Chapter 15:

How Atoms Bond and

Molecules Attract

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 This lecture will help you understand:

• Electron-Dot Structures
• The Formation of Ions
• Ionic Bonds
• Metallic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Polar Covalent Bonds

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 Electron-Dot Structures

• Atoms bond together through their valence shell

electrons.
• Electrons behave as though they are contained
within a series of seven concentric shells.

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 Electron-Dot Structures

• In this "conceptual
model" numbers indicate
the maximum number of
electrons each shell may
contain.

Note:
Rather, it helps us to
understand how the
electrons within atoms
behave.
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 • The shells are more
easily drawn in two
dimensions.

• Each atom has its own

configuration of electrons.
Elements in the same
group have similar
configurations, which is
why they have similar
properties.

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 Electron-Dot Structures

• Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost

shell of an atom. These are the ones that can
participate in chemical bonding.
• Electron-dot structure: A notation showing the
valence electrons surrounding the atomic
symbol.

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 Special Note

• For heavier atoms, some valence electrons are

more available than others. Krypton, for
example, has 18 valence electrons, but only
eight of these are typically shown within an
electron-dot structure. These are the eight that
extend farthest away from the nucleus.

Kr
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 Electron-Dot Structures

Valency: The number of electrons an atom

looses, gains or shares with other atoms in order
to get a stable configuration

Note: that elements within the same group have

the same electron-dot structure representing same
valency.

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 Electron-Dot Structures
Sodium, Na, atomic number 11, has only one valence
electron. Upon losing this electron, what other atom in the
periodic table does the sodium thus resemble?

A. Neon, Ne, atomic number 10

B. Magnesium, Mg, atomic number 12
C. Lithium, Li, atomic number 3
D. Sodium can only resemble sodium.

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 Electron-Dot Structures

Sodium, Na, atomic number 11, has only one valence

electron. Upon losing this electron, what other atom in the
periodic table does the sodium thus resemble?

A. Neon, Ne, atomic number 10

B. Magnesium, Mg, atomic number 12
C. Lithium, Li, atomic number 3
D. Sodium can only resemble sodium.

Explanation:
With 10 electrons, the sodium has enough electrons to fill
the first and second shells, just like neon, Ne.

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 The Formation of Ions

• Atomic ion: An atom that has lost or gained one

or more electrons.

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 The Formation of Ions
Molecular ion: Typically formed by the loss or gain of a
hydrogen ion, H+.

O H+
H

Water Hydrogen ion

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 The Formation of Ions

H O+
H

Hydronium ion, H3O+

• Molecular ion: Typically formed by the loss or

gain of a hydrogen ion, H+.
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 Ionic Bonds

• Ion: An atom that has lost or gained one or more

electrons.

• Ionic Bond: The electrical force of attraction

between oppositely charged ions.

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 Ionic Bonds

• Ion: An atom that has lost or gained one or more

electrons.
• Ionic Bond: The electrical force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions.

Na+ F-

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 Ionic Bonds

• Ion: An atom that has lost or gained one or more

electrons.
• Ionic Bond: The electrical force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions.

Na+ F-

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 Ionic Bonds

• Generally in Ionic bond electrons transfer from

weak nuclear attracted atoms to strong nuclear
attracted atoms
 Weak nuclear attracted atoms which are placed left side
tend to loose electron and become positively charged
ion.
 Strong nuclear attracted atoms which are placed in right
side tend to gain electrons become negatively charged
ion.

 Ionic bond generally between metal and nonmetal.

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 Weak nuclear Strong nuclear
attraction attraction

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 • Example:
• Li from (weak nuclear attraction, left side),
O from (strong nuclear attraction, right side).
• Li can loose 1 electron, so valency +1
O can gain 2 electrons, so valency -2.
• To form ionic bond, number loose=number gain
• Li2O.
• The result of ionic bond is called ionic
compound.

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 Ionic compounds

• An ionic compound typically contains a multitude

of ions grouped together in a highly ordered
three-dimensional array.
• Eg: NaCl compound

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 Ionic Bonds
What is the chemical formula for a compound
made of aluminum ions, Al3+, and oxygen ions, O2–
?

A. AlO
B. Al3O2
C. Al2O3
D. Al6O6

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 Ionic Bonds
What is the chemical formula for a compound
made of aluminum ions, Al3+, and oxygen ions, O2–
?

A. AlO
B. Al3O2
C. Al2O3
D. Al6O6

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 Ionic Bonds
What is the chemical formula for a compound made of
magnesium ions, Mg2+, and oxygen ions, O2–?

A. MgO
B. Mg2O2
C. Mg4O4
D. Any of the above

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 Ionic Bonds
What is the chemical formula for a compound made of
magnesium ions, Mg2+, and oxygen ions, O2–?

A. MgO
B. Mg2O2
C. Mg4O4
D. Any of the above

Explanation:
The chemical formula is used to show the ratio by which atoms
combine. By convention, the lowest numbers are preferred, so
1:1 is used rather than 2:2. The numeral 1, however, is implied
when no subscript is written.
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 Metallic Bonds
• Outer electrons in metal atoms are held only
weakly by the nucleus.
• This weak attraction allows the electrons to
move about quite freely.
• This ‘’fluid’’ of electrons holds the positively
charged metal ions together is called metallic
bond
• This mobility of electrons accounts for many
metallic properties like to conduct electricity and
heat, shiny, opaque.

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 Metallic Bonds

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 Metallic Bonds

• An alloy is a mixture of metallic elements.

• Eg: white gold, dollar

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 Covalent Bonds

• The type of electrical attraction in which atoms

are held together by their mutual attraction for
shared electrons.

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 Covalent Bonds

• Sharing a pair of electrons due to mutual

electrical attraction is called covalent bond.

• The fundamental unit of most covalent

compounds is called molecule.

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 Covalent Bonds

• Covalent molecule can be between two non-

metals which can be between same atoms or
different atoms.

Eg: Same: F2 Different: H2O

F F

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 Covalent Bonds

• The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

equals its number of unpaired valence electrons.

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 Covalent Bonds

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 Covalent Bonds

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 Covalent Bonds

• Multiple covalent bonds are possible by sharing

more than one pair of electrons.

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

• Electrons within a covalent bond are shared

evenly when the two atoms are the same.
• Non polar covalent bonds

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

• They may be shared unevenly, however, when

the bonded atoms are different.
• Polar covalent bond

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

• Electronegativity: The ability of a bonded atom to

pull on shared electrons. Greater
electronegativity means greater "pulling power."

High

Low

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 Electronegativity is the ability of a bonded atom to
pull on shared electrons.
Greater electronegativity means greater "pulling power."

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

• When the two atoms in a covalent bond have the

same electronegativity, no dipole is formed.
• Those are said as non polar covalent bonds

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

• When the two atoms in a covalent bond have the

different electronegativity, dipole is formed.
• Those are said as polar covalent bonds

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 Polar Covalent Bonds
• When the two atoms have the greater
electronegativity difference, more dipole is
formed.
• Those are said as ionic bonds (Very very very
Polar bonds)

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

The greater the difference in their electro negativities, and

hence the greater the polarity of the bond between them

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