0314 Course Packet F22 Allen

MATH 0314 COURSE PACKET
Paired with MATH 1314
Mr Allen 0314 Class Fall 2022

MATH 0314 Unit 1 Fall 2022
Table of Contents
Pretopics for 2.1 .............................................................................................................................. 4
Interval Notation ......................................................................................................................... 4
Graphing by plotting points – Linear Functions ......................................................................... 5
Multiply Binomials ..................................................................................................................... 6
Function Notation ........................................................................................................................ 7
Pretopics for 2.2 .............................................................................................................................. 8
Add, Subtract and Multiply Polynomials .................................................................................... 8
Function Notation ........................................................................................................................ 9
Factoring Greatest Common Factor (GCF) ............................................................................... 10
Factoring Trinomials Lead Coefficient = 1 ............................................................................... 11
Pretopics for 2.3 and 2.4 ............................................................................................................... 12
Slope .......................................................................................................................................... 12
To Find the Equation of a Line given Two Points .................................................................... 13
Vertical and Horizontal Linear Equations ................................................................................. 14
Intercepts ................................................................................................................................... 15
Parallel Lines ............................................................................................................................. 16
Perpendicular Lines ................................................................................................................... 17
Pretopics for 2.5 ............................................................................................................................ 18
Graphing by plotting points – Nonlinear Functions .................................................................. 18
Graphing using Transformations – Shifting .............................................................................. 20
Factoring Polynomials............................................................................................................... 22
Simplifying Rational Expressions ............................................................................................. 25
Pretopics for 2.6 ............................................................................................................................ 26
Domain Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 26
Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions ............................................................................... 27
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions .................................................................................... 28
Function Composition ............................................................................................................... 29
Simplify Complex Fractions ..................................................................................................... 30
Pretopics for 2.7 ............................................................................................................................ 31
Solving Linear Equations .......................................................................................................... 31
Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents ........................................................................... 32
Simplifying Square Roots Using the Product Rule ................................................................... 33
1
Solving a Square Root Equation ............................................................................................... 34

Solve for a Given Variable ........................................................................................................ 35
Pretopics for 3.1 and 3.2 ............................................................................................................... 36
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring ............................................................................... 36
Solving Using the Quadratic Formula ....................................................................................... 37
Polynomials................................................................................................................................... 38
Solve Polynomials by Factoring ............................................................................................... 39
Review: Simplify Rational Expressions .................................................................................... 40
Pretopics for 3.3 ............................................................................................................................ 41
Simplify Rational Expressions with Monomials....................................................................... 41
Multiply a Monomial and a Polynomial ................................................................................... 42
Review: Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions ................................................................. 43
Pretopics for 3.4 ............................................................................................................................ 44
Complex Numbers..................................................................................................................... 44
Simplify Radicals with a Negative Radicand ............................................................................ 44
Multiplying Complex Numbers ................................................................................................ 45
Solving Quadratic Equations with Complex Solutions ............................................................. 46
Pretopics for 3.5 ............................................................................................................................ 47
Simplify Rational Expressions .................................................................................................. 47
Domain of a Rational Function ................................................................................................. 47
Vertical and Horizontal Lines ................................................................................................... 48
Pretopics for 4.1 ............................................................................................................................ 49
Exponent Rules and Exponentials ............................................................................................. 49
Negative Exponents................................................................................................................... 50
Compound Interest: ................................................................................................................... 51
Power Tables ............................................................................................................................. 52
Solving Exponential Functions using One-to-One Property ..................................................... 52
Pretopics for 4.2 ............................................................................................................................ 53
Solving Linear Inequalities ....................................................................................................... 53
Definition of a Logarithm ......................................................................................................... 55
Switching between Exponential and Logarithmic Forms ......................................................... 56
Pretopics for 4.3 ............................................................................................................................ 57
2
Investigating Properties of Logarithms ..................................................................................... 57

Change of base formula: ........................................................................................................... 60
Pretopics for 4.4 ............................................................................................................................ 61
Domain of a Logarithmic Function ........................................................................................... 61
Solve Quadratic and Rational Equations ................................................................................... 62
Solving Simple Exponential Equations ..................................................................................... 63
Solving Simple Logarithmic Equations .................................................................................... 64
Pretopics for 5.1 ............................................................................................................................ 65
Solving Practice......................................................................................................................... 65
Write Linear Equations from Word Problems .......................................................................... 66
Cost, Revenue, and Profit Functions: ........................................................................................ 67
Pretopics for 5.2 ............................................................................................................................ 70
Recap: Solving 2-Variable Linear Systems .............................................................................. 70
Pretopics 6.1 .................................................................................................................................. 73
Writing a Linear Equation in Standard Form ............................................................................ 73
Definition of a Matrix ............................................................................................................... 73
Writing a System in Augmented Form ..................................................................................... 74
Writing a System of Equations from an Augmented Matrix .................................................... 75
Summarizing information into a table and writing the equivalent equation ............................. 76
Entering a System into the Calculator ....................................................................................... 78
Pretopics for 6.2 ............................................................................................................................ 79
Pretopics for 6.3 ............................................................................................................................ 82
Adding and Subtracting Matrices .............................................................................................. 82
Matrix Multiplication ................................................................................................................ 83
3
Pretopics for 2.1

Interval Notation
Interval notation is a notation used to identify a set of real numbers usually corresponding to
special sections of the number line.
Format of Number Line:
Includes Starting Number [ Includes Ending Number ]

Excludes Starting Number ( Excludes Ending Number )
Region Starts Region Ends
The Notation:
Open Bracket if Including Closed Bracket if Including
Open Parenthesis if Excluding
Starting Number , Ending Number Closed Parenthesis if Excluding
If missing either endpoint use either − or  , which always has parenthesis
Ex. 1 State the interval notation for the sets given on the number line.
a) b)
c) Graph x  2 on a number line. Then write the interval notation.
4
Graphing by plotting points – Linear Functions

