Contents

1................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................1
2 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Background........................................................................................................................................6
2.2 IGEA Objective & Methodology.......................................................................................................6
3.2energy sources....................................................................................................................................9
3.3WATER sources................................................................................................................................10
3.4 Inventory..........................................................................................................................................10
3.4 Maintenance practices......................................................................................................................12
3.5Maintenance Budget.........................................................................................................................13
3.7 Building Energy Management Policy..............................................................................................13
Energy Balance..........................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Basis for energy balance..................................................................................................................13
4 System Performance...............................................................................................................................16
4.1 Data and measurements...................................................................................................................16
4.2 Lighting System...............................................................................................................................17
4.3 Identification of possible EE and RE opportunities.............................................................................21
UPGRADES TO THE LIGHTING SYSTEM.......................................................................................21
Systems For Air Cooling........................................................................................................................21
Refrigeration systems........................................................................................................................21
5 Recommended Energy Performance Improvement Actions (EPIAs)in EE and RE Measures for
Implementation........................................................................................................................................21
Other initiatives/project concepts for consideration...................................................................................24
5.1Awareness program...........................................................................................................................24
5.2 Automatic door closures..................................................................................................................24
5.3 Projected energy consumption.........................................................................................................25
Executive Summary
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of energy utilization within the University of
Energy and Natural Resources, focusing on a block with a classroom, a chemistry laboratory, and
four office spaces. Energy audits are pivotal in assessing actual energy performance against
designated benchmarks or industry standards. The research emphasizes the critical role of energy
audits in identifying current energy consumption patterns, potential energy-saving opportunities,
and prioritizing efficient energy usage.

Key issues identified in the energy audit process encompass inefficient and inaccurate auditing
methodologies and tools, discrepancies in opinions and perceptions among auditors, misdirected
approaches due to missing or incorrect information, and the inability to provide a holistic view
enabled by life-cycle costing. Additionally, inadequacies in billing analytics pose challenges in
accurately assessing energy consumption.

This assessment aims to address these challenges by employing comprehensive energy audit
methodologies specifically tailored to the unique energy requirements of the block, classroom,
chemistry laboratory, and office spaces within the university. Through this investigation, it seeks
to provide actionable insights and recommendations to optimize energy usage, promote
sustainability, and reduce overall energy costs within the university setting.
(Haji-Sapar & Lee, 2005)

the auditing activity conducted within the block at the University of Energy and Natural
Resources was specifically limited to the chemistry laboratory and four office spaces, despite the
fact that the electricity bill encompasses energy usage for the classroom building as well. The
primary source of energy for this building complex is electricity, supplied by the Electricity
Company of Ghana Limited (ECG). Notable inventories assessed during this auditing process
comprise lighting systems, air conditioning units, refrigerators, water heating and cooling
systems, office equipment, and various other energy-consuming devices.

Observations made during this audit could likely revolve around specific energy consumption
patterns within the chemistry laboratory and office spaces. For instance, the observations might
reveal discrepancies in energy usage between the audited areas and the classroom building,
potential areas for energy-saving measures within the audited sections, inefficiencies in the usage
of lighting, cooling or heating systems, and general energy consumption trends within these
specific areas of the university buildings. (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, 2011)

The findings and insights gleaned from these limited audits in the chemistry lab and office spaces
provide a basis for action-oriented recommendations aimed at rectifying inefficiencies,
optimizing energy use, and ultimately guiding the university towards more sustainable and cost-
effective energy practices across all its buildings and facilities covered by the electricity bill.

 Electricity is received from the grid and distributed. There is a separate meter for the
metering of electricity consumption provided by ECG. Since this meter accounts for the
supply to the APP LAB’ block, a suitable methodology was adopted to arrive at the
monthly electricity consumption of the ‘Main’ block.
● Estimated annual electricity consumption is about 166,920 kWh/y and the electricity
costs are about 341,593 GHC/y (75,910 $/y).
● Overall, air conditioners account for about 63% of the total electricity consumption
followed by lighting systems at 15%. Consumption in refrigerators accounts for about
9% and the energy consumption by office equipment and others account for about 10%.
Water dispenser and electric kettles accounts for 1% and 2% respectively.
● Specific energy consumption of the building is 143 kWh/m2/y.
● Specific lighting energy consumption is 21.28 kWh/m2/y and the specific air conditioning
energy consumption is 90.12 kWh/m2/y.
● Electricity tariff is 1.95 GHC/kWh (0.433 $/y)

