outbreak of Ebola 188 9.7 Medical assistance in the war against
pathogens 207
Active immunization: an effective weapon against
pathogens 207
Passive immunization can help against existing or
anticipated infections 207
9.1 Pathogens cause disease 190
Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created
Bacteria: single-celled living organisms 190 for commercial use 207
Viruses: tiny infectious agents 191 Antibiotics combat bacteria 209
Prions: infectious proteins 191 MJ’s BlogInFocus 209
Transmissibility, mode of transmission, and virulence
determine health risk 192
9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge 209
9.2 The lymphatic system defends the body 192

9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes
Lymphatic vessels transport lymph 192 health problems 209
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph 192 Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system 210
The spleen cleanses blood 194 Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self 211
Thymus gland hormones cause T lymphocytes
to mature 194
Tonsils protect the throat 194
Contents ix
9.10 Immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS 212 10.6 Disorders of the respiratory system 235
HIV targets helper T cells of the immune system 212 Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory
HIV is transmitted in body fluids 213 function 235
AIDS develops slowly 213 Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders 236
The AIDS epidemic: a global health issue 214 Health & Wellness Carbon Monoxide: An Invisible,
Risky behaviors increase your chances of getting AIDS 214 Odorless Killer 237
Lung cancer is caused by proliferation of abnormal
Making sex safer 214
cells 238
New treatments offer hope 215
Exposure to asbestos can lead to mesothelioma 238
Pneumothorax and atelectasis: a failure of gas
exchange 238
Congestive heart failure impairs lung function 238
10 The Respiratory System: Exchange MJ’s BlogInFocus 242
of Gases 219
Current Issue The Fight over Regulation of
E-Cigarettes 220 11 The Nervous System: Integration and
Control 243
Current Issue Head Trauma in Young
Athletes 244
10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body 221
10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower

11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts 245
respiratory tracts 222
The upper respiratory tract filters, warms,
and humidifies air 223
The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases 223 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the
MJ’s BlogInFocus 226 nervous system 246
10.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure 11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials 247
gradient 228 Sodium-potassium pump maintains resting potential 248
Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it 228 Graded potentials can initiate an action potential 248
Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung Action potentials are all-or-none and
function 229 self-propagating 250
10.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively 230 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons 251
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures 230
11.5 Information is transferred from a neuron to its
External respiration: the exchange of gases between air
target 252
and blood 230
Neurotransmitter is released 252
Internal respiration: the exchange of gases with tissue
fluids 232 Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects 253
Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules 232 Postsynaptic neurons integrate and process
information 254
Most CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate 233
10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing 233 11.6 The PNS relays information between tissues
and the CNS 254
A respiratory center establishes rhythm
of breathing 234 Nerves carry signals to and from the CNS 254
Chemical receptors monitor CO2, H+, and O2 levels 235 Sensory neurons provide information to the CNS 255
We can exert some conscious control 235 The somatic division controls skeletal muscles 255
x Contents
The autonomic division controls automatic body Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length,
functions 256 and tension 279
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose Thermoreceptors detect temperature 280
each other 256 Pain receptors signal discomfort 280
11.7 The brain and spinal cord constitute the CNS 259 12.3 Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors 281
Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved
CNS 259 substances 281
The spinal cord relays information 260 MJ’s BlogInFocus 282
Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants 282
11.8 The brain processes and acts on information 261
The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions 261 12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves 283
The midbrain: vision, hearing, and sleep/ The outer ear channels sound waves 284
wakefulness 262
The middle ear amplifies sound 284
The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought 262
The inner ear sorts and converts sounds 285
11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving

information 265 12.5 The inner ear plays an essential role in balance 286
Sensing rotational movement 286
Sensing head position and acceleration 287
11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain
functions 265
12.6 Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli 288
11.11 Disorders of the nervous system 266 Structure of the eye 288
Trauma 266 Regulating the amount of light and focusing the

image 289
Infections 267
Eyeball shape affects focus 290
Brain tumors: abnormal growths 267
Light is converted into action potentials 291
Rods and cones respond to light 291
Health & Wellness Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries 268
Health & Wellness LASIK to Correct Vision Problems 292
Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission 268
Rods provide vision in dim light 292
Cones provide color vision and accurate images 292
Visual receptors adapt 293
12 Sensory Mechanisms 274 MJ’s BlogInFocus 293
Current Issue DWD: Driving While

Distracted 275 12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms 293
12.1 Receptors receive and convert stimuli 276 13 The Endocrine System 298
Receptors are classified according to stimulus 276 Current Issue Endocrine Disruptors in the
The CNS interprets nerve impulses based on origin and Environment 299
frequency 277
Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli 277
Somatic sensations and special senses provide sensory
information 278 13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones 300
12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors through-

out the body 278 13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or
The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors 278 nonsteroid 302
Steroid hormones enter target cells 303
Contents xi
Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell Health & Wellness Dealing with Diabetes: Prevention or
membranes 303 Treatment? 318
Some hormones participate in negative feedback Addison’s disease: too little cortisol and
loops 304 aldosterone 318
Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol 318
13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland 304 Hypogonadism: too little testosterone 319
The posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin 305 MJ’s BlogInFocus 321
The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones 307
Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion 308
14 The Digestive System
13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and Nutrition 322
and somatostatin 309
Current Issue Choosing Organic Versus
Conventional Foods 323
13.5 The adrenal glands comprise the cortex MJ’s BlogInFocus 324
and medulla 310
The adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids 310 14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients
The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and into the body 325
norepinephrine 310
The walls of the GI tract are composed of four layers 326
Five basic processes accomplish digestive system
13.6 Thyroid and parathyroid glands 311 function 326
The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular Two types of motility aid digestive processes 327
metabolism 311
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) controls blood calcium
levels 313
14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing 327
Teeth bite and chew food 328
The tongue positions and tastes food 328
13.7 Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones 314
Saliva begins the process of digestion 328
Testes produce testosterone 314
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone 314
14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food
to the stomach 329
13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete

hormones 314 14.4 The stomach stores food, digests protein,
and regulates delivery 330
Thymus gland hormones aid the immune system 314
Gastric juice breaks down proteins 330
The pineal gland secretes melatonin 314
Stomach contractions mix food and push it
Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, forward 331
and the kidneys 315
14.5 The small intestine digests food and absorbs

13.9 Other chemical messengers 316
nutrients and water 332
Histamine is important in inflammation 316
Prostaglandins: local control of blood flow 316
14.6 Accessory organs aid digestion and
Nitric oxide has multiple functions 316
absorption 333
Growth factors regulate tissue growth 316
The pancreas secretes enzymes and NaHCO3 333
The liver produces bile and performs many other
13.10 Disorders of the endocrine system 317 functions 333
Diabetes mellitus: inadequate control of blood sugar 317 The gallbladder stores bile until needed 334
Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland 317
Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland 317
xii Contents
14.7 The large intestine absorbs nutrients 15.2 Organs of the urinary system 354
and eliminates wastes 335 Ureters transport urine to the bladder 355
MJ’s BlogInFocus 335 Urinary bladder stores urine 355
14.8 How nutrients are absorbed 335 The urethra carries urine from the body 356
Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then
absorbed 335
15.3 The internal structure of a kidney 356
Lipids are broken down, then reassembled 336
Special blood vessels supply the tubule 357
Water is absorbed by osmosis 336
Health & Wellness Should You Drink Raw Milk? 337
Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths 337
15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and
secretion 358
Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries 359
14.9 Nerves and hormones regulate digestion 338 Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to
blood 360
14.10 Nutrition: you are what you eat 338 Tubular secretion removes other substances from
blood 361
ChooseMyPlate.gov offers a personalized approach 338
Carbohydrates: a major energy source 339
Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources 339
Complete proteins contain every amino acid 340 15.5 Producing diluted or concentrated urine 362
Vitamins are essential for normal function 341 Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water 362
Minerals: elements essential for body processes 342 Producing concentrated urine: conserving water 363
Fiber benefits the colon 343

