MODULE 2 CHAPTER 4
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
JUAN DE PLASENCIA
JUAN DE PLASENCIA
 Miguel Juan de Portocarrero
 A Spanish Friar of the Franciscan order.
 He was among the first group of Franciscan
missionaries who arrived in the Philippines
during 1577.
 He spent most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he founded numerous
towns in Luzon and authored several
religious and linguistic books.
Two Relations by Juan de Plasencia O.S.F.
 The document was mainly written in first-
person point-of-view and served as a report
document to the King of Spain.
 It showed his conclusion about the
Philippines and this served as a secondary
sources for us to further understand the lives
of our ancestors.
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
Datos (chiefs)
 governed Filipinos and were captains of wars
 whom Filipinos obeyed and reverenced.
Tagulo or Barangay
 the tribe they rule is called Tagulo or
Barangay
 The chiefs in their various wars, helped each
other with their respective barangays.
In addition to the chiefs, there were three castes:
 Nobles, Commoners and Slaves.
NOBLES OR THE MAHARLICA
 The free-born who did not pay taxes of
tribute to the dato but must accompany him
in war at their own expense.
 The chief offered them feast and afterward
divided the spoils.
COMMONERS OR ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
- They are married, and serve their masters, whether
he be a dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands
as was agreed from the beginning.
SLAVES OR ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR
 They serve their master in their house and
on his cultivated lands, and may be sold.
Note: The difference between the Aliping Namamahay and
the Aliping Saguiguilir should be noted for by a confusion
of the two terms, many have been classed to as slaves even
though they are not.
In these three classes, those who are Maharlicas on
both fathers and mother side continue to be so
forever; and if it happens that they should become
slaves, it is through marriage.
If two persons marry, of whom as one was a
Maharlica and the other as slave, wether
Namamahay or Saguiguilir, the children were divided.
 The first, whether male or female, belonged
to the father as did the third and fifth.
 The second, the fourth and the sixth fell to
the mother and so on if there should not be
more than one child he was half-free and
half-slave.
 Of these two kinds of slaves the Saguiguilir
could be sold, but not the Namamahay and
their children, nor could they be transferred.
 However, they could be transferred to the
Barangay by the inheritance, provided they
remained in the same village. The Maharlicas
could not, after marriage, move from onr
village to another without paying a fine in
gold as arranged in them.
 In administering justice, the investigations
made and the sentences passed by the Dato
must take place in the presence of those of
his barangay and any ligament felt himself
aggrieved, an arbiter who unanimously name
from other barangay and a fair and just men
will give their judgment according to their
customs in order.
  They also have laws by which they
condemned to death a man of low birth who
insulted the daughter or wife of chief,
likewise witches and others of same class.
 They had rules that mandated the execution
of witches and other members of the same
social class, as well as low-born men who
insulted a chief's daughter or wife.
 The witches are killed, and their offspring
and accomplices are made into slaves for the
chief.
 Other offenses are punished by fines in gold
which if not paid with promptness, exposing
pthe culprit to serve until the payment
should be made, person aggrieved to whom
the money was to be paid.
PUNISHMENTS WERE DONE IN THE FOLLOWING
WAY:
• Half the cultivated lands and all their products
belonged to the master.
• The master will provide the culprit with food and
clothing thus enslaving him and his children.
• The master will have the possession of the children
if ever the payment could not be met by the father.
LOANS – The same way goes to a debtor concerning
loans wherein he will give half of his cultivated lands
and profits until the debt has been paid or else he's
condemned to a life of toil and becomes a slave. After
the father's death, the children will continue to pay
the debt or the payment will be doubled.
INHERITANCES – Legitimate children of a father and
mother will be inherited equally not unless the father
and mother showed a slight partiality by gifts such as
2 to 3 taels or a jewel.
TWO OR MORE LEGITIMATE WIVES – If one had
children by two or more legitimate wives, each child
will receive the inheritance and the mother's dowry
with its increase and share of his father's estate.
SLAVE WOMAN – If a man had a son from one of his
slaves as well as legitimate children, the former will
have no share in the inheritance.
UNMARRIED WOMAN (ISAANAVA) – If ever he had
children by an unmarried woman, she will still receive
a dowry but is not considered as a real wife and her
children are said to be natural children. If the father
has a legitimate wife but did not have a son but had
children with the unmarried wife called Inaasava, the
latter will inherit all.
FREE MARRIED WOMAN - If a free married woman
has a kid while she is still married, the child will share
in the inheritance
ADOPTED CHILDREN'S INHERITANCE - inherit the
double of what was paid for their adoption.
DOWRIES are given by the men to the women's
parents.
 If the wife, at the time of her marriage, has
neither father, mother, nor grandparents,
she enjoys her dowry.
 In the case of a divorce before the birth of
children, if the wife left the husband for the
purpose of marrying another, all her dowry
and an equal additional amount fell to the
husband; but if she left him, and did not
marry another, the dowry returned.
 When the husband left his wife, he lost half of
the dowry, and the other half returned to
him.
 In the matter of marriage dowries which
fathers bestow upon their sons when they are
about to be married, and half of which is
given immediately, even when they are only
children. There is a fine stipulated in the
contract, that he who violates it shall pay a
certain sum which varies according to the
practice of the village and the affluence of the
individual.
RELATION OF THE WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS,
THEIR GODS, AND THEIR BURIALS AND
SUPERSTITIONS
There are no temples in performing of sacrifices, but it
is true that they have a name called
“simbahan” - which means temple or place of
adoration;
“pandot” or “worship” - festival celebration
 celebrates it to the house of the chief.
“sibi” - , a temporary shed in each side of the house
with a roof
 There they constructed for the purpose for
the sheltering for the assembled people.
 It had been divided into three
compartments. On the posts of the house
they set small lamps, called sorihile.
“nagaanitos” – the worship which the whole
barangay , or family united.
 It is the time when they also brought
together many drums, large and small, which
they beat successively while the feast lasted,
which usually four days.
Among their many idols there was Bathala who they
especially worshipped. The title seems to signify the
“all powerful” or “maker of all things.”
Other idols they worshipped:
1. Sun – account of its beauty; almost universally
respected and honored by heathens.
2. Moon – Time they held great rejoicing.
Adoring it and bidding it welcome.
3. Stars – even though they don’t know all their
names, the Spaniards and other nation knows
the planets, with the one exception of the
morning star whom they called “Tala.”
4. Lic–ha – image of different shapes.
5. Dian Masalanta – great patron of lovers and
generation.
6. Lacapati and Idianale – patrons of the
cultivates lands and husbandry.
7. Buaya – they paid reverence to water-lizards
called buaya or crocodiles, from fear being
harmed by them.
They knew too the “seven little goat”(the Pleiades)
and the change of season which they called
“Mapolon” . Also “Balatik” which is our Greater Bear.