The three categories below comprise the identified Energy Performance Improvement Actions
(EPIAs).
1. Ready to go EPIAs: Opportunities that can be implemented immediately without any further
studies or preparatory work. Projects that would fall under this category are listed in the
following table. Total envisaged savings in electricity is about 32,401 kWh/y with a monetary
benefit of about 63,058 GHC/y (14,013 $/y). Investment requirements are estimated at about
460,833 GHC (102,407 $) and the simple payback period would be about 7.3 years. Payback
period is little over due to the inclusion of the EPIA on ‘Real time energy monitoring
system’, the savings of which will not be quantified, though it would result in a savings of
about 5% to 10% as per the available literature and our own database.

Sl. EPIA Savings in Electricity Investment Simple

No. Payback
kWh/y GHC/y $/y GHC $ y

1 Energy efficient lighting 5,685 11,064 2,459 45,694 10,154 4.1

systems
2 Energy efficient air 22,352 43,500 9,667 261,596 58,132 6.0
conditioning systems
3 Energy efficient 4,364 8,494 1,888 53,543 11,899 6.3
refrigeration system
4 Real time energy 12,602 24,527 5,450 100,000 22,222 4.1
monitoring system
Total 45,003 87,585 19,463 460,833 102,407 5.3

Table 1The Life Cycle Costs (LCC)

After evaluation, the Life Cycle Costs (LCC) of the aforementioned projects show some
encouraging results. The LCC summary is provided in the table below.

# EPIA Project NPV*, AS IS NPV, TO BE Differentials,

life
y GHC $ GHC $ %

1 Energy efficient 10 225,612 50,136 163,463 36,325 28%

 lighting systems
2 Energy efficient 10 1,377,354 306,078 1,226,542 272,565 11%
air conditioning
systems
Energy efficient
3 refrigeration 10 213,706 47,490 176,849 39,300 17%
system
Monitoring
4 10 1,814,635 403,252 1,776,210 394,713 2%
system
Total 3,631,306 806,957 3,343,064 742,903 8%

Table 2 Summary of LCC

*Net Present Value, or *NPV

The necessity of the fourth project—a monitoring project—from M&V's perspective has led to
its recommendation, even though the savings are uncertain.

2. Other initiatives/projects for consideration

Under this category, we have suggested the following:

● Awareness program, which will help to save the energy on the long run
● Neutral current reduction or avoidance
● Cogeneration system

Projected energy consumption and cost:

The projected energy consumption and the costs are summarized in the following table

Item UoM Values

Present
Energy consumption kWh/y 166,920
Energy consumption cost GHC/y 341,519
Energy consumption cost $/y 75,910
After implementation of Ready to Go EPIA
Post Energy consumption kWh/y 134,519
Post Energy consumption cost GHC/y 278,535
Post Energy consumption cost $/y 61,897
After implementation of Ready to Go EPIA & the projects which requires some study
(Voltage optimization &
Solar PV)
Post Energy consumption kWh/y 37,259
Post Energy consumption cost GHC/y 89,249
Post Energy consumption cost $/y 19833
Table 3 The projected energy consumption and the costs are summarized in the following

A detailed M&V plan has been developed for the first category of projects, which is discussed in
detail in section 6 of this report.

One of the concern area is the louver type windows in some of the air-conditioned rooms. Out of
all the air-conditioned rooms, at least, 6 rooms are with louver type windows. Nearly 29 air-
conditioned rooms do not have automatic door closures and kept partially opened most of the
time. Both these result in considerable heat loss. One of the most needed interventions is to
replace the louver type windows with sliding windows and to provide automatic door closures to
reap the benefit of installing the new energy efficient air-conditioning systems at this facility.
2 Introduction