MJ’s BlogInFocus 343 15.6 Urination depends on a reflex 363
14.11 Food labels 343 15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many
ways 363
ADH regulates water balance 364
14.12 Energy balance 344
Aldosterone regulates salt balance 364
Energy balance, body weight, and physical activity 344
The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume
Healthy weight improves overall health 344 and blood pressure 365
Obesity 345 Atrial natriuretic hormone protects against blood volume
excess 366
14.13 Eating disorders 345 Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood
pH 366
Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood
14.14 Disorders of the digestive system 346 cells 367
Disorders of the GI tract 346 Kidneys activate vitamin D 367
Disorders of the accessory organs 347
MJ’s BlogInFocus 350 15.8 Disorders of the urinary system 367
Kidney stones can block urine flow 367
Health & Wellness Water Intoxication 368
15 The Urinary System 351 Urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria 368
Current Issue A Shortage of Kidneys 352 Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function 368
Dialysis cleanses the blood artificially 369
Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal
failure 369
15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids 353 MJ’s BlogInFocus 370
The kidneys regulate water levels 354 Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control 370
The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other MJ’s BlogInFocus 372
solutes 354
Contents xiii
16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive 389

16 Reproductive Systems 373 Infertility can have many causes 389
Current Issue Would You Like a Boy Enhancing fertility 390
or a Girl? 374
16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases 391

16.1 The male reproductive system delivers Bacterial STDs: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia 391
sperm 375 Viral STDs: HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and genital
Testes produce sperm 375 herpes 393
Accessory glands help sperm survive 376 Health & Wellness Have You Had Your Gardasil? 394
Sperm production requires several cell divisions 377 MJ’s BlogInFocus 395
Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity 378 Other STDs: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic
lice 395
Protecting yourself against STDs 396
16.2 The female reproductive system produces eggs MJ’s BlogInFocus 398
and supports pregnancy 379
Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones 379
The uterus nurtures the developing embryo
The vagina: organ of sexual intercourse and birth
379
17 Cell Reproduction and
canal 380 Differentiation 399
Mammary glands nourish the infant 380 Current Issue Therapeutic Cloning 400
16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian

and uterine cycles 381
The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released 381
The uterine cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy 382 17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells 401
Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual
cycle 382
17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview 402
Replication: copying DNA before cell division 403
16.4 Human sexual response, intercourse, and
fertilization 384 Mutations are alterations in DNA 403
The male sexual response 384 Mechanisms of DNA repair 404
The female sexual response 384 Transcription: converting a gene’s code into mRNA 404
Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg 384 Translation: making a protein from RNA 405
16.5 Birth control methods: controlling fertility 385 17.3 Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two 407
Abstinence: not having intercourse 385 Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell 407
Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal Cytokinesis divides one cell into two identical cells 408
ligation 385 Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell 408
Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, and Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction 409
rings 386 Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg 410
IUDs are inserted into the uterus 386
Diaphragms and cervical caps block the cervix 387
17.4 How cell reproduction is regulated 411
Chemical spermicides kill sperm 387
Condoms trap ejaculated sperm 387
Withdrawal and periodic abstinence 388
17.5 Environmental factors influence cell
Pills that can be used after intercourse 388
differentiation 412
Differentiation during early development 412
Elective abortion 388
Differentiation later in development 413
The future in birth control 388
xiv Contents
17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated 18.6 The ten deadliest cancers 432
cell 413 Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor 432
Embryo splitting produces identical offspring 414 Cancers of colon and rectum: tests can detect them
Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an early 433
adult 414 Breast cancer: early detection pays off 433
MJ’s BlogInFocus 415 Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early
enough 433
17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 434
organs 415 Health & Wellness What If You Could Save Someone’s
MJ’s BlogInFocus 418 Life? 434
Leukemia: chemotherapy is often effective 435
Lymphoma: cancers of lymphoid tissues 435
18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division Urinary bladder cancer: surgery is often successful if
done early 435
and Differentiation 419 Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases 435
Current Issue Preventive Double Mastectomy Cancer of the uterus: unusual uterine bleeding is major
to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk 420 symptom 436
18.7 Some other notable cancers 436

18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous 421 Kidney cancers 436
Skin cancer 436
18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional Ovarian cancer 437
changes 422 Testicular cancer 437
A pattern of changes leading to a lack of control 423
Cancer stages 423 18.8 Most cancers could be prevented 437
18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development 424

Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor
genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer 424 19 Genetics and Inheritance 441
A variety of factors can lead to cancer 425 Current Issue Should You Have Genetic Tests
MJ’s BlogInFocus 427 for Disease Risks? 442
The immune system plays an important role in cancer
prevention 427
18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early 19.1 Your genotype is the genetic basis of your
detection 428 phenotype 443
Tumor imaging: X-rays, PET, and MRI 429 MJ’s BlogInFocus 444
Genetic testing can identify mutated genes 430
Enzyme tests may detect cancer markers 430 19.2 Genetic inheritance follows certain
patterns 445
Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of
18.5 Cancer treatments 430 inheritance 445
Conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and
chemotherapy 430 Mendel established the basic principles of
genetics 445
Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive
Magnetism and photodynamic therapy target malignant alleles 446
cells 431
Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for
Immunotherapy promotes immune response 431 different traits 448
“Starving” cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis 431
Molecular treatments target defective genes 432
Contents xv
19.3 Incomplete dominance and codominance 450 20.2 DNA can be cloned in the laboratory 467
Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an interme- Recombinant DNA technology: isolating and cloning
diate phenotype 450 genes 467
Codominance: both gene products are equally Cloning DNA fragments: the polymerase chain
expressed 450 reaction 469
Health & Wellness Cystic Fibrosis 452 Health & Wellness DNA-Based Vaccines Against
MJ’s BlogInFocus 452 Viruses 469
Identifying the source of DNA: DNA fingerprinting 470
19.4 Other factors influencing inheritance patterns
and phenotype 452 20.3 Genetic engineering creates transgenic
Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many organisms 471
genes 452 Transgenic bacteria have many uses 471
Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype 453 Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest
Linked alleles may or may not be inherited together 454 resistance 472
19.5 Sex-linked inheritance 454 Transgenic animals: a bigger challenge 473
Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex MJ’s BlogInFocus 473
chromosomes 454
Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex 20.4 Gene therapy: the hope of the future? 474
genes 455
Gene therapy must overcome many obstacles 475
Vectors transfer genes into human cells 475
19.6 Alterations in chromosome number or Success with SCID gives hope 476
structure 456
Research targets cystic fibrosis and cancer 476
Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21 456
Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes 457
Deletions and translocations alter chromosome
structure 458 21 Development, Maturation, Aging,
and Death 479
19.7 Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles 458 Current Issue Death with Dignity (Brittany
Phenylketonuria is caused by a missing enzyme 458 Maynard’s Journey) 480
Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction 458
Huntington disease is caused by a dominant-lethal
allele 459
21.1 Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite 481
19.8 Genes code for proteins, not for specific The journeys of egg and sperm 481
behaviors 459 One sperm fertilizes the egg 482
MJ’s BlogInFocus 462 Twins may be fraternal or identical 483
21.2 Developmental processes: cleavage, growth,

20 DNA Technology and Genetic differentiation, and morphogenesis 484
Engineering 463
Current Issue Genetically Modified 21.3 Pre-embryonic development: the first two
Plants 464 weeks 484
21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight 485

Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers 485
20.1 NA sequencing reveals the structure of
D Extra-embryonic membranes 486
DNA 466
The placenta and umbilical cord 486
The embryo develops rapidly 488
xvi Contents
21.5 Gender development 489 22.2 Natural selection contributes to evolution 510
Random mutations underlie evolution 510
21.6 Fetal development: nine weeks to birth 490 Natural selection encourages changes in the gene
pool 510
Months three and four 490
Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations 510
Mass extinctions eliminated many species 511
Months five and six 490
Months seven through nine 490
Evolutionary trees trace relationships between
species 511
21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period 490
Labor ends in delivery 491 22.3 In the beginning, Earth was too hot for life 512
Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of a baby 492
22.4 The first cells lived without oxygen 512
The transition from fetus to newborn 492
Organic molecules formed from atmospheric
Lactation produces milk to nourish the newborn 494 gases 512
Self-replicating RNA and DNA formed 512
21.8 Maturation: from birth to adulthood 494 The first living cells were anaerobic 512
The neonatal period: a helpless time 494
Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ 22.5 Photosynthesis altered the course
systems 494 of evolution 513
Childhood: continued development and growth 495 Aerobic organisms evolved 513
Adolescence: the transition to adulthood 495 The rise of animals and our human ancestors 513
Health & Wellness Prenatal Diagnostic
Techniques 496
22.6 Humans share a common ancestor
with primates 514
21.9 Aging 496 Humans are primates 514
What causes aging? 497
Evolution of Homo Sapiens 516
Body systems age at different rates 498
Differences within the human species 518
Aging well 499
21.10 Death 500