They also believes in the myth of the bird whom they
called “Tigmamanuguin” which was singing in the
tree, or if they changed upon anyone who sneezed,
they returned at once to their house, considering that
incident might happened to them especially when the
bird starts to sang. This song had two different
forms;one is the evil omen and another is the good
omen.
The native don’t have a distinguished time and date
they only basing in the cultivation of the soil, counted
by moons, and the different effect produced upon the
trees when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this
helps them in making up the year.
The distinctions made among the priests of the devil
were as follows:
1. CATOLONAN
 was either a man or a woman.
 This office was an honorable one among
the natives, and was held ordinarily by
people of rank, this rule being general in
all the islands.
2. MANGAGAUAY (witches)
 who deceives by pretending to heal the
sick.
 These priests even induced maladies by
their charms, which in proportion to the
strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, are
capable of causing death.
 In this way, if they wished to kill at once
they did so; or they could prolong life for
a year by binding to the waist a live
serpent, which was believed to be the
devil, or at least his substance. This office
was general throughout the land.
3. MANYISALAT
 which is the same as magagauay.
 These priests had the power of applying
such remedies to lovers that they would
abandon and despise their own wives,
and in fact could prevent them from having
intercourse with the latter.
 If the woman, constrained by these
means, were abandoned, it would bring
sickness upon her; and on account of the
desertion she would discharge blood and
matter.
4. MANCOCOLAM
 whose duty is was to emit fire from
himself at night, once or oftener each
month.
 This fire could not be extinguished; nor
could it be thus emitted except as the
priest wallowed in the ordure and filth
which falls from the houses; and he who
lived in the house where the priest was
wallowing in order to emit this fire from
himself, fell ill and died.
5. HOCLOBAN
 which is another kind of witch
 greater efficacy than the mangagauay.
 Without the use of medicine, and by simply
saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom
they chose.
 But if they desired to heal those whom they
had made ill by their charms, they did so by
using other charms.
 Moreover, if they wished to destroy the
house of some Indian hostile to them, they
were able to do so without instruments.
 This was in Catanduanes, an island off the
upper part of Luzon.
6. SILAGAN
 if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear
out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death.
 This, like the preceding, was in the island of
Catanduanes.
 Let no one, moreover, consider this a fable;
because, in Caavan, they tore out in this way
through the anus all the intestines of a
Spanish notary, who was buried in Calilaya by
father Fray Juan de Merida.
7. MAGTATANGAL
 his purpose was to show himself at night to
many persons, without his head or entrails.
 In such wise the devil walked about and
carried, or pretended to carry, his head to
different places; and, in the morning,
returned it to his body – remaining, as before,
alive.
 This seems to me to be a fable, although the
natives affirm that they have seen it, because
the devil probably caused them so to believe.
 This occurred in Catanduanes.
8. OSUANG
 which is equivalent to “ sorcerer;”
 they say that they have seen him fly, and that
he murdered men and ate their flesh.
 This was among the Visayas Islands; among
the Tagalogs these did not exist.
9. MANGAGAYOMA
 They made charms for lovers out of herbs,
stones, and wood, which would infuse the
heart with love. Thus did they deceive the
people, although sometimes, through the
intervention of the devil, they gained their
ends.
10. SONAT
 which is equivalent to “preacher.” It was his
office to help one to die, at which time he
predicted the salvation or condemnation of
the soul.
 It was not lawful for the functions of this
office to be fulfilled by others than people of
high standing, on account of the esteem in
which it was held.
 This office was general through- out the
islands.
11. PANGATAHOJAN
 was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. This
office was general in all the islands.
12. BAYOGUIN
 signified a “cotquean,” a man whose nature
inclined toward that of a woman.
Their manner of burying the dead was as follows:
The deceased was buried beside his house;
If he were a chief, he was placed beneath a
little house or porch which they constructed
for this purpose.
o Before interring him, they mourned
him for four days; and
o afterward laid him on a boat which
served as a coffin or bier, placing him
beneath the porch, where guard was
kept over him by a slave.
In place of rowers, various animals were
placed within the boat, each one being
assigned a place at the oar by two male and
female of each species being together as for
example two goats, two deer, or two fowls.
It was the slave’s care to see that they were
fed.
If the deceased had been a warrior, a living
slave was tied beneath his body until in this
wretched way he died.
o In course of time, all suffered decay; and
for many days the relatives of the dead
man bewailed him, singing dirges, and
praises of his good qualities, until finally
they wearied of it.
o This grief was also accompanied by
eating and drinking. This was a customs
of Tagalogs.
The aetas Inhabitants of this islands, had also a
form of burial, but different.
 o They dug deep, perpendicular hole,
and placed the deceased within it,
leaving him upright with head crown
unburied, on top of which they put a
half a cocoa-nut which was to served
him as shield.
MACA
 These infidels said that they knew there
was another life of rest
 “paradise,” or, in other words , “village of
rest.”
CASANAAN
 Morality
 a place of punishment, grief and affliction
 a “place of anguish ;
BATHALA
 “THE MAKER OF ALL THINGS,” who
governed from above.
SITAN
 They said that all wicked went to that
place, and there dwelt the demons
VIBIT
 Ghost
PHANTOMS
 tigbalang.
PATIANAC
 They had another deception-namely, that
if any woman died in childbirth, the
woman and the child suffered punishment;
and that, at night, she could be heard
lamenting.
EMILIO JACINTO, KARTILIA NG KATIPUNAN
Emili Jacinto y Dizon
 Katipunero
 The Brain of Katipunan and the Revolution
 The editor of Kalayaan
 The official organ of KKK
BIOGRAPHY
 He was born in Trozo, Manila in December
15, 1875.
 Pen names: Pingkian (to stike), Dimasilaw,
Kailyong
 A husband and a very good meat dealer in
Laguna
 Jacinto contracted malaria and died on April
16, 1899, in Mahayhay, Laguna, at the age of
23.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
 Finished his primary education in a private
school then obtained a bachelor of arts in
Colegio de San Juan de Letran in his higher
education.
 A law student in Unversity of Santo Tomas in
1894 when he joined Katipunan.
WORKS
 Liwanag at Dilim
 A La Patricia
KATIPUNAN (KKK)
“Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan.”
 A Philippine revolutionary society founded
by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892
who’s primary aim was to gain independence
from Spanish rule through a revolution.
Kartilya ng Katipunan
The kartilya
 Taught in schools and debated in
universities, the “Kartilya” is the best known
of all Katipunan texts.
 Making manifest the KKK’s principles and
teachings, it was printed as a small
pamphlet for new members.
 It is the only document of any length set in
print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896
that is known to be still extant.
 The earliest reference to the Kartilya yet
found is in the minutes of a Supreme
Assembly meeting held in December 1895,
which say the manifesto (“pahayag”) will be
priced at 4 kualta per copy.
 Bonifacio, had originally intended that his
“Decalogue” should be printed and handed
to new recruits, but he then read Jacinto’s
Kartilya and decided it was superior.