2.1 Background
Efficient energy utilization is crucial for sustainable operation within buildings or systems while
maintaining desired outputs. Energy wastage often results from inefficient usage and a lack of
awareness among users Raising awareness among consumers is essential to address this issue
[2]. In pursuit of energy efficiency, opportunities exist across power systems, both on the supply
and demand sides. More efficient generation, cleaner energy sources, and enhanced distribution
systems are required on the supply side. Conversely, various available technologies can be
implemented on the demand side to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Coordinated supply and
demand programs further enhance energy efficiency [3]. However, the sustainability of energy
efficiency programs heavily relies on user awareness and engagement.
Conducting an energy audit is a fundamental step in comprehending the energy performance of a
building or system, enabling the identification of potential areas for improvement [4]. The
University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR) A.P.P. block, consisting of a classroom, a
chemistry laboratory, and four offices, serves as a focal point for investigating and improving
energy consumption within the university infrastructure.
Given the diverse functions within the A.P.P. block, ranging from educational spaces to
administrative offices, understanding and optimizing energy usage within these areas is critical.
The examination of energy flows and consumption patterns within each space is vital to identify
areas for potential energy savings without compromising operational output.
Efforts to implement energy audits and improve energy consumption within the A.P.P. block are
essential to ensure efficient resource utilization in modern-day operations. Such measures not
only contribute to cost reduction but also align with the University's commitment to
sustainability and responsible energy management.

2.2 IGEA Objective & Methodology

When considering the APP Lab and the four offices within the University of Energy and Natural
Resources (UENR), the reasons for conducting an energy audit are specifically relevant and
impactful:
1. Meeting Stakeholder Expectations
The APP Lab and the offices are integral parts of the institution. Conducting energy audits aligns
with stakeholders' expectations, showcasing UENR's commitment to energy efficiency in its core
operational spaces.

2. Identifying Alternative Energy Potential

Focusing on these spaces presents opportunities to explore and implement alternative energy
technologies or practices, further aligning with UENR's core mission and values in educating and
practicing sustainable energy solutions.

3. Improving Energy Performance

By auditing these areas, UENR can identify energy-saving opportunities, ultimately reducing its
environmental impact and enhancing the efficiency of its operations.

4. Strategic Carbon Footprint Reduction

The audit findings can inform strategies tailored specifically to the APP Lab and the offices,
leading to a targeted reduction in their carbon footprint.

5. Behavioral Change Opportunities

Assessing these spaces allows for the identification of specific behavioral changes or operational
adjustments that can promote more efficient energy use among lab users and office occupants.

6. Financial Information for Decision Making

By focusing on the APP Lab and the offices, UENR gains clearer financial insights into energy-
saving opportunities within these specific areas, aiding in the allocation of resources for energy
efficiency improvements.

7. Corporate Social Responsibility

Highlighting energy audits in these areas reflects UENR's commitment to responsible energy
management and sustainability, reflecting its values and commitment to the community.
8. Identifying Technical Opportunities
- The detailed audit of energy usage in the APP Lab and the offices uncovers technical
possibilities for enhancing efficiency within these spaces, such as optimizing lighting, HVAC
systems, or equipment usage.

By centering energy audit efforts on the APP Lab and the offices, UENR can tailor its strategies
and actions more precisely, leading to targeted energy efficiency improvements, enhancing
operational effectiveness, and setting an example within the institution for sustainable energy
management.

Review of Building Documentation and Utility History

APP lab block in uenr at Sunyani was established in 2000 by the GNPC . General description of
the facility is given below:

Particulars Details
Name of the building

Address

Telephone

Fax

Email

Contact person

Telephone

Mobile

Fax

Email
Number of buildings in the complex 2 (Main block & Annex building)
Total number of floors- Main block Ground floor + 2
Total number of floors-Annex building Ground floor + 1
Total build up floor area 1,167m2
Total carpet area 817m2
Total air-conditioned area 715m2
Non-air-conditioned area 102m2
Non-active carpet area 49 m2
Car park area 1,050m2
Working hours per day 9 h/d – 8 am to 5 pm
Working days per week 5 d/week
Working days per year 244 d/y
Number of staffs 130
Average no. of visitors per day More than 100/d
Average no. of persons at any time in 130 Persons/d
office
Occupancy level 90% (as per information provided by the
facility)
Type of ownership Government
Contract demand NA – prepaid meter
Connected load NA – prepaid meter
Sanctioned load NA – prepaid meter
Table 4 : Description of the facility

3.2energy sources
Although the main energy source for operations within the block is electricity from the
Electricity Company of Ghana Limited (ECG), it's likely that this facility uses secondary or
alternative energy sources. Typical supplementary energy that could be used in place of or in
addition to electricity (MINISTRY OF ENERGY , 2010)
The prepaid connection from ECG are billed as per Tariff Code 21 consumer of low tension (LT)
supply at 0.440 kV, with following tariffs applicable as per the below table:

Parameters UOM* Value

Demand charges GHC/kVA Not applicable
Energy charges GHC/kWh 1.668
$/kWh 0.371

Energy charges with taxes GHC/kWh 1.946

$/kWh 0.433

Table 5 Tariff structure for power from ECG

3.3WATER sources
The primary energy source utilized for operating the equipment within the block is electricity
supplied by the Electricity Company of Ghana Limited (ECG). Additionally, alternative energy
sources are also employed for powering various equipment within this facility.

