ID Resources: Topic– Vibrations and Waves

Subtopic 6.1: Periodic Motion

1. The time taken by a pendulum to complete 4. Which of the following quantities describing
one oscillation is its _____. an oscillation can be negative?

A. frequency √ A. Displacement

√ B. period B. Amplitude

C. amplitude C. Period
D. Frequency
D. speed

5. Hooke’s law is stated mathematically as:

2. The number of cycles or repetitions per
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥. What does the negative sign
second is _________.
represent?

√ A. frequency I. The force is in the opposite direction to

the displacement
B. period
II. The force is in the same direction as the
C. amplitude displacement
III. The force tries to restore the object to its
D. speed equilibrium position

3. The pendulum shown below undergoes a A. I only

periodic motion.
B. II only
√ C. I and III
D. II and III

6. What is the magnitude of the force acting on a

spring with a spring constant of 275 𝑁/𝑚 that is
stretched 14.3 𝑐𝑚?

A. 2.81 N
B. 19.2 N
√ C. 39.3 N
The maximum distance the pendulum bob
moves from its equilibrium position is its ___. D. 3932 N

√ A. amplitude
B. period
C. frequency
D. speed

Page 1 of 21
7. The figure below demonstrates Hooke’s law. 9. A spring with a spring constant of 27 𝑁/𝑚 is
What is the extension for a mass of 50 g attached stretched 16 𝑐𝑚. What is the spring's potential
to the spring below? energy?

√ A. 0.35 J
B. 1.7 J
C. 2.2 J
D. 4.3 J

10. What is the value of the spring constant of a

spring with a potential energy of 8.67 J when it’s
stretched 247 mm?

A. 70.2 N/m
B. 71.1 N/m
A. x/4
C. 142 N/m
√ B. x/2
C. 2x √ D. 284 N/m

D. 4x 11. A pendulum of mass 𝑀 and length 𝐿

oscillates between the labeled positions in the
8. A mass stretches a spring as it hangs from the figure, with a period 𝑇.
spring as shown in the figure below. What is the
spring constant?

What would be its period if its mass is increased

to 4𝑀?

A. 0.25 N/m
√ A. 𝑇
√ B. 0.35 N/m B. 2𝑇
C. 26 N/m C. 4𝑇
D. 350 N/m D. 8𝑇

Page 2 of 21
12. What is the correct rearrangement of the 14. Rank the following pendulums according to
formula for the period of a pendulum to find the period, from least to greatest.
length of the pendulum?
A. 10 cm long, mass = 0.25 kg
4𝜋 2 𝑔 B. 10 cm long, mass = 0.35 kg
A. 𝑙= C. 20 cm long, mass = 0.25 kg
𝑇2
D. 20 cm long, mass = 0.35 kg
𝑔𝑇
B. 𝑙=
4𝜋 2 A. 𝐴=𝐶<𝐵=𝐷
𝑇2 𝑔 B. 𝐴=𝐶>𝐵=𝐷
√ C. 𝑙=
(2𝜋)2
√ C. 𝐴=𝐵<𝐶=𝐷
𝑇𝑔
D. 𝑙= D. 𝐴=𝐵>𝐶=𝐷
2𝜋

13. What is the length of a pendulum that has a 8. Which phenomenon occurs when an object
period of 4.89 𝑠? absorbs wave energy that matches the object’s
natural frequency?
√ A. 5.94 m
A. Reflection
B. 11.9 m
√ B. Resonance
C. 24.0 m
C. Refraction
D. 37.3 m
D. Interference

Free Response:

1. Explain why a pendulum is an example of periodic motion.

The pendulum swings back and forth, following the same path each cycle and requiring the same amount
of time to complete each cycle.

2. What is periodic motion? Give three examples of periodic motion.

Periodic motion is motion that repeats in a regular cycle. Examples include the oscillation of a spring, the
swing of a simple pendulum, and uniform circular motion.

3. What is simple harmonic motion? Give an example of simple harmonic motion.

Simple harmonic motion is periodic motion that results when the restoring force on an object is directly
proportional to its displacement. A block bouncing on the end of a spring is one example.