 In admiration to Emilio Jacinto’s literary
style, Bonifacio would later adopt Jacinto’s
Kartilya as the official teachings of the
Katipunan.
Decalogue
• Bonifacio seeks only to enumerate the duties of
Katipunan members.
• Bonifacio lists ten obligations.
Kartilya
• Couches his primer, four times as long, rather
as a statement of aspirations and ethical
values.
• Jacinto presents twelve “guiding principles”
and fourteen “teachings”.
Manila Masonic Lodge
 In its structure the Kartilya resembles the
declaration used in Manila’s Masonic lodges,
a declaration that had presumably been
written in Spain around 1889 when the grand
order to which the lodges were affiliated –
the Gran Oriente Español - had been
founded by Miguel Morayta.
 The Kartilya is addressed “To those who
want to join the Katipunan”; the Masonic
document to “los profanos que deben
inscribirse en la Sociedad.”
 The preamble to the Kartilya echoes the
Masonic document’s stated purpose, which
is to ensure that candidates fully understand
the association’s objectives before making a
commitment they might later repent.
 The division in the Kartilya between
principles (“layon”) and teachings (“aral”)
broadly parallels the division in the Gran
Oriente’s manifesto between the “Programa
Masonica” and the “Codigo Masonico.”
 And the Kartilya, finally, like the document
used in the lodges, asks neophytes to pledge
their allegiance to the association’s
objectives and to affirm with their signature
that they are becoming members of their
own free will (“ninais ng loob ko”).
 There are also parallels between the content
of the two documents. Recruits to the lodges
were advised that Masonry “considera como
hermanos todos los hombres”; that they
should renounce “todos los vicios”; and
should “defenderás al oprimido.” Within the
Katipunan, said the Kartilya, “all are equal
and true brethren.” Members had to
“renounce disorderly habits” and to “defend
the oppressed.”
Other influences
 Biblical in origin
o Regarding a woman as a "helpmate"
rather than a "plaything" and to "have
due regard to her weakness
 Benjamin Franklin
o Time lost is lost forever
 Cervantes
o “An honorable man’s word is his
bond”
 Rizal (Simoun in Elfilibusterismo)
o “life which is not dedicated to a great
idea is useless”
o
Age of Enlightenment
The Tagalog words that resound loudest in the
Kartilya, beyond doubt, are the equivalents of the
Enlightenment’s defining watchwords:
 Liberty (“Kalayaan”);
 Equality (“lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay”);
 Fraternity (“kayong lahat ay magkakapatid”);
 Reason (“Katuiran”);
 Progress (“Kagalingan”) ;and
 Enlightenment itself (“Kaliwanagan”).
ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE TO
THOSE WHO WANT TO JOIN THIS ASSOCIATION.
 In order that all who want to enter this
Association may have a full understanding and
knowledge of its guiding principles and main
teachings, it is necessary to make these things
known to them so that they will not, tomorrow or
the next day, repent, and so that they may
perform their duties wholeheartedly.
 This Association pursues a most worthy and
momentous object: to unite the hearts and minds
of all the Tagalogs (*) by means of an inviolable
oath, in order that this union may be strong
enough to tear aside the thick veil that obscures
thought, and to find the true path of Reason and
Enlightenment.
 (*The word Tagalog means all those born in this
Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan,
Ilocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a
Tagalog
 One of the foremost rules here is true love of the
native land and genuine compassion for one
another.
 Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are equal and
true brethren.
 As soon as anybody enters here, he shall perforce
renounce disorderly habits and shall submit to
the authority of the sacred commands of the
Katipunan.
 All acts contrary to noble and clean living are
repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone who
wants to affiliate with this Association will be
submitted to a searching investigation.
 If the applicant merely wishes to know the secrets
of the Association, or to seek personal
gratification, or to know who is here in order to
sell them for a handful of silver, he cannot
proceed, for here the many who are watching him
will already know his intentions, and will
immediately have recourse to an effective
remedy, such as befits traitors.
 Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed;
hence anybody who is not willing to act should
not enter, no matter how good a speaker he
might be
 It is also announced that the duties to be
performed by the members of this association are
exceedingly hard, especially if one remembers
that there can be no dereliction or wilful evasion
of duty without the exaction of a terrible
punishment.
 If an applicant merely desires financial support
relief or wants to lead a life of bodily comfort and
ease, he had better not proceed, for he will
encounter weighty tasks, like the protection of
the oppressed and the relentless fight against all
that is evil. In this way, his fate will be a vexatious
life.
 Nobody is unaware of the misfortune that
threatens the Filipinos who contemplate these
things that are sacred (and even those that are
not) and the sufferings they are made to endure
by the reign of cruelty, injustice and evil.
 Everybody also knows the need for money, which
today is one of the main things upon which we
depend to bring sustenance to all. In this regard,
the punctual payment of dues is required: one
peso upon entry and then twelve and a half
centimos each month. The custodian of the funds
will periodically render an account to the
members, and each member has a right
 To examine the accounts, should he so wish. The
funds cannot be expended without the consent of
the majority.
All this must be thought over and deliberated
upon calmly, as it cannot be accomplished or
endured by anyone who has no love for his native
land and no genuine desire to promote Progress.
And for the upliftment of your mind and virtue, read
the following:
TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE
PEOPLE
 A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred
cause is like a tree without a shade, or a
poisonous weed.
 A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire
for personal profit and not from a sincere desire
to do good.
 True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love
for one’s fellow men, and in making true Reason
the measure of every move, deed and word.
 Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One
can be superior to another in knowledge, wealth
and beauty… but not in being.
 A person with a noble character values honor
above self-interest, while a person with an ignoble
character values self-interest above honor.
 An honorable man’s word is his bond.
 Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be recovered,
but time lost is lost forever.
 Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
 An intelligent man is he who takes care in
everything he says and keeps quiet about what
must be kept secret.
 Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the
way and his wife and children follow.
 If the leader goes the way of perdition, then so do
those who are led. Do not regard a woman as a
mere plaything, but as a helpmate and partner in
the hardships of this existence.
 Have due regard to her weakness, and remember
the mother who brought you into this world and
nurtured you in your infancy.
 What you would not want done to your wife,
daughter and sister, do not do to the wife,
daughter and sister of another.
 A man’s worth does not come from him being a
king, or in the height of his nose and the
whiteness of his face, or in him being a priest, a
REPRESENTATIVE OF GOD, or in his exalted
position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly
noble is he who, though born in the forest and
able to speak only his own tongue, behaves
decently, is true to his word, has dignity and
honor, who is not an oppressor and does not abet
