Rural Energy Master Plan - REMP

TANZANIA RURAL ENERGY MASTER PLAN
VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT

Study Tanzania Rural Energy Master Plan
Volume Main Report
Published August 25th, 2022
Cover photos Avanell & iStock/Multiconsult/REA
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Main Report is the first of three volumes of the Tanzania Rural Energy Master Plan 2022 to 2030.
The two other volumes are found in annex to this document:
- Volume 2: Rural Electricity Supply Plan – Annex A
- Volume 3: Cooking Energy Action Plan – Annex B
The Master Plan has been developed for the Tanzania Rural Energy Agency by Multiconsult Norge AS,
with IED of France, the Norwegian University of Life Science, and Norplan Tanzania Ltd as sub-
consultants. The work has been financed by the World Bank through the Tanzania Rural Electrification
Expansion Program (TREEP).
REA and the Consulting team would like to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this work
by a number of energy sector stakeholders, including the Ministry of Energy, National Bureau of
Statistics (NBS), Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory
Authority (EWURA), NGOs, private sector, and development partners.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page iii

Executive Summary
This Rural Energy Master Plan (REMP) 2022/23 to 2029/30 supports the operationalization of Tanzania´s
objective for expanding access to modern energy services in rural areas, in line with the Sustainable
Development Goal number 7 and the Government´s SE4All Action Agenda:
• 100 percent access to electricity by 2030
• 75 percent connectivity to electricity by 2030
• 75 percent access to modern cooking solutions by 2030
Building on Tanzania´s unprecedented success in rural grid expansion over the past years, it is expected
that 100 percent access will be achieved sometime after 2025, at which time more efforts and resources
will be turned towards expansion of access to modern cooking solutions.
This Report is the main volume of the REMP 2022/23 – 2029/30. It is a stand-alone document
summarizing the respective findings and recommendations of Volume II Rural Electricity Supply Plan
(RESP) and Volume III Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP), which are found as Annex A and B respectively
and accommodating them within a holistic implementation and financing framework.
Rural Electricity Supply Plan
Ensuring 100 percent access and 75 percent connectivity to metered connections by 2030 will require
deployment of a continuum of on-, mini-, micro-, and off-grid solutions across rural Tanzania. The REMP
database identifies 2,865 rural settlements that do not have access to electricity, and which are not part
of existing electrification programmes. In addition, electrification of all 37,610 hamlets in Tanzania that
currently have no electricity access is included in the REMP, but because most of these are not
georeferenced it has not been possible to include them in the least-cost expansion exercise nor the load-
flow analyses. Estimated costs related to this scope are nonetheless included, pending further analyses.
Applying the software GEOSIM, a geospatial analysis was conducted to provide techno/economic
recommendations as to how the settlements identified in the REMP database best can be electrified.
The analysis was further supported by a load-flow analysis of the Tanzanian national grid, to examine
the impacts of increased rural loads. The overall approach is presented in the figure below.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page iv

The following are the high-level recommendations from the geospatial analyses:
• Expand and densify the national grid where feasible. In line with the stated policy preferences
of the Government of Tanzania and building on the extensive grid expansion that has taken place
over the past years, it is proposed to extend the national grid to 2,550 of the rural settlements
identified in the REMP database as well as all unelectrified hamlets (with exception for those
where, following further analysis, a mini-grid solution is preferred).
• Strengthen the upstream grid to meet increased loads. Where constraints in the upstream grid
make it impossible to supply electricity of sufficient quality, it is proposed that these be rectified
before the location can be electrified. In practice, therefore, two rounds of grid electrification
are proposed: A first wave which should be initiated as soon as possible, and a second wave for
implementation once relevant bottlenecks in the grid have been addressed.
• Tender mini-grid concessions where on-grid electrification is not feasible. 312 locations that do
not meet the criteria set out for grid electrification are proposed for electrification through solar
mini-grids, and a single location is proposed for a hydropower mini-grid. In practice it is
recommended that these mini-grids are tendered as time-limited concessions to private
developers, and that a cross-subsidy is considered to reduce the price difference between on-
and mini-grid consumers. Once geospatial analyses are done for all unelectrified hamlets it is
recommended that the same criteria be applied to determine which, if any, of these should be
electrified through mini-grids.
• Improve market for off-grid solutions where connectivity is not possible. Scattered households
that live too far from the settlement centre to be viable for a metered connection should be
provided with affordable, secure, and reliable stand-alone solutions such as solar home-systems
to ensure universal access to electricity as defined by SE4All.
Making these investments a reality will require massive, coordinated public efforts, combined with a
strengthening of the enabling framework for private investments and creation of favourable conditions
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page v

for commercial actors. The response is divided into three separate programmes for implementation, as
outlined along with recommendations for improvements in the enabling framework below.
Cooking Energy Action Plan

The overall objective of the CEAP is to foster a vibrant rural energy sector through a concerted effort
between public and private sector to achieve the 2030 target of 75 percent access to modern energy
services. As evident from the below summary of outputs from modelling, achieving this target will require
a significant step-up from business-as-usual.
Area Required transition and supply capacity implications
Biomass as primary Dependence on biomass-based fuels for cooking reduced to 65 percent of the rural
cooking fuel population. Corresponding development to 20 percent in urban areas shall ensure an
overall national biomass dependence reduced to below 50 percent.
Adoption of ICS Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) used by 40 percent of the 65 percent biomass
dependent rural population. 3.7 million households must obtain ICS by 2030; 2.5
million of these in rural areas (assuming 60 percent ICS users among the 20 percent
biomass dependent urban population).
Adoption of LPG increased to 21 percent market share in rural areas. The main LPG development is
Liquified Petroleum expected to be ensured in cities, towns, and district centres, to reach 30 percent of
Gas (LPG) as cooking the national population combined. Capacity for LPG import and storage will have to
fuel reach approximately 370,000 MT per year, and two million rural households will need
to obtain stove and cylinder.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page vi

Share of rural 60 percent of the population in rural areas achieves access to improved or clean forms
population with of cooking energy. This corresponds to 12.3 million households nationally, an increase
access of almost 11 million from the 2016 baseline (assuming 92 percent of urban
populations, implying 75 percent on national level).
Wood fuel demand Significant reduction of biomass energy consumption compared to 2016 (more than
60 percent reduction from the assumed Business-as-Usual scenario in 2030.
It is proposed that REA take a lead role in coordinating and catalysing the required response, which has
been organized into three separate programmes implementation:
• REA Cooking Energy Capacity Building Programme (REACE). Builds capacity within REA for
executing and coordinating interventions related to cooking energy.
• Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Programme (TrICS). A is mechanisms directed
IC RE ’ k -based expansion of rural energy services.
• Achieving Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Programme (ACCeS). Aims at expanding clean
cooking solutions such as LPG and cooking with electricity to rural Tanzania through provision of
support to commercial actors/NGOs.
TrICS and ACCeS both include financial support to projects as well as development of technical expertise
and aim at enhancing affordability of cooking fuels and technologies; promoting scale-up of supply chains
through entrepreneurship and micro-credit services; social marketing of energy technologies; and
engaging pilot end users of energy solutions across households, institutions, and macro levels.
The figure below presents the three programmes, along with recommendations for improvements in the
enabling framework.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page vii

Implementation and financing
To support implementation, the six REMP programmes are presented with implementation timelines,
cost estimates, a high-level financing analysis to support the upcoming REA Resource Mobilization Plan,
and a monitoring and evaluation framework.
The total cost for implementation of the REMP over eight years is estimated to USD 6,044 million,
including USD 1,553 million estimated for improvements in the upstream grid which will serve many
other purposes than rural electrification and therefore is excluded in the following.
The figure below presents rough year-by-year budget breakdowns 1 . Out of the USD 4,491 million
targeted directly for expansion of modern energy services in rural areas, approximately 95 percent is for
electricity. It is, however, noteworthy that the share of total funding for clean cooking increases
significantly towards the end of the 8-year period, as access expansion is nearing completion and
attention is expected to shift towards clean cooking.
1 In addition to the above, approximately USD 300 million for FY 2022/23 and USD 243 million for FY 2023/24 are budgeted for costs related to on-going electrification
projects. These costs are not included in the analysis, as it is assumed that they largely are covered by existing donor commitments.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page viii

An extrapolation of resources that would be available over the coming 8-year period for rural
electrification and clean cooking indicates that the forecasted revenues from government sources will
cover a significant share of the required investments. This is encouraging for the overall sustainability of
the Tanzanian power sector. Even so, it seems clear, based on the estimates prepared, that a funding gap
remains for completion of all REMP activities. This will be further addressed in the forthcoming REA
Resource Mobilization Plan.
A gradual shift of resources from electrification towards improved and clean cooking is expected, as the
decades long effort to expand access in rural Tanzania is coming to an end after the end of this REMP
period. Nearly 99 percent of REF funding has financed the prioritized grid extension projects over its 10
years of existence, but the ramping up of resources for clean cooking over the 8-year REMP period is a
clear signal of the Government and REA´s commitment to this important policy area.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. iii

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 REMP Overview and Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
3 Rural Electricity Supply Plan .................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Electrification Targets and Overall Approach ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Structure and Packaging of Programs ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Enabling Framework ........................................................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Cross-cutting Sustainability Elements ................................................................................................................................. 31
4 Cooking Energy Action Plan ................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.1 Targets ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.2 Programmes and Projects ................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3 Enabling Framework ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.4 Cross-cutting Sustainability Elements ................................................................................................................................. 63
5 Implementation Strategy 2022-31....................................................................................................................................... 65
5.1 REMP Implementation Plan ................................................................................................................................................ 65
5.2 REMP Planning Cycle .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
6 Financing ............................................................................................................................................................................ 70
6.1 Overall Program Cost .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
6.2 Origins of Funding ............................................................................................................................................................... 70
6.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 72
7 Monitoring and Evaluations ................................................................................................................................................ 73
Annex A: Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP) ............................................................................................................................... 80
Annex B: Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP) ............................................................................................................................... 81
Annex C: Settlements in the REMP database proposed for grid electrification ............................................................................. 82
Annex D: Villages proposed for mini-grid electrification............................................................................................................... 85
Annex E: Existing regulatory rules for the power sector ............................................................................................................... 98
Annex F: REMP programme budget ............................................................................................................................................. 99
Annex G: Cost-estimates for on-going rural electrification projects ............................................................................................ 101
Annex H: Low-cost technologies for rural electrification ............................................................................................................ 102
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page x

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. NGAP – Programme objective and projects. ......................................................................................................... 9

Table 2. NGAP – Projects and Activities. ............................................................................................................................. 9
Table 3. NGAP - High-level budget estimates. .................................................................................................................. 11
Table 4. NGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. ..................................................................................................................... 12
Table 5. NGAP – Risk Assessment. .................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 6. RGAP – Programme objective and projects. ....................................................................................................... 14
Table 7. RGAP – Projects and Activities. ........................................................................................................................... 15
Table 8. RGAP - High-level budget estimates. .................................................................................................................. 16
Table 9. RGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. ...................................................................................................................... 17
Table 10. RGAP – Risk Assessment. .................................................................................................................................. 17
Table 11. BGAP – programme objective and projects. ..................................................................................................... 19
Table 12. BGAP – Main Activities. ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 13. BGAP - High-level budget estimates. ................................................................................................................ 22
Table 14. BGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. .................................................................................................................... 23
Table 15. BGAP – Risk Assessment. .................................................................................................................................. 24
Table 16. Key Plans and Policies governing Tanzania's energy sector. ............................................................................. 25
Table 17. Recommendations for changes in the policy framework for rural electrification. ........................................... 26
Table 18. Acts relevant for the electricity sub-sector. ...................................................................................................... 28
Table 19. Recommendations for changes in the regulatory framework for rural electrification. .................................... 28
Table 20. Recommendations for changes in the institutional framework for rural electrification. ................................. 30
Table 21. Implications of the SE4All goals based on simulation for urban/rural areas and relevant technologies. ........ 35
Table 22. REACE - Overall objective and projects. ............................................................................................................ 37
Table 23. REACE – Projects and activities. ........................................................................................................................ 38
Table 24. REACE - High-level budget estimates. ............................................................................................................... 40
Table 25. REACE - Roles and Responsibilities. .................................................................................................................. 40
Table 26. REACE – Risk Assessment. ................................................................................................................................. 42
Table 27. TrICS - Roles and responsibilities. ..................................................................................................................... 43
Table 28. TrICS – Projects and activities. .......................................................................................................................... 44
Table 29. TrICS - Roles and responsibilities. ..................................................................................................................... 46
Table 30. TrICS - High-level budget estimates. ................................................................................................................. 47
Table 31. TrICS – Risk assessment. ................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 32. ACCeS – Objective and projects. ....................................................................................................................... 48
Table 33. ACCES – Projects and activities. ........................................................................................................................ 49
Table 34. ACCeS - High-level budget estimates. ............................................................................................................... 52
Table 35. ACCeS - Roles and Responsibilities.................................................................................................................... 53
Table 36. ACCES – Risk Assessment. ................................................................................................................................. 54
Table 37. Policies, acts, and plans governing cooking energy in Tanzania. ...................................................................... 56
Table 38. Recommendations for changes in the policy framework for clean cooking. .................................................... 57
Table 39. Recommendations for changes in the regulatory framework for clean cooking. ............................................. 59
Table 40. Recommendations for changes in the institutional framework for clean cooking. .......................................... 61
Table 41. Potential revenue sources for REMP implementation. ..................................................................................... 71
Table 42. Potential cost reduction for alternative reticulation solutions. ...................................................................... 102
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Objectives of the REMP. ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2. High-level structure of the REMP. ....................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3. High-level RESP targets. ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4. Overall RESP approach to electrification. ............................................................................................................ 7
Figure 5. Overview of RESP programmes. .......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 6. Locations to be electrified in Wave 1 and investment costs by zone. ............................................................... 14
Figure 7. Locations to be electrified in Wave 2 and investment costs by zone. ............................................................... 15
Figure 8. Geographical distribution of mini-grids in five zones. ....................................................................................... 20
Figure 9. Locations to be electrified by mini-grids and investment costs by zone. .......................................................... 21
Figure 10. Recommendations for improved framework conditions for RESP implementation ....................................... 31
Figure 11. Baseline, Business as Usual versus SE4All. ....................................................................................................... 34
Figure 12. Overview of CEAP programmes. ...................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 13. Recommendations for improved framework conditions for RESP implementation. ...................................... 63
Figure 14. REMP implementation framework. ................................................................................................................. 65
Figure 15. RESP implementation plan............................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 16. CEAP implementation plan. ............................................................................................................................. 68
Figure 17. REMP planning cycle. ....................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 18. Year-by-year breakdown of budget estimates. ............................................................................................... 70
Figure 19. Forecasted resources available for REMP implementation. ............................................................................ 72
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACCeS Achieving Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Programme
BGAP Beyond the Grid Access Programme
CAMARTEC Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology
CBO Community based organizations
CEAP Cooking Energy Action Plan
DP Development Pole
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPC Electric Pressure Cookers
EU European Union
EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
fNRB fraction of non-renewable biomass
FYDP III Five Year Development Plan 2021/22 – 2025/26
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GoT Government of Tanzania
HAP/IAP Household Air Pollution / Indoor Air Pollution
HEP Hamlet Electrification Project
HV High Voltage
IASES Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey
ICS Improved Cookstoves
IEA International Energy Agency
IED Innovation Énergie Développment (France)
IPD Indicator for Potential Development
kV Kilo volt
LGA Local Government Authority
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MECS Modern Energy Cooking Services
MIT Ministry of Industry and Trade
MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
MoCDGWS Ministry of Community Development Gender, Women and People with Special Needs
MoE Ministry of Energy
MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning
MoH Ministry of Health
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MT Mega Ton
MTF Multi-Tier Framework for cooking
MV Medium Voltage
MW Mega Watt
NBS National Bureau of Statistics
NCMC National Carbon Monitoring Center
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NEMC National Environmental Management Council
NEP National Energy Policy
NGAP National Grid Alleviation Programme
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Authority
PAYG Pay As You Go
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PM Particulate matter
PNG Piped Natural Gas
PO RALG P ’ O R L
PPP Public-Private Partnership
PSMP Power System Master Plan
PUE Productive Use of Electricity
RBF Result Based Financing
REA Rural Energy Agency
REACE Cooking Energy Capacity Building Programme
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xiii
REB Rural Energy Board
REDP Rural Electrification Densification Programme
REF Rural Energy Fund
REMP Rural Energy Master Plan
RESP Rural Electricity Supply Plan
REWG Rural Energy Working Group
RGAP Rural Grid Access Programme
SDG United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
SE4All Sustainable Energy for All
SHS Solar Home System
Sida The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SIDO Small Industries Development Organization
SITAP SE4All Implementation in Tanzania Programme
SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
SPP Small Power Producer
SPPA-T Small Power Purchase Agreement and Tariff
TANESCO Tanzania National Electricity Supply Company Limited
TAREA Tanzania Renewable Energy Association
TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards
TEDAP Tanzania Electricity Development Assistance Program
TFS Tanzania Forest Services Agency
TPDC Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
TRiCS Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Programme
TZS Tanzanian Shilling
USD United States Dollar
VETA Vocational Education and Training Authority
VPT Voluntary Performance Target
VPO Vice President's Office
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xiv