4. If a spring obeys Hooke’s law, how does it behave?

The spring stretches a distance that is directly proportional to the force applied to it.

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5. How can you determine the following from a graph of force magnitude versus displacement?

a. the spring constant of a spring?

The spring constant is the slope of the graph of F versus x.

b. the spring's potential energy

The potential energy is the area under the graph of F versus x.

6. Does the period of a pendulum depend on

a. the mass of the bob?

No

b. The length of the string?

Yes

c. The amplitude of oscillation?

No, as long as the amplitude is less than about 15°

d. What else does the period depend on?

the gravitational field, g

7. What conditions are necessary for resonance to occur?

Resonance will occur when a force is applied to an oscillating system at the same frequency as the natural
frequency of the system

8. A spring of original length 0.10 m stretches to a new length of 0.15 m, when a block of weight 100 𝑁 is
attached to it as shown below.

a. What is the extension of the spring?

𝑥 = 0.15 𝑚 − 0.10 𝑚 = 0.05 𝑚

b. What is the spring constant of the spring?

𝐹
𝑘=
𝑥
100 𝑁
𝑘= = 2000 𝑁/𝑚
0.05 𝑚

c. How much elastic potential energy does the spring have when it is stretched this far?
1
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
1
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = (2000 𝑁/𝑚)(0.05 𝑚)2 = 2.5 𝐽
2

Page 4 of 21
9. A toy rocket launcher contains a spring with a spring constant of 35 𝑁/𝑚. How far must the spring be
compressed to store 1.5 𝐽 of energy?
1
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
1
1.5 𝐽 = (35 𝑁/𝑚)𝑥 2
2
𝑥 = 0.29 𝑚

10. The force versus extension data for a spring are plotted on a graph as shown in the figure below.

a. What is the spring constant of the spring?

𝐹
𝑘 = = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑥
(16 − 0) 𝑁
𝑘= = 20 𝑁/𝑚
(0.80 𝑚 − 0) 𝑚

b. What is the spring's potential energy when it is stretched

to a length of 0.50 𝑚?
1
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
2
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
1 1
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = × 0.50 𝑚 × 10.0 𝑁
2 2
𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑝 = 2.5 𝐽

11. The springs shown in the figure below are identical. Contrast the potential energies of the bottom
two springs B and C.

1 1
𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 𝑘𝑥𝐵 2 = 𝑘(0.02 𝑚)2 = (0.0002)𝑘
2 2
1 1
𝑃𝐸𝐶 = 𝑘𝑥𝐵 = 𝑘(0.04 𝑚)2 = (0.0008)𝑘
2
2 2

The energy of the spring C is 4.0 times greater

than the energy of the spring B.

Page 5 of 21
12. The figure below shows an isolated, oscillating mass-spring system. Labels A, B and C correspond to
the maximum compression, equilibrium and maximum extension positions respectively.
At which labeled position(s) does the mass-spring system have:

c. the greatest potential energy?

At A and C

d. The greatest kinetic energy?

At B

13. How long must a pendulum be to have a period of 2.3 𝑠 on the Moon, where 𝑔 = 1.6 𝑁/𝑘𝑔?

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
𝑇 2 𝑔 (2.3 𝑠)2 (1.6 𝑁/𝑘𝑔)
𝑙= = = 0.21 𝑚
4𝜋 2 4𝜋 2

Page 6 of 21
 Subtopic: Wave Properties

Questions 1 to 3 (use the diagram below to answer)

The diagram below shows the displacement-distance and displacement-time graphs for a wave

1. What is the period of the wave? 4. Which of the following is/are true for a mechanical
wave?
A. 0.2 s I. It is a disturbance in matter
II. It transfers energy
B. 0.3 s III. It needs a medium to travel
√ C. 0.4 s
A. I only
D. 0.6 s
B. I and II only

2. What is the wavelength of the wave? C. II and III only

√ D. I, II and III
A. 0.2 m
B. 0.3 m 5. What do mechanical waves transfer?