We will look at several different ways to graph linear equations in two variables in this class.
The first is by plotting points.
To graph an equation, we find three ordered pair solutions by ___________________ for one of
the variables, x or y, then _______________________ for the other variable. (The third solution
acts as a check for the other two.) We _____________ the solution points, then draw the line
containing the 3 points.
Ex. 2 For each equation, find three ordered pair solutions by completing the table. Then use the
ordered pairs to graph the equation.
a. x − y = 2 10
y
8
x y
6
3 4
2
-2 x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-1 -2
-4
-6
-8
-10
1
b. y = − x−2 10
y
3
8
x y 6
4
6
2
x
-3 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
0 -4
-6
-8
-10
5
Multiply Binomials
Multiplying binomials is simply distributing the first binomial into the second binomial.
Ex. 3 Simplify
a. ( 2 x − 5 )( x + 3) b. ( x − 3)( x + 3)
( x − 5) d. 3 ( x + 8)
2 2
c.
e. − ( x + h )
2
6
Function Notation
A function is a type of equation that when you plug in any allowable value of x, you get only one value
(y) out of the equation. To specify an equation is a function we use function notation.
x f ( x) f ( x ) = 3x3 − 4 x 2 + 9
Equation
Input Output
When you see f ( x ) , f ( # x ) and f ( x  # ) or anything besides x inside the parenthesis, you are asked
to evaluate the function using what is inside the parenthesis. In other words, you are plugging in to the
function whatever is inside the parenthesis and then simplifying the resulting expression.
Ex. 4 Let f ( x ) = 2 x − 6 and g ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 7 . Evaluate the following by hand.
a. f ( 3 ) b. g ( −3)
c. f ( − x ) d. g ( − x )
7
Pretopics for 2.2

Add, Subtract and Multiply Polynomials
Ex. 1 Simplify the following expressions involving polynomials.
a. ( x2 + 2 x) + (6 x3 − 2 x + 5) b. ( x3 + 2) − (2 x3 + 5x − 3)
c. ( x − 2)( x2 + 2 x + 5) d. ( x2 + x + 1)( x2 − x + 1)
e. 5 ( x + h ) + 2 f. (2(a + h)2 + 1) − (2a2 + 1)

2
8
Function Notation
Let’s revisit function notation.
Ex. 4 Let f ( x ) = −3 x + 7 and g ( x ) = − x 2 − 4 x + 11 . Evaluate the following by hand.
a. f ( 3 x ) b. g ( −2 x )
c. f ( x − 5 ) d. g ( x + 6 )
e. g ( x + h )
9
Factoring Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

Factoring is the process of taking an expression (for these classes, a polynomial) and breaking it
down into the simpler polynomials that would multiply to the original polynomial.
The first step in factoring a polynomial is to factor out the greatest common factor (GCF).
Remembering to do this first step will be a time saver for the next step in factoring (to be looked
at later).
Ex. 5 Factor out the GCF.

a. 2 x − 6 b. −3x − 33
c. −2 x2 + 18x −10 d. 3x3 −15x2 − 27 x
e. 2h2 − 3xh + 5h
10
Factoring Trinomials Lead Coefficient = 1

The first step in factoring is to factor out the GCF. The next step depends on how many terms
remain. Here, we will focus on a trinomial where the lead coefficient is 1.
Ex. 6 Factor
a. x2 − 3x −10 b. x2 + 13x + 30
c. x2 − 13x − 30 d. 2 x2 + 20 x + 32
11
Pretopics for 2.3 and 2.4

All functions with equations of the form f ( x ) = mx + b are called linear functions. They graph
as straight lines. Linear functions have a constant slope.
Slope
Slope compares the vertical change (the rise) to the horizontal change (the run) as you move
from one fixed point to another on the line.
Slope between the distinct points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is
rise y2 − y1
m = slope = = where x1  x2
run x2 − x1
Ex. 1 Find the slope of the linear function that contains the given pair of points.
a. ( −2, 3 ) and ( 4, −9 )
b. ( 3, −6 ) and ( −2, −3)
12
To Find the Equation of a Line given Two Points
There are two forms of linear equations:
Point-Slope form: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
Slope-Intercept form: y = mx + b
It is important to know how to use both forms.

y2 − y1
1. Use the slope formula to find m: m =
x2 − x1
2. Use the point-slope equation of a line: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
3. Substitute the values from the point for x1 and y1 and substitute the slope for m.
4. Solve for y.
Ex. 2 Find the equation of the line containing the points ( −2, 3 ) and ( −5, −9 ) .
Ex. 3 Find the linear equation thru (1, 3) and (11, − 2 )
13
Vertical and Horizontal Linear Equations

If a linear equation has only one variable, x or y, then it is still a line but either a vertical or
horizontal line.
Horizontal Line Vertical Line
y = # or f ( x ) = # slope is ___________ x = # slope is _____________________
Ex. 4 Determine the slope of the line that contains the following points.
a. ( −2, 4 ) and ( 9, 4 ) b. ( 9, −3 ) and ( 9, 6 )
Ex. 5 Graph the following linear equations. Label each line.

a. x = −5 y
10
b. y = 4 4
2
x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
2
c. y = − x + 4 -4
3 -6
-8
-10
d. y = 2x − 3
14
Intercepts
An intercept is the __________________ where a graph intersects either axis.
When the line touches the x-axis you get a

________________________. The _____________________
is always zero!
When the line touches the y-axis you get a

__________________________. The ___________________
is always zero!
Graphing using intercepts

To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 . To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 .
Note: This textbook states the intercepts as x = # or y = # for this section.
Ex. 6
a. 2 x + 4 y = 8
b. y = −2x − 4
15
In 2.4, you will be writing equations for parallel and perpendicular lines. For now, let’s
investigate the relationship of parallel and perpendicular lines.
Parallel Lines
The lines at right are parallel. Determine the following.
a. Determine the slope of line a.

Line a
b. Determine the slope of line b.
Line b
c. What is the relationship between the slopes of parallel lines?
Ex. 7 Write the equation of the line parallel to x + 2 y = −20 and contains the point ( −3, 4 )
16
Perpendicular Lines
The lines at right are perpendicular. Determine the following.
a. Determine the slope of line a.
Line a
b. Determine the slope of line b.

Line b
c. What is the relationship between the slopes of perpendicular lines?
Ex. 8 Write the equation of the line perpendicular to 3x + y = 6 and contains the point ( 9, −2 )
17
Pretopics for 2.5

Domain and Range from a Graph
To determine the domain of a function given its graph, look at how far the graph goes left and
right. To determine the range , look at how far the graph goes up and down. Pay attention to any
endpoints and arrows.
Ex. 1 Determine the domain and range of the given graphs.
a. b.
Graphing by plotting points – Nonlinear Functions

You can use a table to help find points for nonlinear functions too.
Ex. 2 Create a table for the given function and graph the function.
f ( x ) = x2
y
a. 10
2
x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
18
b. g ( x ) = x 3 c. h ( x ) = x What does mean?
y y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
d. m ( x ) = x e. m ( x ) = 3 x
y y
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
19
Graphing using Transformations – Shifting

We will only cover horizontal and vertical shifts in this class. (Other transformations and
multiples transformations will be covered in 1314)
Ex. 3 Graph. 10
y
f ( x ) = ( x − 2)
2 8
a. 6
2
x
How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x 2 ? -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
-2
2 4 6 8 10
-4
-6
-8
-10
b. g ( x ) = x + 3
y
10
How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x ? 2

x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Summary: When you add or subtract a number directly to x (in parenthesis or inside a radical),
how does the graph change?
20
c. h ( x ) = x 3 − 4 10
y
How did the graph change from h ( x ) = x 3 ?