MJ’s BlogInFocus 502 23 Ecosystems and Populations 521
Current Issue Overharvesting is Depleting the
Oceans’ Wildlife Populations 522
22 Evolution and the Origins
of Life 503
Current Issue Who Were the Flores
People? 504 23.1 Ecosystems: living organisms and their
environment 524
23.2 The dynamic nature of populations 524

22.1 The evidence for evolution 506 Where a species lives: habitat and range 524
The fossil record: incomplete but valuable 506 Population growth rate tends toward biotic
Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more potential 525
evidence 507 Environmental resistance limits biotic potential 525
Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between Invasive species alter the ecological balance 526
molecules 508
Biogeography: the impact of geographic barriers and
continental drift on evolutionary processes 509
Contents xvii
23.3 Communities: different species living Pollutants produce acid rain 545
together 526 MJ’s BlogInFocus 546
Overlapping niches foster competition 526 Smog blankets industrial areas 546
Succession leads toward a mature community 526
Ecosystems: communities and their physical 24.2 Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies 546
environment 527
Water is scarce and unequally distributed 546
23.4 Energy flows through living organisms 528 Urbanization increases storm water runoff 547
Producers capture and convert energy, consumers rely on Human activities pollute freshwater 547
stored energy 528
Groundwater pollution may impair human health 548
Oil pollution and garbage are damaging oceans and
A food web: interactions among producers and shorelines 549
consumers 529
The lower levels of an ecological pyramid support
consumer populations 531 24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land 549
Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids 531
24.4 Energy: many options, many choices 550
23.5 The matter (material) comprising living organisms MJ’s BlogInFocus 552
is recycled 532
The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical 24.5 Environmental change and loss
cycles 532
of biodiversity 552
The carbon cycle: organisms exchange CO2 with the
atmosphere 533 Humans alter and destroy habitats 552
Nitrogen: an essential component of nucleic acids Urbanization is a major force for environmental
and proteins 534 change 553
Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle 534 Biodiversity is healthy for humans, too 553
24.6 Toward sustainable development 553
23.6 Human population growth 536 Measuring sustainability and quality of life 553
Zero population growth has not yet been achieved 536 Strategies to support sustainable development 554
Population age structure is linked to economic MJ’s BlogInFocus 557
development 537
MJ’s BlogInFocus 538 Glossary G-1
Answers A-1
Credits C-1
24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, Index I-1
and Environmental Issues 541
Current Issue Global Warming and Global
Climate Change 542
24.1 Pollutants impair air quality 544

Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global
warming 544
CFCs deplete the ozone layer 545
Preface
Should childhood vaccinations be mandatory for school and so forth, are included both in the text and in the
attendance? Are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) accompanying figure. These correlating step icons will
a good or a bad thing? How will our future be affected by help students follow the logical sequence of events as
global warming and global climate change, and what, if those events unfold within a complex process.
anything, should we be doing about these phenomena? Are ●● Updated Features, Graphs, Tables, and Text. Key
organic foods better for you than conventional foods? features of this text are currency and accuracy. Time-
Questions such as these seem to come up almost daily. dependent data has been updated with the latest infor-
Those of us who find these questions and the news stories mation available. The updated text includes eleven new
about them fascinating—and yes, even exciting!—have an or extensively updated Current Issue features, three new
obligation to help others understand science and the impact Health & Wellness features, and more than 60 new MJ’s
it has on their lives. Science is too much fun and far too BlogInFocus entries.
important to be left to scientists.
New to This Edition The Focus Is On the Student

This book is written for students who do not yet have a
Changes to this edition are designed to encourage students
strong background in science so that they, too, might share
who do not have a strong background in science to become
in the joy and wonder of science. Every effort is made to
actively engaged in the course. Improved pedagogy helps
make the book accurate and up to date while keeping it
students focus their learning, directs their attention to key
inviting, accessible, and easy to read. The look and feel
concepts and current issues in biology, and encourages
of the text is intentionally like that of a news magazine,
thoughtful analysis and critical thinking.
peppered with short features likely to be of interest to the
●● New organization to the chapter opening material. student and designed with a strong visual appeal.
To help the student develop an organized approach to Each chapter begins with an outline of the main topic
a chapter’s content, each chapter opener now includes headings and a list of key concepts to be covered. Next, a
an outline of the main headings and a list of the key Current Issue feature highlights a recent controversy or ethi-
concepts to be covered. cal/social/political issue related to topics to be covered in
●● Addition of a “connections” passage. The initial the chapter. In the introductory section of each chapter, a
section of text in each chapter includes a “connections” new “connections” passage helps the student understand
passage, delineated by a chain-link icon , that provides just how the topic of the chapter fits into the bigger picture
the student with a sense of how a chapter’s specific topic of human biology and the larger world.
interrelates to the overall subject of human biology, Students are naturally curious about how their own
biology in general, and the larger world. bodies work and human diseases and disorders. We capital-
●● New ways to access MJ’s BlogInFocus entries. To ize on this curiosity with Health & Wellness features that
rouse students’ interest in the science they encounter highlight timely health topics. In addition, organ system
in their everyday lives, once again incorporated into chapters generally conclude with a section covering the
each chapter are references to the author’s blog. With more common human diseases and disorders.
this edition, the MJ’s BlogInFocus is more accessible, as Once again, a key feature of the book is MJ’s BlogInFocus,
students can now view the blog entries via three different brief references to a blog Web site written by Dr. Johnson in
ways: directly with their smartphones by scanning a QR support of this text. The URL is www.humanbiologyblog.
code, online by typing a URL into a search engine, or blogspot.com. Two to four MJ’s BlogInFocus entries per
by visiting the MasteringBiology Web site. Each chapter chapter highlight recent discoveries or news items relevant
includes two to four MJ’s BlogInFocus references. It is to the subject of each chapter. Most of the blog entries have
hoped that these references to the author’s Web site will an additional embedded URL that takes the student
encourage students to further explore science related directly to a news source or research paper. We hope that
topics that are of particular interest to them. MJ’s BlogInFocus entries and the author’s blog will encourage
●● Refreshed Visual Content. To revitalize the visual curious students to dig a little deeper into topics that interest
content, 120 new photos replace images from the previous them. New to this edition are the means by which students
edition, and 16 figures are new. More than 30 other can access the blog entries. Students can now get to the blog
figures have been improved from the previous edition. in any one of three ways: They can scan a QR code, type a
●● The use of numbered steps. Where complex processes URL into a search engine, or visit Pearson’s MasteringBiology
are described, numbered step icons, 1 , 2 , 3 , Web site.
xviii
Preface xix
To help students assess whether or not they understand The Organization Fits the Course
the material, check questions throughout the text allow the
students to test their understanding as they go along. This book was designed to accommodate the fairly standard
Finally, at the end of each chapter is a range of question format for college courses in human biology. There are
types, from concept review to recall to application, each chapters that introduce science and chemistry, chapters
designed to test the student’s knowledge of facts as well as that cover basic human biology from cells through the
stimulate their critical thinking skills. human organ systems, and finally, chapters on evolution,
ecosystems and populations, and human impacts on the
environment.
Unifying Themes Tie the Subjects With such broad coverage, however, there is never
enough time to teach all that is interesting, exciting, and
Together relevant about human biology in one semester. Fortunately,
Several unifying themes in biology hold the chapters because each chapter was written to stand on its own, this
together. Homeostasis, the state of dynamic equilibrium book allows for a certain degree of flexibility. Instructors
in which the internal environment of an organism is wishing to emphasize the basics of human anatomy and
maintained fairly constant, is one of those recurrent physiology or focus on the medical aspects of human bi-
themes. The concept of homeostasis ties in with another ology could omit or de-emphasize the last two chapters.
recurrent theme: Structure and function are related. Instructors should also feel free to present the organ system
Structure/function relationships are the very core of the chapters in a different order if they feel more comfort-
study of anatomy and physiology, and both of these fields able doing so. Within chapters, sections on diseases and
in turn rely on the most unifying concept in all of biology: disorders could be omitted or considered optional. Those
evolution. Only in the context of evolution can anatomy interested in a more molecular or cellular approach might
and physiology be fully understood; without the concept of want to give greater emphasis to Chapters 2–4 and 17–21
evolution, very little in biology makes sense. and move more quickly through the organ systems chap-
A predominant theme of this book is that each of us ters. Those more interested in the broader picture of where
has choices to make—choices that will affect ourselves, humans came from and how humans fit into the world
other humans, and the entire planet. Should all children order may want to allow sufficient time for the last three
be vaccinated against childhood diseases? Should we spend chapters, even if it means that they must move quickly or
time and money preparing for a pandemic that may never selectively through the organ system chapters. All of these
occur? Will we be willing and able to slow the rate of global approaches are equally valid.
warming? Is it important that we save other species from However much you cover, dig in and enjoy your course!
extinction, and if so, how should we go about it? Students
are encouraged to formulate their own views on these and Michael D. Johnson
other topics so that they will feel comfortable with related
choices they make.
keep current in biology
Through his teaching, his textbook, and in his online blog, award-winning
teacher Michael D. Johnson sparks your interest by connecting basic
biology to real-world issues relevant to your life.
“I hope the blog will stimulate students to go beyond the required reading, leading
them to discover and explore subjects of personal interest. When this happens,
students will ultimately be learning because they want to, not because they have to,
and they’ll be more comfortable with science and with biology.”
—Michael Johnson, Author of Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues
BlogInFocus in-text references appear at applicable