C. 0.4 m √ A. Energy only

√ D. 0.6 m B. Matter only

3. What is the speed of the wave? C. Both energy and Matter

D. Neither energy nor matter
A. 0.24 m/s
B. 0.67 m/s 6. As a longitudinal wave moves through a medium,
the particles of the medium move______.
√ C. 1.5 m/s
D. 3.0 m/s perpendicular to the direction of wave
A.
travel
√ B. parallel to the direction of wave travel
C. in circles
D. in ellipses

Page 7 of 21
7. What is the name for an area of low pressure in a 11. The wave on the slinky below is a _____ wave.
longitudinal wave?

A. Crest
B. Trough
C. Compression A. transverse

√ D. Rarefaction √ B. longitudinal
C. surface
8. As a transverse wave moves through a medium,
D. electromagnetic
the particles of the medium ______.

12. Identify the quantities labeled 𝐴 and 𝐵 in the

vibrate parallel to the direction of the
A. figure below.
wave’s propagation
vibrate perpendicular to the direction of
√ B.
the wave’s propagation

are transferred in the direction of the

C.
wave’s motion, only

D. are stationary
𝑨 𝑩
9. A transverse wave has _____.
A. Period Amplitude
√ A. Crests and troughs
B. Period Wavelength
B. Crests and compressions
C. Amplitude Period
C. Compressions and rarefactions
√ D. Wavelength Amplitude
D. Rarefactions and troughs
13. The diagram below shows two points, A and B,
10. In which of the waves below, do the particles of on a wave train. How many wavelengths separate
the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction point A and point B?
of the wave?

I. Transverse waves
II. Longitudinal waves
III. Surface waves

√ A. I only
A. 1.0
B. II only
√ B. 1.5
C. III only
C. 2.0
D. II and III
D. 3.0

8
14. Which of the following wave diagrams have 17. What is the time period of a wave of frequency
both wavelength (𝜆) and amplitude (𝐴) labeled 20 Hz?
correctly?
√ A. 0.05 𝑠
B. 5.0 𝑠
A. C. 17 𝑠
D. 20 𝑠

Questions 18 to 20
The diagram below represents a wave.
B.

√ C.

18. What is the amplitude of the wave?

√ A. 0.20 m
D. B. 0.40 m

C. 2.0 m

D. 6.0 m

15. A microwave with a frequency of 5.0 × 1010 𝐻𝑧

has a period of _____. 19. What is the wavelength of the wave?

A. 0.20 m
√ A. 2.0 × 10−11 𝑠
B. 0.40 m
B. 6.0 × 10−3 𝑠
√ C. 2.0 m
C. 1.7 × 102 𝑠
D. 6.0 m
D. 1.5 × 1019 𝑠

16. What is the frequency of a wave with a period of 20. What is the speed of the wave if its frequency is
3 s? 8.0 hertz?

A. 1.6 m/s
√ A. 0.3 Hz
B. 3.2 m/s
B. 3/π Hz
√ C. 16 m/s
C. π/3 Hz
D. 48 m/s
D. 3 Hz

9
21. The wave shown in the figure below travels 22. The graph below represents the displacement of
11.2 m to a wall and back again in 4 s. What is the a particle in a medium over a period of time
wave’s frequency?

A. 0.2 Hz
What is the frequency of the wave?
B. 2 Hz
√ C. 5 Hz √ A. 0.25 Hz
D. 9 Hz B. 0.50 Hz
C. 2.0 Hz
D. 4.0 Hz

Free Response:

1. The diagram below represents part of a periodic wave traveling to the right in a steel spring attached to
a wall.

e. Use the figure above to complete the table.

0.8 𝑚
Amplitude of the wave = 0.4 𝑚
2
4.5 𝑚
Wavelength of the wave = 3.0 𝑚
1.5

f. If the wave travels at a speed of 60 𝑚/𝑠, what is its frequency?