1 Acknowledgements
This Rural Energy Master Plan rests on the collective wisdom and insights of a large number of
institutions and individuals. The Rural Energy Agency would like to extend its sincere appreciation to,
among others, the Ministry of Energy, TANESCO, Africa Minigrid Developers Association, and
development partners for providing data, guidance, and feedback throughout the process.
The work has been funded by the World Bank and supported by a consulting consortium headed by
Multiconsult Norge AS of Norway.
REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 1

2 Introduction
Towards 2030 Tanzania has the opportunity to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of its
rural population through expanded access to clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly energy
sources in line with the stated objectives of the Government of Tanzania (GoT). This Rural Energy
Master Plan (REMP) 2022/23 to 2029/30 is a tool for supporting the operationalization of these
j 7 T z ’ SE4All Action
Agenda (2015).
2.1 Objective
The ov j RE P “ R E RE -to-date
tool for planning and implementation of rural energy provision meeting target set in the National
Energy Policy, National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Alleviation (MKUKUTA), and Sustainable
Energy for All (SE4All) goals. The plan is also aimed at exploitation and utilisation of renewable energy
”
The high-level objectives pertaining to electricity and clean cooking are found in the figure below.
Figure 1. Objectives of the REMP.
2.2 REMP Overview and Structure

RE P T z P T z ’
SE4ALL Action Agenda. REA has been delegated responsibility from the Ministry of Energy to develop
the REMP, as reflected in REA´s mandate.
This Main Report is the first of three volumes constituting the REMP 2022/23 – 2029/30. It is a stand-
alone document summarizing the respective findings and recommendations of Volume II Rural
Electricity Supply Plan (RESP) and Volume III Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP), which are Annex A
and B respectively to this Main Report and accommodating them within a holistic implementation and
financing framework as outlined in the figure below.

Figure 2. High-level structure of the REMP.
The analysis and recommendations contained in this REMP builds on extensive data collection efforts
and stakeholder consultations. Based on detailed situational analyses, the RESP (Annex A) and CEAP
(Annex B) provide extensive analyses and recommendations as to how the overall objectives of the
REMP can be reached. The specific analytical approach applied for each of the sub-reports are outlined
in the respective Volumes and summarized in Chapter 2 (Electricity) and Chapter 3 (Improved and
Clean Cooking) of this Main Report. Here they are further packaged into six programs with
accompanying projects and activities for implementation.
Chapters 2 and 3 also provide a policy, regulatory, and institutional analysis for electricity and cooking
respectively to identify barriers to implementation and provide recommendations as to how these can
be addressed.
In order to ensure timely implementation and effective monitoring of progress, chapter 4 lays out a
REMP implementation strategy including detailed timelines, while chapter 5 provides a high-level
financing plan as a point of departure for the forthcoming REA resource mobilization plan. Finally,
chapter 6 contains the REMP Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
2.3 Definitions
The adaptation and successful implementation of this REMP relies on the joint and collaborative efforts
of a broad set of institutions, organizations, private sector companies, and individuals. For these
diverse groups to coordinate their efforts and allocate resources correctly, it is important that the
applicable targets and strategies are clearly defined.
Within the international and Tanzanian energy access space, there are, unfortunately many examples
of terms that overlap, are used interchangeably, have changing definitions, and even contradict one
another. There is, for example, a tendency to rely on binary measurements of access or connectivity
to modern energy services (have/don´t have). These fail to capture several key issues, such as how
poor electricity supply from the grid may limit its usefulness. Therefore, this REMP applies the SE4All

Multi-tier framework which measures access/connectivity based on technology-neutral multi-tiered
standards 2 .
More generally, definitions have important implications in terms of target setting, monitoring, and
communication. Therefore, a set of clearly defined definitions have been developed for this REMP. To
the degree possible and reasonable, this terminology is consistent with existing use in Tanzania.
Table 2 Central definitions
Definition and/or Description
Electricity
Access to electricity Population living in localities served by electricity and thus reaping benefits from
services these services with an opportunity to gain connectivity.
Access to electricity services = Total number of people living within a radius of 600
meters from the secondary side of distribution transformer/Total Population
Connectivity Population being directly served by either grid-based electricity services or stand-
alone systems, providing at least Tier 2 access.
Connectivity to electricity services = Total Number of Connected Households/Total
Population
Low-cost Distribution technologies for electricity supply that deviate from international
Technologies design standards but can be sufficient in rural areas with low load profiles
typically found in rural areas in Sub-Saharan African. Their purpose is to reduce
costs while ensuring appropriate quality for the consumers.
Micro-grid A micro grid consists of one or several very small power production units (up to
100 kW) such as solar PV + storage. Power is distributed via LV lines to a group of
consumers, such as a small village or a group of households.
Provides “Connectivity”.
Mini-grid A mini grid consists of one or several power production units (for example hybrid
PV + diesel or wind + diesel) of a capacity ranging from a 100 kW to a 10 MWs.
Power is distributed to a limited geographical area, such as one or more villages
via MV and LV distribution lines. Could be connected to the national grid from
establishment or at a later time.
National Grid TANESCO operated main (interconnected) grid.

Pico-PV products Pico systems consist of a single item (e.g. lamp or mobile charger) powered by
any source of energy ranging from a few watts up to ca 200 W that is not
connected to any appliance in the household and is used for one specific energy
purpose.
Does NOT provide “Connectivity”.
Private mini-grids A mini-grid owned and operated by any legal entity other than TANESCO.
Stand-alone systems Technologies and products that provide a minimum electricity service level
(typically Tier 2) to specific households, businesses or institutions that are not
2 More information on: https://mtfenergyaccess.esmap.org/

connected to the main grid or a mini- or micro grid with typically less than 20 Wp
installed. Both produces and supplies electricity in one location and serves one
beneficiary – e.g. a household. This definition encompasses solar home systems
(SHS), but not Pico-PV products.
TANESCO isolated An electricity grid that is operated by TANESCO but is not inter-connected to the
grid national grid.
Clean Cooking
Biomass energy Charcoal and firewood, but also briquettes, pellets and similar solid biomass
Clean cooking Fuel-stove combinations that achieve emissions performance measurements of

solutions Tier 4 or higher, following ISO/TR 19867-3:2018
Cooking solutions Cooking solutions are referred to as the combination of a cookstove and a type of
cooking fuel taken together
Cooking system A cooking system includes all cooking solutions being used, as well as the cooking
location and ventilation
eCooking Cooking with electricity
Improved cooking Refers to a household context that has met at least Tier 2 standards of the Multi-
services Tier Framework (MTF) across all six measurement attributes but not all for Tier 4
or higher. Household contexts with a status of MTF Tier 2 or Tier 3 are considered
in Transition.
Improved cookstoves Fuel-stove combinations based on biomass energy that achieve emissions
(ICS) performance measurements of Tier 2 or Tier 3, following ISO/TR 19867-3:2018
Modern cooking In SE4All terminology the term ‘ k ’ is understood as

energy including ICS at Voluntary Performance Target (VPT) Tier 2 or 3 and Clean cooking
solutions of Tier 4 and above.
Multi-Tier Framework Multidimensional, tiered approach to measuring household access to cooking

(MTF) for cooking solutions across six technical and contextual attributes with detailed indicators
and six thresholds of access, ranging from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (full access).
The aggregate MTF tier is the lowest tier rating across the six attributes.

3 Rural Electricity Supply Plan
This chapter summarizes the findings and recommendations of the RESP (Volume II, see Annex A) and
bundles the proposed interventions into three programmes complete with projects and activities. It
also provides recommendations on changes to the policy, regulatory, and institutional framework that
will improve the chances of successful implementation.
3.1 Electrification Targets and Overall Approach

As part of the global effort towards SDG 7.1 (Access to electricity and clean cooking), Tanzania has set
a goal of 75 percent connectivity to electricity by 2030 3 . The 3rd National Five-Year Development Plan
2021/22 – 2025/26 (FYDP III) sets the 2025 target to 60 percent of households, while the target share
of the population with access to electricity at the end of the five-year period is set at 85 percent.
This report lays out a plan for achieving 75 percent connectivity and 100 percent access by 2029/30
through a continuum of technically and financially viable on-, mini-, and off-grid solutions as detailed
in the figure below.
In order to guide preparation of the RESP, the high-level targets related to electricity have been further
broken down as outlined in the figure below (see section 7.1.1). It is assumed that the population with
no metered connection in 2030 will be served by solar home systems or other stand-alone solutions in
order to ensure universal access to electricity as defined by SE4All. Baseline (2020) numbers are taken
from the 2019/2020 Energy Access and Use Situation Survey II Report.
Figure 3. High-level RESP targets.
In line with the stated policy preferences of the GoT and building on the extensive grid expansion that
has taken place over the past years, it is proposed to extend the grid to 2,550 rural settlements in the
REMP database that are not part of existing electrification efforts, but that meet the following
requirements (see section 4 of RESP for further details):
• Not located inside the limits of National Park, Game and Forest, or other protected areas;
• Not located on isolated islands without existing MV lines;
• Less than 30 kilometres from existing MV lines;
3 Tanzania's Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda. Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.

• More than 500 inhabitants and/or less than one kilometre from grid;
• Average cost per connection below USD 2,000.
In addition, electrification of all 37,610 hamlets in Tanzania that currently have no electricity access is
included in the REMP, but because most of these are not georeferenced it has not been possible to
include them in the least-cost expansion exercise nor the load-flow analyses. Estimated costs related
to this scope are nonetheless included.
Where constraints in the upstream grid make it impossible to supply electricity of sufficient quality, it
is assumed that these will be rectified before the settlements can be electrified. In practice, therefore,
two rounds of grid electrification are proposed: A first wave which should be initiated as soon as
possible, and a second wave for implementation once relevant bottlenecks in the grid have been
addressed.
Further, 312 settlements identified in the REMP database that do not meet the criteria set out above
are proposed for electrification through solar mini-grids, and a single location is proposed for a
hydropower mini-grid. Finally, scattered households that live too far from the location centre to be
viable for a metered connection should be provided with affordable, secure, and reliable stand-alone
solutions such as solar home-systems. This guiding approach is detailed in the figure below.
Figure 4. Overall RESP approach to electrification.
3.2 Structure and Packaging of Programs

for commercial actors. This section organises the required response into three separate programmes
for implementation, as outlined in the figure below.

Figure 5. Overview of RESP programmes.
The following sections outline the key features of each programme, list their associated projects and
activities, and involvement of relevant stakeholders as a basis for detailed scoping and planning for
execution. Details related to implementation strategies and financing are found in chapters 5 and 6 of
this REMP Main Report.
3.2.1 National Grid Alleviation Programme (NGAP)

The objective of the NGAP is to mitigate the capacity constraints in the national grid that were
identified through the RESP grid analyses and which, if left unaddressed, will lead to severe supply
problems for existing and future grid-connected consumers in rural areas.
Objectives and Activities

Based on the analysis in Chapter 5 of the RESP, NGAP has been designed with the following objectives
and projects.

