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Generational Differencesin Job Satisfaction Level Among Employeesof State Collegein Aurora Province Philippines
Generational Differencesin Job Satisfaction Level Among Employeesof State Collegein Aurora Province Philippines
Generational Differencesin Job Satisfaction Level Among Employeesof State Collegein Aurora Province Philippines
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Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 15
can be gauged using available quantitative extrinsic factors determine the level of an
instruments like the Minnesota Satisfaction employee’s job satisfaction. In the case of
Questionnaire, particularly its short version, academic institutions, both intrinsic and
which emphasizes measuring job satisfaction extrinsic factors affect job satisfaction.
in general, intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic satisfaction refers to how people
feel about the nature of the jobs assigned
School officials have long been to them. Personal factors that focus on
interested in finding strategies to keep individuals’ attributes and characteristics,
teachers content with their jobs and such as creativity, achievement, moral values,
increase retention. According to Maforah independence, and authority, are intrinsic
(2015), teacher retention is a critical issue satisfaction’s essence. On the other hand,
to focus on because it is challenging to keep extrinsic satisfaction refers to how people
instructors in the profession. Furthermore, feel about aspects of their work that are
satisfied instructors are required to maintain external to the job. It includes advancement,
a quality school atmosphere and culture. company policy, compensation, coworkers,
and recognition.
Top managers and employees must
be aware of and proficient in dealing with Abdallah et al. (2017) further revealed
variations along generational lines if their that job satisfaction is positively related
organization is to survive. Top managers to organizational commitment, which may
have investigated and recognized significant lead to dissatisfied employees being less
differences between generations and their committed to their organization and seeking
diverse approaches to working, work-life outside opportunities. This can also lead
balance, employment, loyalty, and critical to employees becoming emotionally and
concerns. mentally disconnected from their jobs.
Teachers’ job satisfaction is “how content The workplace is the common ground
a teacher feels about his or her work in a where generational differences are likely
school.” Some instructors are content with discernible as multiple generations interact
their jobs, while others are not. The amount while performing the same or different jobs.
of effort a teacher will put into students’ Recent studies indicate that generations are
learning outcomes is affected by his or her divided: people born between 1944 and 1964
job happiness (Msuya, 2016). are Baby Boomers, those from 1965-1979
are Generation X, 1980-1994 are Generation
According to Bentley et al. (2013), Y, and 1995-2015 are Generation Z.
a successful educational system is built
on faculty and staff of the highest caliber. Having a multi-generational
Therefore, academic institutions need to workplace has been a challenge for
pay attention to the job satisfaction of their managers today. Most workplaces consist
faculty and staff. Teacher job satisfaction of three generations of workers—Baby
stems from extrinsic and intrinsic factors Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y—
as motivating features of the educational but recently, members of Generation Z have
system. The top motivators are teaching also joined the workforce. Each of these
salary, school safety, perceived support generations poses a unique ability that they
from leaders, school culture, and school can offer for the success of an organization.
resources. Still, other studies have proposed However, they also have different
that intrinsic and extrinsic factors are characteristics towards work, which can
the best determinants of job satisfaction result in intergenerational conflicts that
among employees of academic institutions. can compromise organizational success. A
Academic staff and faculty members who are workforce that includes diverse individuals
motivated and fulfilled are likelier to be at is what makes today’s workplace
work on time and perform more effectively. unique. A work environment that can be
generationally diverse is one where people
Wang, Li, Lou, and Zhang (2019) also of various ages coexist. Understanding the
stated that other determinants of teacher job characteristics of each generational cohort
satisfaction include successful professional will help top management identify and
development, teacher cooperation, student- meet each employee’s demands to lead a
teacher relationships, teacher self-efficacy, multi-generational workforce successfully
stakeholder participation, and school and effectively.