oppressors, who knows how to cherish and look
after the land of his birth.
When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of
beloved liberty shines on these poor Islands, and sheds its
sweet light upon a united race, a people in everlasting
happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle and the suffering
will have been more than recompensed.
EMILIO AGUINALDO, MGA GUNITA NG
HIMAGSIKAN
Emilio Aguinaldo
 Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
 March 22, 1869- February 6, 1964
 The first and youngest President of the
Philippines
 The son of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad
Famy. Emilio was the seventh in the eight
children
 The Aguinaldons were a wealthy and
influential family with carlos being
Gobernadorcillo for several terms.
 Emilio Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San
Juan de Letran.
 Then followed his father, at the age of 17 y/o
he became the "Cabeza de Baragay" of
Binakayan.
 On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo elected and
becoming the first person to hold the title of
Capitan Municipal of Cavite El Viejo.
 Emilio joined the masonry under Pilar Lodge
No. 203, Imus Cavite by the codename "Colon
Spouses
 Hilaria Aguinaldo (1896-1921)
 Maria Agoncillo (1930-1963)
Siblings
 Benigno
 Felicidad
 Crispulo
 Primo
 Ambrosio
 Tomasa
 Esteban
 March 7, 1895 Aguinaldo joined the
Katipunan and it was Andres Bonifacio who
welcomed and initiated him
 "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" was written by
Emilio Aguinaldo in 1964, which Sulpicio
Guevara translated from the original Tagalog
as "Memoirs of the Revolution (1967).
In his book he described how the Cavitenos celebrate
with the coming of Bonifacio in their place and he
wrote:
"Nang matapos ang masayang pagpapaalaman, ang
Supremo at mga kasamahan, ay sumama na sa
Pamunuan ng Magdiwang. Gayon na lamang ang
karingalan at kasayahang nagharisa pagsalubong ng
ginawa ng mga bayang kanilang pinagdaanan. Sa
hanay na may siyam na kilometro ang haba, mula sa
Noveleta, hanggang saSan Francisio Malabon, ang
lahat halos ng mga bahay ay may mga palamuting
balantok na kawayang kinaskas at pinalamutihan ng
sari-saring watawat, tanda ng maringal na
pagsalubong at maligayang batisa dakilang panauhin.
"
Chapter XIX: Pasimula ng Pagsalakay Namin sa
Kalaban
 Setyembre 1, 1896 dumating at nakipagkita ang
Pangulo ng Balangay Pilar at Capitan Municipal ng
Imus na si G. Jose Tagle kay Emilio Aguinaldo sa
Kwartel Heneral sa Kumbento ng Cavite el Viejo.
 Si Emilio Aguinaldo ang nangunguna sa tungkulin
niyang pagka-Teniente Abanderado.
 Habang naglalakad sila ay pinatugtug ni Aguinaldo
and musika ng Batalla de Jolo.
 Ang bawat lalaking madaanan at makatanaw sa
kanila ay kusang loob na sumasama sa kanila
pagkatapos makuha ang kani-kanilang sibat at
gulok.
 Nasa dakong Hilaga o Norte ang pangkat na
pinangungunahan ni Heneral Baldomero
Aguinaldo. Sa timog naman sina G. Jose Tagle
kasama ang kanyangb kawal. Sa pangharapan ng
kumbento naman ang pangkat ni Aguinaldo.
 Ang kanilang hudyatan o "cogsignia" ay "Unahang
makasapit at makasalakay sa Kumbento.”
 Nang mapasok nila ang loob ng kumbento ay wala
silang nakita maliban sa isang pareng Pilipino na si
Padre Buenaventura.
 "Tindig at hindi kayo kalaban. Kayo pa ang aming
ipinagtatanggol.
 Walang nakasunod kay Emilio maliban sa kanyang
Cuadrillero na si Guillermo Samoy. Kusang loob na
binuksan ni Ginang Macaria Olaes ang kanyang
bangan ng palay at ipinamigay sa mga mahihirap
ang laman, gayun din si Ginang Trinidad Famy at
kanyang inandog ito sa mga sugatang kawal na
nasa hospital.
The Bloody Battle of Naic
A month passed where the troops where at rest and
faced no immediate threat when Naic was attacked by
the Spaniards. The enemy fought fiercely under the
command of Capitan General Don Fernando Primo de
Rivera, despite the amount of their troops
succumbing.
They eventually fled after leaving a ton of guns,
ammunition, and food. Aguinaldo was disappointed
after being told that Supremo Bonifacio told Heneral
Ricarte to withdraw and hide when they could have
potential captured all of the Cazadores troops.
Aguinaldo seeing the impending threat, ordered to
gather all of their supplies and transport it away to
Maragondon. The people of Timalan also fled and
what are left is the troops of Magdalo and few brave
people that wouldn't want to leave the brave troops
alone.
Aguinaldo felt the immense danger dawning upon
them. The
Spanish Troops are seeking revenge after their
multiple defeats. They were defeated in Timbalan and
extremely despised it. They are fiercely fighting and
launching canons at them and hauling bombs at
Aguinaldo's troops. A general encouraged Aguinaldo
to burn the entire town since they would probably
lose Naic, but he refused. Saying the people of Naic
will be at a great loss.
They were being tackled in every direction. Aguinaldo
is losing many of his own men. Until a one regimen is
the only one left. They find shelter in a church and he
claimed to his troops that "Dito na tayo
magpapakamatay lahat" on which his men replied in
affirmative. Aguinaldo watched as one by one his men
is being shot down. But as he claimed, he wasn't
backing down. Not until Heneral Mariano Riego de
Dios pulled him aside and tell him that he is needed
by the motherland. Aguinaldo and the remaining men
fled the scene. To his disbelief they weren't chased
down by the Cazadores and Infanteria 73. The Spanish
troops opted to shout "Viva España" and rolled the
flag of Spain on the church's tower.
SENTENCING OF THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS
The brothers went into trial under the "Consejo de
Guerra" where it was determined that they are guilty
of committing treason to the "Pamahalaang
Himagsikan" and the judgement for the crimes is
death. Aguinaldo ordered to reduce the punishment
to exile, knowing he and Bonifacio is fighting towards
the same goals. But many opposed this idea, because
in their eyes, the brothers committed treachery.
They said that reducing the sentence will only
jeopardize his life and the "Pamahalaan". Many
people came to Aguinaldo and give the same word of
advice and alongside with the mounting evidence, he
retracted the order. In the morning of May 10, 1897,
the Bonifacio brothers are brought to bundok ng Tala
and were executed.
DOCUMENTOF THE 1898 DECLARATION OF
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 The Philippine Declaration of Independence was
proclaimed by Filipino revolutionary forces led by
Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898 in Cavite el
Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines.
 In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began.
 In December 1897, the Spanish government and
the revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato.
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)
Commodore George Dewey (May 1, 1898)
 United States defeated the Spanish in the
Battle of Manila Bay.
 Emilio Aguinaldo returned to Manila on May
19, 1898.
Sulpicio Guevara
o translated the Act of the Declaration of
Independence was into English
Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista
o prepared, written, and read by in Spanish
the Act of the Declaration of
Independence
o War Counsellor and Special Delegate
o was assigned to proclaim and solemnize
the declaration of Philippine
Independence by the virtue issued by the
 Egregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo
y Famy.
According to Rianzares:
 “Taking into account the fact that the people
of this country are already tired bearing the
ominous yoke of Spanish domination”
 “Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of
the Civil Guards who cause deaths in
connivance with and even under the express
orders of their superior officers who at times
would order the shooting of those placed
under arrest under the pretext that they
attempted to escape in violation of known
Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left
unpunished, and because of unjust
deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially
those decreed by General Blanco at the
instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them in ignorance for
egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations
were carried out through processes more
execrable than those of the Inquisition which
every civilized nation repudiates as a trial
without hearing.”
THE PROCLAMATION PROCEEDED WITH:
 a brief historical overview of the Spanish
occupation since Magellan’s arrival in Visayas
until the Philippine revolution
 the spread of the movement “like an electric
spark” through different towns and provinces
 Rizal’s execution
 Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 that caused
the infamous execution of the martyred
native priests, Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,
and Jacinto Zamora
“In the town of Cavite Viejo, in this province of
Cavite, on the twelfth day of June eighteen
hundred and ninety-eight, before me, Don
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and
Special Delegate designated to proclaim and
solemnize this Declaration of Independence by
the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines,
pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by
the Egregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y
Famy”
Philippine Flag
 Sun
- Gigantic step made by the son of the country
- signifying the eight provinces—Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna,
and Batangas.
 Stars - signifying the three principal Islands of
these Archipelago --- Luzon , Mindanao, and
Panay
 The white triangle - the distinctive emblem of the
famous Society of the “Katipunan”
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
WHAT IS THE 1899 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION?
 the first republican constitution in Asia
 was drafted and adopted by the First
Philippine Republic
 lasted from 1899 to 1901. During the
American Occupation, the Philippines was
governed by the laws of the United States
of America.
 Spearheaded by Felipe Calderon and
supported by Cayetano Arellano, they
created the Malolos Constitution.
 also known as the first constitution drafted
by the representatives of the Filipino
people.
 It was inspired by the constitutions of
Brazil, Belgium, Costa Rica, France,
Guatemala, and Mexico. Then, the final
draft was presented to Emilio Aguinaldo
after minor revisions due to some
objections from Apolinario Mabini. As a
result, it led the way to the launch of the
first Philippine Republic.
TITLE I: ON THE REPUBLIC
TITLE II: ON THE GOVERNENT
TITLE III: On Religion
TITLE IV: ON THE FILIPINOS AND THEIR NATIONAL
AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
TITLE V: THE LEGISLATIVE POWER
TITLE VI: THE PERMANENT COMMISSION
TITLE VII: THE EXECUTIVE POWER
TITLE VIII: THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
TITLE IX: THESECRETARIES OF GOVERNMENT
TITLE X: THEJUDICIALPOWER
TITLE XI: PROVINCIALAND POPULAR ASSEMBLIES
TITLE XII: ADMINISTRATION OF THESTATEMENTS
TITLE XIII: AMENDMENT OFTHECONSTITUTION
FIRST MASS
THE SITE OF FIRST MASS
 On April 1, 1521 (originally March 31) the first
mass in the Philippines happened in "Mazaua."
 R.A. No. 2733 declared Barangay Magallanes in
Limasawa, Southern Leyte as the site of the first
mass.
 Dr. Zonia M. Zaide presented evidence that the
site of the first mass was not in Limasawa but in
Masao, Butuan, Agusan del Norte.
 The site of the first mass was first mentioned by
Maximillian Transylvanus on his "De Moluccis..."
in 1523 because he interviewed the survivors of
Magellan expedition.
 The survivors mentioned that they landed in
"Messana" where the first mass was officiated.
LIMASAWA AS SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
 Carlo Amoretti (1800) of Ambrosiana Library
said that Mazaua where Magellan landed
before and the Limasawa mentioned by Fr.
Francisco Combes are the same.
 Limasawa was supported by Fr. Pablo
Pastells, Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
Jaime de Veyra and James Robertson.
 Fr. Francisco Colin wrote a book about the
spread of Christianity in the Philippines but
could not exactly determine the site, but he
based on "Limasawa" claim because of the
writings of Antonio Herrera who based his
writings on Andres San Martin that the site
was in "Mazaua"
 Limasawa became part of Magellan's
expedition because of the writings of Fr. Colin
(Dimasaua) and Fr. Francisco Combes
(Limasawa on his "Historia de Mindnao... in
1667)
 *From Homonhon, Magellan and his men
travelled westward, southwest to the tip of
Seilani (Panaon) to avoid Northeast monsoon
MASAO AS SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
 Gian Battista Ramusio (1536) wrote a
chronicle about the voyage of Magellan
where he insisted Butuan as the site of the
first mass.
 Sonia Zaide pointed-out the ff.:
 As the place called "Mazaua," Limasawa has
four syllables and begins with another letter,
while Masao has conclusive syllable.
 The expedition traveled 20-25 leagues from
Homonhon. If they had been to Limasawa, the
distance only 14.6 leagues.
 The distance to Cebu from Mazaua based on
Pigafetta was 35 leagues (140 miles). The
distance from Limasawa to Cebu is only 80
miles.
 Rajah of Mazaua came to their ship in a
"Balanghai,"
 Butuan is a site for atleast nine excavated
Balanghai relics.
 Limasawa has no significant relic of Balanghai.
 Mazaua has abundance of gold, now Agusan
Valley had abundance of gold while Limasawa
doesn't have.
 Mafra mentioned that Magellan's group
reached Mindanao. Mazaua is 45 n.m south of
Surigao, a perfect harbor during Northeast
monsoon.
 As drawn by Pigafetta, Mazaua has two hilly
areas; Pinamangculan and Dalindingan where
many rice, coconut and fruits.
SAINT JAMES THE GREAT CHURCH, BOLINAO,
PANGASINAN THE FIRST SITE?
 A marker claims that it 1324, Fray Odorico
Pordenone from Friuli, Italy officiated the first
Catholic mass in the country.
Where's the site of the first mass in the Philippines?
Limasawa, Southern Leyte?
Masao Shore, Butuan, Agusan del Norte?
Bolinao, Pangasinan?
HISTORIC CONTROVERSIES OF THE FIRST MASS
DID YOU KNOW?
There could be another way of taking the distance of
Homonhon to "Mazaua", quoted in a testimony.
Engr. Jose G. Caburian during the hearing of the
National Historical Institiute on the controversy
over the site of the first mass.
Earlier, Pigafetta wrote that 24 leagues is equal
to 100 miles or 160.9 km so one league is equal
to 6 7kms.
From accurate map; the sea distance from the
eastern side of Homonhon going to the west to
southwest.
Limawasa is 167 kms; divided by 6.7 kms. It is
24.9 leagues and checks well with
theHomonhon-Muazua distance of 25 leagues".
FRANCISCO ALBO
 was one of the 18 survivors who joined
and served as pilot in the expedition of
Magellan who kept his own dairy
(nevertheless a log book) on their voyage.
 His account to their entry to the
archipelago San Lararo (the Philippines
now) may reduce to the following point
outlined by Fr. Miguel Bernad;
1. On the 16th of March(1521) as they
sailed in a westernly course for San
Landrones, they saw a land towards
northwest; but owing to many
shallow places they did no approach
to it. They found later and its name
was Yunagan.
2. They went instead on that the same
day on southwards to another small
island named Suluan, and there they
anchored. There they saw canoes
but these fled to the Spaniards'
approach. This island was at 9 and
two-thirds degrees North latitude.
3. Departing from those two islands,
they sailed to the westward to an
uninhabited island of "Gada" where
they took in a supply of food and
water. The sea around that island
was free from the shallows. (Albo
does not give the latitude of this
island, but from the Pigafetta's
testimony, this seems to be the
"Acquada" or Homonhon, 10 degrees
to the North latitude.
4. From the island they sailed westward
towards a large island named Seilani
which was inhabited and was known
to have gold. (Seilani- or, as Pigafetta
calls, "Ceylon"- was the island of
Leyte).
5. Sailing southwards along coast of
that large island of Seilani, they
turned southwest a small island
named "Mazava" ("Mazua" of
Pigafetta). That island is also at a