Table 1. NGAP – Programme objective and projects.
Programme Ensure satisfactory supply quality in rural areas, provided sufficient

Objective generation capacity.
Projects 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project
2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)
3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma
4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)
5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa
6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea
7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma
Nearly all the identified grid strengthening projects are already included in the PSMP 2020 update but
need to be prioritized for immediate planning and implementation to avoid severe supply problems
resulting from the planned rural access expansion.
The table below outlines main activities under each project with tentative timing and implementing
partners. Implementation strategies, financing, and monitoring and evaluation is discussed in chapters
4, 5, and 6 respectively.
Table 2. NGAP – Projects and Activities.
Activities Location(s) Timing Partners
Project 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project

The RESP identifies 26 substations that need to be upgraded in parallel with the corresponding
projects in RGAP to handle the increased demand resulting from rural electrification and increased
economic activity. The relevant investments are included in the PSMP 2020.
1.1 Validation of transformer upgrade needs TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO, REA,

consultants
1.2 Preparation of tender documents and TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

tendering for relevant contractors consultants
1.3 Construction work and commissioning Target areas Year 2-5 TANESCO,
contractors
Project 2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)

The RESP identifies a 400 kV transmission line from Kinyerezi to Arusha as critical to meeting the
existing and future demand in Northern Tanzania. The project is included in the PSMP 2020.
2.1 Feasibility study TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

consultants

2.3. Construction work and commissioning Target areas Year 2-5 TANESCO,
contractors
Project 3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma

The RESP identifies construction of a 400 kV transmission line from Mwanza to Musoma (Kilgoris,
Kenya) as a critical enabler of full electrification in Mara Region. The project is included in the PSMP
2020.

consultants

contractors
Project 4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)

The RESP identifies 132 kV transmission lines from Tabora to Kigoma and Mpanda (Katavi) as critical
enablers of full electrification in Tabora Region. The project is included in the PSMP 2020.

consultants

contractors
Project 5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa

This RESP identifies increased voltage levels for the existing 66 kV lines going out of Babati as critical
in order to ensure sufficient voltage stability at Babati, Mbulu, Karatu, and Kondoa substations. The
project is not identified in the PSMP 2020, and an initial options analysis is therefore recommended.
5.1 Scope verification/options analysis TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO, REA,

consultants

consultants


contractors
Project 6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea

The project resolves voltage stability constraints for Lindi and Songea, as well as facilitate
connection of new REMP load in Ruvuma region.

consultants

contractors
Project 7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma

New REMP load in Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya will introduce voltage stability constraints. The lines
will resolve this by connecting the REMP load to the new substations connected to 400kV.

consultants

contractors
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the seven projects under NGAP. 10 percent
have been added to the capital expenditure to cover feasibility studies, project management,
construction supervision, contingencies and other related costs. Please refer to the PSMP 2020 for
further details on capital costs. Project financing is discussed in chapter 6 of this report.
Table 3. NGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Cost
Project
(USD million)
1: Transformer capacity upgrade project 159
2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha) 320
3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma 100

Cost
Project
(USD million)
4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi) 146
5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa 64
6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea 401
7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma 213
8: Feasibility studies and administration (10 percent of total capital expenditures) 140
Total (million USD) 1,543
Roles and Responsibilities

Ownership and development of the Tanzanian national grid, including implementation of the PSMP
2020 falls under the purview of TANESCO, and the programme will therefore be implemented
according to the national utility´s systems and procedures. Roles and responsibilities related to
implementation and involvement of various stakeholders are indicated in the table below.
Table 4. NGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
Partner Role Responsibility
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions under NGAP with other
policy priorities.
TANESCO Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in NGAP, including

procurement and construction supervision.
REA Partner to TANESCO in program Ensure coordination between NGAP and other
planning programmes under this REMP.
Private Provides consulting and Implementation under TANESCO supervision.

sector contractor services
Risks to Project Implementation

The table below presents a high-level risk assessment for the projects proposed under NGAP.
Table 5. NGAP – Risk Assessment.
Project assumptions Risk of failure Mitigation action(s)
Funds from GoT allocated to Less funds received Seek funds from alternative
TANESCO than requested sources or scale down
activities

Funding from development partners Less or no funds Seek funds from alternative
to match provisions by GoT allocated from sources or scale down
development partners activities
Projects implemented in accordance Delays Increase resource allocation to

with RESP timeline ensure timely implementation
3.2.2 Rural Grid Access Programme (RGAP)

Since its establishment REA, on behalf of the GoT, has successfully expanded the national grid into
rural areas, to a point where all villages in mainland Tanzania will be electrified by December 2022.
The RGAP´s main objective is to expand the national grid and existing TANESCO isolated grids to all
remaining Tanzanians who can be reached in a cost-efficient manner, based on the criteria laid out in
section 2.1. This includes grid extension and densification around existing grid. The geospatial analysis
undertaken in the RESP identifies 2,550 unelectrified rural settlements. Because georeferenced
locations of all hamlets are not available, the REMP database does not constitute all settlements in
Tanzania. In order to reach the Government´s objective of electrifying all hamlets by 2030 through the
Hamlet Electrification Project (HEP), costs related to this scope has also been included in RGAP pending
geospatial verification.
Finally, in order to meet the objective of 75 percent connectivity by 2030, measures to increase
connection rates among households with access are also included.

The grid bottlenecks identified in the REMP and included in NGAP will, until rectified, render impossible
the provisioning of satisfactory electricity services to many of the locations proposed for grid
electrification under RGAP. To remedy this situation, it is proposed that the locations that are not
affected by these issues can be electrified in a first wave. These will be implemented in parallel with

grid reinforcement projects under NGAP that subsequently will allow for electrification of the
remaining locations in a second wave.
Due to the need for scope verification and additional load-flow studies, electrification of all remaining
hamlets has been included in the second wave.
On this basis RGAP has been designed with the following objectives and projects.
Table 6. RGAP – Programme objective and projects.
Programme To expand the national grid to all rural areas where this can be done in a cost-
Objective efficient manner.
Projects 1: Project preparation
2: RGAP Wave 1
3: RGAP Wave 2
4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity
In order to properly organize this electrification project, the RESP divides the scope into five zones as
detailed in the figure below. The boundaries of each zone, along with details on which locations are
included in the first and second wave respectively are found in the RESP.
Figure 6. Locations to be electrified in Wave 1 and investment costs by zone.

Figure 7. Locations to be electrified in Wave 2 and investment costs by zone.
The table below outline main activities proposed to achieve planned objectives, with tentative timing
and implementing partners. It must be noted that the load-flow studies found in the REDP should be
updated once the scope of HEP (electrification of all 37,610 unelectrified hamlets) has been
georeferenced. The hamlets that can be electrified without investments in the grid over and above
what is outlined in NGAP should be given priority in implementation.
Table 7. RGAP – Projects and Activities.
Project 1: Project preparation
1.1 Scope verification, further load-flow studies All regions Year 1 REA, Consultant
based on georeferenced scope for HEP, detailed
electrical studies 4 and staging of projects
1.2 Preparation of relevant tender documents for All regions Year 1 REA, Consultant
contractors
1.3 Procurement of construction supervision REA HQ Year 1 REA, Consultant

consultants
Project 2: RGAP Wave 1
2.1 Construction and commissioning, Lot 1 Relevant Year 2-4 REA, consultant,
(Central) regions contractors
(East) regions contractors
4 In order to analyse power losses and voltage drops per feeder

(North) regions contractors
(South) regions contractors
(West) regions contractors
Project 4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity
4.1 Include activities to promote productive use All regions Year 2-8 REA, microcredit
of electricity (PUE) in all RGAP projects providers
4.2 Implement connection subsidy for all rural All regions Year 2-8 MoE, REA,
consumers TANESCO
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the five projects under RGAP. 10 percent
construction supervision, contingencies, and other related costs. Cost-breakdowns for the projects
originating in the REMP database can be found in the Annex C.
Table 8. RGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Cost
Project
(USD million)
1: Scope verification 55
2: Wave 1 CAPEX 316
5 Based on experience from REDP phase 1

Cost
Project
(USD million)
3: Wave 2 CAPEX 3,444 6
4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity 70 7
5: Construction supervision, administration, and other related costs 190

(5 percent of total capital expenditures)
Total 4,025

The proposed programme will build on established and tested REA systems and procedures and
include several stakeholders. Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of
various stakeholders are indicated in the table below.
Table 9. RGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in RGAP with initiatives

and programmes under other agencies, such as
TANESCO
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in RGAP
PO RALG Oversees policy and Collaborative partner for coordination

interventions regionally, at
district level and locally
TANESCO National electricity utility Partner in ensuring holistic approach to grid

extensions
Private Provides consulting and Implementation under REA supervision


Finally, the table below presents an overview of salient project risks, along with proposed mitigation.
Table 10. RGAP – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA Less funds received than Scale down activities
for implementing RGAP requested
6 Cost of electrifying 37,610 unelectrified ha “F R RE P III 0 ” (now re-named HEPP), applying the Bank of Tanzania USD/Tsh
average exchange rate of 2298.5843 applicable on April 4th, 2022
7 Based on experience from PUE programmes under REDP phase 1

Funding from development Less or no funds allocated from Scale down activities
partners to match provisions by development partners
GoT
There is sufficient grid capacity If the main grid is not Implement required NGAP
for connection of new projects strengthened in parallel with grid strengthening
grid electrification of rural areas, measures in parallel with
provision of reliable access to grid electrification
electricity might not be possible.
There is sufficient generation Current generation capacity is Implement Generation

capacity for new load insufficient to supply all plan according to the
unelectrified areas PSMP including TANESCO
isolated grids
TANESCO has financial capability TANESCO has not enough funds Ensure cost-reflective
to maintain grid to ensure maintenance of new tariffs
lines
Power losses and voltage drops Energy losses increase Validate network
dramatically due to voltage extensions with detailed
drop. Actual network collapse electrical studies
due to a poor network analysis
Settlements proposed for Electrification projects are Increase planning

electrification are not include in overlapping, and locations could capability and capacity in
other existing projects be targeted by several projects REA, consolidate database
/companies with ongoing initiatives,
improve planning tools
3.2.3 Beyond the Grid Access Programme (BGAP)

In line with the stated policy of the Government of Tanzania, this REMP adopts a preference for grid
electrification where this is economically and technically feasible. The main objective of the BGAP
programme is therefore to serve remote locations and scattered households which are not viable for
grid extension with reliable electricity supply from mini- and micro-grids, or stand-alone systems.
The geospatial analysis undertaken for the RESP identifies 312 locations that meet the requirements
for mini-grid expansion with solar PV and batteries, as well as one that is recommend for electrification
through a hydropower mini-grid. Along with scattered households these constitute the scope for
BGAP.

Based on the analysis in the RESP, the BGAP programme has been designed with the following
objectives and main activities.
Table 11. BGAP – programme objective and projects.
Overall Objective To provide reliable electricity supply to scattered households and remote
locations where grid extension is not a viable option
Projects Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector
Promotion of productive use of electricity
Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions
Given the vibrant developer community still present in Tanzania, and that Tanzania has one of the best
regulatory frameworks for private mini-grids in Africa it is deemed appropriate that the private sector
is tasked with serving the locations which are recommended for electrification through mini-grids. This
reduces the need for scares public investment resources, and, given proper regulatory oversight,
ensures that international best practices are leveraged. Pending further analysis, 20-year concessions
for all mini-grid within each of the five zones are envisioned, complete with PUE-components to induce
demand.
In order to properly organize the programme, the 313 mini-grids are divided according to five
geographical zones, as indicated in the figure below.

Figure 8. Geographical distribution of mini-grids in five zones.
The figure below presents the number of mini-grids and aggregated investment costs per zone.

Figure 9. Locations to be electrified by mini-grids and investment costs by zone.
and implementing partners.
Table 12. BGAP – Main Activities.
Project 1: Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector

In order to achieve the lowest possible prices, it is proposed that mini-grids within each of the
five zones are tendered for 20-year concessions to the private sector, building on the established
regulatory framework.
1.1 Scope verification Relevant Year 1 REA, consultant

regions
1.2 Tender for private sector developers REA HQ Year 1 REA, EWURA,
consultant
1.3 Construction and supervision Relevant Year 2-3 Developers, consultant,

regions REA
1.4 Regulatory oversight of operators REA HQ Year 3-8 EWURA
Project 2: Promotion of productive use of electricity

Building on the successful promotion of PUE under the RESP round I (see section 4.2), including
mentoring and enhanced access to credit, it is proposed to include similar scope under the
BGAP (as well as the RGAP) program.
2.1 Planning of PUE activities REA HQ Year 1-2 REA, consultant

2.2 Implementation of PUE promotional Relevant Year 3-5 REA, consultant,
activities regions developers
2.3 Monitoring of impact Relevant Year 3-8 REA, consultant,

regions developers
Project 3: Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions and pico-PV

The REMP objective of 75 percent connectivity to metered connections by 2030 would still leave
millions of Tanzanian families without electricity in their homes. Fostering a competitive market
for safe, affordable and reliable off-grid solutions through information and improved
enforcement of existing standards will give this population an alternative to polluting and costly
energy sources like kerosene.
3.1 Streamline best practice into Dodoma Year 1 MoE, REA, EWURA,
Tanzanian rules and regulations Consultant
3.2 Information campaign to all REA HQ Year 1 MoE, REA, TANESCO,

importers and vendors on existing TBS, EWURA
standards and regulations
3.3 Increased control of imported goods Border Year 2 EWURA, Ports

and vendors of off-grid solutions crossings Authorities, TRA
and places
of sale
3.4 Implement pilot-project for Country- Year 4 REA, NEMC

collection of e-waste wide, Tz
Mainland
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the two projects under BGAP. 10 percent
have been added to the capital expenditure of mini-grids to cover tendering, project management,
construction supervision, contingencies, and other related costs. Detailed cost-data for mini-grids can
be found in Annex D.
Table 13. BGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Cost
Project
(USD million)
Project 1: Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector (including total 205
investment costs for mini-grids)
Project 2: Promotion of productive use of electricity 18
Project 3: Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions 10 9

9 High-level estimate of costs to cover information campaign (third-party) and increased enforcement

Cost
Project
(USD million)
Construction supervision, administration, and other related costs (10 percent of 20

total capital expenditures)
Total 236

Implementation of BGAP will depend heavily on the efforts of the private sector, in particular mini-grid
developers. The roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of various
stakeholders are indicated below.
Table 14. BGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in BGAP with initiatives

and programmes under other agencies, and
organisations.
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in BGAP. Procure

consultants for implementation, tender/oversee
private developers.
EWURA Regulator of the energy sector Provide required approvals, and regulatory
in Tanzania oversight.
Consultants Provides consulting services Tender development and implementation under

related to development and REA supervision.
execution of the tender
Private Develops, owns, and operates Successful tenderer will develop, own, and
developers private mini-grids operate the relevant mini-grids.
NEMC Oversee environmental Ensure compliance with applicable

management issues environmental rules and regulations
Ports Manages and operates the Supports compliance with existing rules and
Authorities ocean ports and lake ports of regulations for import of goods required for
Tanzania electrification
TRA Oversees collection of Ensures compliance with applicable rules related

applicable taxes, duties, and to taxes and duties
levies

The table below presents an overview of salient project risks, along with proposed mitigation.