points within the chapter and direct you to the
blog that provides up-to-date insights on important
issues in the news. The blog is updated 3–4 times
per month.
NEW! Three options for accessing

Michael Johnson’s BlogInFocus entries: You
may scan a QR code using a smartphone,
type the URL (www.humanbiologyblog.
blogspot.com) into a search engine, or log
into your MasteringBiology subscription.
BlogInFocus MasteringBiology™ activities encourage

students to read the blog and allow instructors to assess
their understanding of the applied material.
engage with high interest essays
Each chapter opens with Michael Johnson’s popular “Current Issue” essays, and
BlogInFocus references within the chapter direct you to his frequently updated
online blog for breaking human biology-related news.
Located at the start of each chapter, Ch apter
Current Issue essays draw you into

The Immune System and
Mechanisms of Defense
9
the subject with interesting science CUrreNt ISSUe Questions to Consider
1 What should the United States
An Outbreak of Ebola
and health news items, connecting
do when an infectious disease breaks
9.1 Pathogens cause disease 190 out elsewhere in the world? In such a
9.2 The lymphatic system defends scenario, what is our responsibility
One-year-old Emile Ouamouno of the West
the body 192 African nation of Guinea developed a cough and/or what is in our best interests?
2 how afraid are you of ebola? Would
human biology to real-world issues.
9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first and mild fever. emile’s parents thought
line of defense 195 nothing of his sickness at first, but then you be willing to travel to Guinea if your
9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second he developed widespread uncontrollable boss asked you to? Why or why not?
line of defense 196 bleeding. Within days, he was dead.
Shortly thereafter, his mother, sister, and Several features of the virus make it
Each essay provides contrasting

9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: grandmother all came down with the same particularly dangerous. First, the earliest
the third line of defense 199 symptoms, and all three died. a village symptoms of the disease are similar to
9.6 Immune memory creates nurse and the local midwife also died of the the common cold or the flu, so it may go
immunity 205 mysterious and apparently contagious disease, undiagnosed until it is too late. Second, the
views on the featured hot topic.

9.7 Medical assistance in the war but not before the midwife had passed it on Freshly dug graves for ebola victims in disease has a long incubation time (days
to people in the surrounding area. Freetown, Sierra Leone.
against pathogens 207 to even several weeks) before symptoms
Young emile, whose death occurred emile Ouamouno was probably bitten by an first appear. therefore, the disease can be
9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical on December 6, 2013, was posthumously infected fruit bat living in the trees nearby. transmitted to another person before anyone
challenge 209 diagnosed with a disease called ebola Once the first person is infected, the is aware that the patient actually has ebola.
9.9 Inappropriate immune hemorrhagic fever (ehV), or simply ebola. ebola virus is transmitted from human to third, the virus kills approximately 50% of all
system activity causes health emile is thought to be patient zero in an human by direct contact with bodily fluids persons infected, generally within days of the
Many NEW Current Issue essays

problems 209 ongoing outbreak of ebola that has spread in such as saliva, nasal mucous, or feces. appearance of symptoms. and fourth, there is
Guinea and two neighboring countries, Liberia It’s no surprise, then, that the next victims no known cure for the disease. the only way
9.10 Immune deficiency: the special
and Sierra Leone. as of 2015, the death toll in the most recent outbreak were emile’s to end an outbreak is to prevent the disease
case of AIDS 212
from ebola in those countries is over 8,000. relatives and caretakers. an infection from spreading from person to person.
begins with symptoms that may include
replace those from the previous

What Is Ebola? fever, weakness, muscle pain, sore throat, Ebola in the United States
New hIV particles (pink) budding from the surface of a t lymphocyte
ebola(blue).
is an infectious disease caused by and headache. these early symptoms are By early 2014, U.S. health officials were
a virus called Zaire ebolavirus. the virus’s followed by vomiting, damage to liver and well aware of the ebola outbreak in africa
normal hosts are certain animals such as kidneys, and, in some patients, internal and and were on the lookout for its appearance
Key Concepts elsewhere. Despite their preparations for
edition, including:
monkeys and bats, but it can also infect external bleeding. In the most severe cases,
humans if there is direct contact with an blood begins to leak from every opening and international spread of the disease, the
●● The health risk of a pathogen (disease-causing organism) is determined by its arrival of ebola in the United States caused
infected animal’s bodily fluids. Young every organ, leading to rapid death.
transmissibility (how easily it can be passed from person to person), mode of widespread concern and action. travel
transmission (how it is transmitted; through air, food, blood, etc.), and virulence restrictions and health screening procedures
(how damaging the disease is when one catches it). were put in place for all persons traveling
from Liberia, Sierra Leone, or Guinea. U.S.
• The 2013 Ebola outbreak

●● The immune system has nonspecific (against many pathogens) and specific (against
one pathogen) defense mechanisms. hospitals made plans to isolate and treat what
could’ve possibly become a large number
●● Nonspecific defense mechanisms include immune system cells that engulf and of ebola-infected patients. health officials
digest foreign cells, chemicals that are toxic to foreign cells, proteins that interfere tracked down and quarantined persons who
(Chapter 9)
with viral reproduction, and the development of a fever. had been exposed to the virus. ebola was
among the top news stories every day.
●● Specific defense mechanisms involve the production of antibodies and T cells that ebola was first diagnosed within the
recognize and inactivate one particular pathogen. Specific defense mechanisms have United States during September of 2014,
a memory component that is the basis of immunity. when a Liberian man with the disease
Inappropriate immune system activity can lead to allergies and autoimmune diseases. traveled to Dallas, texas, to visit relatives.
• Regulation of e-cigarettes
●●
(he later died, despite the best medical care
●● AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by a virus that targets available.) two U.S. health care workers
certain cells of the immune system. who had been in contact with the Liberian
patient were infected with the disease and
187
(Chapter 10)
began to show symptoms a month later.
Both of the care workers recovered fully. ➔
Medical personnel in Monrovia, Liberia,

disinfect people who brought a patient
suspected of having ebola to the hospital.
• Choosing between organic or con-

M09_JOHN2435_08_SE_C09.indd 187 9/28/15 6:39 PM
188
ventional foods (Chapter 14) M09_JOHN2435_08_SE_C09.indd 188 9/28/15 6:39 PM
Questions to Consider at the end of

each essay ask you to form your own
opinions on the featured issue.
NEW! Key Concepts are now listed at the

beginning of each chapter for a handy “big picture”
overview of topics that will be discussed in greater
detail in the pages that follow.
connect concepts and applications
to everyday life
UPDATED! Health & Wellness boxes NEW! Health & Wellness boxes include:
provide insights and practical advice on health • Donating Blood (Chapter 7)
topics, such as the causes and risks of carbon • Water Intoxication (Chapter 15)
monoxide poisoning and the prevalence and • What If You Could Save Someone’s Life?
consequences of Viagra abuse. (Chapter 18)
Michael Johnson’s blog also

features posts on recent health
and wellness related news items.
NEW! “Connections” passage at the
start of each chapter provides the student
with a sense of how a chapter’s specific
topic interrelates with the overall subject
of human biology, biology in general, and
to the larger world.
NEW! The use of numbered steps.