autonomy for instruction. Another study
discovered that principal job satisfaction, Generational Differences in the Workplace
school location, and classroom discipline
atmosphere were among them. Baby Boomers have been presented as
“obsessive workers” who perceive work as
According to a study by Atencio (2019), an extension of their self-interests. According
there is a substantial correlation between to Bates (2019), for Baby Boomers, loyalty’s
age and job happiness, and the findings also importance in task completion and service
suggest that older professors had higher delivery is their top workplace value. In this
job satisfaction. The study was done among instance, Baby Boomers are exceptionally
faculty members at the University of the dedicated to their jobs. Baby Boomers are
Eastern Philippines. incredibly loyal and have embedded trust in
authority, which values positive relationships
with their seniors and supervisors. Their
Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 17
fundamental expectation is that their loyalty developing new skills that will keep them
to the company leads to rewards such as marketable.
promotions. However, 76 million Baby
Boomers are rapidly reaching retirement Generation Y, often referred to as
age and preparing to exit the workplace millennials, was born between 1980-1994
(Shellenback, 2016, as cited in the study of and overtook the Baby Boomers as the
Basic, 2018). largest of the generations in the workplace
(Fry, 2015). This generation grew up with
Van der Walt, Jonck, and Sobayeni technology, diversity, and a team approach.
(2016) found in their study with 301 Millennials, or Generation Y, emphasize
participants that Baby Boomers place a innovation and change in the workplace,
higher emphasis on both work and delay of which makes their work lives interesting.
gratification, meaning they are more willing
to work hard to accomplish larger objectives. Lyons et al. (2015) have assumed that
Hence, they are more likely to place greater Millennials still distrust central authority
importance on work values and have a higher despite being optimistic. They are great
organizational commitment. Their work collaborators, but at the same time, they
values and characteristics are more intrinsic. are independent, self-confident, and self-
expressive. Salahuddin (2020) explained
Generation X, or Gen X-ers, Baby that Millennials are more hard-working than
Busters, or the Lost Generation, were born Gen X-ers, and as proof of this, they believe
between 1965 and 1979. Generation Xers are that working hard and working wise must
motivated to achieve their overall life goals go hand-in-hand and that goal-setting is the
and orient their values towards a work-life way to succeed. They value work-life balance
balance. Additionally, they have set deadlines and prioritize their family, leisure, and career
for participating in work tasks (Bates, development. Generation Y will flourish
2019). They prefer to balance professional within teams and thrive on teamwork
and personal time and hold their lives and technology to improve the workforce.
outside work with higher regard than work. Generation Y proves that using time
Suppose Baby Boomers excelled more due efficiently is more important than making
to tenure-based promises of promotion and money. By 2025, Generation Y will make up
recognition. In that case, Gen X-ers lean more 75% of the world’s workforce, accounting
towards the increase in personal time and for most general labor today (Bates, 2019).
opportunities to advance their knowledge According to reports, members of Generation
and resources. Ledimo (2015) expressed Y frequently long for a work-life balance and
that Gen X-ers are less likely to sacrifice their the freedom to express their creativity at
lives for organizations, but instead, they look work. This generation places a high priority
for ways to become a part of a more flexible on equality and diversity in both their
working arrangement. Gen X-ers, of whom personal and professional lives.
90% are technically competent, can get
impatient with others less knowledgeable Finally, Generation Z was born between
than themselves. They tend to be practical, 1995-2015. Those who fall under Gen Z
independent, and successful, though they are said to be more racially and culturally
are less optimistic than most and see diverse because of their willingness to
fewer opportunities for job promotions. immerse themselves in other cultures and
They do not expect employer loyalty and norms. They can be defined as a generation
see no problem changing jobs to advance that will lead to a more significant shift in
professionally. They believe their success the workplace. Gen Z is predicted to multi-
will depend on continuing education and task and be more productive in their work.
Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 19
2. Determine the level of job of reality, is to realize himself as a creative,
satisfaction of state college unique individual. He believed that people
employees using the Minnesota must be understood in the context of both
Satisfaction Questionnaire—Short their internal and external environments.