Parameters UOM Value

Water charges GHC/1,000L 6.5091

$/1,00L 1.45

Rural charge tax % 2

Firefighting tax % 1
Table 6 Tariff structure for power from ECG

3.4 Inventory
The main electrical inventories on the property are summarized in the table below.

SI. Item Watts Operating Working Non-working

No. Watts inventories inventories
1 T8 36W 36 47.0 2 -
2 T5 28W 28 28.0 2 -
 3 T5 2X28W 56 56.0 62 -
4 T5 4X14W 56 56.0 48 -
5 LED 18W 18 20.0 18 -
6 LED T82x18W 36 40.0 7 -
7 LED Bulb 9W 9 9.0 160 -
8 LED Bulb 2X18W 18 18.0 6 -
9 Sodium Vapor 150 250.0 2 -
150W
10 LED 60W 60 65.0 6 -
11 LED 120W 120 130.0 4 -
12 AC (Split) 1.5 TR* 1,890 1,544.4 15 -
13 AC (Split) 1.8 TR* 2,250 1,643.7 4 -
14 AC (Split) 2.0 TR* 2,320 1,889.7 22 -
15 Refrigerator 110W 110 110.0 7 -
16 Refrigerator 90W 90 61.0 10 -
17 Refrigerator 125W 125 191.0 2 -
18 Refrigerator 190W 190 165.8 2 -
19 Refrigerator 150W 150 165.8 2 -
20 Refrigerator 215W 215 215.0 2 -
21 Refrigerator 230W 230 230.0 1 -
Table 7 Major electrical inventories in the facility

Since there is no separate metering system for the RCEES offices and RCEES classroom, the
floor-by-floor, four-office, lecture room, and chemical lab detailed inventory list of the APP lab
block is also provided in building inventory details. This is a cross check for the monthly
electricity distribution.
The location-based inventory of the main components of this project, which include the lighting,
air conditioning, fans, and refrigeration system, other laboratory equipment are provided in
figure7. Floor-by-floor and room-by-room mapping of these inventories was done to make
identification easier during the implementation phase; the results are shown graphically in
Annexure-3.
Lighting Stock List: Sodium vapor 150W, LED 60W, LED 120W, LED 18W tube single, LED
2X18W tube, LED bulb 9W, T8 36W, T5 28W, T5 2X28W, and T5 4X14W are among the 317
light fixtures of various sorts that are present.

the summary of major electrical inventories with their WATT

4% 4%1%
1%
1%
1%
01%
%0%
0% 5%
3% 1% T8 36W T5 28W
3% 2% T5 2X28W T5 4X14W
4% LED 18W LED T82x18W
1% LED Bulb 9W LED Bulb 2X18W
2%
Sodium Vapor 150W LED 60W
LED 120W AC (Split) 1.5 TR*
29% 13 AC (Split) 1.8 TR*1,643.7 AC (Split) 2.0 TR*
Refrigerator 110W Refrigerator 90W
Refrigerator 125W Refrigerator 190W
Refrigerator 150W Refrigerator 215W
Refrigerator 230W
36%

Figure 1Summary of the major electrical inventory with their watt

3.4 Maintenance practices

The facility is equipped with an internal engineering team responsible for inspecting and
identifying faults. However, the university block faces resource and personnel constraints,
limiting its capacity to conduct thorough examinations of malfunctioning appliances, assess
connections, maintain inventory records, and address issues related to lighting fixtures.
3.5Maintenance Budget
The APP Lab Block, under consideration, encompasses four lecturer offices, a lecture hall, and a
chemistry lab. Funding for building service, maintenance, and repair work is derived from three
primary sources: internally generated funds, development partner funds, and funds from the
Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC).

The annual maintenance budget for was utilized for the following major activities:
● Payment of electricity Bills
● Purchase of Diesel
● Building service and repairing
Payment of water bills Breakups for the individual activities were not made available.