latitude of 9 and two-thirds degrees
North.
6. .. 6. The people of that island
Mazava was very good. There the
Spaniards planted a cross upon a
mountains-top, and from there they
shown three islands from west to the
southwest, there were they told
there was much gold. "They showed
us the gold was gathered, which
came from small pieces like peas and
lentils."
7. From Mazava they sailed
northwards, again to the Seilani.
They followed the coast of Seilani in
a northwesternly direction,
ascending up to 10 degree latitude
were they saw three small islands.
8. From there they sailed westwards
some ten leagues, and there they
saw three islets were they dropped
anchor for the night. In the morning
they sailed southwest some 12
leagues, down a latitude of 10 and
one-diird(third) degree. There they
entered a channel between two
 islands, one if which was called
"Matan" and the other "Subu".
9. They sailed down that channel and
the turned westward and anchored
at the town (la villa) of Subu where
they stayed many days and obtained
provisions and entered into a peace-
pact with the local king.
10. The town of Subu was on the east-
west direction with the islands of
Suluan and Mazava. But between
Mazava and Subu, there were so
many shallows that the boats could
not go westward directly but had to
go (as they did) in a round- about
way.
This may also formulate argument in favor or against
on side.
Antonio Pigafetta - lies on a latitude of nine
and two-thirds degree towards the Artic
Pole… and is called Mazaua.”
Antonio de Brito - “After passing many
islands, they reach one called Mazaba, which
lies on the nine degrees”
Francisco Albo - “Mazava lies on a latitude of
nine two-third degrees north”-
the Reteiro - “…and came to anchor at
another island, which is Macangor, which is
nine degrees”-
B. TESTIMONIES REGARDING TO THE ROUTE
LEAVING HOMONHON
 “Our men took water at Acacan, and then
sailed towards Seilani, but a storm caught
them so that they could not land there, but
they were driven to another island called
Massana where the king of three island
reside”- Transylvanus
 According to Edgardo T. Gumban, a supporter
of Masao, Butuan, the course west and
southern given by Pigafetta and Albo from
Humonhon are approximately correct up to
the southern end of Panaon Island, but a
change of direction was necessary on clearing
point- either due west or south to Masao.
 According to Vicente de Jesus, one of the
leading writers in favor for Masao, Butuan,
presented numbers of difficulties with NHI
National Historical Institute’s (now National
Historical Commission of the Philippines)
“final truth” about Limasawasa the site of first
mass.
As follows are:
Limasawa has no anchorage.
East Limasawa where supposedly
Magellan’s fleet anchored is lee shore.
No account speaks of anchoring east.
Note that as follows are the references of five
witness accounts used by Mr. De Jesus for evidences
in favor Masao, Butuan (assumed to be
Pinamanculan Island as the “Mazua”).
Antonio Pigafetta
Francisco Albo
The Reteiro or Genoese Pilot
Ginès de Mafra (NHI dismissed Mafra as a
primary source in 1998 much to the disgust of
de Jesus)
Martinho de Aiamonte
C. ROUTE TAKEN FROM“MAZUA” TO CEBU
PIGAFETTA
“We remained there seven days, after which we laid
our course northwest, passing among five islands…
but the king of Mazaua could not follow us, and
consequently, we waited for him near three islands
Polo, Ticobon, and Pozon. When we caught up with us
he was greatly astonished at the rapidly with which
we sailed…Thus we go to Zubu.”
ALBO
“We left Masava and went north toward Seilani, after
which we ran along to the northwest as far as 10
degree latitude. There we saw three rocky island and
turned our course west for about 10 leguas where we
came upon two islets. We stay there… at that point
we entered a channel between two islands, one which
is called Mattan and the other Subu.”
The course of direction given by Pigafetta was
northwest while Albo was north and northwest.
Could there be any conflict of this directions given by
them?
According to Gumba, these directions cannot
practicable, if not impossible, if the starting point was
Limasawa; but will be very logical if the starting point
was Masao.
- He also added that since Pigafetta and Albo believed
that the latitude of Mazaua It was 9°40’ (9° 2/3’), they
calculated that they sailed North 20 (minutes) toward
Leyte to about 10° 00’N Latitude hence if the starting
point was Limasawa, Magellan must be well inside
Sogod Bay and impossibly no chance to go northwest
or west to Cebu without getting out of the bay.
The same map was used also by the Limasawans.
Bernad, a Limasawa supporter who also used the
map, explained that:
1. Mazaua (Mazzana in the map)
- is a small island which lies off the southwestern tip
of the larger island of Ceilon (Southern Leyte), and is
to the east of the island Bohol.
It lies near the passage between Bohol and the
westerncoast of "Ceilon".
2. The island of Mazaua in Pigafetta's map, therefore
lies in a position roughly equivalent to the actual
position of the island of Limasawa.
3. In no way can Mazaua be identified with Butuan,
which is situated in another and much larger island
(Mindanao today), to which "Calagan", "Cippit" and
Mamgdanao are also located
Butuan before is Surigao today
Before the name Surigao, it was Caraga
The former name of Caraga was Butuan
Hence, Mazaua as they claim was below Butuan based
from Ginéz de Mafra and other documents taken as
evidence and interpreted (by them) most likely it was
corroborated with other personalities to prove its
theory. But the BIG question is… Where is Mazaua
then?
MASAO, BUTUAN IS "MAZAUA"
The controversy surrounding the site of first
mass is until now alive even if in 1960 a law
(R.A. 2733) was passed and implemented
celebrating the site of first mass in Limasawa,
Southern Leyte on March 31, 1521. • For
centuries, Masao, Butuan was considered the
site of the first mass mainly because of the
Spanish writes.
In 1996, the Gancayco Commission affirmed
that the first mass was held in Southern Leyte,
island of Limasawa.
Finally, there was also a board resolution of
NHI in 2009 reaffirming still that Limasawa is
the site of first mass. There might be a law an
reaffirmation from the commission but that
doesn't stop the Butuanons and their
supporters to prove that Masao, Butuan is the
site of the first mass in the Philippines.
CAVITE MUTINY
Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)
- brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became
the excuse for Spanish repression of the
embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
SPANISH VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY OF
1872
BY JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
APRIL 4, 1871
Don Rafael de Izquierdo assumed
control of the Government of these
islands (Philippines). He became the
Governor-General.
Don Rafael de Izquierdo was a Spanish
military officer, politician, and
statesman.
 In the beginning of 1872, authorities received
anonymous communications containing
informations that a great uprising would break
against the Spaniards.
 This conspiracy has been going on since the Days
of LA Torre.
 The meeting was held by either in the house of
Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or
in the native priest, Jacinto Zamora's house.
 This meeting was attended by the principal
leaders and the curate of Bacoor, Cavite.
 Multitude of Civilians and the Garrison of Manila
are involved in the Cavite Mutiny.
WHAT IS THE PLAN?
 "The soldiers will assassinate their soldiers,
servants, their masters, and the escort of the
Captain - General at Malacañang, to dispose of
the Governor - General himself. The friars and
other Spaniards will then have their turn.
 The preconcerted signal amongst the conspirators
of Cavite and Manila was the firing of rockets
from the walls of the city. The date agreed for the
uprising was on the evening of January 20, 1872.
 The fiesta of the Patron Saint, the Virgin of
Loreto, was being celebrated with pomp and
splender in the District of Sampaloc.