Where complex processes are described,
numbered step icons are included both
in the text and in the accompanying
figure. These correlating step icons help
students follow the logical sequence of
events as those events unfold within a
complex process.
SUPPORT FOR STUDENTS
ANYTIME, ANYWHERE
Before Class
is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment NEW! eText 2.0 Allow your students to access their
program that helps you quickly master biology text anytime, anywhere.
concepts and skills. Self-paced tutorials provide • Now available on smartphones and tablets
immediate wrong-answer feedback and hints • Seamlessly integrated digital and media resources
to help keep you on track to succeed in the • Fully accessible (screen-reader ready)
course. • Configurable reading settings, including resizable

type and night reading mode
• Instructor and student note-taking, highlighting,
Before bookmarking and search
Class
NEW! Dynamic Study Modules help students ac-
quire, retain, and recall information faster and more
efficiently than ever before. These convenient practice
questions and detailed review explanations can be ac-
cessed using a smartphone, tablet, or computer.
During
Class
after
Class
eText 2.0 Dynamic Study Modules

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
MECHANICK EXERCISES:
Or, the Doctrine of
Handy-works.
Applied to the Art of
Printing.
By Joseph Moxon, Member of the Royal
Society, and Hydrographer to the King’s
Most Excellent Majesty.
LONDON.
Printed for Joseph Moxon on the Westside
of Fleet-ditch, at the Sign of Atlas.
1 6 8 3.
To the Right Reverend Father in GOD, JOHN Lord Bishop of Oxford, and Dean of Christ-
Church; And to the Right Honourable Sir LEOLINE JENKINS Knight, and Principal
Secretary of State; And to the Right Honourable Sir JOSEPH WILLIAMSON Knight; and
one of His Majesties most Honourable Privy-Council.
Right Honourable.
YOur ardent affections to promote Typographie has eminently appeared in the great Charge
you have been at to make it famous here in England; whereby this Royal Island stands
particularly obliged to your Generous and Publick Spirits, and the whole Common-Wealth of
Book-men throughout the World, to your Candid Zeal for the promulgation of good Learning.
Wherefore I humbly Dedicate this Piece of Typographie to your Honours; and as it is (I
think) the first of this nature, so I hope you will favourably excuse small Faults in this
Undertaking; for great ones I hope there are none, unless it be in this presumptuous
Dedication; for which I humbly beg your Honours pardon: Subscribing my self, My Lord and
Gentlemen,
Your Honours most Humble
and Obedient Servant.
Joseph Moxon.
Footnotes.
[1] “A History of the Old English Letter Foundries, with Notes
Historical and Biographical on the Rise and Progress of
English Typography.” By Talbot Baines Reed, London, 1887,
p. 181.
[2] The four founders appointed by the Star Chamber did not
thrive. One of them, Arthur Nicholls, said of himself: “Of so
small benifitt hath his Art bine that for 4 yeares worke and
practice he hath not taken above 48£, and had it not bine for
other imploymente he might have perrisht.” Reed, p. 168.
[3] “A Dissertation upon English Typographical Founders and
Founderies.” By Edward Rowe Mores, A. M. & A. S. S.
[London], 1778. 8vo, p. 43.
[4] See plates Nos. 11 to 17.
[5] Reed, “Old English Letter Foundries,” pp. 185, 186.
[6] Mores, “English Founders,” p. 42.
[7] Hansard says (“Typographia,” p. vii): “I have never been
able to meet with more than two copies of this work—one in
the Library of the British Museum—the other in the Library of
the Society of Arts.” The writer knows of but three copies in
America: one in the Library Company of Philadelphia; one in
the Library of the Typothetæ of New-York; one in his own
collection.
Or, the Doctrine of
Handy-works.
Printing.
PREFACE.
BEfore I begin with Typographie, I shall say somewhat of its Original