4
2
x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
d. m ( x ) = x + 3
y
10
How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x ? 2

x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Summary: When you add or subtract a number to the function, not directly to x (outside
parenthesis or outside a radical), how does the graph change?
21
Factoring Polynomials
Recall earlier we review factoring out a GCF and factoring when the lead coefficient is one. Now
we will go over factoring for other types of polynomials.
Steps for Factoring
Step 1: Arrange terms in descending powers (if necessary).
Step 2: Factor out the GCF. IF the leading term is negative, factor out a negative.
Step 3: The factoring now depends on the number of terms.
Two Terms (Binomial):

- Check if the expression is a difference of squares. Formula: a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )
Ex. 4 Factor
a. 5x2 − 45 b. −2 x2 + 8
**NOTE: The sum of two squares, A2 + B 2 , is not factorable (prime) if there is no GCF!
Ex. 5 Factor
a. 8x2 + 32 b. x + 49
2
22
Three Terms (Trinomial) – Will factor as the product of two binomials if not prime.
- Recall: If the expression is a trinomial with a leading coefficient of ONE, look for
factors of the last term that add to the middle term.
Ex. 6 Factor
a. 2 x2 + 2 x − 60 b. x2 −14x + 49
**If the expression is a trinomial that does NOT have a leading coefficient of one, there are
different methods to try factoring these problems.
Ex. 7 Factor
a. 6 x2 − 11x + 3 b. 30 x2 − 63x + 27
23
Four Terms – factor by grouping
Ex. 8 Factor 2x3 − x2 − 72x + 36
Ex. 9 Factor the following polynomials.
a. 3x3 − 15x2 −18x b. 6 x2 + 19 x + 10
24
Simplifying Rational Expressions

Fractions reduce when there is a common factor in the numerator and the denominator.
4 22 2 10 2 5 2
= = = =
6 23 3 35 7 5 7
Similarly, rational expressions simplify when there is a common factor in both the numerator and
the denominator.
One key thing about the domain of a rational function though. You must always use the original
function’s denominator. (Do not use a simplified denominator for the domain.)
Ex. 10 Simplify. State what value(s) of x must be excluded from the domain.
x2 − 2 x 3x 2 − 16 x + 5
a. b.
x2 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 35
4 x 2 − 12 x
c.
8 x 4 − 16 x3 − 24 x 2
25
Pretopics for 2.6

Domain Restrictions
In 1314, there will three main restrictions on domain. Two of the three are:
Inside an even root  0 because you cannot take the even root of a negative number.
Denominator  0 because you cannot divide by zero.
Ex. 1 Determine the domain of the following functions. Write domain in interval notation.
x
a. f ( x ) = 2 x − 3 b. g ( x ) =
x+6
x −3
c. h ( x ) =
x + 3x − 28
2
26
Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions

To multiply or divide fractions, you do NOT need a common denominator. The same is for
rational expressions.
To multiply rational expressions, multiply the numerators and denominators. Simplify if
possible.
To divide rational expressions, remember that dividing is the same as multiplying by the
reciprocal.
Ex. 3 Simplify
x − 7 x2 − 1 x2 − 2x − 8 x − 4
a. b. 
x − 1 3x − 21 x2 − 9 x+3
x 2 − 25
c. 2 2 x − 2
x + 10 x + 25
x2 + 4x − 5
27
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions

In 1314, you will be introduced to the 5 function operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and composition.) You will not only be using polynomial functions but
other types of functions. One of these other types are rational functions. We need to remember
that to add or subtract fractions, we need a common denominator.
Ex. 4 Add or subtract the following rational expressions. State what value(s) x cannot equal.
4 x+3 3 4
a. − b. −
x −5 x −5 x −9 x +5
x 2 x+4 3
c. − d. +
x+9 x+2 x+5 x−2
28
Function Composition
In simple terms, function composition is the process of taking the output from one function and
using it as the input in another function. In a way you have been doing the skills needed to do
these problems. Let’s practice those skills.
Ex. 5 Evaluate.
a. Let f ( x) = x2 − 2 x . Find f ( x + 1) and f ( 2 x − 1)
x−2
b. Let g ( x) = . Find g ( x + 5 )
x +1
29
Simplify Complex Fractions

Being able to simplify a complex fraction will help you in various situations in 1314.
Ex. 6 Simplify
1 x
1+ 2+
a. 1+ x b. 1− x
1 x
2− 1−
1+ x 1− x
2x 3
−
c. x + 3 x
2x
3+
x+3
30
Pretopics for 2.7

Warm-Up- Factor the following expressions.
a. 3x2 − 48 b. 6 x2 + 5x − 6
Solving Linear Equations

Ex. 1 Solve
a. −4 x − 1 = −21 b. 9b + 2 = 5b − 26
c. −4 x + 7 − 2 x = 4 ( x − 1) d. 7h − 2 ( 3h + 4 ) = 15 − 12
31
Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

The first thing when working with roots and radicals is some vocabulary. This is best learned by
looking at a generic situation. Radical
Symbol
Index n
a
Radicand
• The index is the little number that is in the “v” of the radical symbol. When there is not an
index shown then it is assumed to be 2.
• The radical symbol is the symbol that splits the index from the radicand.
• The radicand is the term that is under the radical symbol.
Another way to write a square root is using a rational (fraction) exponent.
( a)
1 1 m m
a 2
= a a n
=na a n
= n am = n
The denominator of the rational exponent tells you what root to take. The numerator is what to
raise that result to. For 1314, you will mainly run across the ½ exponent.
Powers
The next thing to think about is what happens when we raise numbers to powers.
Examples
1. 2 2 = 4 AND (−2) 2 = 4 3. 2 4 = 16 AND (−2) 4 = 16
2. 2 3 = 8 BUT (−2) 3 = −8 4. 25 = 32 BUT (−2) 5 = −32