Table 15. BGAP – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA for Less funds received Scale down activities
implementing NGAP than requested
Funding from development partners Less or no funds Scale down activities

to match provisions by GoT allocated from
development partners
Sufficient interest from private Lack of interest Consider changes to regulatory

developers in the market framework and incentive
mechanisms
3.3 Enabling Framework

A coordinated and structured approach from the Government of Tanzania is required to continuously
strengthen the policy, regulatory, and institutional framework that will enable the abovementioned
efforts. This section presents an overview of the existing enabling framework for electricity access
expansion in Tanzania and provides recommendations as to how it can be improved to address the
barriers that currently face rural electricity access expansion.
3.3.1 Policy Framework

T z ’ E P EP) provides the relevant objectives for development of the energy
sector, as well as high-level guidance on the governance of its sub- T z ’ EP
adopted in 1992, and later revised in 2003 and 2015. Whereas the 2003 version laid the foundation
for promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging private sector participation in the energy
sector, and mobilizing private and public initiatives for expanded access in rural areas including the
establishment of REA, the NEP 2015 aims to:
• Improve business environment to attract more private investments and local participation in
the energy sector;
• Provision reliable and affordable energy services across the whole country by facilitating an
efficient and sustainable energy value chain;
• Promote energy conservation and efficiency;
• Increase access to modern energy services; and
• Increase the share of renewables in electricity generation mix to enhance availability,
reliability, and security of supply.
NEP 2015 includes a notable objective to accelerate rural electrification to foster socio-economic
transformation T : “T
participation, and to strengthen institutional capacity for effective coordination, administration,
impl j ”
Increased private sector participation in the electricity sub-sector is a common thread through the
EP T P j “improve security of supply to meet the demand”

sta “ensure cost reflective tariffs to attract private investments in generation”
emphasises this.
The NEP 2015 was complemented by publication of the Energy Policy Implementation Strategy (2018-
2025), which identifies 29 policy objectives and sets out specific strategies, targets, and KPIs for each
of these. Other key policy documents governing the sub-sector are presented in the table below.
Table 16. Key Plans and Policies governing Tanzania's energy sector.
Year Policy/ Plan Details
1999 Tanzania Development The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 aims to transform Tanzania into
Vision 2025 a middle-income and semi-industrialized nation by 2025, a milestone
that was achieved in 2020.
2009 National Public-Private The main objective of the PPP Policy is to promote private sector
Partnership (PPP) participation in the provision of resources for PPPs. Main resources
Policy earmarked for PPPs include investment capital, managerial skills, and
technology. Participation in PPPs may take place in both productive and
socio-economic services sectors, in which energy is one of them. The
private sector has the leading role in identifying and implementing
PPPs.
2013 National Electrification The National Electrification Investment Prospectus (2013 -2022)
Investment Prospectus stipulates the investments required to advance electrification in a cost-
efficient way. It indicates how the investments should be financed and
determines the institutional, regulatory, and capacity strengthening
measures for the implementation.
2014 Electricity Supply The ESI Reform Strategy and Roadmap (2014-2025) calls for
Industry Reform liberalization of electricity sectors by functional unbundling TANESCO
Strategy and Roadmap into a generation company, a Transmission System Operator, and one
or more distribution companies. The ultimate objective of unbundling is
to facilitate increased private sector participation in electricity markets,
while improving efficiency and reducing costs.
2015 National Energy Policy NEP 2015 aims to attract more private investment and local
participation in the energy sector, improve efficiency and energy
conservation as well as access to modern energy services and increase
the share of renewables in the electricity generation mix.
2015 T z ’ The Action Agenda seeks to integrate the multi-tier efforts that the
Energy for All Action country is implementing towards increasing universal access to energy,
Agenda 2015 energy efficiency and use of renewable energy. With the Agenda, the
Government of Tanzania continues its commitment for the transformation
of its energy sector, and deepen the reforms needed to scale up public
and private investments in the sector to meet its SE4All goal.
2020 Power System Master The Tanzania Power System Master Plan was first developed in 2008,
update Plan and last updated in 2020. It provides an expansion plan for the national
grid in the short- (2024), medium- (2034) and long-term (2044).
2021 The Third Five Year The FYDP III 2021/22 – 2025/26 “ k
National Development infrastructures including roads, railways, water and air transport as well
Plan (FYDP) as reliable access to energy; continue to strengthen the business and

Year Policy/ Plan Details
investment enabling environment through effective policies to facilitate

free private sector competition; and to improve and strengthen
”
2021 Environmental Policy The Environmental Policy points to sound management of the impacts
of energy development and use to minimise environmental
degradation. This includes promotion of sustainable renewable energy
resources and energy efficiency, as well as sound environmental impact
assessment for energy projects.
Based on the findings and recommendations of the RESP, the table below outlines several
recommendations for strengthening the existing policy framework to meet the objectives of this
REMP.
Table 17. Recommendations for changes in the policy framework for rural electrification.
Recommendation Context
1: Review and T E P C 8 “
update the arises taking into considerations emerging activities, major changes, and developments
National Energy ” I EP
Policy. has changed significantly since 2015, both in Tanzania and globally. Because of the
significant achievements in the energy sector and the changing national and global
environment the current NEP does not fully reflect the future development needs of
Tanzania.
A review is thus recommended to ensure that the policy is updated and relevant to
national development objectives and energy sector challenges, particularly in terms of
technological solutions, sector structuring, and reform.
2. Undertake The NEP states that baseline data and information will be collected as a benchmark for
regular tracking the implementation of the policy, and that progress reporting will be done
monitoring of semi-annually. The 2020 Joint Energy Sector Review noted that capacity required to
NEP undertake these monitoring and evaluation activities are under development at the
implementation Ministry of Energy (Norconsult, 2020). It is recommended that progress monitoring and
evaluation is done on a regular basis to track and strengthen accountability for sector
development.
3: Ensure TANESCO plays the key role in efforts to increase connectivity and improve quality of
acceptance of supply for Tanzanian electricity consumers. It is clear that meeting the increased
cost-reflective on- demand from planned access expansions, while maintaining its current asset base will
grid tariffs to pose a significant financial and operational challenge for TANESCO in the years to
achieve sector come. However, Tanzanian on-grid retail tariffs are not cost-reflective, a fact that
sustainability requires urgent action to put the sector on a path to sustainability and enable
TANESCO to make timely investment in system expansion, maintenance, and
rehabilitation.
5: Consider The cost of connection and house wiring constitutes a significant barrier to connection
subsidies to for many rural households which live within reach of the grid. In order to bridge the
reduce cost of gap between access and connectivity it is recommended that subsidies to reduce the
cost of connection are continued. However, these need to be funded either through

connection and direct subsidies from government/development partners or cross-subsidies from other
house wiring electricity consumers to ensure the financial sustainability of TANESCO.
6: Strengthen Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) is charged with controlling that imported and
control of off-grid locally produced off-grid equipment such as solar homes systems comply with
equipment governing standards and regulations. In order to safeguard the interests of consumers
that are may not have the opportunity to get a metered connection in their homes for
many years to come is recommended that the bureau is provide with sufficient
resources for increased control activity.
3.3.2 Regulatory Framework

Legislation and accompanying regulations are key components of the enabling environment for the
NEP and this REMP. Tanzania has a well-established legal and regulatory framework for the energy
sector and rural electrification. In terms of rural electrification, the following issues are highlighted:
1) Small Power Producers (SPPs). In terms of renewable energy generation in rural areas, a
regulatory framework for SPPs and Very Small Power Producers was developed with the latest
regulations published in June 2019.
2) Mini-grids. Tanzania is regarded by many to be the country in Africa with the most advanced
regulatory framework for rural mini-grids 10 . Several initiatives provide support for private
investors in the space, including the World Bank funded Tanzanian Energy Development Access
Programme matching and performance grants, the Results Based Funding made available by the
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), as well as the Renewable Energy
Project Development Facility previously funded by Sida which support early phase development.
In total, around 270 privately operated mini-grids are reported to be in operation in Tanzania, with
another 92 under development in 2020. There is also significant uncertainty in the private sector
as to which areas are least prioritized for grid expansion, and therefore suitable for mini-grid
development.
3) Beyond the grid. In September 2017, with support from the World Bank Group, TBS officially
adopted the Lighting Global Quality Standards for off-grid solar products as mandatory standards
for such imports to Tanzania. The Lighting Global Quality Standards set the international baseline
level of quality, durability, and truth in advertising to protect consumers. Buyers, governments,
and institutions around the world have used our standards to protect consumers and effectively
regulate the marketplace.
It is noted that while the underlying regulations are strong, persistent issues remain related to their
implementation which underline the importance of regulatory oversight and enforcement capacity to
the creation of a sound enabling environments. The table below presents the existing legislation with
most relevance for the electricity sub-sectors.
10 The African Development Bank´s Electricity Regulatory Index 2020

Table 18. Acts relevant for the electricity sub-sector.
Year Act Details
2001 EWURA Act Established EWURA to regulate tariffs for electricity trade in the country, and
promote the availability of regulated services to all, including low-income, rural,
and disadvantaged consumers.
2004 Environmental Act to provide for legal and institutional framework for sustainable management
Management Act of environment; to outline principles for management, impact and risk
assessments, prevention and control of pollution, waste management,
environmental quality standards, public participation, compliance, and
enforcement.
2005 Rural Energy Act Established the Rural Energy Agency to enhance energy access in rural areas.
2008 Electricity Act Provides facilitation and regulation of generation, transmission, transformation,
distribution, supply, and use of electric energy, including rural electrification.
2009 Public-Private Regulates private and public sector participation in the provision of resources
Partnership act for PPP enterprises.
2011 Public Provides the legal framework for public procurement in Tanzania, including anti-
Procurement Act corruption practices.
In addition, several regulatory instruments have been put in place. These are listed in Annex E to this
report.
The table below outlines several recommendations for strengthening the regulatory framework to
meet the objectives set out in this REMP.
Table 19. Recommendations for changes in the regulatory framework for rural electrification.
1: Clarify roles There is a need for the Government to clarify how and where there is room for the
and private sector to contribute towards the electrification of Tanzania. This is particularly
responsibilities of important in the mini-grid space, where experienced and reputable developers are
the private sector ready to invest when and if they get predictability related to tariffs and certainty about
where the grid will be expanded and when.
2: Ensure Investments in renewable energy generation and mini-grids require significant upfront
reasonable capital investments. In order to increase private-sector investments, the GoT therefore
incentives for looks to ensure fair, balanced, and predictable framework conditions as reflected in
private sector the 2020 SPP rules.
investments
3: Strengthen the As the role of the private sector increases, so does the importance of regulatory
capacity for oversight and ability to enforce existing rules and regulations. The 2020 Joint Energy
regulatory Sector Review finds that there is “limited capacity for rolling out and enforcing legal
oversight and and regulatory provisions, for example establishing a clear mechanism for
enforcement enforcement of the legal framework (including penalties); building capacity for the
enforcement of the legal and regulatory provisions; and ensuring local standards of

”C capacity of the regulatory institutions needs to be

strengthened to address these issues.
4: Technical While key institutions such as REA and TANESCO have considerable capacity to
assistance and implement rural electrification projects, as demonstrated by their success over the
capacity building past years, there is still room to improve with regards to regulatory oversight. This
for improved includes the institutionalisation of competence in Geographic Information Systems
oversight (GIS). Other examples include the private sector´s use of the Tanzanian National e-
Procurement Systems. Improved use of such systems will enhance the regulatory
oversight capacity of the Government and augment service delivery.
5: Consider According to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Audit Regulations, all
targeted energy projects are classified as Type A, therefore requiring a mandatory EIA to be
simplification to carried out prior to the commencement of the project. Several SPPs, especially solar
the energy developers, have raised concerns on why smaller renewable projects which are
environmental
considered to be clean with little environmental risks be subject to the same EIA
and social
procedures as the large energy projects (e.g. thermal power and hydro-electric dam).
framework for
small power The mandatory EIA requirements are considered by some to have a negative impact on
plants the rate of investment in renewable energy, thus limiting the access to energy services
in rural areas.
It is recommended that the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC)
consider review and amendment of the respective regulations and laws which were
developed while the renewable energy (solar and others) in Tanzania was at infancy
stages among other issues to:
• Prepare a checklist for environmental screening of small projects (less than 1

MW);
• Provide indicative number of days and charging rates for EIA consultants in
undertaking the assessment based on size and nature of the project; and
• Allow bundling of projects to have one environmental clearance certificate.
3.3.3 Institutional Framework

The energy sector in Tanzania includes a range of stakeholders, both government and non-
governmental. The most important institutions with mandates directly and operationally relevant to
rural electrification include:
• the Ministry of Energy (MoE) - providing policy oversight and sector coordination;
• EWURA - regulating energy markets and the electricity sub-sector in particular;
• TANESCO - the national and vertically integrated power utility; and
• REA - promoting and facilitating modern energy access in rural areas.
The table below outlines four main recommendations for changes to the institutional framework.

Table 20. Recommendations for changes in the institutional framework for rural electrification.
1: Clarify roles and Whereas REA is the key institution promoting and implementing rural
responsibilities electrification projects, TANESCO remains the most critically important stakeholder
between REA and for quality, reliability, and long-term sustainability of rural electricity supply. REA is
TANESCO in rural responsible for development and construction of rural electrification projects
electrification which are formally handed over to TANESCO on commissioning. However, as
planning and owner of existing and ultimately new infrastructure, TANESCO must have a formal
implementation and key role in planning, setting priorities and overseeing implementation.
A disconnect between the planning/implementation institution (REA) and the
owner/operational institution (TANESCO) could pose a risk to the long-term
sustainability of rural electricity access expansion.
2: Strengthen capacity TANESCO takes over a large amount of new rural electrification infrastructure from
for operation and REA each year. Sound operation and maintenance of these assets by TANESCO
maintenance of rural requires (i) sufficient financing and budgets, and (ii) operation and maintenance
electricity networks plans and competence at district level offices responsible for rural infrastructure.
In addition to establishing cost-reflective tariffs, it is therefore recommended that
TANESCO strengthen their internal capacity related to maintenance of rural
distribution infrastructure.
3: Strengthen M&E The MoE is responsible for regular progress monitoring and reporting on policy
capacity in the implementation. However, the 2020 Joint Energy Sector Review noted that
Ministry of Energy capacity required to follow up is under development at the Ministry, and
monitoring and evaluation of policy implementation is not undertaken as
stipulated in the 2015 NEP. The MoE is recommended to establish dedicated
capacity for policy implementation and progress monitoring and evaluation (M&E).
3.3.4 Summary of policy, regulatory, and institutional recommendations

The figure below summarises the above recommendations related to policy, regulatory, and
institutional issues. Some of the recommendations are addressed directly in design of the three
programmes of RESP, while others are critical framework enablers for successful implementation.