𝑣
𝑓=
𝜆
60 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓= = 20 𝐻𝑧 (𝑜𝑟 𝑠 −1 )
3.0 𝑚

10
2. The diagram below represents part of a periodic wave traveling to the right in a steel spring attached to
a wall. Use the diagram above to answer the questions in the table below.

What is the amplitude of the wave? 0.2 𝑚

What is the wavelength of the wave? 2.0 𝑚

A and G/ B and X/ C and I/ D

Identify any two points on the wave that are in phase.
and J
If the waves were produced at a faster rate, what happens to the
Decreases
distance between points D and G?

3. The figure below shows two different waves traveling with the same speed.

a. Find the values of the quantities listed in the table below for each of the waves in the diagram.

Quantity Wave I Wave II

Amplitude 10 cm 5 cm

Period 0.4 s 0.8 s

Frequency 2.5 Hz or (1/0.4) 1.25 Hz or (1/0.8)

11
4. A wave has a frequency of 𝑓 = 150𝐻𝑧 and travels a distance of 30.0 𝑚, in 0.100 𝑠.

a. Calculate the speed of the wave.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30
𝑣= = = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.10

b. Find the wavelength of the wave.

𝑣 300
𝜆= = = 2.00 𝑚
𝑓 150

c. What is the period of the wave?

1 1
𝑇= = 𝑠
𝑓 150

d. If the wave continued to travel in the same medium, but with double its original frequency,

i. What would its new wavelength be?

𝑣 300
𝜆= = =1𝑚
𝑓 2 × 150

ii. Which of the two waves have a larger wavelength? Justify your answer.
Since both the waves have the same speed, the wavelength is inversely proportional to the
frequency. Therefore, wave II has the larger wavelength.

5. Air particles around a vibrating tuning fork move back and forth as the wave progresses to the right as
shown below.

a. Identify the type of wave.

Longitudinal wave

b. If the wavelength of the wave is 6.0 𝑚 and the wave travels with a speed of 300 𝑚/𝑠, find the
frequency of the wave.
𝑣 300
𝑓= = = 50 𝐻𝑧
𝜆 6.0

a. Calculate the wave period.

1 1
𝑇= = 𝑠 = 0.02 𝑠
𝑓 50

b. If the frequency were doubled, what would the new wavelength be?
𝑣 300
𝜆= = = 3.0 𝑚
𝑓 100

12
6. The following diagram represents a vibrating string with a periodic wave originating at A and moving
to G, a distance of 6.0 meters.

a. As the wave moves toward G, point E on the string will move vertically down and then vertically
up. What type of wave is represented by the diagram?
Transverse

b. What is the wavelength of this wave?

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6.0
𝜆= = = 2.0 𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 3

c. If the waves were produced at a faster rate, the distance between points D and E would _____.
decrease

d. Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves, giving one example of each.

Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave

Characteristics In transverse waves, the particles In longitudinal waves, the particles

oscillate perpendicular to the oscillate parallel to the direction of
direction of wave motion, causing wave motion, causing areas of
crests and troughs. compression and rarefaction.

Example • ripples on the surface of water • sound waves

• vibrations in a guitar string • ultrasound waves
• electromagnetic waves – eg light • seismic P-waves
waves, microwaves, radio waves
• seismic S-waves

13
 Subtopic: Wave Behavior

1. A wave pulse reaches an end that is fixed as 3. Two pulses approach each other in the same
shown below. The wave is _____in the opposite medium. The diagram below represents the
direction. displacements caused by each pulse.

Which diagram best represents the resultant

displacement of the medium as the pulses pass
through each other?
√ A. inverted and maintains the same shape
A.
not inverted and maintains the same
B.
shape
B.
C. inverted and gets bigger in shape
D. not inverted and gets bigger in shape √ C.

2. The diagram below represents two identical
pulses approaching each other in a uniform
medium.
D.
4. As represented in the diagram below, two wave
pulses, X and Y, are traveling toward each other in a
rope. Both wave pulses have an amplitude of 0.30m.
Which diagram shows the pulse produced due to
the superposition of pulse X and pulse Y?