Notice positive numbers raised to powers are always positive BUT while negative numbers
raised to EVEN powers are positive, when they are raised to ODD powers they are negative.
Ex. 2 Find the square roots of the following:
a. 64 b. 144
32
Perfect Squares to Know
12 = 1 62 = 36 112 = 121
22 = 4 72 = 49 122 = 144
32 = 9 82 = 64 132 = 169
42 = 16 92 = 81 142 = 196
52 = 25 102 = 100 152 = 225
Simplifying Square Roots Using the Product Rule

A square root is simplified when the radicand contains no perfect square factors (other than 1).
Product Rule for Square Roots

If a and b are real numbers, then a b = a b
In other words, the square root of a product is equal to the product of the square roots.
To simplify 45 for example, we factor 45 so that one of its factors is a perfect square factor.
45 = 9 5
= 9 5
=3 5
The notation 3 5 means 3 5 . Since the radicand 5 has no perfect square factor other than 1,
the expression 3 5 is in simplest form. Another way to simplify a square root is to look at its
prime factorization.
Ex. 3 Simplify the radicals.
1
2
a. 54 b. 200 c. 3 8
33
Caution
Avoid the common error of writing a 2 + b 2 as a 2 + b 2 . We must add a 2 and b 2 before

taking the square root. For example, 16 + 9 = 25 = 5 not 16 + 9 = 4 + 3 = 7 .
Solving a Square Root Equation

To solve a square root equation, simply isolate the square root first and then square both sides. It
is important to remember to check your solution (since even roots are one of the domain
restrictions.)
Ex. 4 Solve
b. ( x + 4 ) 2 − 5 = 6
1
a. x+3 = 7
c. x + 12 = 0
34
Solve for a Given Variable

In 2.7 in 1314, you will be learning how to find the inverse of a function. You will be asked to
solve for y in various scenarios. The examples below will help you build the skills needed to
solve for y.
Ex. 5 Solve for the given variable.
a. x = y 2 + 1, for y when y  0 b. 2 y − 3 = x for y
3b
c. a = for c d. 3 y + 7 = x for y
c
35
Pretopics for 3.1 and 3.2
A function of the form f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c where a, b and c are real numbers and a  0 is a

quadratic function. You have already dealt with quadratic functions before in factoring. Let’s
practice some factoring and then solve quadratic functions by factoring.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Ex. 1 Factor the following expressions.
a. x2 − x −12 b. 2 x2 + 5x −12
Ex. 2 Solve by factoring.
a. x2 − 7 x + 12 = 0 b. 3x2 + 2 = −7 x
c. 3x2 = 12 x
36
Solving Using the Quadratic Formula

For a quadratic equation in standard form, a  0 , the quadratic formula is:
−b  b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Ex. 3 Solve.
a. 3x2 + 10x − 8 = 0
b. x2 + 4 x = −1
c. − x2 − 2 x + 4 = 0
37
Polynomials
Polynomials are formed by adding and subtracting terms containing positive integer powers of a
variable such as x and possibly a constant term. Polynomials cannot have a variable in a
denominator, in an exponent, or under a radical.
Examples of a polynomial Examples of Non-Polynomial Equations
f ( x ) = 0.013x 2 − 1.19 x − 28.24 f ( x) =

2x
x − 37
2
g ( x ) = −2 x5 + x − 10
g ( x ) = 3x 2 − 4 x −3
h ( x ) = 10
h ( x) = 3 2x − 5
f ( x) =  x − 2
Polynomials with one, two, or three terms can be classified by the number of terms they contain.
A monomial is a polynomial containing a single term. It may be a number (constant) or a
constant times a variable raised to a positive integer exponent.
2 3 2
Examples: −3, 2 x 4 , y z
3
A binomial is a polynomial that has exactly two terms.
Examples: x + 2, x2 − 9, 3 y 4 + 2 y 2
A trinomial is a polynomial that has exactly three terms.
Examples: x2 + 5x + 6, 3w4 −15w2 −13
Anything with more than three terms is just called a polynomial.

The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree among all its terms. The leading coefficient of
a polynomial is the coefficient of the term that contains the degree of the polynomial.
Ex. 1 Write the polynomial in standard form. Identify its degree and lead coefficient.
a. 5 + 7x b. 31 − 6 x3 + 11x2
c. 15 + x5 − 2 x2 + 9 x
38
Solve Polynomials by Factoring

In unit 2 in 1314, you will be find real and complex zeros of polynomials. Being able to solve by
factoring is key for these problems.
Ex. 2 Solve by factoring.
a. x2 − 3x − 10 = 0 b. −4x2 + 2x = −2
c. (2 x + 7)( x2 + 6x − 7) = 0 d. ( x − 9)(6x2 − 7 x − 3) = 0
39
Review: Simplify Rational Expressions

Ex. 3 Simplify the following rational expressions.
2 x2 + 8x 8 x3 − 8 x 2 − 16 x
a. b.
x 2 − 3x − 28 4 x 4 − 12 x3 + 8 x 2
2 x 2 − 7 x − 15
c.
2 x 2 + 13x + 15
40
Pretopics for 3.3

Warm-Up: Let’s review some previous topics. (To stay fresh for the final exam and future
units.)
1. Factor the following expressions:
a. 6 x2 + 11x −10 b. 2 x2 − 32 x + 126
2. Determine the linear function that contains the points ( −2, 2 ) and ( 7, −1) .
Simplify Rational Expressions with Monomials

In 1314, you will be performing polynomial long division which is just like long division with
numbers. As an introduction to it, we are going to practice reducing rational expressions again.
x7 2x16 9 x5
a. 3 b. 9 c.
x x 27 x 2
41
Multiply a Monomial and a Polynomial

Another step in polynomial long division is to know how to multiply a monomial and a
polynomial.
Ex. 2 Simplify
a. 2 x 5 ( 3 x 2 − 5 x + 7 ) b. − ( x3 − 2 x 2 − 9 )
c. 3x3 ( −2 x 2 + 7 x − 8 )
42
Review: Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions

Ex. 3 Simplify the following expressions.
x2 + 8x 25 x 2 + 12 x + 27 x 2 + 9 x
a. • b.
3 5 x + 40 x 2 + 18 x + 81 x 2 − 2 x − 48
x −8 x2 + 7 x − 8
c.  2
− x − 5 x + 13x + 40
43
Pretopics for 3.4