Figure 10. Recommendations for improved framework conditions for RESP implementation
3.4 Cross-cutting Sustainability Elements

Implementation of the RESP will bring significant economic benefits to Tanzania. However, as with any
societal change it is not granted that these benefits will be equitably distributed among the population.
Given the important role of electricity in advancing other Sustainable Development Goals, such as
those for gender, health, and education, the full potential of electricity access expansion will only be
realized if an inclusive approach is applied – one that that leaves no one behind and maximizes the
socioeconomic benefits of electricity.
3.4.1 Productive use of Electricity

In addition to lowering the cost of energy for households, electricity access also holds the promise of
increased business productivity and job creation through productive uses of electricity. Productive use
could be agricultural, commercial, or industrial activities related to production of goods and provision
of services. Through electrification as input to productive activities, new businesses could be created
and existing could be significantly improved in terms of quality and cost efficiency.
A project to stimulate PUE, implemented under the Norwegian funded Rural Electrification
Densification Project Phase 1 in 2017-19, demonstrated a considerable potential for local
entrepreneurs to create new employment in rural areas. 349 entrepreneurs across 59 villages created
more than 214 permanent new jobs and increased their electricity consumption by 80 percent. Several
barriers to PUE were identified during implementation, including (i) basic knowledge about electricity
and how it can be utilized for productive use, as well as (ii) access to capital for investments 11 .
11 REDP Productive Use Component, Final Report, E4I, 2019

The experiences from REDP round I, in addition to numerous other rural electrification projects in
Africa, point to the same basic challenges with achieving results through rural electrification. Low
knowledge level around use and potential related to electricity among new electricity customers,
combined with no or little access to capital for investments, lead to underutilization of opportunities
and slower economic growth and social development from the electrification.
This REMP integrates PUE in all future rural electrification projects, and the results framework.
3.4.2 Addressing the Gender Divide

Electricity access is gendered, with women in most developing countries experiencing energy poverty
differently and more severely than men. Specifically, women are commonly responsible for household
activities, including energy provision. Women typically spend more time in the house and suffer
disproportionally from problems related to indoor air pollution caused by kerosene and other polluting
sources of lighting. Women also have a harder time obtaining credit for investments, and so are less
able to benefit from productive use opportunities that come with electrification 12 .
The Sustainable Energy for All Gender Action Plan 13 is a strategic tool for gender responsive SE4All
initiative in Tanzania. It aims to guide all stakeholders in designing and implementing SEf4All initiative
’ K
renewable energy include:
• Ensuring that gender issues are mainstreamed in governance and decision-making processes
related to policy development, implementation and monitoring, service delivery and financing;
• P ’
institutions at the local and national levels; and
• Promoting gender equity in planning, designing, producing, supplying, and managing
sustainable energy solutions.
3.4.3 Biodiversity and Social Safeguards

In addition to the negative impacts of climate change, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in their 2019 report concluded that nature is declining globally
“transformative changes are needed to restore and
14
protect nature” . It is therefore critical to ensure that the considerable infrastructure investments
required for rural electrification, such as new generation capacity and transmission and distribution
lines do not cause unacceptable environmental and social impacts, whether cumulative or project
specific. It is also important that identified adverse impacts are avoided or mitigated through
improvements in the planning phase.
Compliance with national regulations and international best-practice in this area will, in addition to
promoting sustainable outcomes also facilitate access to finance. Rural electrification activities are
subject to EIA procedures. Such activities may involve grid extensions, densification and mini grids with
small power generation facilities (e.g. hydro, solar, wind, biomass).
For the purpose of the REMP, environmental and social issues are incorporated into the GEOSIM model
in order to avoid and/or minimize risks and impacts from rural electrification at an early stage. The
12 Sustainable Energy for All Gender Action Plan, Tanzania Ministry of Energy, 2018
13 Ibid
14 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019

environmental and social inputs will thus be provided at the planning stage during selection of priority
areas for rural energy investments.
Main parameters/issues that influence the analysis include:
• Areas protected by law
• Key biodiversity elements (e.g. Important Bird Areas and wetland ecosystems)
• Deforestation hotspots
It should be noted that areas affected by these issues have not necessarily been treated as “ -go
” “ ” T do, however, represent areas that must also be analysed and compared
with the benefits from the proposed investments, e.g. mini-grids in densely populated areas may
involve higher resettlement risks but will also provide greater benefits in terms of access to electricity.
Negative impact from rural electrification is usually minor compared to larger infrastructure projects,
and the positive impact can be significant. The net impact of rural electrification will nearly always be
largely positive from both an environmental and social perspective. The focus of the environmental
and social integration has therefore mainly been on identifying approaches that avoid or minimise any
adverse impacts, such as careful siting and design of power generation and distribution facilities.
Because the availability of georeferenced environmental data for mainland Tanzania is somewhat
limited, sensitive environment areas should be mapped during the scope verification exercises for
MV/LV extensions and mini-grids.
3.4.4 Other Notable Issues

In addition to the issued above, a number of other concerns also need to be taken into account in rural
electrification. These include, but are not limited to;
• Maintaining a culture of accountability and transparency to prevent corruption. Good
governance is one of the key attributes of Tanzania´s five-year development plan. It
emphasizes the need to strengthen a culture of accountability and transparency, rewarding
good performance and effectively curbing corruption and evils in the society.
• Prevent the spread of noncommunicable diseases such as HIV/Aids. Limiting the spread of
noncommunicable diseases resulting from their projects has been an important priority for
REA ever since its inception.

4 Cooking Energy Action Plan
This chapter summarizes the findings and recommendations of the CEAP (Volume III, see Annex B) and
bundles the proposed interventions into three programmes complete with projects and activities. It
also provides recommendations on changes to the policy, regulatory, and institutional framework that
would ease implementation.
4.1 Targets
The overall objective of the CEAP is to foster a vibrant rural energy sector through a concerted effort
between public and private sector to achieve the 2030 targets, with REA taking a lead role in
coordinating and catalysing projects.
Targets have been set in line with national policies and development strategies including the SE4All
Action Plan15 , and international development goals. Specifically, the CEAP aims to contribute to the
goal that 75 percent of the population in Tanzania should have access to modern cooking solutions by
2030. As evident from the figure below, achieving this target will require a significant step-up from
business-as-usual. In fact, 42 million people will have to gain access to modern cooking solutions over
the 8-year period covered by this REMP – 62 percent more than what is assumed under a business-as-
usual scenario.
Figure 11. Baseline, Business as Usual versus SE4All.
In the CEAP, implications of the SE4All goals in terms of uptake of improved and clean cooking has
been simulated to map the required progress in different population segments. Based on projections
and analyses regarding the relative potential of various solutions to contribute to large-scale transition
15 Tanzania's Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda. Ministry of Energy and Minerals, 2015.

of cooking energy use patterns, the CEAP identifies major implications for the transition toward
improved or clean cooking energy. The main implications are outlined in the table below. Further
details can be found in the CEAP.
Table 21. Implications of the SE4All goals based on simulation for urban/rural areas and relevant technologies.
Biomass as primary Dependence on biomass-based fuels for cooking reduced to 65 percent of the
cooking fuel rural population. Corresponding development to 20 percent in urban areas shall
ensure an overall national biomass dependence reduced to below 50 percent.
Adoption of ICS Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) used by 40 percent of the 65 percent biomass
dependent rural population. 3.7 million households must obtain ICS by 2030; 2.5
million of these in rural areas (assuming 60 percent ICS users among the 20
percent biomass dependent urban population).
Adoption of Liquified LPG increased to 21 percent market share in rural areas. The main LPG
Petroleum Gas (LPG) development is expected to be ensured in cities, towns, and district centres, to
as cooking fuel reach 30 percent of the national population combined. Capacity for LPG import
and storage will have to reach approximately 370,000 MT per year, and two
million rural households will need to obtain stove and cylinder.
Share of rural 60 percent of the population in rural areas achieves access to improved or clean
population with access forms of cooking energy. This corresponds to 12.3 million households nationally,
an increase of almost 11 million from the 2016 baseline (assuming 92 percent of
urban populations, implying 75 percent on national level).
Wood fuel demand Significant reduction of biomass energy consumption compared to 2016 (more
than 60 percent reduction from the assumed Business-as-Usual scenario in 2030.
Achieving these developments by 2030 will require massive, coordinated public efforts, combined with
a focus on facilitating market development through an enabling framework and creation favourable
conditions for commercial actors, building awareness and promoting behavioural change.
Implementation of the CEAP will therefore mark a significant step-up of national efforts to improve
health and livelihoods and reduce pressure on forest reserves and the environment, as outlined in the
subsequent section.
4.2 Programmes and Projects

This section organises the required response into three separate programmes for implementation, as
outlined in the figure below. REACE builds capacity within REA for executing and coordinating
interventions related to cooking energy, in order to create a strong basis and institutional framework
to support the implementation of TrICS and ACCeS.

Figure 12. Overview of CEAP programmes.
TrICS and ACCeS build on market-based approaches for scaling up access to improved and clean
cooking in rural Tanzania:
• TrICS promotes fuel and stove solutions ranked as VPT 16 Tier 2-3 (e.g. ICS for biomass energy).
• ACCeS promotes fuel and stove solutions ranked as VPT Tier 4 and 5, regarded as clean cooking
services (e.g. eCooking, biogas, natural gas and LPG).
Both programmes include financial support to projects as well as development of technical expertise
and aim at enhancing affordability of cooking fuels and technologies; promoting scale-up of supply
chains through entrepreneurship and micro-credit services; social marketing of energy technologies;
and engaging pilot end users of energy solutions across micro, meso, and macro levels.
The following sections outline the key features of each programme, list their associated projects or
activities, proposed implementation strategy and involvement of relevant stakeholders as a basis for
detailed scoping and planning for execution.
4.2.1 REA Cooking Energy Capacity Building Program (REACE)

REACE´s main objective is to strengthen RE ’ il its mission to promote and facilitate
access to quality modern energy services in rural mainland Tanzania. The programme specifically
RE ’
interventions to improve cooking energy use.
Since its establishment REA has successfully provided rural electrification across Tanzania and has a
strong institutional capacity for implementing programmes for grid extension and support for
renewable energy projects. The REACE programme builds on and expands existing infrastructure and
institutional arrangements in REA in order to become a leading government body for support and
implementing projects also for cleaner cooking. The programme also seeks to build on ongoing
16 More details on the VPT tiers can be found in the CEAP.

initiatives by other actors in the energy, forestry, and health sectors, to create a strong institutional
framework for achieving the REMP targets.
RE CE’ is to put in place the required internal organization to implement the CEAP,
including routines, knowl RE ’ headquarters and as well as increasing
RE ’ through coordination and collaboration with PO-RALG. Training
staff in cooking energy and related funding modalities will enable coordination and monitoring of
interventions funded by the agency.
Training of REA staff in modern cooking solutions, and in national and international cooking and stove
standards will ensure that the agency has the technical expertise to take a lead for securing improved
and clean cooking services in rural Tanzania. REACE also foresees development of a system for regional
planning of interventions by using GIS. REA will take a role in monitoring and evaluating interventions
across the whole cooking energy sector by supporting surveys in 2026 and 2030. In so doing the REACE
builds on the SE4All Action Agenda for Tanzania.

Based on the analysis in the CEAP, the REACE programme has been designed with the following
objectives and projects.
Table 22. REACE - Overall objective and projects.
Overall Objective T RE ’ “To promote and facilitate

availability and access to quality modern energy services in rural Mainland
Tanzania” k
Projects 1: Capacity building on management of cooking energy projects and programmes
2: Increased capacity for reaching remote rural areas with cooking energy
interventions
3: Application of national and international standards in planning and monitoring

4: Deployment of geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring cooking
energy interventions
5: Country-wide monitoring surveys
The table below outlines main activities proposed to achieve planned objectives, with tentative timing
and implementing partners. It is worth noting that implementation of the global Impact of Access to
Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) is proposed for Tanzania in order to support the monitoring and
evaluation efforts. Please refer to the CEAP for further details on IASES.
Table 23. REACE – Projects and activities.
Project 1: Capacity building on management of cooking energy projects and programmes
VPO, MoE, REA, PO-

1.1 Organize stakeholder meetings to align RALG, EWURA, MoH,
and delineate policies and strategies Dodoma Year 1 - 8 MNRT, TFS, TPDC, private
between GoT ministries and agencies sector and other relevant
actors
RE ’
REA HQ, MoE, VPO, REA,
capacity for implementing and supporting Year 1
Dodoma consultant
projects on cooking energy
1.3 Revisit mandates of bodies and

functions within REA to ensure operational REA HQ, Year 1, 2 and
MoE, REA
capacity for supporting projects on cooking Dodoma 5
energy. Reorganize if necessary
REA HQ,
1.4 Train staff with relevant expertise for Dodoma
Year 2 - 5 REA
supporting cooking energy interventions
Project 2: Increased capacity for reaching remote rural areas with cooking energy interventions
REA HQ,
Dodoma
R RE ’
Year 1 - 2, 5 MoE, REA, PO RALG
reorganize if necessary Regions and
districts
2.2 Train and recruit staff with relevant

REA Year 2 - 4 REA
expertise
2.3 Establish/coordinate regional energy Target regions REA, PO RALG, private

Year 2 - 8
boards and districts sector
2.4 Coordinate activities with PO RALG and Target regions REA, PO RALG, private
Year 2 - 8
private sector and districts sector

Project 3: Application of national and international standards in planning and monitoring
3.1 Develop a plan for integration of TBS- REA HQ, MoE, MoH, TBS, REA, and
Year 1 and 2
standards and MTF in Tanzania Dodoma other stakeholders
3.2 Train REA staff in the plan for REA HQ, REA, VPO, TBS, and other
implementation of national and Dodoma Year 2
stakeholders
international standards
Project 4: Deployment of geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring cooking energy
interventions
4.1 Assess needs for data for planning and

REA HQ, MoE, REA, EWURA, TPDC,
monitoring cooking energy use and Year 1 - 2
Dodoma MNRT, TFS
interventions, and biomass energy supply
4.2 Develop software for planning and REA HQ, MoE, REA, software
Year 2 - 3
monitoring Dodoma provider
REA HQ,
4.3 Train REA staff in use of GIS software Year 2 - 3 REA, software provider
Dodoma
4.4 Develop routines for application of the

GIS software for planning and monitoring
REA HQ, REA, MoE, EWURA, TPDC,
interventions, and gathering data from Year 2 - 4
Dodoma MNRT, TFS
actors with cooking energy interventions in
rural Mainland Tanzania
REA HQ,
4.5 Apply GIS software RE ’ Dodoma
and other k ’ programmes on Year 2 - 8 REA, PO RALG
cooking energy Target regions
and districts
Project 5: Country-wide monitoring surveys
5.1 Analyse results from IASES REA HQ, Year 1 and 2 NBS, REA, MoE, EWURA,
Dodoma TANESCO and PO RALG
5.2 Conduct IASES II and IASES III Country-wide, Year 5 and 8

NBS, MoE, REA, EWURA,
Tanzania
TANESCO, PO RALG, MoH
Mainland
5.3 Apply results from the IASES surveys for REA HQ, Year 2 - 8
monitoring progress towards the REMP and Dodoma REA
SE4All targets
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the five projects under REACE. Further details
can be found in the CEAP.