3.7 Building Energy Management Policy

Presently, there is no energy management (EM) policy existing in the facility. The top
management with the help of engineers is implementing various energy efficiency activities such
as LED lighting system, pasting of fliers as a reminder for users of the facility to switch off
appliances and lighting system after use.

Energy Balance

4.1 Basis for energy balance

The following elements were taken into account when determining this facility's energy balance.
 Equipment Working Hours
The operational hours of equipment were derived from information provided by the Facility
Coordinator and/or occupants. The calculation of working days was based on weekends and
applicable public holidays for the facility, a confirmation of which was obtained from the
Facility Coordinator.
 Lighting Power Consumption
The calculation of lighting power consumption was determined by considering the rating of
lamps and utilizing sample measurements. Emphasis was placed on measuring the power
consumption of Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTLs) with both magnetic and electronic ballasts.
  Air Conditioning Systems Power
The power consumption of air conditioning systems was determined through sample
performance measurements of the AC systems. Monthly and annual consumption figures were
arrived at using a systematic method for accurate assessment.

Figure 2 temperature sunyani ghana

here are the average high and low temperatures for each month presented in tabular form:

Month | Average High Temperature (°C) | Average Low Temperature

(°C)

January 36.1 19.8

February 37.0 21.9
March 36.7 23.4
April 35.5 23.3
May 34.0 22.4
June 30.9 21.7
 July 28.8
20.9
August 28.9 20.7
September 28.9 21.1
October 30.8 21.5
November 32.7 21.5
December 34.5 20.4

Table 8 average temperature for each month. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ghana/sunyani-

climate

Figure 3Average hourly temperaturehttps://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ghana/sunyani-

climate

It is evident from the preceding table that there is very little fluctuation in the outside
temperature and weather, which would only have a little effect on the amount of AC power used.
The effect on electricity usage for the other intervention areas (lighting & freezers) would be
negligible.
In the project region, the ambient conditions are consistent throughout the year. Nevertheless, the
average monthly temperature fluctuates from 24 to 30 degrees Celsius, which could affect the
baseline. Monthly energy consumption over time. The specific energy usage varies by nearly 3%
for each degree Celsius that the ambient temperature changes, according to DESL's database.
There is some effect because of shift in the relative humidity as well, although the influence is
somewhat smaller than the thermal circumstances.

4 System Performance

4.1 Data and measurements

The following are the systems for performance evaluation that have been identified:
● Electrical distribution system
● Lighting system
● Air-conditioning system
● Refrigeration system
● Building roof-top and car park systems

Additionally, the following information was gathered in order to be used for reporting,
performance evaluation, and analysis:
Building details, including location, area, etc.
● Electricity bills and electricity tariff
● Arrangements for metering
● Lamps, ACs, refrigerators and other energy consuming equipment specifications
● Inventory details of lamps, ACs and refrigerators
● Details on the maintenance practices
● Building energy management systems, if any
● Other relevant information

Additionally, measurements that are required to determine the performance were made. The
following table contains the measurement details:
Sl. Item Measured parameters Measurement Sample
No. duration
1 Electrical Voltage, current, power, 24 hours At feeder level of
distribution power factor, voltage & ‘Main’ block and
system current harmonics, ‘Annex’ building
voltage and current
unbalance, etc.
2 Lighting system Lux, power of lighting Spot Lux at all
circuit, room area measurements available rooms
and power on
a sample basis
3 Air conditioning Supply air & return air Temperatures, 10 samples (25%)
system temperature and RH, Air RH and air
velocity, power and velocityspot
room Power- spot to 7
area hours
4 Refrigeration Power 14 min to 43 min 4 samples (15%)
system
Table 9 measurement details

4.2 Lighting System

To determine the many lighting systems, types of fixtures, wattages, operation hours, etc., a
mapping of the entire facility was completed. The building's plan and specifics about each room
were also gathered. The following figure shows the baseline lighting population.
 light baseline population
LED 60W T528W
2% 1%

LED 60W
T528W
T5 2X28W T5 2X28W
20%
T5 4X14W
LED T8 18W
LED Bulb 9W
53% LED Bulb2X9W
T5 4X14W LED Bulb 9W
16%

LED T8 18W
LED Bulb2X9W 6%
2%

Figure 4 Baseline lighting population

LED bulbs of 9W form the maximum at 50% followed by T5 2X28W at 19%.