Complex Numbers
Imaginary numbers are numbers that can be used to find the square roots of negative numbers.
The imaginary unit is represented by i which is equal to −1 .
i = −1 = i
i 2 = i • i = −1 • − 1 = −1
Powers of i i 3 = i 2 • i = −1 • i = −i
i 4 = i 2 • i 2 = −1 • − 1 = 1
i5 = i 4 • i = 1• i = i
Complex numbers are made up of both real and imaginary numbers, e.g. – 3 + 4i. They are
always written as two terms!! A real term and an imaginary term!
Simplify Radicals with a Negative Radicand

Let’s review simplifying radicals, but this time the radicand inside is negative.
Ex. 1 Simplify
a. −25 b. −27
c. −75 d. −144
44
Multiplying Complex Numbers

A complex number is of the form a + bi where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part of
the complex number. If b = 0 then you also have a real number. If b  0 then you have a
complex number.
When multiplying you can also treat i as a variable, but don’t forget to go back and check for i 2 !
Ex. 2 Simplify
a. −4i(3 − i) b. 3i ( 2 − 6i )
c. ( 2 + 3i )( 4 − 6i )
Ex. 3 Simplify the expressions below. (Keep in mind that i 2 = −1 )
a. ( x − i)( x + i)
b. ( x −1 + 2i)( x −1 − 2i)
45
Solving Quadratic Equations with Complex Solutions

Ex. 4 Solve the following quadratic equations.
a. x2 = −36
b. 2 x2 + 5 = 0
c. x2 − 6x + 13 = 0
46
Pretopics for 3.5

Simplify Rational Expressions
Recall: Rational expressions can be simplified if there is a common factor in the numerator and
denominator.
2x − 6 x 2 + 3x − 18
a. b. 2
4 x 2 − 12 x x − 12 x + 27
When we graph rational functions, the cancelled out factor creates a specific characteristic on the
graph that you will learn about in 1314.
Domain of a Rational Function
Recall: From 2.6, how is the domain of a rational function restricted?
Ex. 2 Find the domain of the following rational functions. (Always look at original and not
simplified function for the domain)
x +1 x 2 − 25
a. f ( x ) = b. g ( x ) =
x − 6 x − 16
2
2 x 2 − 13x + 15
47
Vertical and Horizontal Lines

Recall:
y
10
Horizontal Lines: Form is y = # OR equivalently f ( x ) = # 8
Slope of Horizontal Line = ____________ 4
Ex. 3 Graph f ( x ) = −4 and give its slope and intercepts.

x
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Vertical Lines: Form is x = #
Slope of Vertical Line = ____________ 10

y
Is a vertical line a function? 6
2
x
Ex. 4 Graph 7 x = 42 and give its slope and intercepts. -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
48
Pretopics for 4.1

Exponent Rules and Exponentials
Rules of Exponents
A. Product Rule: am  an = am+n (add exponents and keep common base)
Ex. 1 Simplify
a. x4  x5  x b. 32  34 c. ( −2 )  ( −2 )
3 5
B. Power Rule: (a )
m n
= a mn (multiply exponents)
Ex. 2 Simplify
a. ( x 5 ) b. ( 32 )
5
c. ( − x ) 
2 3 2
 
( ab ) = a nb n
n
C. Power of a Product Rule: (distribute exponents)
Ex. 3 Simplify
a. ( 3x ) b. ( x 2 y ) c. ( 2x 4 y 2 )
3 5 3
D. Zero Product Rule

Ex. 4 Simplify
b. ( 2x 2 y )
0
a. x 0 c. 3x0 y 4
49
Negative Exponents
1 1
If 𝒂 is a real number other than 0 and 𝒏 is an integer, then a − n = an =
an a−n
Ex. 4 Simplify
b. ( 2x )
−2
a. 2−3
4 3
c. d.
x −5 2x −5
−n n
a b
If a is a real number other than 0 and n is an integer, then   = 
b a
Ex. 5 Simplify
−7 −3
x  2x 
c. ( 3x 2 y )
−2
a.   b.  
 y  3y 
Ex. 6 Use the properties to simplify the following expressions.
a. 25 x −1 23− x b. 52 x−3 53 x−6
c. ( 5x+5 ) d. ( 2 x−1 )
2x x
50
Compound Interest:
With compound interest, money grows faster than with simple interest. Along the way, the
earned interest is added to the basis on which the next interest is calculated, earning interest
itself. The interest is compounding.
nt
 r
The formula for compound interest is A = P 1 + 
 n
A is the amount after time
P is the principal amount invested or borrowed
r is the annual interest rate (change to decimal form)
n is the number of time interest is paid per year
t is the time in years.
Note: The formula only gives the final amount, not the interest earned. To determine the interest
earned, you need to find the difference between the final amount (A) and principal (P)
Ex. 7 In the problems below, identify A, P, r, n and t. Identify which one you are solving for but
do not solve the problems.
a. At the end of the month, Craig invests $6,000 in an account, where he leaves it to earn interest.
The annual interest rate on the account is 12% compounded monthly. How much money will
Craig have after 48 months?
b. Amanda wants to have $15,000 in 60 months to put a down payment on a new car. She finds
an account that pays 6.5% annual interest compounded quarterly. How much money does she
need to deposit?
51
Power Tables
Fill in the following power tables.
a.
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2x
b.
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3x
c.
x -1 0 1 2 3 4
4x
d.
x -1 0 1 2 3
5x
e.
x -1 0 1 2 3
6x
Solving Exponential Functions using One-to-One Property

Ex. 7 Use the tables above to solve the following equations.
1
a. 2x = 32 b. 3x = c. 16x = 4
9
52
Pretopics for 4.2

Solving Linear Inequalities
Solving linear inequalities is the same as solving linear equations with one exception. If you
multiply or divide by a negative number, you must flip the inequality sign.
Ex. 1 Solve. State solution using interval notation.
a. 2 x  6 b. −3x  −15
c. 4 x − 6  9 d. 7 − 3x  12
53
Inverse of a Point and Table

Recall from 2.7: How do you find the inverse of a set of points?
Graph f ( x ) = 2 x .
x y
Domain: _________ Range: __________ Asymptote: __________
The equation of the inverse of the exponential function f ( x ) = 2 x

is the logarithmic function f −1 ( x ) = log 2 x
Graph the inverse on the same grid by reversing the table of f ( x ) = 2 x .
x y Characteristics of f ( x ) = log 2 x
Domain: ________ Range: __________
Asymptote: _________
54
Definition of a Logarithm Logarithmic Exponential