A.

As the wave pulses meet and are superposed, the

maximum displacement of the medium is ____. B.

A. −6 𝑐𝑚
B. 0 𝑐𝑚 √ C.
C. 3 𝑐𝑚
√ D. 6 𝑐𝑚
D.

14
5. A wave with an amplitude of 0.75 m has the same
wavelength as a second wave with an amplitude of
0.53 m. The two waves interfere. What is the
amplitude of the resultant wave if the interference
is constructive?
8. Which of the following describes the changes
shown in the figure below when waves travel from
deeper water to shallow water in a ripple tank?

A. 0.22 m
B. 0.53 m
C. 0.75 m
√ D. 1.28 m

6. Two waves having the same amplitude and A. Reflection

frequency are traveling in the same medium.
Maximum destructive interference will occur when √ B. Refraction
the phase difference between the waves is ____. C. Diffraction
D. Interference
A. 0°
B. 90° 9. Which of the statements below is true regarding
√ C. 180° the relationship between wavefronts and rays?

D. 270° Wavefronts are always

√ A.
perpendicular to the rays
7. The diagram below represents a view from above
Wavefronts are always parallel to the
of a tank of water in which parallel wave fronts are B.
rays
traveling toward a barrier.
Wavefronts are always tangential to
C.
the rays
There is no relationship between the
D.
wavefronts and the rays

10. What is the name given to the wave behavior in

which a wave changes direction as it moves from
one medium to another medium?

A. Reflection
√ B. Refraction
Which arrow represents the direction of travel for C. Interference
the wave fronts after being reflected from the D. Rarefaction
barrier?

A. A
B. B
√ C. C
D. D

15
11. When water waves enters a shallow region from 14. While playing, two children create a standing
a deep region, there must be a change in the wave in a rope, as shown in the diagram below. A
wave’s____. third child participates by jumping the rope.

A. color
B. period
√ C. speed
D. frequency
What is the wavelength of this standing wave?
12. Which option describes a standing wave?
Waves Direction Medium A. 2.15 m
B. 4.30 m
C. 6.45 m
√ D. 8.60 m

15. What is the total number of nodes and

antinodes in the standing wave?
A. A
B. b
√ C. c
A. 3 nodes and 2 antinodes
D. d
B. 2 nodes and 3 antinodes
13. The diagram below represents a standing wave √ C. 5 nodes and 4 antinodes
in a string.
D. 4 nodes and 5 antinodes

16. The second harmonic of a guitar string has a

frequency of 60 Hz. If the speed of waves on the
string is 120 m/s, what is the string’s length?

A. 1.0 m
Maximum constructive interference occurs at the __.
√ B. 2.0 m

A. antinodes A, C and E C. 3.0 m

√ B. antinodes B and D D. 4.0 m

C. nodes A, C and E
D. nodes B and D

16
Free Response:

1. Constructive and destructive interference are a result of superposition of two or more waves.

a. What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference?

In constructive interference, a crest meets a crest or a trough meets a trough, resulting in a larger crest or
trough. Re-enforcement occurs and the resultant amplitude is the algebraic sum of each wave’s amplitude.

In destructive interference, a crest meets a trough and results in cancellation hence a smaller disturbance
than either of the two interacting waves

b. The figures in the table below show interference between two wave pulses. Complete the table by
identifying the type of interference and the amplitude produced as a result of the interference.

Type of Amplitude of the

Wave pulses before and during interference
interference Resultant Wave

Constructive 2 units

Destructive 0 units

17
2. The diagram below represents two pulses traveling toward each other in a uniform medium.

a. Is the interference between points A and B constructive or destructive?

Destructive interference

b. What is the resultant amplitude?