Invention; I mean here in Europe, not of theirs in China and other
Eastern Countries, who (by general assent) have had it for many
hundreds of years, though their Invention is very different from ours;
they Cutting their Letters upon Blocks in whole Pages or Forms, as
among us our Wooden Pictures are Cut; But Printing with single
Letters Cast in Mettal, as with us here in Europe, is an Invention
scarce above Two hundred and fifteen years old; and yet an
undecidable Controversie about the original Contriver or Contrivers
remains on foot, between the Harlemers of Holland, and those of
Mentz in Germany: But because the difference cannot be determin’d
for want of undeniable Authority, I shall only deliver both their Pleas
to this Scientifick Invention.
The Harlemers plead that Lawrensz Jansz Koster of Harlem was the
first Inventer of Printing, in the year of our Lord 1430. but that in the
Infancy of this Invention he used only Wooden Blocks (as in China,
&c. aforesaid) but after some time he left off Wood, and Cut single
Letters in Steel, which he sunck into Copper Matrices, and fitting
them to Iron Molds, Cast single Letters of Mettal in those Matrices.
They say also, that his Companion, John Gutenberg, stole his Tools
away while he was at Church, and with them went to Mentz in
Germany, and there set his Tools to work, and promoted His claim to
the first Invention of this Art, before Koster did His.
To prove this, they say that Rabbi Joseph (a Jew) in his Chronicle,
mentions a Printed Book that he saw in Venice, in the year 5188.
according to the Jewish Account, and by ours the year 1428. as may
be read in Pet. Scriverius.
They say much of a Book intituled De Spiegel, Printed at Harlem in
Dutch and Latin; which Book is yet there to be seen: and they
alledge that Book the first that ever was Printed: But yet say not
when this Book was Printed.
Notwithstanding this Plea, I do not find (perhaps because of their
imperfect Proofs) but that Gutenberg of Mentz is more generally
accepted for the first Inventer of Printing, than Koster of Harlem.
The Learned Dr. Wallis of Oxford, hath made an Inquiry into the
original of this Invention, and hath in brief sum’d up the matter in
these words.
About the year of our Lord 1460. The Art of Printing began to be
invented and practised in Germany, whether first at Mentz or first at
Harlem it is not agreed: But it seems that those who had it in
consideration before it was brought to perfection, disagreeing among
themselves, did part Company; and some of them at Harlem, others
at Mentz persued the design at the same time.
The Book which is commonly reputed to have been first Printed is,
Tullies Offices, of which there be Copies extant (as a Rarity) in many
Libraries; which in the close of it is said to be Printed at Mentz, in the
year of our Lord 1465. (so says that Copy in the Bodleyan Library) or
1466. (so that in the Library of Corpus Christi.) The words in the
close of that in Corpus Christi Colledge Oxon are these,
Præsens Marcij Tullij Clarissimum opus, Johanes Hust, Moguntinus
Civis, non Atrimento, plumali canna, neq; ærea, sed Arte quadam
perpulchra, Petri manu Petri de Geurshem pueri mei, feliciter effeci,
finitum Anno M CCCC LX VI quarto die Mensis Februarij.
The like in the Bodleyan Library; save there the Date is only thus,
Finitum Anno M CCCC LX V. In the same Book there are these
written Notes subjoyned: Hic eft ille Johannes Faustus, coadjutor
Johannes Gutenbergij primi Typographiæ inventaris, Alter coadjuto
erat Petrus Schœfer, i. Opilio. Quovix.
Cælando promptior alter erat, inquit Johan. Arnoldus in Libello de
Chalcographiæ inventione, Scheffer primas finxit quas vocant
Matrices. Hi tres exercuerunt artem primo in communi. mox rupto
fœdere seorsim sibi quisq; privatim.
And again (in a later hand) Inventionem artis Typographicæ ad
Annum 1453. aut exerciter referunt Sabillicus En. 10.lib.6. &
Monsterus. Alij ad Annum 1460. Vide Polid. Virg.lib. 2. de Invent.
Rerum, Theod. Bibland. de Ratione communis linguarum. cap. de
Chalcographia.
At Harlem and some other places in Holland, they pretend to have
Books Printed somewhat ancienter than this; but they are most of
them (if not all) done by way of Carving whole Pages in Wood, not
by single Letters Cast in Mettal, to be Composed and Distributed as
occasion serves, as is now the manner.
The chief Inventer at Harlem is said to be Laurens Jansz Koster.
After these two places (Mentz and Harlem) it seems next of all to
have been practised at Oxford: For by the care, and at the charge of
King Henry the 6th, and of Thomas Bourchier then Arch-Bishop of
Canterbury (and Chancellour of the University of Oxford) Robert
Turner Master of the Robe, and William Caxton a Merchant of
London were for that purpose sent to Harlem, at the charges partly
of the King, partly of the Arch-Bishop, who then (because these of
Harlem were very chary of this secret) prevailed privately with one
Frederick Corseles an under-Workman, for a sum of Money, to come
over hither; who thereupon did at Oxford set up the Art of Printing,
before it was exercised any where else in England, or in France,
Italy, Venice, Germany, or any other place, except only Mentz and
Harlem (aforementioned): And there be several Copies yet extant
(as one in the Archives of the University of Oxford, another in the
Library of Dr. Tho. Barlow, now Bishop of Lincoln) of a Treatise of St.
Jerome (as it is there called (because found among St. Jerom’s
Works) or rather Ruffinus upon the Creed, in a broad Octavo)
Printed at Oxford in the year 1468. as appears by the words in the
close of it.
Explicit expositio Sancti Jeronimi in sembolo Apostolorum ad papam
Laurentium Impressi Oxonie & finita Anno Domini M CCCC LX VIII.
xvij die Decembris.
Which is but three years later than that of Tullies Offices at Mentz, in
1465. and was perhaps one of the first Books Printed on Paper; (that
of Tully being on Vellom.) And there the excercise of Printing hath
continued successively to this day.
Soon after William Caxton (the same I suppose who first brought it to
Oxford) promoted it to London also, which Baker in his Chronicle
(and some others) say to have been about the year 1471. but we
have scarce any Copies of Books there Printed remaining (that I
have seen) earlier than the year 1480. And by that time, or soon
after, it began to be received in Venice, Italy, Germany, and other
places, as appears by Books yet extant, Printed at divers places in
those Times. Thus far Dr. Wallis.
But whoever were the Inventers of this Art, or (as some Authors will
have it) Science; nay, Science of Sciences (say they) certain it is,
that in all its Branches it can be deemed little less than a Science:
And I hope I say not to much of Typographie: For Dr. Dee, in his
Mathematical Preface to Euclids Elements of Geometrie, hath
worthily taken pains to make Architecture a Mathematical Science;
and as a vertual Proof of his own Learned Plea, quotes two
Authentique Authors, viz. Vitruvius and Leo Baptista, who both give
their descriptions and applause of Architecture: His Arguments are
somewhat copious, and the Original easily procurable in the English
Tongue; therefore instead of transcribing it, I shall refer my Reader to
the Text it self.
Upon the consideration of what he has said in behalf of Architecture,
I find that a Typographer ought to be equally qualified with all the
Sciences that becomes an Architect, and then I think no doubt
remains that Typographie is not also a Mathematical Science.
For my own part, I weighed it well in my thoughts, and find all the
accomplishments, and some more of an Architect necessary in a
Typographer: and though my business be not Argumentation, yet my
Reader, by perusing the following discourse, may perhaps satisfie
himself, that a Typographer ought to be a man of Sciences.
By a Typographer, I do not mean a Printer, as he is Vulgarly
accounted, any more than Dr. Dee means a Carpenter or Mason to
be an Architect: But by a Typographer, I mean such a one, who by
his own Judgement, from solid reasoning with himself, can either
perform, or direct others to perform from the beginning to the end, all
the Handy-works and Physical Operations relating to Typographie.
Such a Scientifick man was doubtless he who was the first Inventer
of Typographie; but I think few have succeeded him in Science,
though the number of Founders and Printers be grown very many:
Insomuch that for the more easie managing of Typographie, the
Operators have found it necessary to devide it into several Trades,
each of which (in the strictest sence) stand no nearer related to
Typographie, than Carpentry or Masonry, &c. are to Architecture.
The several devisions that are made, are,
First The Master-Printer, who is as the Soul of Printing; and all the
Work-men as members of the Body governed by that Soul
subserveient to him; for the Letter-Cutter would Cut no Letters, the
Founder not sinck the Matrices, or Cast and Dress the Letters, the
Smith and Joyner not make the Press and other Utensils for Printing,
the Compositer not Compose the Letters, the Correcter not read
Proves, the Press-man not work the Forms off at the Press, or the
Inck-maker make Inck to work them with, but by Orders from the
Master-Printer.
Secondly, The Letter-Cutter, }

Thirdly, The Letter-Caster, } Founders.
Fourthly, The Letter-Dresser. }
But very few Founders exercise, or indeed can perform all these
several Trades; though each of these are indifferently called
Letter-Founders.
Fifthly, The Compositer, }
Sixthly, The Correcter, } Printers.
Seventhly, The Press-man, }
Eighthly, The Inck-maker. }
Besides several other Trades they take in to their Assistance; as

the Smith, the Joyner, &c.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The continuation of my setting forth Mechanick Exercises having
been obstructed by the breaking out of the Plot, which took off the
minds of my few Customers from buying them, as formerly; And
being of late much importun’d by many worthy Persons to continue
them; I have promised to go on again, upon Condition, That a
competent number of them may be taken off my hand by
Subscribers, soon after the publication of them in the Gazet, or
posting up Titles, or by the Mercurius Librarius, &c.
Therefore such Gentlemen or others as are willing to promote the
coming forth of these Exercises, are desired to Subscribe their
Names and place of abode: That so such Persons as live about this
City may have them sent so soon as they come forth: Quick Sale
being the best encouragement.
Some Gentlemen (to whom they are very acceptable) tell me they
will take them when all Trades are finish’t, which cannot reasonably
be expected from me (my Years considered) in my life-time; which
implies they will be Customers when I’me dead, or perhaps by that
time some of themselves.
The price of these Books will be 2d. for each Printed Sheet. And 2d.
for every Print taken off of Copper Cuts.
There are three reasons why this price cannot be thought dear.
1. The Writing is all new matter, not Collected, or Translated
from any other Authors: and the drafts of the Cuts all drawn from
the Tools and Machines used in each respective Trade.
2. I Print but 500 on each Sheet, And those upon good Paper:
which makes the charge of Printing dear, proportionable to great
numbers.
3. Some Trades are particularly affected by some Customers,
(who desire not the rest,) and consequently sooner sold off,
which renders the remainder of the un-sold Exercises unperfect,
and therefore not acceptable to such as desire all: so that they
will remain as waste-Paper on my hands.
JOSEPH MOXON.
Or, the Doctrine of
Handy-works.
Printing.
§. 2. Of the Office of a Master-Printer.