For x  0 and b  0 , b  1 , Form Form
y = logb x is equivalent to b y = x
y = ln x is the notation for the logarithmic function with base e.
It is called the natural logarithmic function.
y = log x is the notation for the logarithmic function with base 10.
It is called the common logarithmic function.
Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks using the correct logarithmic notation:
1. log( x + 2) = 7 : Log base __________ of _______________ is _____________.
2. log 3 7 = x : Log base __________ of _______________ is _____________.
3. ln(3x) = 19 : Log base __________ of _______________ is _____________.
4. log x a = h : Log base __________ of _______________ is _____________.
55
Switching between Exponential and Logarithmic Forms

Ex. 3 Rewrite the logarithmic equation as an equivalent exponential function.
a. log 2 x = 5 b. log x = −3 c. ln x = 9
Ex. 4 Rewrite the exponential function as an equivalent logarithmic function.
a. 4x = 39 b. e x = 11 c. 10x = 2.5
56
Pretopics for 4.3

Warm-Up Solve x + 6 x = −7 .
2
Investigating Properties of Logarithms

We will be investigating properties of logs using the evaluating we just did in example 1.
First Log Property:
Evaluate the following log expressions:
a. log3 81 b. log3 3 + log3 27 c. log3 3 log3 27
d. Which of the above were equal?
e. What is the relationship between 3, 27 and 81?
So using parts d and e, can you rewrite log m ( ab ) in terms of multiple logs?
Ex. 1 Condense to a single logarithm.
a. ln x + ln y b. log 3 + log ( y + 2 )
57
Second Log Property:

log 2 128
a. log2 8 b. c. log2 128 − log2 16
log 2 16
e. What is the relationship between 8, 16 and 128?
a
So using parts d and e, can you rewrite log m   in terms of multiple logs?
b
Ex. 2 Condense to a single logarithm
a. ln 5 − ln ( x − 3 ) b. log 2 a − log 2 ( a + 3)
58
Third Log Property:

c. ( log 2 8 )
2
a. log 2 64 b. 2log2 8
e. What is the relationship between 8 and 64?
So using parts d and e, can you rewrite log m ( a b ) in terms of multiple logs?
Ex. 3 Rewrite the following as a product.
a. log ( x3 ) b. ln ( a10 )
59
Change of base formula:

Example: log2 5
log b ln b
log a b = or
log a ln a
Ex. 4 Rewrite using common logarithms and find the value rounded to 4 decimal places.
a. log 4 11 b. log0.5 6.25 c. log12 2
60
Pretopics for 4.4

Domain of a Logarithmic Function
Recap: What are the three domain restrictions we have covered in this course?
Ex. 1 Determine the domain of each function. State answers using interval notation.
a. f ( x) = log 2 ( 2 x − 3) b. f ( x) = ln ( 4 − x )
c. f ( x) = e3x+1 d. f ( x) = 7 − 2 x
1
e. f ( x) =
4− x
61
Solve Quadratic and Rational Equations

Ex. 2 Solve the following equations.
a. x2 + x = 420
b. 2 x2 + 3 = 7 x
x −1 3
c. =
5 x −3
62
Ex. 3 Find a common base to simplify. Example: 4 x  23 = ( 22 )  23 = 22 x  23 = 22 x+3

x
a. 8x  24 b. 27x+2  35
Solving Simple Exponential Equations

Ex. 4 Solve by switching to log form. Round to the nearest thousandths if needed.
a. 9x = 81 b. 3x = 13
c. 10x = 7 d. ex = 17
63
Solving Simple Logarithmic Equations

Ex. 5 Solve by switching to exponential form.
a. log2 x = 6 b. log ( x ) = 3
c. ln x = −2
64
Pretopics for 5.1

Solving Practice
Ex. 1 Solve for the given variable (if there is one given).
a. 2 x − 3 y = 6 for x b. 3x − y = 7 for y
c. 3x − 2 ( 2 x + 6 ) = 10 d. − ( 2 y − 6 ) + 6 y = 12
65
Write Linear Equations from Word Problems

When writing equations from sentences, watch out for “switch” words: than, from, as
much/many as
Ex. 2 Read the given problem. Define the variables and then translate into linear equations. DO
NOT SOLVE.
a. The length of the garden is 5 feet more than 3 times the width. The total perimeter of the
garden is 60 feet.
b. Jaxon has 5 times as many nickels as dimes. The value of a jar of nickels and dimes is
$2.45.
c. Josh is investing $12,400 into three accounts. The first account pays 6% simple interest a
year. The second account pays 7% simple interest a year. The third account pays 8%
simple interest a year. He earns $852 in interest each year. The amount in the 8% account
is $600 less than the amount in the 7% account.
d. 5 less than a twice a number is 52.
66
Cost, Revenue, and Profit Functions:

In 1314, you will be doing word problems and some will involve business situations.
Specifically, looking at cost/revenue/profit situations. You do need to memorize the following
formulas.
Cost Functions
Cost is the total cost of producing output…“cost” is not the cost to the consumer; it is not the
“selling price” of the item. The cost function consists of two different types of costs: Variable
costs and fixed costs
Marginal cost is the rate of change of the cost C ( x ) at a production level x and is the slope of
the cost function at x.
Fixed costs normally do not vary with output. In general, these costs must be incurred whether
the items are produced or not.
Cost Function
C ( x ) = F + mx
Revenue Function
Revenue is the total payment received from selling a good or performing a service.
The revenue function, R ( x ) , reflects the revenue from selling x amount of output items at a
price of p per item.
Revenue Function: R ( x ) = px
Profit Function
The Profit function P ( x ) is the difference between the revenue function R(x) and the total cost
function C ( x )
Profit Function: Profit = Revenue – Cost