Illumination levels were also measured at almost all the places, where the access was made
available. The estimated/measured power consumption, average operating hours, number of days
of operation, details of working and non-working fixtures and the working inventory power
consumption are given

As indicated earlier, the annual energy consumption in lighting system is about 24,838 kWh/y.
The breakup of lighting energy consumption as per the type is given in the following figure.
 light baseline population
LED T8 18W; 3 LED 60W; 7

T5 4X14W; 24 LED Bulb 9W; 13

LED Bulb2X9W; 1
T528W; 0.5

T5 2X28W; 31

LED 60W LED Bulb 9W LED Bulb2X9W T528W

T5 2X28W T5 4X14W LED T8 18W

Figure 5 Breakup of lighting energy consumption

Room dimensions within the range of 11m² to approximately 121m² exhibit diverse lighting
characteristics. The average lux levels span from around 38 to 720, with installed power varying
from 54W to 690W. Installed load efficacy (ILE), representing the average maintained
illuminance per circuit watt on a horizontal working plane, ranges from 13 lux/(W/m²) to 103
lux/(W/m²).

ILE serves as a pivotal metric for evaluating lighting performance. The Installed Load Efficacy
Ratio (ILER), calculated by comparing actual ILE to the target ILE, is a valuable indicator.
Ratios equal to or exceeding 0.75 are generally deemed satisfactory, while ratios ranging from
0.51 to 0.74 warrant investigation for potential improvements. Low ratios may be justified by
specific requirements, such as the use of less efficient luminaires to achieve desired lighting
outcomes. However, it is crucial to assess whether opportunities for more efficient alternatives
exist. Installations with an ILER of 0.5 or less necessitate thorough examination to identify
options for transitioning to more efficient lighting equipment.

This assessment approach, comparing ILE with target values based on Room Index and
application type, is applicable not only to existing installations but also for evaluating the
efficiency of designs for new or replacement general lighting installations. If the calculated ILE
falls below the target value during this process, it is advisable to investigate the reasons. Possible
factors include luminaire type, surface reflectance, or environmental conditions, with a focus on
identifying opportunities for more efficient solutions.

The four offices air conditioning system has been mapped. The specifics of the design of the
Present ACs were gathered. By monitoring the temperature and air flow, the split air
conditioners' performances were assessed on a sample.

Sl. Type Capacity Rated Average Operating Operatin Working Annual

No. of , TR power, power hours per g days inventory*, energy
AC Watts Watts day, h/d per year, # consumption
d/y , kWh/y

1 Split 1.5 1,890 1,544 9 244 2 34,085.4

2 Split 1.8 2,250 1,644 9 244 2 9,706.0

3 Split 2.0 2,320 1,890 9 244 4 61,371.7

Total 8 105,163

*There are no non-working Acs

Refrigerator Systems
There is only one refrigerator in the chemistry lab. They hardly switch it on.

SI. Type Rated Averag Operatin Operatin Loading Working Annual

No power e g hours g days percentage inventory energy
. , power, per day, per year, , , consumption
Watts Watts h/d d/y % # , kWh/y
1 Refrigerato 110 110 24 30 56% 1 1848
r
110W
4.3 Identification of possible EE and RE opportunities

UPGRADES TO THE LIGHTING SYSTEM

In the lighting load, non-LED tubes and bulbs account for over 30%. This offers a fantastic
chance to switch out the non-LED lighting systems for LED ones.

Systems For Air Cooling

It is discovered that current split AC systems are underperforming and do not produce the
intended results. Furthermore, the AC systems' particular power consumption is rather high. This
offers a chance to swap out all of the outdated and inefficient air conditioners for star-rated,
energy-efficient inverter-type air conditioners.

Refrigeration systems
These locations have non-star refrigerators installed, which have been reported to use more
energy. This is an excellent chance to swap out these outdated, inefficient refrigerators for star-
rated, energy-efficient models.

5 Recommended Energy Performance Improvement Actions (EPIAs)in EE and RE

Measures for Implementation

The following EPIA’s may be considered for implementation under this project.

EPIA#1: Lighting system improvement by installation of LED lighting:

The block of the building is equipped with a variety of lighting fixtures and luminaires. The T8
36W, T5 28W, and fixtures account for almost 40 % of the overall lighting demand (see section
4.3). In numerous areas, the ILER report recommends a "review" or "urgent action."
It is advised to install LED lighting in place of the current non-LED fixtures.