I Shall begin with the Office of a Master-Printer, because (as
aforesaid) he is the Directer of all the Work-men, he is the Base (as
the Dutchmen properly call him) on which the Workmen stand, both
for providing Materials to Work withal, and successive variety of
Directions how and in what manner and order to perform that Work.
His Office is therefore to provide a House, or Room or Rooms in
which he is to set his Printing-House. This expression may seem
strange, but it is Printers Language: For a Printing-House may admit
of a twofold meaning; one the Vulgar acceptance, and is relative to
the House or Place wherein Printing is used; the other a more
peculiar Phrase Printers use among themselves, viz. only the
Printing Tools, which they frequently call a Printing-House: Thus they
say, Such a One has set up a Printing-House, when as thereby they
mean he has furnish’d a House with Printing Tools. Or such a one
has remov’d his Printing-House, when thereby they only mean he
has remov’d the Tools us’d in his former House. These expressions
have been used Time out of mind, and are continued by them to this
day.
But to proceed, Having consider’d what number of Presses and
Cases he shall use, he makes it his business to furnish himself with
a Room or Rooms well-lighted, and of convenient capacity for his
number of Presses and Cases, allowing for each Press about Seven
Foot square upon the Floor, and for every Frame of Cases which
holds Two pair of Cases, viz. one pair Romain and one pair Itallica,
Five Foot and an half in length (for so much they contain) and Four
Foot and an half in breadth, though they contain but Two Foot and
Nine Inches: But then room will be left to pass freely between two
Frames.
We will suppose he resolves to have his Presses and Cases stand in
the same Room (though in England it is not very customary). He
places the Cases on that side the Room where they will most
conveniently stand, so, as when the Compositer is at work the Light
may come in on his Left-hand; for else his Right-hand plying
between the Window-light and his Eye might shadow the Letter he
would pick up: And the Presses he places so, as the Light may fall
from a Window right before the Form and Tinpan: And if scituation
will allow it, on the North-side the Room, that the Press-men, when
at their hard labour in Summer time, may be the less uncommoded
with the heat of the Sun: And also that they may the better see by
the constancy of that Light, to keep the whole Heap of an equal
Colour.
He is also to take care that his Presses have a solid and firm
Foundation, and an even Horizontal Floor to stand on, That when the
Presses are set up their Feet shall need no Underlays, which both
damage a Press, are often apt to work out, and consequently subject
it to an unstable and loose position, as shall further be shewn when
we come to the Setting up of the Press.
And as the Foundation ought to be very firm, so ought also the Roof
and Sides of the Press Room to be, that the Press may be fastned
with Braces overhead and on its Sides, as well and steddy as under
foot.
He is also to take care that the Room have a clear, free and pretty
lofty Light, not impeded with the shadow of other Houses, or with
Trees; nor so low that the Sky-light will not reach into every part of
the Room: But yet not too high, lest the violence of Winter (Printers
using generally but Paper-windows) gain too great advantage of
Freesing the Paper and Letter, and so both Work and Workman
stand still. Therefore he ought to Philosophize with himself, for the
making the height of his Lights to bear a rational proportion to the
capacity of the Room.
Here being but two sides of the Room yet used, he places the
Correcting-stone against a good Light, and as near as he can
towards the middle of the Room, that the Compositers belonging to
each end of the Room may enjoy an equal access to it. But
sometimes there are several Correcting-stones plac’d in several
parts of the Room.
The Lye-Trough and Rincing-Trough he places towards some corner
of the Room, yet so as they may have a good Light; and under these
he causes a Sink to be made to convey the Water out of the Room:
But if he have other conveniencies for the placing these Troughs, he
will rather set them out of the Room to avoid the slabbering they
cause in.
About the middle of the Room he places the Destributing-Frame (viz.
the Frame on which the Forms are set that are to be Destributed)
which may stand light enough, though it stand at some considerable
distance from the Window.
In some other empty place of the Room (least frequented) he causes
so many Nest-Frames to be made as he thinks convenient to hold
the Cases that may lye out of present use; and the Letter-boards
with Forms set by on them, that both the Cases and the Forms may
be the better secured from running to Pye.
Having thus contrived the several Offices of the Room, He furnishes
it with Letters, Presses, Cases, Chases, Furniture, &c. Of each of
which in Order.
¶. 2. Of Letter.
He provides a Fount (properly a Fund) of Letter of all Bodies; for
most Printing-Houses have all except the two first, viz. Pearl,
Nomparel, Brevier, Long-Primmer, Pica, English, Great-Primmer,
Double-Pica, Two-Lin’d-English, Great-Cannon.
These are the Bodies most of use in England; But the Dutch have
several other Bodies: which because there is little and almost no
perceivable difference from some of these mentioned, I think they
are not worth naming. Yet we have one Body more which is
sometimes used in England; that is a Small Pica, but I account it no
great discretion in a Master-Printer to provide it; because it differs so
little from the Pica, that unless the Workmen be carefuller than they
sometimes are, it may be mingled with the Pica, and so the Beauty
of both Founts may be spoil’d.
These aforesaid Bodies are commonly Cast with a Romain, Italica,
and sometimes an English Face. He also provides some Bodies with
the Musick, the Greek, the Hebrew, and the Syriack Face: But these,
or some of these, as he reckons his oppertunities may be to use
them.
And that the Reader may the better understand the sizes of these
several Bodies, I shall give him this Table following; wherein is set
down the number of each Body that is contained in one Foot.
Pearl, 184 }
Nomparel, 150 }
Brevier, 112 }
Long-Primmer, 92 }
Pica, 75 } contained in one Foot.
English, 66 }
Great-Primmer, 50 }
Double-Pica, 38 }
Two-Lin’d English, 33 }
Great-Cannon. 17½ }
His care in the choice of these Letters are,
First, That the Letter have a true shape: Which he may know, as by
the §. of Letter-Cutting.
I confess this piece of Judgement, viz. knowing of true Shape, may
admit of some controversy, because neither the Ancients whom we
received the knowledge of these Letters from, nor any other
authentick Authority have delivered us Rules, either to make or know
true shape by: And therefore it may be objected that every one that
makes Letters but tolerably like Romain, Italick, &c. may pretend his
to be true shap’d.
To this I answer, that though we can plead no Ancient Authority for
the shape of Letters, yet doubtless (if we judge rationally) we must
conclude that the Romain Letters were Originally invented and
contrived to be made and consist of Circles, Arches of Circles, and
straight Lines; and therefore those Letters that have these Figures,
either entire, or else properly mixt, so as the Course and Progress of
the Pen may best admit, may deserve the name of true Shape,
rather than those that have not.
Besides, Since the late made Dutch-Letters are so generally, and
indeed most deservedly accounted the best, as for their Shape,
consisting so exactly of Mathematical Regular Figures as aforesaid,
And for the commodious Fatness they have beyond other Letters,
which easing the Eyes in Reading, renders them more Legible; As
also the true placing their Fats and their Leans, with the sweet
driving them into one another, and indeed all the accomplishments
that can render Letter regular and beautiful, do more visibly appear
in them than in any Letters Cut by any other People: And therefore I
think we may account the Rules they were made by, to be the Rules
of true shap’d Letters.
For my own part, I liked their Letters so well, especially those that
were Cut by Christophel Van Dijck of Amsterdam, that I set my self
to examine the Proportions of all and every the parts and Members
of every Letter, and was so well pleased with the Harmony and
Decorum of their Symetrie, and found so much Regularity in every
part, and so good reason for his Order and Method, that I examined
the biggest of his Letters with Glasses, which so magnified the whole
Letter, that I could easily distinguish, and with small Deviders
measure off the size, scituation and form of every part, and the
proportion every part bore to the whole; and for my own future
satisfaction collected my Observations into a Book, which I have
inserted in my Exercises on Letter-Cutting. For therein I have
exhibited to the World the true Shape of Christophel Van Dijcks
aforesaid Letters, largely Engraven in Copper Plates.
Whence I conclude, That since common consent of Book-men
assign the Garland to the Dutch-Letters as of late Cut, and that now
those Letters are reduced unto a Rule, I think the Objection is
Answered; And our Master-Printers care in the choice of good and
true shap’d Letters is no difficult Task: For if it be a large Bodied
Letter, as English, Great-Primmer and upwards, it will shew it self;
and if it be small, as Pearl, Nomparel, &c. though it may be difficult to
judge the exact Symetry with the naked Eye, yet by the help of a
Magnifying-Glass or two if occasion be, even those small Letters will
appear as large as the biggest Bodied Letters shall to the naked
Eye: And then it will be no difficult Task to judge of the Order and
Decorum even of the smallest Bodied Letters. For indeed, to my
wonder and astonishment, I have observ’d V. Dijcks Pearl Dutch
Letters in Glasses that have Magnified them to great Letters, and
found the whole Shape bear such true proportion to his great Letters,
both for the Thickness, Shape, Fats and Leans, as if with
Compasses he could have measur’d and set off in that small
compass every particular Member, and the true breadth of every Fat
and Lean Stroak in each Letter, not to exceed or want (when
magnified) of Letter Cut to the Body it was Magnified to.
His second care in the choice of Letters is, That they be deep Cut;
for then they will Print clear the longer, and be less subject to
entertain Picks.
His third care, That they be deep sunck in the Matrices least the
bottom line of a Page Beard. Yet though they be deep sunk, His care
ought to be to see the Beard also well cut off by the Founder.
And a Fourth Care in the choice of Letter is, That his Letter be Cast
upon good Mettal, that it may last the longer.
Of each Body he provides a Fount suitable to such sorts of Work as
he designs to do; But he provides not an equal weight of every
Fount; Because all these Bodies are not in equal use: For the Long-
Primmer, Pica and English are the Bodies that are generally most
used; And therefore he provides very large Founts of these, viz. of
the Long-Primmer in a small Printing-House, Five hundred Pounds
weight Romain and Italica, whereof One hundred and fifty Pounds
may be Italica. Of the Pica and English, Roman and Italica, Eight,
Nine hundred, or a Thousand Pounds weight: when as of other
Founts Three or Four hundred Pounds weight is accounted a good
Fount: And of the Cannon and Great-Cannon, One hundred Pounds
or somewhat less may serve his turn; Because the common use of
them is to set Titles with.
Besides Letters he Provides Characters of Astronomical Signs,
Planets, Aspects, Algebraical Characters, Physical and Chimical
Characters, &c. And these of several of the most used Bodies.
He Provides also Flowers to set over the Head of a Page at the
beginning of a Book: But they are now accounted old-fashion, and
therefore much out of use. Yet Wooden-Borders, if well Drawn, and
neatly Cut, may be Printed in a Creditable Book, As also, Wooden-
Letters well Drawn and neatly Cut may be used at the beginning of a
Dedication, Preface, Section, &c. Yet instead of Wooden Letters,
Capitals Cast in Mettal generally now serves; because but few or
good Cutters in Wood appear.
He also provides Brass-Rules of about Sixteen Inches long, that the
Compositer may cut them into such Lengths as his Work requires.
In the choice of his Brass-Rules, he examines that they be exactly
Letter high; for if they be much too high, they may cut through Paper,
Tinpan and Blankets too; And if they be but a little too high, not only
the Sholder, or Beard, on either side them will Print black; but they
will bear the Plattin off the Letters that stand near them, so that those
Letters will not Print at all: And if they be too low, then the Rules
themselves will not Print.
It sometimes happens through the unskilfulness of the Joyner, (for
they commonly, but unproperly, imploy Joyners to make them) that a
Length shall be hollow in the middle both on the Face and Foot, and
shall run driving higher and higher towards both ends: Hence it
comes to pass, that when the Compositer cuts a piece of Rule to his
intended Length, the Rule shall Print hard at one end, and the other
shall not Print at all; So that he shall be forced to knock up the foot of
the low end, as shall be shewn in its proper place.
But the careful Master-Printer having found that his Brass-Rules is
Letter high all the whole Length, will also examine whether it be
straight all the whole Length, which he does by applying both the
Face and Foot to the surface of the Correcting-stone; And if the Face
and Foot comply so closely with the Correcting-stone, that light
cannot be seen between them, he concludes the Brass-Rule is
straight.
Plate 1.
Then he examines the Face or Edge of the Rule, whether it have an
Edge of an equal breadth all the whole Length, and that the Edge be
neither too thick nor too fine for his porpose.
He should also take care that the Brass, before it be cut out, be well
and skilfully Planish’t, nor would that charge be ill bestowd; for it
would be saved out of the thickness of the Brass that is commonly
used: For the Joyners being unskilful in Planishing, buy Neal’d thick
Brass that the Rule may be strong enough, and so cut it into slips
without Hammering, which makes the Rule easily bow any way and
stand so, and will never come to so good and smooth an Edge as
Planish’t Brass will. Besides, Brass well Planish’t will be stiffer and
stronger at half the thickness than unplanish’t Brass will at the whole:
As I shall further shew when I come to Exercise upon Mathematical
Instrument-making.
§. 3. Of Cases.
Next he provides Cases. A Pair of Cases is an Upper-Case and a
Lower-Case.
The Upper-Case and the Lower-Case are of an equal length,
breadth and depth, viz. Two Foot nine Inches long, One Foot four
Inches and an half broad, and about an Inch and a quarter deep,
besides the bottom Board; But for small Bodied Letters they are
made somewhat shallower, and for great Bodies deeper.
Long-Primmer and downwards are accounted small Bodies; English
and upwards are accounted great Bodies.
The conveniencies of a shallow Case is, that the Letters in each Box
lye more visible to the last, as being less shadowed by the sides of
the Boxes.
The conveniencies of a deep Case is, that it will hold a great many
Letters, so that a Compositer needs not so often Destribute. 2dly. It
is not so soon Low, (as Compositers say when the Case grows
towards empty) and a Low Case is unconvenient for a Compositer to
work at, partly because the Case standing shelving downwards
towards them, the Letters that are in the Case tend towards the
hither-side of the Case, and are shadowed by the hither side of that
Box they lye in, so that they are not so easily seen by the Eye, or so
ready to come at with the Fingers, as if they lay in the middle of the
Box.
These Cases are encompassed about with a Frame about Three
quarters of an Inch broad, that the ends of the several partitions may
be let into the substance of the Frame: But the hithermost side of the
Frame is about half an Inch higher than the other sides, that when
either the Galley or another pair of Cases are set upon them, the
bottom edge of the Galley, or of those Cases may stop against that
higher Frame, and not slide off.
Both the Upper and the Lower-Case have a thick Partition about
three quarters of an Inch broad, Duff-tail’d into the middle of the
upper and under Rail of the Frame. This Partition is made thus
broad, that Grooves may be made on either side of it to receive the
ends of those Partitions that devide the breadth of the Case, and
also to strengthen the whole Frame; for the bottom Board is as well
nailed to this thick Partition as to the outer Frame of the Case.
But the devisions for the several Boxes of the Upper and Lower-
Cases are not alike: for each half of the whole length of the Upper-
Case is devided into seven equal parts, as you may see in Plate 1.
at A, and its breadth into seven equal parts, so that the whole Upper-
Case is divided into Ninety eight square Boxes, whose sides are all
equal to one another.
But the Two halfs of the length of the Lower-Case are not thus
devided; for each half of the length of the Lower-Case is devided into
Eight equal parts, and its breadth into Seven; but it is not throughout
thus devided neither; for then the Boxes would be all of equal size:
But the Lower-Case is devided into four several sizes of Boxes, as
you may see in Plate 1. B.
The reason of these different sizes of Boxes is, That the biggest
Boxes may be disposed nearest the Compositers hand, because the
English Language, and consequently all English Coppy runs most