or P ( x ) = R ( x ) − C ( x )
67
Ex. 3 Johnny plans to sell lemonade. He spends $60 to build his stand and buy mixing spoons
and pitchers. This cost is the same, whether he sells 5 cups of lemonade or 105 cups of
lemonade. However, he has other “variable” costs. The amount of water, lemons, sugar, and
paper cups he needs will vary according to how much lemonade he makes. He figures out how
much of these supplies cost him “per cup” and determines that cost is $0.20 per cup. Johnny is
going to sell his lemonade for $0.50 per cup.
Fill in the table below to show his costs, revenue and profit.
Number Variable costs Fixed costs Total cost Revenue Profit
of cups (for the (setup, stand)
Made/sold ingredients, paper
cups)
1
5
10
100
200
300
x
What is happening when the “profit” is negative? When it is positive?
Ex. 4 Given the revenue and cost functions, determine and simplify the profit function.
Recall:
a. C ( x ) = 0.80 x + 100 and R ( x ) = 1.20 x
b. C ( x ) = 200 x + 80, 000 and R ( x ) = 380 x
68
Ex. 5 Let a cost function be C ( x ) = 0.80 x + 100 to produce x items
a. What is the significance of the .80?
b. What is the significance of the 100?
c. What is the (total) cost to produce 300 items?
d. How many items can be produced with $1060?
Ex. 6 Let a revenue function be R ( x ) = 1.20 x
a. What is the significance of the 1.20?
b. What is the revenue brought in from the sale of 60 items?
c. How many items must be sold to bring in revenue of $2,040?
69
Pretopics for 5.2
Solving a 3-variable system by hand is similar to solving a two variable system. So we will
review solving a 2-variable system here.
Recap: Solving 2-Variable Linear Systems
Ex. 1 Solve the following systems by hand.
6 x − 5 y = 4
a. 
−3x + 10 y = −5
 x + 2 y = 18
b. 
−3 x + y = −5
70
Recap: Let’s review some previous topics.

Ex. 2 Simplify
4 x3 y 8 z −2
b. ( 3a −2b5 )
−3
a. 2x3 y −5 z 0 c.
12 x5 y 0 z
Ex. 3 Simplify
3x 2 − 6 x x 2 − 11x + 30
a.
6 x 2 − 12 x − 90 x 2 + x − 6
4 x3 − 36 x x 2 + 11x + 30
b. 
7 x3 − 35 x 2 + 42 x x2 − 2x
71
Ex. 4 Solve
a. x2 + 6 x + 13 = 0
b. 2 x3 − 4 x2 = 198x
72
Pretopics 6.1
Writing a Linear Equation in Standard Form
In order to solve a system of linear equations using matrices, you need to be able to get all
variables on one side of the equation and the constant on the other side.
If there are three variables, the order of the variables should go x, y, z
If there are four variables, this textbook puts them in the order w, x, y, z
Ex. 1 Write the linear equation in standard form.

a. 2 x − 4 z = 5 y + 9 b. 2 y + 6 x − 7 z = 9
c. 3 y − 2z = 9 − w d. 3x + y + 7 z = 2w
Definition of a Matrix
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
1 5
A= 
6 0 
The particular numbers in the matrix are called elements, usually denoted by aij.
 a11 a12 a13 

A =  a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 
Rows are horizontal and columns are vertical.

The size or order of the matrix is the number of rows by the number of columns.
73
Ex. 2 Find the size and indicated entries for each matrix.
4 6 9 
a.   Size = __________, a21 = _________, a12 = _________, a32 = _________
0 7 5 
7 1
b.  4 − 3 Size = __________, a21 = _________, a12 = _________, a32 = _________

 0 0 
 3 0
c.   Size = __________, a21 = ______, a12 = ______, a32 = ______
 −1 8 
Writing a System in Augmented Form

You can write any system of equations as a matrix:
• Each row represents an equation.
• A vertical line, the augmentation line, represents the equal sign.
• The first column represents the coefficients of the first variable, the second column
represents the coefficients of the second variable, etc.
• The variables are on the left of the augmentation line and the-constants are on the right.
• Any variable that does not appear in an equation has an implied coefficient of 0.
Ex. 3 Write the following system as an augmented matrix.
5 x − y + z = 0

4 y + 2 z = 1
3x + y + z = −1

74
Ex. 4 Write the following system as an augmented matrix.

2 x + z = y − 3

 y + z = 10
 x = 10 − 3z

Writing a System of Equations from an Augmented Matrix

You need to be able to read an augmented matrix and write equations from it in order to solve
systems.
Ex. 5 Write the systems of equations represented by the augmented matrix.
 2 0 3 −10
 −1 5 2 16 
a. 0 1 4 −6  b.  
  0 4 −5 12 
1 −6 0 12 
75
Summarizing information into a table and writing the equivalent equation

Tables can also be used to organize data from a word problem to more easily allow you to write
equations, and matrices.
Ex. 6 A convenience store sells 23 sodas one summer afternoon in 12-, 16-, and 20-oz cups
(small, medium, and large). The total volume of soda sold was 376 oz. Suppose that the prices
for a small, medium, and large soda are $1, $1.25, and $1.40, respectively, and that the total sales
were $28.45. How many of each size did the store sell?
Let x be the number of small sodas, y the number of medium sodas, and z the number of large
sodas. We will organize the information in a table.
Soda Sales
Equations: Matrix:
76
Ex. 7 According to an agricultural report, the amounts of nitrogen (lb. per acre), phosphate (lb.
per acre), and labor (lb. per acre) needed to grow three different vegetables are given by the
following table:
A farmer has 280 acres, 39,000 pounds of nitrogen, 32,400 pounds of phosphate, and 1,300
hours of labor, and he has to use all of his resources completely. How many acres should he
allot for each crop?
Let x be the number of acres for Vegetable A, y be the number of acres for Vegetable B,
and z be the number of acres for Vegetable C. Fill in the table below, write the equations for
the use of each resource, then write the augmented matrix.
Acres Planted
Equations: Matrix:
77
Entering a System into the Calculator

Let’s practice entering matrices in the calculator. You will learn how to actually solve systems in
the 1314 course.
5 x − y + z = 0

Here is the system from example 2a again: 4 y + 2 z = 1
3x + y + z = −1

5 −1 1 0 
The augmented matrix for it was 0 4 2 1 
 
 3 1 1 −1
To enter the augmented matrix: Press 2nd, MATRIX, ►,►, EDIT,ENTER [A]
Set the Matrix size: ________________
Enter the elements of the Augmented matrix.
Press 2nd QUIT to return to the home screen.
Practice entering the following matrix:
3 −1 2 5 
1 0 −2 3 
 
1 5 0 −10
78
Pretopics for 6.2

Section 6.2 is a continuation of section 6.1. Instead of getting one solution however you will
either obtain no solution or infinite (parametric) solutions. To prepare for parametric solutions,
let’s do some simple solving.
Ex. 1 Solve x − 3z = −9 for x.
When we solve for x in this situation, we say x is in terms of z. The variable z is the parameter.
Ex. 2 Solve for the indicated variables.