 On the night of the 20th, fireworks and rockets
were fired and displayed in the air. Conspirators
from Cavite mistook those signals to revolt, at
nine-thirty in the evening of the 20th, two
hundred (200) native soldiers under the
leadership of LA Madrid rose up in arms, killed
the commander and wounded his wife.
 D. Felipe Ginoves demanded rendition and waited
the whole day for the rebels to surrender.
However, after waiting the whole day in vain,
early the next morning, Ginoves launched an
assault against the latter's position. On the same
day an official proclamation announced the
suppression of the revolt.
The following are the list of people who were
arrested:
1. D. Jose Burgos and D. Jacinto Zamora
2. Curates of the Cathedral, D. Mariano Gomez,
Curates of Bacoor, and several Filipino priests.
3. Antonio Maria Regidor, lawyer and regida of the
Aryutamiento, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera,
Consejero de Administracion, Pedro Carillo,
Gerrasio Sanchez, and Jose Mauricio de Leon.
4. Lawyer Enrique Paraiso and Jose and Pio Basa,
employees and Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno,
and several other Filipinos were arrested.
JANUARY 27, 1872
Captain - General fixed his " cumplase" on
the sentence
FEBRUARY 6, 1872
Eleven (11) more were sentenced to death.
FEBRUARY 8, 1872
Sentence of Death was pronounced on
Caverino and ten years (10) imprisonment of
11 individuals of the famous, "Guias de la
Torre".
The following are sentence to die by strangulation:
 Filipino priests' P. Jose Burgos, P. Jacinto
Zamora, and P. Mariano Gomez
(GOMBURZA)
 Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso, and
Crisanto de Los Reyes to ten (10) years
imprisonment.
Audiencia suspended from the practice of law the
following:
1. D. Jose Basa y Enriquez
2. P. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
3. D. Antonio Maria Regidor
4. D. Pedro Carillo
5. D. Gervasio Sanchez
6. Jose Mauricio de Leon
APRIL 4, 1872
The government dissolved the native
regiment of artillery and ordered the creation
of all artillery force to be composed
exclusively of Peninsulares.
JULY, 1872
Spanish troops arrived at Manila which was
celebrated by Sto. Domingo Church with a
special mass.
FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY OF
1872
DR. TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA
A Filipino scholar and researcher
Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident
in Cavite
According to Pardo De Tavera
The incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino
soldiers and laborers of the Cavity arsenal to
the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian
policies of Izquierdo.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO Y
GUTIÉRREZ (1871-1873)
He was a Spanish military officer.
Political leader and statesman who became
Governor-General of the Philippines from
April 4, 1871, to January 8, 1873.
He was famous for his use of an "Iron Fist"
type of government.
He was the Governor-General during the
1872 Cavite Mutiny, which led to the
execution of 41 of the mutineers, including
the GomBurZa martyrs.
He was the one who wrote the "Official
Report of the Cavite Mutiny."
 The arrival of General Izquierdo was the
signal for a complete change in the aspect of
affairs.
There would be no change in the established
form of government, and that he intended to
govern the people "with a crucifix in one
hand and a sword in the other."
His first official act was to prohibit the
founding of a school of arts and trades,
which was being organized by the efforts and
funds raised by natives of standing in the
community, but the founding of which did
not tally with the views of the religious
orders.
The establishment of the new school was
merely a pretext for the organization of a
political club, and he not only did not allow it
to be opened but made a public statement
accusing the Filipinos who had charge of the
movement.
EX-GOVERNOR-GENERAL CARLOS MARÍA DE LA
TORRE
All those who had offered their support
to ex-Governor La Torre were classes as
Personas sospechosas (suspects) - were
used in the Philippine Islands to
designate those who refused to obey the
authorities.
FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
Political agitation led to the overthrow
of Spanish sovereignty in the Philippine
Islands.
Workmen were exempt from tribute tax
and obligation to work on public
improvements.
Workmen at Cavite went on strike, but
eventually returned to their duties.
Workmen in Cavite arsenal became
dissatisfied with government, leading to
disaffected troops.
JANUARY 20, 1872
there was an uprising among the soldiers in
the San Felipe fort, in Cavite
40 marines attached to the arsenal and 22
artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid took
part in this uprising
the commanding officer and other Spanish
officers in charge of the fort were
assassinated
GOVERNOR-GENERAL RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO Y
GUTIÉRREZ (1871-1873)
General Izquierdo sent reinforcements to
Cavite and put the rebels to the sword.
SERGEANT FERNANDO LA MADRID
Sergeant La Madrid was blinded and burned,
and a few of the rebels were captured and
taken to Manila. There was no further
disturbance of the peace or insubordination.
Governor-General Carlos María de la Torre
General La Torre's administration in the
Philippine Islands was met with hostility from
influential Filipinos and the Central
Government in Madrid, who sought to
deprive the friars of their powers of
intervention in civil government and
university management.
PRIME MINISTER SEGISMUNDO MORET
Moret proposed a radical change in the
colonial system of government to harmonize
with the principles of the revolution in Spain,
which was welcomed by the Filipinos and
feared by the friars.
 The mutiny in Cavite gave conservative elements
of the colonial modus vivendi an opportunity to
demonstrate to the Spanish Government that a
conspiracy was afoot to destroy Spanish
sovereignty.
 The Spanish Government in Madrid was to blame
for the propagation of pernicious doctrines and
hopes held out to the Filipino people, as well as
the political leanings of ex-Governor de la Torre
and other public functionaries sent to the
Philippines.
 The fall of the new rulers in Spain, as well as other
events, heightened the claims of the conservative
element in the Philippine Islands regarding the
threat to Spanish sovereignty.
 The Madrid authorities were unable to combat
public opinion in the Philippine Islands, and the
conservative element painted a gloomy picture of
a scheme to shake off Spanish sovereignty.
 The repressive measures adopted to quell the
supposed insurrection were strict and sudden,
with no attempt to ascertain whether the
innocent suffered with the guilty. The only end
was to inspire terror in the minds of all by making
examples of a certain number.
 Many of the best known Filipinos were
denounced to the military authorities, and they,
the sons of Spaniards born in the islands and men
of mixed blood (Spanish and Chinese), as well as
the Indians of pure blood, as the Philippine
Malays were called, were persecuted and
punished without distinction by the military
authorities.
FEBRUARY 17, 1872
Fathers Mariano Gomez (a pure-blood
Tagalog), Jose Burgos (a half-blood Spaniard)
and Jocinto Zamora ( a half-blood Chinaman)
Filipino priest was executed by the Spanish
colonizers on charges of subversion. The
charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and
Zamora was their alleged complicity in the
uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard
including 41 of the mutineers.
Antonio M. Regidor, a lawyer and councilman
of Manila, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, lawyer
and member of the administrative council, P.
Mendoza, curate of Santa Cruz, Guevarra,
curate of Quiapo, the priests Mariano Sevilla,
Feliciano Gomez, Ballesteros, Jose Basa, the
lawyers Carillo, Basa, Enriquez, Crisanto
Reyes, Maximo Paterno, and many others
were sentenced to life imprisonment on the
Marianas Islands.
Moret, Labra, Becerra, and other high
officials in the Madrid Government had
awakened in the breasts of the Filipinos a
lively friendship for the home government.
One of the results of the so-called revolution
of Cavite was to strengthen the power of the
friars in the Philippine Islands.
This influence was felt throughout the islands,
and not only were the friars taken into the
confidence of the Government, but the
Filipino people looked upon the religious
orders as their real masters and as the
representatives, powerful and unsparing, of
the Spanish Kingdom.
No attempt was made to allay the ill-feeling
which existed between the Filipinos and the
Spaniards, especially the friars, caused by the
mutiny in Cavite and the cruel manner in
which the punishment was meted out.
CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN?
THE FIRST CRY
 is a historical event where the Filipinos tore
their cedulas which for Andres Bonifacio is
the sign of the slavery of the Filipinos to the
Spaniards.
 This Philippine Revolution of 1896
happened after the secret organization of
the Filipinos or the Katipunan was exposed
to the Spaniards and the members were
tracked and many were imprisoned. With
regards to this situation, the Supremo
became worried about his comrades and
their ultimate goal to be compromised.
Bonifacio decided to hold a meeting outside
the city with the agenda of when to carry
out their plan to attack the Spanish
government.
1911
a monument of the heroes of the
Philippine Revolution that was believed to
happen there on August 26 was built in
Balintawak.
However, different Katipunan
personalities contradicted the time and
place of the First Cry of the Philippine
Revolution, among them were Pio
Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and
Guillermo Magsangkay.
PIO VALENZUELA
  He was a member of the committee that
was tasked to smuggle arms for the
Katipunan from Japan.
 He was also with Bonifacio, Jacinto and
Procopio Bonifacio when they organized
the Katipunan council in Cavite.
THE "CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN" (AUGUST 23, 1896)
BY PIO VALENZUELA
The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,
Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak,
the first five arriving there on August 19, and I, on
August 20, 1896.
The first place where some 500 members of the
Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the
house and yard of Apolonio Samson at
Kangkong. Aside from the persons mentioned
above, among those who were there were
BRICCIO PANTAS, ALEJANDRO SANTIAGO,
RAMON BERNARDO, APOLONIO SAMSON, and
others.
Here, views were only exchanged, and no
resolution was debated or adopted. It was at
Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house, and yard
of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where