1.0𝑚 − 0.40 = 0.60 𝑚

c. On the grid above, draw the resultant displacement of the medium when both pulses are located between
points A and B.

d. The graph below shows three waveforms, 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦3.

i. Which one is the resultant of the other two waves? Explain your choice.
𝑦3 is the resultant waveforms because its amplitude is the sum (or difference) of the amplitudes of
the other two waves at all points.

ii. State the conditions needed for two waves to interfere and produce a standing wave.
• The two waves need to be of identical type, amplitude and frequency
• They should travel in opposite directions
• Resonance occurs

18
3. The diagrams in the table below represent two identical wave pulses approaching each other in a uniform
medium.

a. Complete the table below, identifying the type of interference, the resulting amplitude and the formation of
node/antinode at P when the waves are superposed.

Approaching wave pulses Type of Resulting Node or

Interference Amplitude Antinode at P
Constructive 4 + 4 = 8𝑐𝑚 Antinode
interference

Destructive 6−6=0 Node

interference

b. State the principle of superposition of waves.

The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more waves of the same kind
meet at a point in space, the resultant displacement at that point is the
vector sum of the displacements that the two waves would separately produce at that point

4. A ripple tank was used to produce plane waves in water which were then reflected by a barrier as shown in
figure 1 below.

In figure 2 above, draw the waves reflected by the barrier, clearly showing the following:
• the normal to the barrier
• direction of the reflected waves
• angle of incident
• angle of reflection
• reflected wave fronts

19
5. When a water wave meets a boundary, it either reflects or refracts.

a. Identify and draw ray diagrams to show what happen to the water waves in a ripple tank in each of the
pictures below (show the wave fronts as well as the direction in your diagram)

Picture Phenomena Ray diagram

Reflection

Refraction

b. A wave with a frequency of 1.1 Hz travels through deep water at a speed of 5.7 m/s. When the wave enters
a shallow region, its speed slows down to 3.2 m/s. What is the wavelength of the wave in the shallow
water?
𝑣
𝜆=
𝑓
3.2 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆= = 2.0
1.1 𝐻𝑧

6. The wave fronts below formed in a ripple tank move from region A to region B of different depth.

a. Explain why the waves change direction?

The waves change direction due to refraction when they enter
the water of different depth.

b. Which region A or B is less deep (shallow)?

Region B is less deep

c. What are the quantities that change for the waves that enter
from region A to region B?
The speed and wavelength decreases

d. What will happen to each of the quantities below as the waves

move from region A to B?

Speed: Decreases
Wavelength: Decreases
Frequency: Stays the same
Direction: Changes

20
7. A boy creates standing waves on a rope by shaking one end of it vertically. The other end of the rope is fixed to a
wall. The distance from the boy’s hand to the wall is 2.4 𝑚 and he shakes the end of the rope with a period of 0.5 𝑠.

A A A A
a a a a
N N N N N

a. Answer the questions in the table below regarding the standing waves formed on the rope.

2.4 𝑚
What is the wavelength of the waves? 𝜆= = 1.2 𝑚
2
1
What is the frequency of the waves? 𝑓= = 2.0 𝐻𝑧
0.5 𝑠

The standing wave represents which harmonic? 4th Harmonic

𝑓 2.0
What is its fundamental frequency? 𝑓0 = = = 0.5 𝐻𝑧
4 4

b. Calculate the speed of the waves traveling along the rope.

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = (2.0 𝐻𝑧)(1.2 𝑚) = 2.4 𝑚/𝑠

c. Mark all the nodes with the letter 𝑵 and all the antinodes with the letter 𝑨 on the figure above.
5 nodes and 4 antinodes marked correctly as shown on the diagram.

8. The diagram shows standing waves formed on a stretched string of length 𝐿 = 12 𝑚. The speed of waves on this
string is 𝑣 = 24𝑚/𝑠.

a. Calculate the wavelength of the waves.

2𝐿 2 × 12
𝜆𝑛 = = = 6.0 𝑚
𝑛 4

b. Calculate the frequency of the harmonic shown in the figure above.

𝑣 24
𝑓4 = = = 4.0 𝐻𝑧
𝜆4 6

c. Find the fundamental frequency of the oscillations.

𝑓4 = 4𝑓1
𝑓4 4.0 𝐻𝑧
𝑓1 = = = 1 𝐻𝑧
4 4

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