Full Download Ebook PDF Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Download Ebook PDF Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(eBook PDF) Human Biology: Concepts

and Current Issues 8th Edition

7 Blood 139 8 Heart and Blood Vessels 159

9.2 The lymphatic system defends the body 192

10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body 221

10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower

11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving

Trauma 266 Regulating the amount of light and focusing the

12 Sensory Mechanisms 274 MJ’s BlogInFocus 293

Current Issue DWD: Driving While

12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors through-

13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete

14.5 The small intestine digests food and absorbs

Fiber benefits the colon 343

16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive 389

16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases 391

16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian

18.7 Some other notable cancers 436

18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development 424

21.2 Developmental processes: cleavage, growth,

21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight 485

21.10 Death 500

23.2 The dynamic nature of populations 524

24.1 Pollutants impair air quality 544

New to This Edition The Focus Is On the Student

—Michael Johnson, Author of Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues

BlogInFocus in-text references appear at applicable

NEW! Three options for accessing

BlogInFocus MasteringBiology™ activities encourage

Located at the start of each chapter, Ch apter

Current Issue essays draw you into

Each essay provides contrasting

views on the featured hot topic.

Many NEW Current Issue essays

replace those from the previous

• The 2013 Ebola outbreak

Medical personnel in Monrovia, Liberia,

• Choosing between organic or con-

ventional foods (Chapter 14) M09_JOHN2435_08_SE_C09.indd 188 9/28/15 6:39 PM

Questions to Consider at the end of

NEW! Key Concepts are now listed at the

Michael Johnson’s blog also

NEW! The use of numbered steps.

course. • Configurable reading settings, including resizable

eText 2.0 Dynamic Study Modules

BEfore I begin with Typographie, I shall say somewhat of its Original

Secondly, The Letter-Cutter, }

Besides several other Trades they take in to their Assistance; as

§. 2. Of the Office of a Master-Printer.

You might also like