over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and
carried considerable debate and discussion on
August 23, 1896.
The discussion was on whether or not the
revolution against the Spanish government
should be started on. August 29, 1896. Only one
man protested and fought against a war, and
that was Teodoro Plata [Bonifacio's brother-in-
law.] Besides the persons named above, among
those present at this meeting were Enrique
Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco, Tomas Remigio,
Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. After the
tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore
their cedula certificates and shouted "Long live
the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!"
GREGORIA DE JESÚS Y ÁLVAREZ
 was the founder and vice-president of
the women's chapter of the Katipunan of
the Philippines.
 She was also the custodian of the
documents and seal of the Katipunan.
THE FIRST "CRY" (AUGUST 25, 1896)
BY GREGORIA DE JESUS
The activities of the Katipunan had reached nearly
all corners of the Philippine Archipelago, so that
when its existence was discovered and some of
the members arrested, we immediately returned
to Caloocan.
However, as we were closely watched by the
agents of the Spanish authorities, Andres
Bonifacio and other katipuneros left the town
after some days. It was then that the uprising
began, with the first cry for freedom on August
25, 1896.
Meanwhile, I was with my parents. Through my
friends, I learned that the Spanish were coming to
arrest me. Immediately, I fled town at eleven
o'clock at night, secretly going through the
ricefields to La Loma, with the intention of
returning to Manila.
I was treated like an apparition, for, sad to say,
in every house where I tried to get a little rest, I
was driven away as if the people therein were
frightened for their own lives.
Later, I found out that the occupants of the
houses which I had visited were seized and
severely punished - and some even exiled. One of
them was an uncle of mine whom I had visited on
the right to kiss his hand, and he died in exile.
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY
 was a trusted friend and adviser of
Supremo Andres Bonifacio and was one
of the first members of the KKK.
 He was part of the Katipunan's Supreme
Council and a general who actively fought
against the Spaniards.
THE "CRY OF BALINTAWAK" (AUGUST 26, 1896)
BY GUILLERMO MASANGKAY, KATIPUNAN
GENERAL
On August 26th [1896 - Z.], a big meeting was
held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio
Samson, then the cabeza of that barrio of
Caloocan. Among those who attended, I
remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio
Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique
Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. They were all
leaders of the Katipunan and composed the
board of directors of the organization. Delegates
from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong
(now Rizal), were also present.
At about nine o'clock in the morning of August 26,
the meeting was opened with Andres Bonifacio
presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary.
The purpose was to discuss when the uprising was
to take place. Teodoro Plata [Bonifacio's brother-
in-law - Z.], Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela
were all opposed to starting the revolution too
early. They reasoned that the people would be in
distress if the revolution were started without
adequate preparation.
Plata was very forceful in his argument, stating
that the uprising could not very well be started
without arms and food for the soldiers.
Valenzuela used Rizal's argument about the rich
not siding with the Katipunan organization.
Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose in
the discussion then, left the session hall and
talked to the people, who were waiting outside
for the result of the meeting of the leaders. He
told the people that the leaders were arguing
against starting the revolution early, and
appealed to them in a fiery speech in which he
said: "You remember the fate of our countrymen
who were shot in Bagumbayan. Should we
return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only
shoot us. Our organization has been discovered
and we are all marked men. If we don't start the
uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway. What
then, do you say?" "Revolt!" the people shouted
as one.
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge
that they were to revolt. He told them that the
sign of slavery of the Filipinos were (sic) the
cedula tax charged each citizen. "If it is true that
you are ready to revolt," Bonifacio saved, "I want
to see you destroy your cedulas. It will be the
sign that all of us have declared our severance
from the Spaniards."
With tears in their eyes, the people as one man,
pulled out their cedulas and tore them to pieces.
It was the beginning of the formal declaration of
the separation from Spanish rule. With their
cedulas destroyed, they could no longer go back
to their homes because the Spaniards would
persecute them, if not for being katipuneros, for
having no cedulas. And people who had no
cedulas during those days were severely
punished.
When the people's pledge was obtained by
Bonifacio, he returned to the session hall and
informed the leaders of what took place outside.
"The people want to revolt, and they have
destroyed their cedulas," Bonifacio said. "So now
we have to start the uprising; otherwise the
people by hundreds will be shot." There was no
alternative. The board of directors, in spite of the
protests of Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela, voted
for the revolution. And when this was decided, the
people outside shouted: "Long live the Philippine
Republic!"
I still remember Bonifacio as he appeared that
day. Although a mere bodeguero
(warehouseman) and earning P25 (Mex.) a
month, he was a cultured man. He always wore
an open coat, with black necktie, and black hat.
He always carried an umbrella. At the meeting
that morning of August 26, Bonifacio took off his
coat and was wearing only his shirt, with collar
and tie. Bonifacio's hobby was weaving bamboo
hats. During his spare time he wove dozens of
them and sold them in Manila. Thus he made
extra money.
At about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, while the
gathering at Balintawak was celebrating. the
decision of the Katipunan leaders to start the
uprising, the guards who were up in trees to
watch for any possible intruders or the approach
of the enemy, gave the warning that the
Spaniards were coming.
Led by Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and other
leaders of the Katipunan, the men were
distributed in strategic positions and were
prepared for the attack of the civil guards. I was
with a group stationed on the bank of a small
creek, guarding the places where the Spaniards
were to pass in order to reach the meeting place
of the katipuneros. Shots were then fired by the
civil guards, and that was the beginning of the
fire which later became such a huge
conflagration.
 At present, the Philippines celebrates the
date of the first Cry of Revolution every
August 23 and that Pugad Lawin be
recognized as its site.
 This was ordered in 1963 by President
Diosdado Macapagal upon the
endorsement of the then National
Historical Institute (NHI) which was
obviously influenced of the Valenzuela
memoirs (Guerrero et al, 2003).
 Despite its recognition, many still question
the controversy of its date and place
UNTIL NOW.
RPH REVIEWER
1. Who is the first supremo of the Katipunan?
- Deodato Arellano
2. What is the official newspaper of Katipunan?
- Kalayaan
3. Who was known to be the “Lakambini ng
Katipunan?”
- Gregoria De Jesus
4. Who was the Katipunero who revealed the
secret organization of Katipunan?
- Teodoro Patiño
5. Who won as president during the Tejeros,
Convention?
- Emilio Aguinaldo
6. What is the code of Bayani?
- Rizal
7. The system used by the Katipunan to recruit new
members.
- Triangular System
8. What is the code of Kawal?
- Gomburza
9. What ended the first phase of Philippine
Revolution?
- The Pact of Biak na Bato
10. What are the two factions of Katipunan?
- Magdiwang and Magdalo
11. What signalled the revolution?
- The Cry of Pugadlawin
12. Who opposed that Bonifacio should not be held
as Director of Interior since he’s not well
educated?
- Daniel Tirona
13. She was known to be “Tandang Sora.”
- Melchora Aquino
14. Which is not part of the eight provinces who
fought against the Spaniards?
- Ilocos
15. Why are women important in katipunan?
- Because they hide important documents
16. The group that aimed to achieve independence
through violent means.
- Katipunan
17. What is the complete meaning of KKK?
- Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan
18. What is the code of Katipon?
- Anak ng Bayan
19. What is the code of law that was created by
Emilio Jacinto?
- Kartilya
20. Who is Emilio Jacinto?
- The Brains of Katipunan
21. He was known as the Hero of Tirad Pass.
- Gregorio del Pilar
22. The ____ happened so it would appear that the
Spaniards were defeated by the Americans in a
battle.
- Mock Battle
23. He led the attack against the American in - Cry of Pugad Lawin
Balangiga Samar.
- Vicente Lukban 37. When did Tejeros Convention happened?
- March 22, 1897
24. ____ was the US warship that sank in Havana,
Cuba. 38. An assembly that was created to solve the
- Maine problem between Magdiwang and Magdalo.
- Tejeros Convention
25. Who fired at two Filipino soldiers while
patrolling in the Sampaloc District? 39. What is the name of the revolutionary
- William Grayson government organized by Aguinaldo and other
revolutionary leaders while exiled in Hong Kong?
26. The ____ Policy declares that the Americans - Hongkong Junta
were friends who would protect the natives.
- Benevolent Assimilation 40. What type of government did Emilio Aguinaldo
form upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini?
27. Password given for the highest level of - Revolutionary
Katipuneros.
- Rizal

28. Who went to the US to clear some matters about

the Treaty of Paris?
- Felipe Agoncillo

29. The Philippine Independence was declared in

______.
- Kawit, Cavite

30. The Kiram or also known as ____ was an

agreement entered into by the Sultan of Jolo and
the Americans.
- Bates Treaty

31. What is the official newspaper of the Katipunan?

- Kalayaan

32. He was the founder of KKK.

- Andres Bonifacio

33. What prompted the Katipunan to stage a

revolution against the Spaniards?
- The Filipinos realized that social reforms
could no longer be attained by peaceful
means

34. Who did Emilio Aguinaldo order to sew the first

Philippine flag?
- Marcela Agoncillo

35. Who was considered the “Brains of the

Philippine Revolution”?
- Apolinario Mabini

36. This event said to be the signal to start the

revolution against the Spaniards.