Sl. No. As Is To Be
 Item Number Item Number

2 T5 28W fixture 2 LED T8 18W fixture 2

3 T5 2X28W fixture 4 LED T8 2X18W fixture 4

Table 10 Recommended AC systems

EPIA#2: Replacement of inefficient non-star rated split AC with inverter type split AC:
As Is: The split air conditioners that are situated in the building's block lack an energy star
certification. There are some less star rated ACs. When compared to their rated cooling output,
the majority of ACs are not delivering enough cooling. The specific energy consumption is
relatively high (kW/TR; see section 4.4).
It is advised that the forty current air conditioners be swapped out for at least 3star-rated inverter
air conditioners.
To Come: The following will be the "to be" system.

Sl. As Is To Be
No.

Item Number Item Number

1 Non-star rated and old 2 Star rated inverter type 2

ACs of capacity 1.5 TR ACs of capacity 1.5TR
(18,000 BTU/h)& 1.8 TR (18,000 BTU/h)
(21,600 BTU/h)
Table 11: Recommended AC systems- EPIA

EPIA#4: Real time energy monitoring system

As Is: The ECG-provided meter is being used to measure the electricity that is received from the
grid. The facilities energy manager is taking careful note of the meter readings. Other power
parameter details aren't provided, though .It is advised to install smart meters at the feeder and
floor levels and collect all electrical characteristics, including the hourly energy consumption
details, in order to raise awareness and instill accountability. Additionally, appropriate software
may be set up to evaluate the gathered information and generate a daily report. Additionally, this
would provide improved measurement and verification.

Sl. EPIA Savings in Electricity Investment Simple

No. Payback
kWh/y GHC/y $/y GHC $ y

1 Energy efficient lighting 685 6,064 459 15,694 10,154 3.1

systems
2 Energy efficient air 1,352 3,500 1,667 30,596 18,132 3.0
conditioning systems
3 Energy efficient 364 1,494 888 19,543 5,899 3.3
refrigeration system
4 Real time energy 22,222
monitoring system
Total 2,401 11058 3,014 65,833 34185 3.2

EPIA#7: Installation of ocupation sensors in rooms

As Is: The lighting in the rooms and corridors was turned on even though no one was using them.
Suggestion: A total of 16 motion sensors should be installed in the lecture’s offices and chemistry
lab

To Be: The following is a suggested "To Be" system.

Sl. As Is To Be
No.
1 Corridors and washrooms of the block: The four offices and chemistry of the
Without motion sensor and the lights are on APPLAB block With motion sensor and
always during the working hours the lights are on only when people are
around.
Other initiatives/project concepts for consideration

5.1Awareness program
The following may be included in an awareness program, which is crucial to gaining the benefits
of habit-oriented energy-saving opportunities, such as turning off lights, fans, and air
conditioners when not in use and closing doors and windows while the air conditioner is running.
 Holding monthly or quarterly high tea meetings with all building employees and asking a
few resource people to speak about the advantages of energy efficiency and conservation
(EE&C).

 b. An annual event held on "EE&C day" that features a number of competitions,

including a painting contest, an essay writing contest about EE&C, prizes for excellent
recommendations, and an awarding of the building's portion that achieves good energy
performance indicators, among other things.
 Use of stickers on EE&C, such as those that read "Please keep the AC temperature set at
26oC as it is more comfortable at this point" or "Please switch off the lights, fans, and
ACs when you go out," is another option.
 d. Acknowledgment of successes and commendable work in the EE&C field
 The payment of the electrical bills should be payed by the various department who uses
the facility.
5.2 Automatic door closures
In the rooms equipped with air-conditioning systems, the absence of automatic door closures
presents a notable operational challenge. The doors in these spaces tend to remain partially open,
exacerbated during periods of heightened movement within the room. This not only
compromises the effectiveness of climate control but also leads to increased heat loss,
consequently escalating the energy consumption of the air-conditioners.

This issue underscores the importance of addressing the fundamental aspect of door closures
before contemplating the replacement of existing air-conditioners with energy-efficient
counterparts. To optimize the benefits of installing new energy-efficient air-conditioning systems
at our facility, it is imperative to rectify this door closure deficiency.

