Department of periodontology

Tooth supporting structures

SUBMITTED TO-Dr. VINITI GOEL(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT )
SUBMITTED BY - ANCHAL RAINA( FINAL YEAR)
AMRU/DEN/200110
Periodontal Ligament: The periodontal ligament is a thin, fibrous ligament
connecting a tooth to the lamina dura of the bony socket. Normally, teeth do
not contact the bone directly; a tooth is suspended in its socket by the fibers of
the ligament. This arrangement allows each tooth limited individual
movement. The fibers act as shock absorbers to cushion the force of chewing
impacts
The normal periodontium provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function.
The principal components: Gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone.
Each of these components are distinct in their location, tissue architecture, biochemical
composition and composition but all these function together as a single unit.
The periodontal ligament is composed of a complex vascular and highly celluar
connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and connects it to the inner wall of alveolar
bone.
The average width of periodontal ligament space is documented to be about 0.2 mm,
considerable variation exists.
The space diminishes around the teeth which are not in function and in unerupted teeth, it
is increased in teeth subjected to hyper-function.
The principal fibers of periodontal ligament rearranged in six groups that develop
sequentially in the developing root: the transeptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique,
apical and interradicular fibers.
The terminal portion of the principal fibers that are inserted into cementum and bone are
called Sharpeys fibers.
The functions of periodontal ligament are grouped into physical, formative and
remodelling, nutritional and sensory functions.
 PERIODONTAL FIBRES
The most important are collagenous and arranged in ament are the principal fibers, which are
collagenous and in bundles and which follow a wavy course when viewed in longitudinal section.

The terminal portions of the principal fibers that are inserted into the cementum and bone are termed
Sharpey fibers .

The principal fiber bundles consist of individual fibers that form a continuous anastomosing network
between tooth and bone.

Once embedded in the wall of the alveolus or in the tooth, Sharpey fibers calcify to a significant degree.
They are associated with abundant non collagenous proteins that are typically found in bone, and they
have also recently been identified in tooth cementum.
Periodontal Fibers

Principal fibers

Alveolar crest fibers, horizontal fibers, oblique fibers, apicalfibers,

interradicular fibers

Other fibers

Oxytalan fibers, elaunin fibers, Ground substance

1. Glucosaminoglycans

hyaluronic acid

proteoglycans

2. Glycoproteins

fibronectin

C. laminin
 CEMENTUM
Cementum is the calcified, avascular mesenchymal tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root.

Development of Cementum

The rupture of the Hertwig root sheath allows the mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle to contact the dentin where
they start forming a continuous layer of cementoblasts

On the basis of immunochemical and ultrastructural studies, Thomas and others have speculated that cementoblasts
can be of epithelial origin (i.e., the Hertwig root sheath), having undergone an epithelial mesenchymal transformation.

Cementum formation begins with the deposition of a meshwork of irregularly arranged collagen fibrils sparsely
distributed in a ground substance or matrix called precementum or cemented. This is followed by a phase of matrix
maturation, which subsequently mineralizes to form cementum. Cementoblasts, which are initially separated from the
cementum by uncalcified cementoid, sometimes become enclosed within the matrix and are trapped. After they are
enclosed, they are referred to as cementocytes, and they will remain viable in a manner similar to that of osteocytes

A layer of connective tissue known as the dental sac surrounds the enamel organ and includes the epithelial root
sheath as it develops. The zone that is immediately in contact with the dental organ and continuous with the
ectomesenchyme of the dental papilla is called the dental follicle, and it consists of undifferentiated fibroblasts.
Classifications
1. Based on time of formation

PrimarySecondary

II. Based on Presence or Absence of Cells

Cellular

Acellular

III. Based on Fibers

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

According to above findings cementum classified as :

1. Acellular Cementum

2. Acellular Extrinsic Fibre Cementum.

3. Cellular Mixed Stratified Cementum.

4. Cellular Intrinsic Fibre Cementum.

INTERMEDIATE CEMENTUM

It is an ill-defined zone near the cementodentinal junction of certain

teeth that appears to contain remnants of Hertwig's sheath
 Alveolar process

• The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth sockets.

The inner socket wall of thin, compact bone is called alveolar bone proper which is termed as lamina
dura in radiographs.

The interdental septum consists of cancellous supporting bone enclosed within a compact border.

The osteoblasts decreases with aging.

Remodeling is the major pathway of bony changes in shape, resistance to forces, repair of wounds, and
calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Coupling of bone resorption with bone formation
constitutes one of the fundamental principles by which bone is necessarily remodeled throughout its
life.
Alveolar process

ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER

lamellated bone lamina dura

SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE

cortical bone spongy bone

Composition of bone

INORGANIC(TWO THIRD) Organic (ONE THIRD)

Hydroxyapetite crystals Non collageneous protein and collagen type 1

Calcium Osteopontin

Phosphate. Osteonectin

Carbonate. Phosphoprotein

Magnesium. Sailoprotein

Trace amounts. Paracrine factors ( chemokines,cytokines)

Of other ions(Na,F)
THANK YOU