Table 24. REACE - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD million)
Project 1: Capacity building on management of cooking energy projects and 4

programmes
Project 2: Increased capacity for reaching remote rural areas with cooking energy 11
interventions
Project 3: Application of national and international standards in planning and 2

monitoring
Project 4: Deployment of geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring 13

cooking energy interventions
Project 5: Country-wide monitoring surveys 4
Total 34

The proposed programme will involve a range of actors, from the Ministry of Energy (MoE), REA,
Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoFP), Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT), Ministry of Health
(MoH), Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), Ministry of Community Development
Gender, Women and People with Special Needs (MoCDGWS), Vice President's Office (VPO), Tanzania
Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC), Local Government Authorities (LGAs), NEMC and
Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS). Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and
involvement of various stakeholders are indicated in the table below.
Table 25. REACE - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in REACE with initiatives and
programmes under other energy agencies and
ministries
VPO Implementing partner Coordinating cross-sectoral efforts between ministries

and agencies, including on biomass energy cooking
solutions which requires coordination between MoE
and MNRT
MoFP National budget Ensure institutional funding
PO-RALG Oversees policy and interventions Ensure anchoring, relevance and implementation of
regionally, at district level and cooking energy interventions from district level and
locally locally. CEAP nation-wide coordination and monitoring
MIT Oversees industrial development Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
building under REACE related to industrial
development in the cooking energy sector

MoH Oversees public health protection Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
from all causes including health building under REACE related to indoor air pollution
impacts caused by cooking
MNRT Oversees policy and regulation for Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
management of natural resources building under REACE related to supply of biomass
energy
MoCDGWS Oversees policy on community Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
development and gender equality building under REACE related to gender
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in REACE; Revise routines

and organisational structure; Organize trainings;
RE HQ RE ’
collaboration regionally and at district level; Use the
GIS software for planning interventions in rural
Tanzania; Procure and oversee Technical Assistance
contracts
TPDC National supplier of petroleum Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
energy building under REACE related to natural gas and LPG
LGA L RE ’ Collaborative partner for coordination and

offices strengthening of capacity in RE ’ z
NEMC National partner to ensure Provide advice on how to meet health and
compliance with environmental environment targets, and ensure that interventions
and health impacts of interventions supported by REA are in compliance with national
regulations
TFS Develops and manages national Collaboration for capacity building under REACE
forest resources related to supply of biomass energy
TANESCO National electricity utility Partner in revision of regional capacity and routines of
REA
TBS Formulates and delivers standards, Provide advice and training for implementation of
safety measures, and conformity TZS473:2019 in Tanzanian cookstove markets
assessment
NBS Provides official statistics to the Implementation of surveys for monitoring impact of
Government, business community interventions in CEAP and by other stakeholders, as
and the public at large per the SE4All targets for the country
Research Conducts research and education Provide training on improved cooking solutions to REA
and on energy staff Provide training on prevention of indoor air
educational pollution to REA staff
institutions
NGOs and NGOs and SMEs working Provide training for REA in Tanzanian cookstove
commercial renewable energy in Tanzania technologies and markets
actors

Finally, the table below presents an overview of salient programme risks, along with proposed
mitigation.
Table 26. REACE – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA for Less funds received than Sensitization/awareness to decision-
implementing REACE requested, or delay of makers on clean cooking; Scale down
funds to implementing activities, or postpone activities
agencies
Funding from development partners to Less or no funds REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
match provisions by GoT allocated from be conducted without large
development partners investments
Staff competence and capacity for Limited capacity and Hire staff based on competency
implementing CEAP competence for required
implementation
RE ’ Few or no additional Train existing REA staff and allocate

extension staff hired to implementation of CEAP
REA implements parts of CEAP

Operational costs for increased capacity
No financing allocated without fully operational regional
RE ’ regionally
extension
Private sector and government Partners do not commit REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
institutions engaged in implementation to REACE be conducted without strong
of REACE partnerships
Financial support for IASES II and III No financing received Collaborate with NBS to conduct
lighter version of IASES II and III
4.2.2 Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Program (TrICS)

The TrICS-programme aims at improving cooking services for rural households and institutions that
currently use VPT Tier 0 and Tier 1 fuels and technologies, to achieve Tier 2 to 3 in applied cooking
solution. The programme acknowledges that transition to cleaner cooking solutions will happen
gradually, since the majority of the rural population use firewood gathered for free, on open fireplaces,
and have limited ability to pay for access to improved cooking services, and infrastructure for
distribution of non-biomass cooking fuels is limited in very rural areas.

The TrICS-programme aims at providing training and support to SME entrepreneurs in producing ICS´
that meet emissions performance measurements of Tier 2 or higher, following ISO/TR 19867-3:2018 17 .
Specifically, it will lay a basis for industrial production of high-quality ICS through creating an enabling
framework for investment by provision of Result Based Financing (RBF) and working for conducive
regulatory conditions. TrICS will also promote ICS on the demand-side by supporting schools and
institutions to invest in improved cooking services, and through supporting public awareness
campaigns. On the supply-side, TrICS aims at supporting interventions that increase production of
biomass energy for cooking from agro-industrial by-products, as well as projects for increasing
efficiency of charcoal production.
TrICS expands on existing mechanisms for proj RE ’
RE ’ k
RE ’ headquarters and regionally developed through the REACE
programme, and collaboration with public and private actors across the country.

Based on the analysis in the CEAP, TrICS has been designed with the following objectives and projects.
Table 27. TrICS - Roles and responsibilities.
Overall Objective To promote access to improved cooking services and stimulate rural energy
markets
Projects 1: Capacity building of ICS entrepreneurs and organizations
2: Scale-up of industrial production through RBF
3: Support market-based approaches through public awareness creation

a. ICS for meso-users
b. ICS for micro-level
17 The term Improved Cooking Services refers to a household context that has met at least Tier 2 standards of the MTF across all six measurement attributes but not all
for Tier 4 or higher.

4: Increased supply of sustainable biomass energy
The table below outlines main activities proposed to achieve planned objectives, with tentative timing
and implementing partners.
Table 28. TrICS – Projects and activities.
Project 1: Capacity building of ICS entrepreneurs and organizations
I RE ’ I REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 7 MoE, REA, VPO, PO RALG

planning tool
1.2 Coordinate/establish regional Target areas Year 2 - 8 MoE, REA, MoH, VPO, PO
partnerships with local stakeholders RALG, TBS, VETA, SIDO, and
private sector
1.3 Develop training material for ICS REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 3 Academic institutions, REA,
TBS, private sector, NGOs,
SIDO, VETA
1.4 Conduct ICS training for entrepreneurs Target areas Year 2 - 4 VETA, SIDO, REA, NGOs,
in ICS private sector
1.5 Support entrepreneurs for testing and Target areas Year 2 - 8 REA, TBS, SIDO
certifying ICS
1.6 Support branding of certified ICS Target areas Year 2 - 8 REA
Project 2: Scale-up of industrial production through matching grants
2.1 Establish a funding line through REF REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 MoE, REA, MIT
for RBF for large-scale ICS production
2.2 Develop procurement protocol REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 REA
2.3 Annual calls for tenders REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 – 7 REA
2.4 Provide training in ICS design, Dodoma Year 2 - 4 REA, MIT, development
standards and production partners, NGOs, TBS,
private sector
2.5 Provide RBF to industry Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA
2.6 Establish supply chains to retailers in Target regions Year 3 - 7 Industry

target areas
2.7 Monitor and evaluate Target regions Year 4 - 8 REA, industry
Project 3: Support market-based approaches through public awareness creation
Sub-project 3a: ICS for meso-users

3.1 Develop mechanism for provision of REA HQ, Dodoma Year 1 REA, PO RALG
small grants to meso-users
3.2 Use regional stakeholder group to Target regions Year 2 – 7 REA, LGA, consultant,
identify pilot end users in regions, schools private sector
and other institutions
3.3 Call for applications Target regions Year 2 – 8 REA
3.4 Provide grants Target regions Year 3 – 8 REA
Sub-project 3b: ICS for micro-level
3.6 Awareness creation campaign in REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 4 REA

public media of certified ICS
3.7 Support promotion of ICS at public Target regions Year 2 - 4 REA

fairs
3.8 Awareness campaign on health and Target regions Year 2 - 8 VPO, MoH, NGOs, REA,
environmental impacts from cooking Private sector
3.9 Monitor and evaluate based on IASES Country-wide Year 5 and NBS, REA, MoH, PO RALG
II, III (REACE programme) 8
Project 4: Increased supply of sustainable biomass energy
I RE ’ I REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 8 REA, VPO, TFS, NCMC, PO

planning tool RALG
4.2 Coordinate/establish regional Target areas Year 1 - 8 REA, VPO, MNRT, PO RALG,
partnerships with local stakeholders NGOs, development
partners
4.3 Develop call for projects on REA HQ, Dodoma Year 3 REA, VPO, MNRT, PO RALG,
sustainable biomass energy production NGOs, development
partners
4.4 Call for applications Target areas Year 3 - 7 REA
4.5 Provide grants Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA
4.6 Monitor and evaluate Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA, NCMC

Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of various stakeholders are
indicated in the table below. The proposed programme should be implemented by staff from the MoE,
REA, VPO, MoH, MNRT, TFS, PO RALG, Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and TBS. Implementation
is recommended to be in close collaboration with development partner, and NGOs. Training and
capacity building will be ensured through Technical Assistance, and partnership with Vocational
Education and Training Authority (VETA) and Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO).

Table 29. TrICS - Roles and responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions related to cooking energy in

different energy agencies; Formulate policies and
regulations to create an enabling framework for the
programme
REA Implementing agency of the Identify target regions; Facilitate capacity building of
programme SMEs, commercial enterprises; Provide funding to SMEs,
entrepreneurs and NGOs
VPO Implementing partner Advice on environmental conservation, coordinate

interventions on biomass energy use and supply
MoH Oversees health policy Advice on health effects caused by indoor air pollution
implementation and advise better types of ventilation and cooking
technologies
MNRT Oversees policy on forest Advice on improving supply of sustainable biomass

resource management energy from forest resources
TFS Implementing partner Collaborate on improving supply of sustainable biomass

energy from forest resources
PO RALG Oversees regional planning and Participate in identification of target regions and regional
interventions stakeholders and collaborate with REA in coordination of
efforts under TrICS.
TRA Collects taxes and levies Collaborate with REA and MoE to lower costs of ICS
TBS Formulation and promotion of Implementation of TZS473:2019

standards
SIDO Support development of SMEs Contribute through training of SME entrepreneurs

regionally
VETA Provides vocational training Contribute through training of SME entrepreneurs in

engineering regionally
NGOs Collaborative partner for Coordinate and implement private sector initiatives in the
intervention of projects ICS sector and biomass energy supply projects
SMEs Small- and Medium sized Produce and sell stoves in targeted locations. Develop a
Enterprises market network of dealers and agents. Produce and sell
stoves, fuels and energy
MIT Oversees industrial Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
development building under TrICS related to industrial development in
the cooking energy sector

Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the four projects under TrICS. Further details
can be found in the CEAP.
Table 30. TrICS - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD million)
Project 1: Capacity building of ICS entrepreneurs and organizations 5
Project 2: Scale-up of industrial production through RBF 23
Project 3: Support market-based approaches through public awareness creation 17
Project 4: Increased supply of sustainable biomass energy 40
Total 85

mitigation.
Table 31. TrICS – Risk assessment.
Pandemic and associated Externalities hinder Postpone activities

mitigations allow conducting implementation of projects
projects (e.g. COVID-19)
Successful implementation of Elements of TrICS may not be TrICS may continue with less
REACE programme implemented institutional knowledge in REA of
cooking energy and new standards.
Implementation of MoH Limited priority to achieve Strengthen the capacity of MoH on

Strategic Plan HSSP V (2021) reduction of indoor air monitoring indoor air pollution
includes focus on IAP pollution in H’
TrICS may continue with less strong
enabling framework and support from
MoH
Enabling policy and regulatory Policy and regulatory Sensitize policy and decision-makers to
framework in place requirements identified in declare clean cooking at national agenda
CEAP not in place
MoE to be capacitated to develop and
effectively monitor policy and
regulations on cooking
TrICS may continue with less
institutional support by other GoT
bodies
Funding provided Adequate funding not TrICS can be scaled down

available for TrICS

4.2.3 Achieving Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Programme (ACCeS)
The ACCeS-programme aims at contributing to the goal of providing modern cooking energy to 75
T z ’ 0 0 meeting VPT Tier 4 or higher for cooking. The programme is
set to stimulate a market-led transition towards increasing numbers of household contexts meeting
Tier 4 or higher for cooking. The programme supports the rapidly growing LPG sector in Tanzania
through RBF of expansion of LPG supply to frontier markets in semi-rural and rural areas targeted by
REA.
Up-scaling of supply of LPG is planned in two waves: The first targets semi-rural populations where the
demand is relatively high. The second wave extends the first by venturing further with supply chains
of LPG into rural areas. For farm households and institutions with livestock, biogas can be a viable
solution for achieving clean cooking. The ACCeS programme aims at a nationwide scale-up of
RE ’ ffort to extend access to electricity in rural Tanzania is
followed up with support of trial projects for assessing use of electricity for cooking in on-grid and off-
grid contexts, as well as natural gas. The programme rests on the institutional foundation of the REACE-
programme. ACCeS and TrICS complement each other while targeting different groups.
Proposed Programme Objectives and Activities:

Based on the analysis in the Cooking Energy Action Plan the proposed ACCeS programme has been
designed with the following objectives and main activities.
Table 32. ACCeS – Objective and projects.
Overall Objective To promote access to clean cooking solutions through market-based approaches
Projects 1: Establish demand and market for LPG

a. First wave (semi-rural areas)
b. Second wave (rural areas)
2. Expanding LPG supply chain in rural areas
3. Biogas as a clean cooking solution

4. Increased uptake of eCooking in rural areas
5. Support provision of natural gas to rural communities along gas pipelines.
6. Increased awareness and demand for clean cooking solutions
and implementing partners:
Table 33. ACCES – Projects and activities.
Project 1: Demand and market established for LPG across Tanzania Mainland
1.1 Establish a modality for RBF in REA REA HQ Year 1 – 2 MoE, REA, consultant
1.2 Determine indicators for identifying REA HQ Year 1 – 2 REA, PO RALG, LPG
eligible target populations distributors
1.3 Apply GIS planning and monitoring REA HQ Year 1 – 8 REA

system
Sub-project 1a: Market established in semi-rural areas in the first wave
1.4 Call for tenders for first wave RBF REA HQ Year 2 REA
1.5 Establish supply chains Semi-rural areas Year 2 – 4 LPG distributors
1.6 Conduct marketing and education Semi-rural target Year 2 – 4 REA, LPG distributors
areas
1.7 Monitor performance Semi-rural target Year 3 – 4 REA, LPG distributors,

areas consultant
1.8 Provide RBF based on targeted sales REA HQ Year 3 – 4 REA, LPG distributors
Sub-project 1b: Market established in rural areas in second wave
1.9 Call for tenders for second wave RBF REA HQ Year 4 REA
1.10 Establish supply chains Rural areas Year 4 – 7 LPG distributors
1.11 Conduct marketing and education Rural target areas Year 4 – 7 REA, LPG distributors
1.12 Monitor performance Rural target areas Year 5 – 8 REA, LPG distributors,
consultant
Project 2: Expanding LPG supply chain in rural areas

2.1 Establish a revolving funding Dodoma Year 2 REA, financial institution
mechanism from REF, managed by third
party bank
2.2 Identify target areas in regions Rural areas Year 2 - 7 REA, PO-RALG, LPG
distributors, regional
branches of financial
institution, public
institutions
2.3 Call for applications for subsidized loan Rural target areas Year 3 - 7 REA, financial institution
from micro-finance groups and public
institutions in target areas
2.4 Provide subsidized loan for acquisition Selected locations Year 3 - 7 Financial institutions
of LPG
2.5 Training of beneficiaries Selected locations Year 3 - 7 REA
2.6 Capacity building of LPG retailers Selected locations Year 3 - 7 LPG distributor
Project 3: Biogas as a clean cooking solution
3.1 Dialogue with biogas stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 REA, CAMARTEC, NGOs,
Project developers
3.2 Develop specifications for a biogas REA HQ Year 3 REA

programme, building on Tanzania Domestic
Biogas Programme
3.3 Identify target areas Target areas Year 3 REA
3.4 Contract for financing biogas REA HQ Year 3 REA

programme
3.5 Implement biogas programme Target areas Year 4 – 8 Project developers,

NGOs
3.6 Monitor biogas programme Target areas Year 4 – 8 Project developers,

NGOs, REA
3.7 Evaluate biogas programme Target areas Year 8 Consultants, REA
Project 4: Increased uptake of eCooking in rural areas
4.1 Dialogue with eCooking stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 REA, electricity service
providers, NGOs, Project
developers
4.2 Develop specifications for three REA HQ Year 3 REA, consultants

projects: 1) eCooking with SHS, 2) eCooking
with mini-grid, and 3) eCooking with grid
electricity