The installation of automatic door closures in all relevant rooms is a requisite step, with an
estimated need for approximately 29 closures. This enhancement is not merely a logistical
formality; rather, it serves as a strategic precursor to the broader initiative of transitioning to
energy-efficient air-conditioning systems.

5.3 Projected energy consumption

The following table shows the estimated energy cost and consumption.

Item UoM Values

Present
Energy consumption kWh/y 121,920
Energy consumption cost GHC/y 241,519
Energy consumption cost $/y 45,910
After implementation of Ready to Go EPIA
Post Energy consumption kWh/y 100,519
Post Energy consumption cost GHC/y 108,535
Post Energy consumption cost $/y 41,897
After implementation of Ready to Go EPIA & the projects which requires some study
(Voltage optimization &
Solar PV)
Post Energy consumption kWh/y 23,259
Post Energy consumption cost GHC/y 52,249
Post Energy consumption cost $/y 12833
Annex
Details of the connected load at the ‘Main’ Block and the ‘Annex’ building
MAIN BLOCK

GROUND FLOOR

Office 1 Item Equipment Watts Quantity Total Watts

1 Chunlan AC 2840 1 2840
2 Nasco AC 3146 1 3146
3 Computer 90 1 90
4 LED E27 9 15 135
Total 6269

Office2 Item Equipment Watts Quantity Total Watts

1 CFL Lamp 28 2 56
2 Shredder 340 1 340
3 Photocopier 792 1 792
4 Refrigerator 90 1 90
5 Printer 770 1 770
6 Computer 120 2 240
8 Nasco AC 3146 1 3146
9 LED T5 4' 18 2 36
Total 5474

Office3 Item Equipment Watts Quantity Total Watts

1 FL T5 4' 28 13 364
2 Computer 95 11 1045

3 Microwave 1450 1 1450

4 Refrigerator 125 1 125
5 Printer 770 5 3850
6 Photocopier 792 3 2376
7 Scanner 1 2 2
8 Shredder 280 2 560
9 Radio 7.5 1 7.5
10 Samsung AC 2500 1 2500
11 Nasco AC 3146 1 3146
12 Chunlan AC 2840 2 5680
13 LED E27 18 1 18
 Total 21123.5

Office 4 Item Equipment Watts Quantity Total Watts

1 FTL T5 4' 28 18 504

2 Whirlpool 1689 3 5067
3 Refrigerator 110 2 220
4 Computer 90 6 540
5 Printer 770 5 3850
6 Shredder 280 1 280
7 Radio 5 2 10
8 LED TV 58 1 58
Total 10529

Chemistry lab Item Equipment Watts Quantity Total Watts

1 FTL T5 4' 28 18 504

2 Whirlpool 1689 3 5067
3 Refrigerator 110 2 220
4 Computer 90 6 540
5 Printer 770 5 3850
6 Shredder 280 1 280
7 Radio 5 2 10
8 LED TV 58 1 58
Total 10529

Lecturer room 1 FTL T5 4' 28 18 504

2 Whirlpool 1689 3 5067
3 Refrigerator 110 2 220
4 Computer 90 6 540
5 Printer 770 5 3850
6 Shredder 280 1 280
7 Radio 5 2 10
8 LED TV 58 1 58
Total 10529
 Location Area, Operati ng T8 T5 T5 T5 LED LED LED AC AC Refrigerat
m2 Hours 36 28 2x2 4x1 18 2x18 Bul b (Spli (Spli or 230
W W 8W 4W W W 9W t) t) (W)
1.5 2.0
TR TR

Lecturer 28.49 9 2 2 1
office 1
Lecturer 121.0 9 2 11 1 4
office 2 3
Lecturer 44.00 9 12 3
office 3
Lecturer 43.07 9 6 1 2
office 4
Lecturer 50.82 9 4 7 3
hall 1
Chemistr 50.38 9 31
y lab1

Floor location Window dimensions Window

Outside Inside area, m2
Height, m Length, m Height, m Length, m
Ground Administration Sliding Glass 1.5 1.57 4.71
Floor
1.5 1.57
First Room no. 201 Sliding Glass 0.96 2.7 2.59
Floor Room no. 203 Sliding Glass 1.5 1.87 2.81
Room no. 205 Sliding Glass 1.5 3.7 9.6

1.5 2.7
Room no. 209 Sliding Glass 1.5 2.7 4.05
Room no. 210 Sliding Glass 1.5 3.7 9.6

1.5 2.7