Form in terms of: Thus, this theory will explain job satisfaction’s
intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
2.1. intrinsic satisfaction;
Second, Herzberg’s Motivation-
2.2. extrinsic satisfaction; and Hygiene Theory (1959), as cited in the
article by Nickerson (2021), revealed
2.3. General satisfaction. that while some job-related factors can
lead to job dissatisfaction, others are
3. Assess if there is a significant consistently associated with employee
difference in job satisfaction levels job satisfaction. Additionally, he claimed
among state college employees that hygienic factors, also known as
regarding their generational dissatisfiers, are more extrinsic aspects of
cohorts. the workplace. In contrast, motivational
factors, also known as satisfiers, are mostly
intrinsic employment characteristics
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework that promote satisfaction. The motivator-
hygiene theory’s premise was that jobs had
Three theories were utilized in this specific factors related to job satisfaction
study. First, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs or dissatisfaction. Herzberg, Mausner, and
Theory—Motivation Theory (1945), which Snyderman (1959) identified the elements
is the pyramid depiction of the hierarchy that affect the “Motivators” of satisfaction
that arranges people’s motives in order of (accomplishment, acknowledgment, the
precedence, examines the impact of the work itself, responsibility, advancement) and
five human needs—physiological, safety, dissatisfaction determinants of “hygiene”
love, self-esteem, and self-actualization on (policy and administration, supervision,
motivation at work and job satisfaction. The salary, interpersonal relationships, and
ultimate purpose of a man, according to his working conditions are all examples of
natural potential and within the bounds administrative tasks).
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 21
questionnaires were self-administered and belong to the author of this article have been
had English and Filipino translations to recognized using the APA reference system in
make them easier to understand. an appropriate format, and 6) confidentiality is
preserved throughout the research.
A pretest was done on 20 faculty and
staff who would not participate in the study Data Analysis
before the data gathering. Cronbach’s alpha
was used to measure internal consistency, In this study, the general characteristics of the
that is, how closely related a set of items respondents were shown and explained using
are as a group. The result of Cronbach’s descriptive statistics, including frequency,
alpha was α= .8, indicating an acceptable percentage, mean, and standard deviation.
reliability level. Inferential statistics were also applied,
specifically the analysis of variance (ANOVA),
This study used both primary and to test the difference between variables.
secondary sources. The primary data were
collected using an online survey-Google
Forms). Moreover, a self-administered Results and Discussions
pen-and-paper survey for employees
without internet access or having difficulty Table 1 indicates that the majority of the state
using technology. Before gathering the college employees belonged to Generation
information regarding the list of all state Y. At the same time, Baby Boomers made
college employees in Aurora Province, the up the least number of employees, and
researcher wrote a formal request letter to this was corroborated by the study of Fry
the Human Resource Management Office. (2015), wherein he found out that Baby
The participants were informed regarding Boomers are no longer the largest group in
the aim of the study and that their personal the workforce; Generation Y has surpassed
information, even their answers, would not be them. Shellenback (2016), as cited in the
disclosed as part of the confidentiality ethics study of Basic (2018), claimed that 76 million
of the researcher and in compliance with the Baby Boomers were prepared to leave the
Data Privacy Act of 2012. According to the workforce and were close to retirement age.
MSQ Manual, it would take the respondents
5-10 minutes to answer all the items in the Table 2 shows that the overall
questionnaire. Out of the 400 state college satisfaction among state college employees,
employees in Aurora Province, only 360, or which combines intrinsic and extrinsic
90%, responded. Secondary sources come satisfaction, falls under High-Level of
from journals, textbooks, and the Internet to Satisfaction with a weighted mean score
fill in some information needed for the study.