4.3 Identify target areas with SHS, mini-grid Target areas Year 3 REA, electricity service
and grid service providers providers, consultants
4.4 Call for proposals and select three for REA HQ Year 3 REA
funding
4.5 Implement projects Three target areas Year 4 - 6 Project developers,

NGOs, electricity service
providers
4.6 Monitor projects Three target areas Year 4 - 6 Project developers,

providers, REA
4.7 Evaluate and compare modes of Three target areas Year 7 Consultants, REA
electricity supply for eCooking
4.8 Assess viability. Decide if, how and what Dodoma Year 7 REA, MoE
mode to support in new target areas
Project 5: Increased use of natural gas for cooking in rural areas
5.1 Implement pilot project in Lindi and Lindi and Year 1 - 3 MoE, TPDC and other
Mkuranga Mkuranga stakeholders
5.2 Dialogue with natural gas stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 MoE, TPDC and other
stakeholders
5.3 Feasibility study to identify target areas Target areas along Year 3 TPDC, REA
main pipeline
5.4 Develop specifications for natural gas Dodoma Year 3 MoE, TPDC, REA
project
5.5 Contract for financing natural gas REA HQ Year 3 GoT, REA and other
project stakeholders
5.6 Fund natural gas project Target areas along Year 3 - 6 GoT, REA and other
main pipeline stakeholders
5.7 Monitor natural gas project Target areas along Year 3 - 6 TPDC, REA
main pipeline
5.8 Evaluate natural gas project Target areas along Year 6 TPDC, REA, consultants
main pipeline
5.9 Assess viability of provision in new Dodoma and Year 6 MoE, TPCD, REA
areas where natural gas pipeline is target areas
extended. Decide if, how and what mode to
support in new target areas (repeat steps
5.2-5.8)
Project 6: Increased awareness and demand for clean cooking solutions

6.1 Develop and overall strategy for REA HQ Year 2 REA, consultants
awareness creation, education and capacity
building
6.2 Develop educational material for safe REQ HQ Year 2 - 3 REA, consultants, LPG
use of LPG and natural gas distributors
6.3 Produce educational and training REA HQ Year 3 Development partners,

material on eCooking NGOs, electricity service
providers, REA
6.4 Conduct public campaigns in media and National, targeted Year 3 - 6 MoH, REA,
live demonstrations to create awareness of semi-urban and Development partners,
health impact with clean cooking solutions rural population NGOs, Private sector
(ACCeS programme) and media
6.5 Conduct public campaigns in media to National, targeted Year 3 - 6 MoH, REA,
create awareness of health benefits of rural population Development partners,
improved cooking services (TrICS NGOs, Private sector
programme) and media
6.6 Monitor and evaluate ACCeS- Country-wide Year 5 and 8 NBS, REA
programme based on IASES II, III (REACE
programme)
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the five projects under ACCeS. Further cost
details can be found in the CEAP.
Table 34. ACCeS - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD
million)
Project 1: Demand and market established for LPG across Tanzania Mainland 51
Project 2: Expanding LPG supply chain in rural areas 19
Project 3: Biogas as a clean cooking solution 9
Project 4: Increased uptake of eCooking in rural areas 8
Project 5: Increased use of natural gas for cooking in rural areas 21
Project 6: Increased awareness and demand for clean cooking solutions 3
Total 111

Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of various stakeholders are
indicated in the table below. The proposed programme should be implemented by staff from the MoE,
REA, EWURA, MoH, MoCDGWS, TPDC, VPO, PO RALG, institutions of higher education, LGAs, NBS and
others.
Implementation of the programme requires collaboration with commercial enterprises in the private
sector, and strong support through international partners by provision of funding and technical
assistance. Global LPG Partnership and the Clean Cooking Alliance could provide important support for
implementation of the ACCeS programme.
Table 35. ACCeS - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme Coordinate the large-scale, commercially based scale-up of

overseer supply of LPG required in ACCeS
Formulate policies and regulations to create an enabling
framework for the programme
REA Implementing agency of the Establish funding mechanisms; Organize procurement

programme processes; Provide matching grants and subsidy; Coordinate
projects; Monitor project implementation; Awareness
creation
EWURA Regulate energy markets Facilitate affordable supply of LPG
MoH Oversees health sector Coordinate awareness campaign on health
MoCDGWS Oversees community Provide advice and policy coordination of initiatives directed
development policy and towards gender equality and social inclusion
gender
TPDC Regulate and facilitate Implementation of national policy for promotion of liquid
supply of petroleum and gaseous petroleum fuels. Implementation of projects
products on natural gas.
VPO Oversees cross-sectoral Its responsibility awareness creation on sustainable

efforts related to environment
environment
PO RALG Lead on government duties Provide political statements on clean cooking.

Collaborate with REA to identify target areas, populations,
micro-finance groups and institutions eligible for support.
Follow-up conditionalities for provision of funding to micro-
finance groups and institutions.
NBS National energy data Provide continuous assessment of overall performance of

the ACCeS-programme
LPG Supply LPG in Tanzania Memorandum of Understanding with REA to supply LPG in
distributors rural areas based on RBF.
Provide capacity building of retailers.
Marketing and awareness creation.

International International networks for Provide support to REA on clean cooking

development clean cooking
partners Facilitate in capacity building on LPG, and provide support
Technical assistance development of mechanisms for scaling up access to LPG
Funding partner Provide funding
NGO, CBO Implement eCooking Develop project proposals, implement project and monitor
projects development
Education and
Education and training on
research Participate in awareness and educational campaigns
health
institutions
Banks, Manage funds to public Collaborate with REA to establish revolving fund for
financial subsidized loans to institutions and micro-finance groups
institutions
Provide loans to selected beneficiaries
Centre for Operationalizing the Support dialogue with project developers.

Agricultural Government's policies into
Mechanization programs aimed at
and Rural improving the agricultural
Technology production and quality of
(CAMARTEC) rural livelihoods.

mitigation.
Table 36. ACCES – Risk Assessment.
Successful implementation of Few or no additional staff hired. ACCeS may continue with less
REACE programme Limited resources for operational institutional knowledge in REA of
costs cooking energy and new standards.
Funds from GoT allocated to Less funds received than Scale down activities
REA for implementing REACE requested
Government institutions Partners do not commit to ACCeS REA prioritises parts of ACCeS that
engaged in implementation of can be conducted without strong
ACCeS partnerships

Funding from development Less or no funds allocated from REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
partners to match provisions by development partners be conducted without large
GoT investments
Contracts with LPG distributors No interest or capacity among Focus on demand-side interventions
LPG distributors
Implementation of MoH Limited priority to achieve a ACCeS may continue with less strong
Strategic Plan HSSP V (2021) reduction of indoor air pollution enabling framework
includes focus on IAP H’
Enabling policy and regulatory Policy and regulatory Sensitize policy and decision-makers
framework in place requirements identified in CEAP to declare clean cooking a national
not in place agenda
ACCeS may continue with less
bodies
4.3 Enabling Framework

Achievement of the SE4All goal depends on a combination of market-based and public sector-led
interventions to promote improved and clean cooking solutions. A coordinated effort from
government institutions is required to create a robust enabling environment with well-aligned policies,
I CE P’
programmes must be accompanied by cross-sectoral efforts to address barriers to a rural energy
transition.
Important barriers to energy transition in rural areas related to cooking energy are described in detail
in the CEAP. They relate to affordability and availability of energy, culture and traditions, awareness of
energy-related health issues, technological and business development, and enabling policies and
capacity for coordination and leading efforts in the energy sector.
In the subsequent sections the framework (policy, regulatory and institutional) for promoting
improved and clean cooking is described, pointing at specific barriers that must be addressed, and
providing recommendations as basis for an enabling framework to accomplish the SE4All goal.
4.3.1 Policy Framework

T z ’ j k cooking energy part
of the energy sector. The NEP 2003 policy laid the foundation for promoting renewable energy sources
and encouraging private sector participation in the energy sector. NEP 2015 focused on ensuring the
provision of reliable and affordable energy by facilitating an efficient and sustainable energy value
chain. Framed around health and environmental drivers, the 2015 policy includes an objective to
improve the quality of life through the use of modern fuels. This objective is accompanied by two policy
statements: To enhance fuel switching from wood fuel to modern energy, and to facilitate adoption of
appropriate cooking appliances to promote alternatives to wood fuel.
The table below gives an overview of key policies, acts, and regulations governing the clean cooking
space in Tanzania.
Table 37. Policies, acts, and plans governing cooking energy in Tanzania.
Year Document Details
1992 National Energy Policy Tanzania instituted its first NEP “

development process by establishing an efficient energy
production, procurement, transportation, distribution, and
end- ”
2001 EWURA Act Established EWURA to regulate tariffs for electricity trade in the
country, and promote the availability of regulated services to
all, including low-income, rural, and disadvantaged consumers.
2003 National Energy Policy The 2003 policy laid the foundation for promoting renewable
energy sources and encouraging private sector participation in
Tanzania.
2005 Rural Energy Act Established the Rural Energy Agency in order to enhance energy
access in rural areas.
2006 EWURA Act Further mandated the autonomous multi-sectoral regulatory

authority in charge of technical and economic regulation of
electricity, LPG, petroleum, natural gas and water.
2008 Electricity Act Provides facilitation and regulation of generation, transmission,

transformation, distribution, supply and use of electric energy,
including rural electrification.
2008 Petroleum Act This Act provides regulation of importation, transportation,

storage, distribution, sale and use of petroleum and petroleum
products, including LPG, kerosene and natural gas.
2015 National Energy Policy Aimed to attract more private investment and local
participation in the energy sector, improve efficiency and
energy conservation as well as access to modern energy
services and increase the share of renewables in the electricity
generation mix.
2015 Executive Agencies Act Established PBPA to coordinate and manage efficient
procurement of petroleum products through Bulk Procurement
System.
In addition to the documents listed above it is worth highlighting that the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement was ratified by Tanzania in May 2018. The first
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) promote energy efficiency technologies, enhancing
efficiency in wood fuel extraction and utilisation, and enhancing use of renewable biomass.

Due to its impact on forests, national energy consumption is addressed as an environmental issue in
the NEP 2015 which confirms the ambition to transition the residential sector away from dependence
on firewood and charcoal. This is expected to be echoed in the forthcoming National Forestry Policy.
As evident from the number of acts, policies, and strategies in place, this ambition has been given
significant attention at the policy level over the past decades. Progress on the ground has, however,
been slow to materialise, underscoring the need for sustained and coordinated efforts from a number
of different stakeholders.
The table below presents a number of policy recommendations related to clean cooking.
Table 38. Recommendations for changes in the policy framework for clean cooking.
1: Address SDG 7 and Low ability to pay in rural areas is an important barrier to improving energy
associated goals services for a large part of T z ’ T IC
through cross- cylinder and stove for LPG may represent an unsurmountable upfront investment
sectoral national for many rural households.
effort
Ensuring availability and affordability of improved and clean alternatives for
cooking in rural Tanzania will require substantial investment in infrastructure, such
as industrial-scale production capacity of ICS, storage and filling facilities for LPG,
development of distribution capacity, and support to market activities to make
provision commercially viable and enable expansion into new areas.
A national and cross-sectoral effort must be made to address SDG 7, 3, 5, 13 and
15, supported by appropriate allocation of public funding over the national
budget.
2: Acknowledge One of the objectives in NEP 2015 is to enhance utilisation of renewable energy
biomass energy as a resources, including biomass, so as to increase its contribution in diversifying
mainstay in the I “ Government shall
energy supply facilitate efficient biomass conversion and end- ” However,
sustainable production and use of biomass resources fall under the mandate of
several Government ministries.
To create an enabling framework for reaching the SE4All, policies across sectors
k ’
and policies and regulations in the forestry and energy sectors should be aligned.
3: Coordinate GoT Since the 1970s Tanzania has seen numerous government and development
and development partner-led efforts to promote improved and clean cookstoves and fuels, but with
partner interventions limited effect in terms of scale and lasting results.
to promote clean
The Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves and Fuels 18 , reported that the
cooking
enabling environment has been stifled by policy and market failures, a lack of
awareness on the benefits of clean cookstoves, weak government policies and
insufficient access to finance.
To create an enabling framework for reaching the SE4All, increased effort should
be made to coordinate government and development-led interventions to
promote clean and improved cooking alternatives, such as LPG, eCooking and ICS.
18 ICS Taskforce and CCFAT, 2014

Current and planned development projects and programmes are described in the
CEAP.
4: Implement an According to the 2020 Joint Energy Sector Review, statistical data and reports that
information and exist on national energy consumption patterns lack the necessary depth and detail
knowledge to inform policy and regulatory decision-making, and MoE lacks a comprehensive
management system system for national monitoring and evaluation of the energy sector 19 . An area that
for the energy sector is poorly addressed is the extent and consequences of fuel stacking, which is an
important factor for interventions on cooking energy.
Increased capacity for M&E should established by the MoE. This could include an
energy information and knowledge management system to be implemented by
MoE in coordination with stakeholders including the National Bureau of Statistics.
5: Increase attention There is in inadequate awareness of indoor pollution and its health impacts among
towards causes and the public health services and extension as well as in the general population.
effects of indoor air
Impact of Indoor Air Pollution is not addressed in depth in current policy and
pollution in health
regulation related to public health. This in turn limits the attention to adoption of
policy
improved and clean cooking stoves, especially by the rural population.
Health policy and regulations should increase attention towards causes and
effects of indoor air pollution, and public awareness raising. The Health and
Pollution Action Plan has proposed actions for addressing indoor air pollution,
including awareness creation and promotion of clean cooking solutions. Efforts to
address indoor air pollution should be coordinated between the energy and health
authorities.
6: Increase attention Gender is a crosscutting issue, and women and children carry the largest burden
towards burden on from exposure to pollutants coming from cooking with firewood and charcoal. The
women and children head of household are often men, delimiting the range of decision of the source of
from indoor air energy used for cooking.
pollution
The MoCDGWS is responsible for gender-related policy in Tanzania. In
development of new policy increased attention should be given to impacts from
cooking energy use and measures to address impacts of these, and awareness to
both men and women on the effects of pollution.
7: Support capacity Research institutions lack the necessary resources to conduct research on climate
building and change mitigation and Global Warming Potential of development interventions.
structural changes in
It will be critical to support research institutions in Tanzania to study Global
energy sector public
Warming Potential of different energy sector trajectories, including the SE4All
institutions
scenario. Research can be strengthened through collaboration with international
research institutions.
8: Support research Energy for cooking receives considerably less funding than other decentralised
institutions in energy sources in Tanzania. The budget set aside for cooking energy in REA is TZS
Tanzania to study two billion, or 0.5 percent of the total budget.
climate change
The sources of finance earmarked for REA include Government Budgetary
allocation as a cross-subsidy through the Petroleum Levy and the Electricity Levy.
19 Joint Energy Sector Review, Norconsult, 2020.