a. x − 3z = 8 for x
b. w − 2 y + 3z = 10 for w.
c. y − 2 z = −9 for y
79
Ex. 3 Write equations from the following reduced row Echelon matrices.
x y 

a. 1 0 5 
 
0 1 −2
1 0 3 −2 
b. 0 1 7 10 
 
0 0 0 0 
w x y z 
1 0 0 −2 1 
c. 
0 1 0 0 5 
 
0 0 1 3 −5
x y z 
1 0 −2 3 
d. 
0 1 5 6
 
0 0 0 1
80
Recap: Writing Linear Equations

Ex. 4 Write the linear equation that contains the points ( −2, 2 ) and ( 3, −1) .
Ex. 5 Write the linear equation that is parallel to x − 2 y = 4 and contains the point ( 4, −3 ) .
Recap: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Ex. 6 Simplify
3 5x 4 2
a. + b. −
x+4 x−2 x+6 x−7
81
Pretopics for 6.3

There are four main operations with matrices that we will cover in 6.3. They are adding,
subtracting, scalar multiplying and multiplying. (There is no dividing of matrices.
Adding and Subtracting Matrices
In order to add or subtract matrices, matrices must be the same size. You simply add or subtract
corresponding entries.
Ex. 1 Simplify
 2 −3  −1 0 
a.  + 
6 0   5 9 
 −2 3  −5 4 
b.  − 
 −5 1  −3 0 
 2 x x + 5  x + 5 x − 4 
c.  + 
3 x − 2 5   2 x 6 − 3 x 
82
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplication has a different “rule” to determine if two matrices can be multiplied.
Remember, to add and subtract matrices the order of each matrix has to be exactly the same.
That is not the case with multiplying matrices.
Step 1: Make sure that the number of columns in the 1st one equals the number of rows in the
2nd one. (This is the pre-requisite for the multiplication to be possible.)
Step 2: Multiply the elements of each row of the first matrix by the elements of each column in
the second matrix. Add the products.
Step 3: Repeat for each element in the resulting product matrix with the appropriate row and
column.
d 
 a b c  e  =
 f 
Ex. 2 Give the dimension of each matrix and determine if they can be multiplied? What will be
the resulting size of the solution matrix?
1 0 0   2 4 
a b  m n o 0 2 3 
a.    b.   9 1 c. 0 1 0   6 8 
  
c d   p q r  7 8 2 
0 0 1  10 12 
In this class (0324), we will only be multiplying row and column matrices. You will multiply
larger matrices in 1314 with and without a calculator.
83
Ex. 3 Multiply the given row by the given column. Simplify.
7
5  2
a. 3 4 −2 1 b. 1 −2 3 −4  
0
8  
 −3 
Example 3 could be done using a calculator. But sometimes we are given variables which would
prevent us from using the calculator.
Ex. 4 Multiply the following matrices.
 4b 
a.  2b −3a   
 5c 
 4a 
 5 
b.  −1 2b 2 1  
 −3b 
 
 2a 
b 
c. 3 a 2  1 
 a 
84

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0314 Course Packet F22 Allen

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MATH 0314 COURSE PACKET

Paired with MATH 1314

Mr Allen 0314 Class Fall 2022

Solving a Square Root Equation ............................................................................................... 34

Investigating Properties of Logarithms ..................................................................................... 57

Pretopics for 2.1

Includes Starting Number [ Includes Ending Number ]

Region Starts Region Ends

If missing either endpoint use either − or  , which always has parenthesis

c) Graph x  2 on a number line. Then write the interval notation.

Graphing by plotting points – Linear Functions

Ex. 4 Let f ( x ) = 2 x − 6 and g ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 7 . Evaluate the following by hand.

Pretopics for 2.2

e. 5 ( x + h ) + 2 f. (2(a + h)2 + 1) − (2a2 + 1)

Ex. 4 Let f ( x ) = −3 x + 7 and g ( x ) = − x 2 − 4 x + 11 . Evaluate the following by hand.

Factoring Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

Ex. 5 Factor out the GCF.

c. −2 x2 + 18x −10 d. 3x3 −15x2 − 27 x

Factoring Trinomials Lead Coefficient = 1

Pretopics for 2.3 and 2.4

Slope between the distinct points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is

b. ( 3, −6 ) and ( −2, −3)

To Find the Equation of a Line given Two Points

There are two forms of linear equations:

It is important to know how to use both forms.

Ex. 3 Find the linear equation thru (1, 3) and (11, − 2 )

Vertical and Horizontal Linear Equations

y = # or f ( x ) = # slope is ___________ x = # slope is _____________________

a. ( −2, 4 ) and ( 9, 4 ) b. ( 9, −3 ) and ( 9, 6 )

Ex. 5 Graph the following linear equations. Label each line.

When the line touches the x-axis you get a

When the line touches the y-axis you get a

Graphing using intercepts

a. Determine the slope of line a.

b. Determine the slope of line b.

c. What is the relationship between the slopes of parallel lines?

b. Determine the slope of line b.

c. What is the relationship between the slopes of perpendicular lines?

Pretopics for 2.5

Graphing by plotting points – Nonlinear Functions

b. g ( x ) = x 3 c. h ( x ) = x What does mean?

Graphing using Transformations – Shifting

How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x 2 ? -10 -8 -6 -4 -2

How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x ? 2

How did the graph change from h ( x ) = x 3 ?

How did the graph change from f ( x ) = x ? 2

Two Terms (Binomial):

Four Terms – factor by grouping

Ex. 8 Factor 2x3 − x2 − 72x + 36

Ex. 9 Factor the following polynomials.

a. 3x3 − 15x2 −18x b. 6 x2 + 19 x + 10

Simplifying Rational Expressions

Pretopics for 2.6

Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions

Add and Subtract Rational Expressions

a. Let f ( x) = x2 − 2 x . Find f ( x + 1) and f ( 2 x − 1)

Simplify Complex Fractions

Pretopics for 2.7

Solving Linear Equations

Radical Expressions and Rational Exponents

Another way to write a square root is using a rational (fraction) exponent.

2. 2 3 = 8 BUT (−2) 3 = −8 4. 25 = 32 BUT (−2) 5 = −32

Ex. 2 Find the square roots of the following:

y = # or f ( x ) = # slope is _ x = # slope is ___________

Domain: _ Range: Asymptote: ____

Domain: Range: __

1. log( x + 2) = 7 : Log base __ of _ is _______.

2. log 3 7 = x : Log base __ of _ is _______.

3. ln(3x) = 19 : Log base __ of _ is _______.

4. log x a = h : Log base __ of _ is _______.