Table 2
Indicators of Job Satisfaction Level (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, General Satisfaction)
Legend Intrinsic and Extrinsic: 1.00-1.79 = Very Dissatisfied; 1.80-2.59 = Dissatisfied; 2.60-3.39 = Neutral; 3.40-4.19
= Satisfied; 4.20-5.00 = Very Satisfied
Legend for General Satisfaction: 0-1.25 = Low Level of Satisfaction; 1.26-3.74 = Average Level of Satisfaction; 3.75-
5.00=High Level of Satisfaction
Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 23
The study of Javier and Deligero essence of intrinsic satisfaction. Vlachos,
(2014) on the job satisfaction of teaching Panagopoulos, and Rapp (2013), using
and non-teaching employees was done at a correlational research design with a
the Lyceum of the Philippines University in sampling of 438 employees from 47 different
Batangas City. According to the findings, LPU- organizations, found that employees who are
Batangas employees had a high degree of job intrinsically engaged or exhibit corporate
satisfaction regarding maintenance/hygiene social interaction have significantly higher
elements and satisfaction/motivation job satisfaction.
aspects. Based on the level of job satisfaction
of teaching and non-teaching personnel, Extrinsic satisfaction, on the other
there was a substantial association between hand, refers to how people feel about aspects
hygiene and motivating variables. of their work that are external to the job. It
includes advancement, company policy,
Satisfied employees are assets to compensation, coworkers, and recognition.
their organization and institution, as they Under extrinsic satisfaction, four out of eight
feel empowered to do their jobs. Intrinsic statements were stated by the respondents
satisfaction refers to how people feel about as very satisfied, while four were stated as
the nature of the jobs assigned to them. The satisfied only. The statement “the way my
data shows that out of the 12 statements boss handles his/her employees” got the
under intrinsic satisfaction, eight were highest weighted mean score of 4.48, while
stated as very satisfied, while four were “my pay and the amount of work I do” got the
stated as satisfied only by the respondents. lowest weighted mean score of 4.03. Looking
The statement “the chance to do things for into the relationship between job satisfaction
other people” got the highest weighted mean and external factors allows organizations to
score of 4.46, while “the freedom to use my regulate their contribution to or impact the
own judgment” got the least weighted mean work environment.
score of 4.05. Personal factors that focus on
individuals’ attributes and characteristics, Table 3 reveals there was no
such as creativity, achievement, moral discernible difference in the degree of
values, independence, and authority, are the overall job satisfaction across state college
Table 3
Significant Difference in Job Satisfaction Level in terms of Generational Cohorts
Table 4
5-item Statement of MSQ Short-Form with Significant Difference in Terms of Generational Cohort
Volume 10 Issue No. 1 ASIA PACIFIC HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 25
X was the most satisfied cohort with a 16 “the chance to try my own methods of
weighted mean score of 4.30, while Baby doing the job” (.024<.05).
Boomers, Generation Y, and Generation
Z have the same weighted mean score The life of an organization relies on
of 4.29. The ANOVA result of intrinsic its employees. It is always vital that they
satisfaction among the generational cohort always have the urge to be the best asset
got an F-value of .564 and a p-value of of an organization. According to Saleem,
.639 (.639>.05). This implies that since the Mahmood, and Mahmood (2010), as cited in
p-value is greater than the alpha (ɑ=.05), the study of Nitafan and Camay (2020), how
the null hypothesis was not rejected. It was unmotivated and dissatisfied employees
concluded that there was no significant might get at work is frightening. Researchers
difference in intrinsic satisfaction among have realized that this results from the
state college employees in Aurora Province organization’s difficulty developing effective
in terms of the generational cohort. programs to address the problems.
Through this research, school Abdallah, A.B., Obeidat, B.Y., Aqqad, N.O.,
officials, administrators, and top managers Al Janini, M.N. K., & Dahiyat, S.E.
would be able to create programs, policies, (2017). An integrated model of
and practices that would address the job involvement, job satisfaction
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