impact of energy With increasing energy consumption in urban areas, allocation to REA increases.
interventions Allocation of sufficient funding to cooking energy should also be provided from
other sources. These issues are further discussed in chapter 6.
4.3.2 Regulatory Framework

Markets for firewood, charcoal, LPG, natural gas, electricity, and other forms of cooking energy differ
substantially in terms of actors involved, scale of operations, degree of formalization of supply chains,
and between the urban and rural space. Firewood is largely locally supplied and consumed. Charcoal
supply chains originate in rural areas and the charcoal is transported to and consumed in urban centres
– with the capital representing 40 to 50 percent of the national consumption. The charcoal industry is
increasingly formalized though regulation by TFS. LPG is imported through the Bulk Procurement
System and marketed through commercial LPG distributors and retailers.
Table 39. Recommendations for changes in the regulatory framework for clean cooking.
1: Effective market The rural energy economy largely is informal, not perfectly integrated in financial
regulation of all fuels markets, and therefore difficult to regulate through fiscal policy.
Effective market regulation should be communicated and framed through
information, awareness creation and education. Policy for increasing use of
improved and clean cookstoves and fuels should be an integral part of formalization
of the rural economy at large.
2: Enforcement of Lack of coordination in importation of LPG (e.g., bulk importation and regulation)
stove and fuel continues to be a challenge. Implementation of a national LPG promotion plan is
standards by TBS proposed to address the barriers to use of LPG in rural Mainland Tanzania.
3: Enforcement of Lacking standardization and formalization of biomass stove markets, and

stove and fuel inadequate implementation of energy performance standards for ICS, make the
standards by TBS stoves available on the market of general low quality and reliability, and do not
represent sufficient efficiency improvements and reduced emissions to qualify for
Tier 2. It will be important that TBS are provided with capacity for enforcing
cookstove standards.
4: Enforcement of Enforcement of standards is required to ensure LPG safety; lack of oversight

safety standards by mechanisms and insufficiently regulated expansion of the LPG market contribute to
OSHA the release into the market of unsafe products, which may further reinforce general
fears concerning the use of LPG.
Provide capacity for the Occupational Safety and Health Authority (OSHA) for
enforcing the Occupational Safety and Health Act (2003), and TBS with capacity for
enforcing safety standards.
5: Price LPG Price volatility and lack of control over large regional price differentials and local fees
strategically and levies adversely affect adoption and sustained use of clean cooking fuels such as

LPG. The regulation of energy distribution has significant impact on the ability to scale
up investments and increase availability into gradually more rural areas.
EWUR ’ LP z
for urban and rural markets. Consider implementation of an instrument like the
electricity life-line tariff, for LPG.
6: Incentivise ICS Even when the long-term running costs of an alternative solution is competitive,
production the purchase of an ICS or a cylinder and stove for LPG or eCooking equipment may
represent an unsurmountable upfront investment for many rural households.
Through the NEPs, the GoT has been promoting substitution of charcoal and
firewood by providing tax relief to stimulate the use of LPG in the country. In 2008-
2009 import duties and VAT were removed from LPG. All other cooking fuels have
taxes, royalties, duties, and levies.
Costs are largely driven by material expenditures and capital investments required
for installing production lines, and exemption from VAT and other fees for input
materials, licenses, and capital expenditures would therefore enhance affordability.
7: Reduce import ICS produced in other countries may be imported. Uptake of important stoves can
duties for ICS be incentivised by lowering import duties on ICS that meet Tanzanian standards. A
risk associated with this is that domestically produced stoves are less competitive
on price.
8: Reduce import LPG requires upfront investment for households for purchasing the cylinder, cooker,
duties for LPG and gas, making the solution unaffordable for lower-income users. The inability to
appliances afford to purchase large refills of gas (usually six kilo refills of gas). Lower-income
customers will typically be buying sufficient charcoal for just a few meals whereas a
’
Tax advantages and reforms can increase affordability, for example: Exemption of
import duties on LPG tanks and regulators, and reducing import duties and VAT for
LPG stoves, to reduce start-up costs for purchase of cylinder and stove.
9: Regulate charcoal The charcoal sector and supply chain from rural producers to urban consumers is in
value chains the process of being formalized through regulation by TFS. This contributes to
increase the cost of charcoal in cities, thereby increasing urban demand for
alternatives such as LPG, eCooking and use of natural gas. Charcoal costs less and is
used less in rural Tanzania due to locally available firewood. The effect of
formalization of the charcoal sector is likely to have marginal direct effect on rural
energy consumption, but it may contribute to the general formalization of the rural
economy.
Formalisation through regulation of biomass energy value chains sector must
acknowledge that charcoal production and sales is a livelihood strategy for
hundred-thousands of people in rural Tanzania.
Regulation of the charcoal value chains should provide financial incentives to rural
producers based on efficiency of production. This should be bolstered by increased
cross-sectoral capacity for regulation of upstream and mid-stream charcoal supply
through dialogue between VPO, TRA, PO RALG, LGAs and producers and
establishment of producer organizations.

4.3.3 Institutional Framework
Governance of biomass energy resources and efforts to enable transition toward use of improved and
clean cooking in Tanzania has been challenged by lack of coordination and clear delineation of
mandate between relevant ministries. Cooking energy bridges the policy domains of VPO, MNRT and
MoH, and indirectly involves a range of other government institutions.
The NEPs addresses the negative impact on public health from inefficient use of wood fuels, as well as
the disproportionate burden on women. The MoH is a central actor in a coordinated effort to scale up
access to improved and clean cooking solutions.
MoCDGWS is responsible for addressing gender equality, and so is a central actor in improving access
to improved cooking energy services.
Table 40. Recommendations for changes in the institutional framework for clean cooking.
1: Strengthen Advisories such as the Biomass Energy Strategy Tanzania and the 2020 Joint Energy
coordination between Sector Review point to the lack of coordination between energy and forestry sectors
energy and forestry as an important barrier for successful interventions to reduce rate of deforestation.
sectors T z ’ RT F
Beekeeping Division. TFS has been mandated with policy development,
management of the charcoal trade and revenue collection. TFS manages the
Tanzania Forest Fund which is used to promote, facilitate, and finance projects to
enhance sustainability of use of forest resources. A possible enabler is that VPO is
responsible for environment, and as such an entity which bridges the policy
domains. VPO is situated for overseeing demand and supply-side interventions to
regulate biomass energy use policies and interventions.
2: Build the capacity The health dimension of cooking energy should be anchored in MoH. However, a
of MoH oversee health barrier for cross-sectoral effort for promoting clean cooking is that indoor air
aspects of clean pollution has received limited attention in the health sector. National Institute for
cooking Medical Research and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences are
relevant research and education institutions that work on indoor air pollution in
Tanzania. In implementing the NEPs, the MoE and REA are engaged in work to
reduce the health burden from indoor air pollution. MoH has the mandate to
promote initiatives to improve public health. The ministry is a natural nodal point
for coordinating awareness raising campaigns and education related to improving
the household context of cooking energy use towards the SE4All goal.
3: Revitalise the Rural An effective entity for coordination of energy sector activities with other cross-
Energy Working Group cutting sectors is necessary. A barrier to implementation of cooking interventions
as enabling body for under REA is the lack of a coordinating body for cross-sectoral interventions. The
joint institutional Rural Energy Working Group is positioned to be an enabling body for overseeing
efforts
joint institutional efforts to implement CEAP: It is constituted by the most strategic
k ’ E I
MoE, REA, EWURA, TBS, TANESCO, NEMC, TPDC, MoFP, MNRT, MIT, COSTECH,
private sector representative, PO RALG and a development partner representative

as an observer. The working group has been inactive but was supposed to meet
several times a year to deliberate on issues cross cutting sector boundaries. Its
decisions previously were not binding to any of the participating institutions. To
coordinate the cross-sectoral effort to establish an enabling framework of policies,
regulations and institutions for reaching SE4All, it is recommended that the Rural
Energy Working Group is re-vitalized with a workplan and commitment that agreed
decisions must be legally binding. Composition should be considered in light of
needs arising.
4.3.4 Summary of Policy, Regulatory, and Institutional Recommendations

The figure below summarises the above recommendations related to policy, regulatory, and
institutional issues.

Figure 13. Recommendations for improved framework conditions for RESP implementation.
4.4 Cross-cutting Sustainability Elements

Because SDGs 7, 3, 5, 13 and 15 are interconnected and represents the critical elements of complexity
that are fundamental for effectively addressing development issues, the CEAP integrates economic,
social, and environmental factors. The clean cooking programme is customized to country-specific
conditions, both through country-specific parameterization using corresponding data and through the
addition of special sectors that represent development issues endemic to Mainland Tanzania.
4.4.1 Environment
The environmental sectors track the consumption of natural resources – both renewable and non-
renewable – and estimate the impact of the use and depletion of such resources on production, health
and other sectors. The usage of firewood and charcoal as a primary source for cooking energy leads to
a considerable increase greenhouse gas emission, loss of biodiversity, and in extreme cases, soil
erosion because of deforestation. The tension between the satisfaction of human needs and the
degradation of the environment is high and requires rethinking and changing the usage of energy from
firewood and charcoal, to more sustainable ones. Population and production levels determine the
demand of those natural resources and the generation of waste and air pollution. Nevertheless,
investment decisions can influence the level of waste treatment, alternatives, and capacities for
renewable energy, resulting in more responsible use of national natural resources. To reduce the
impacts and vulnerability of climate change Tanzania has committed to NDCs, intending to enhance
inefficiency in wood fuel utilization, to enhance the use of renewable energy across the country, to
promote the use of energy efficiency technology and behaviour and to promote rural electrification.
These actions are aimed at reducing the rate of forest degradation and adapt to climate change.
4.4.2 Gender
In terms of gender equality, SDG5 aims to empower all women and girls. Giving women opportunities
to generate income is a start in the social process required to reach that goal. In the current social
context of Tanzanian society, there is an unbalance share of domestic unpaid work, divided in many
activities that take most of the time of women in many households. Additionally, cooking and gathering
wood, represent one of the most time-consuming of daily responsibilities carried by women. In many
cases women have to walk long distances to get firewood and then engage many hours making food,
often being exposed to polluted air. The implementation of clean cooking energy shortens the time
involved on food preparations, providing space and opportunities to get employed and/or engaged in
educational alternatives. The empowerment of all women and girls is a vision that not only benefits
women, also impacts further in other family members, and in a wider extent many aspects of society,
creating fluency and symmetry within household members. Finally, granting women the alternative of
choosing how to administrate their time, becomes potentially the first step towards a more balanced
and equal society in which the vital role of women is guaranteed with their full and equal participation
and leadership in all areas of sustainable development.
4.4.3 Health
Indoor air pollution is one of the main reasons for lung diseases. The exposure to airborne pollutants
is harmful for those breathing it, but also one of the reasons of malformations, damage to the brain
and low birth weight in babies in the womb, in addition to other complications during the gestation
period. The long hours expended in cooking activities, represent a constant exposure to polluted air.
The particles arising from solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung for cooking create
unhealthy living environment. Cooking over open fires or inefficient stoves typically entails burning
fuels like wood, charcoal, coal, and kerosene, which releases harmful, climate-warming emissions.
Short-lived climate pollutants—such black carbon and methane (CH4), as well as other greenhouse
gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are emitted due to the
incomplete combustion of kerosene and solid fuels that occurs while cooking using these unhealthy
methods. Furthermore, the implementation of cleaner cooking energies will provide efficient solution
to eradicate diseases related to indoors bad air quality. As health being one of the key components of
a fulfilling life, it must be then taken into consideration as a top priority of any development project.

5 Implementation Strategy 2022-31
As outlined over the previous chapter, this REMP sets out an agenda for rural energy in Tanzania over
the next eight years which will require significant efforts and resources from many sources, and which
will need to be coordinated for successful implementation. The figure below introduces the REMP
implementation framework.
Figure 14. REMP implementation framework.
5.1 REMP Implementation Plan

As discussed in chapters 2 and 3, the different REMP programmes and projects have clear
interdependencies that need to be taken into account in the planning. The Gant-diagrams below
outline the proposed staging and duration of activities.

Figure 15. RESP implementation plan.

Figure 16. CEAP implementation plan.

5.2 REMP Planning Cycle
The REMP planning cycle as illustrated in the figure below. It is foreseen that implementation of the
REMP is divided into two phases á five years. After completion of the first phase, a mid-term evaluation
considering activities, outcomes, lessons learned etc., should be carried out.
Detailed planning of phase 2 can be done in parallel with the mid-term evaluation but should take into
consideration any lessons learned from phase 1. After completion of the 8-years planning and
implementation period of this REMP, a new REMP covering the next 10-year period should be
developed. The new REMP should build on this REMP and take into account finding and lessons learned
from the end-evaluation. Monitoring and Evaluation will be undertaken throughout the whole coming
ten-years implementation period to assess to what extent this REMP is meeting its objectives.
Figure 17. REMP planning cycle.

6 Financing
This chapter presents a high-level assessment of options for REMP financing. The recommendations
largely flow from the design of the various programmes as set out in chapters 3 and 4. Origin of funding,
and how the required resources should be raised is, ultimately, a political question. REA is at the time
of publishing this REMP in the process of preparing a Resource Mobilization Strategy, and it is expected
that this document will play an important role in making these determinations.
6.1 Overall Program Cost

The total cost for implementation of the REMP over 8 years as outlined over the previous chapters is
estimated to USD 6,044 million, including USD 1,553 million estimated for improvements in the
upstream grid which will serve many other purposes than rural electrification and therefore is excluded
in the following.
Out of the USD 4,491 million targeted directly for expansion of modern energy services in rural areas,
nearly 95 percent is for electricity. It is, however, noteworthy that the share of total funding for clean
cooking increases significantly towards 2030.
The figure below presents rough year-by-year budget breakdowns prepared based on the
implementation plans found in section 4.1. Please refer to Annex F for further details.
Figure 18. Year-by-year breakdown of budget estimates 20 .
In addition to the above, approximately USD 300 million for FY 2022/23 and USD 243 million for FY
2023/24 (see Annex G for details) are budgeted for costs related to on-going electrification projects.
These costs are not included in the analysis, as it is assumed that they largely are covered by existing
donor commitments.
6.2 Origins of Funding

The potential for funding from a number of sources has been accessed, as documented in the figure
below.
20 Applying the Bank of Tanzania exchange rate on February 11th, 2022 of 2298.1564

Table 41. Potential revenue sources for REMP implementation.
Current context Applied assumptions
Government sources I RE ’ W kP It is expected that the amount

(including Petroleum Levy Budget for 2020/21, the total provided by government sources to
and the Electricity Levy) revenue expected to be received REF will grow by five percent year-
into REF from government sources, on-year as the demand for
including the different levies, is TZS electricity and petroleum grows.
374.75 billion, equal to around USD This is in line with historic
160 million 21 . developments 22 .
Development partners In the last nine years, it is estimated It is assumed that the development
that development partners have partner contribution to REF will
provided around USD 1,657 million continue on existing levels.
to the energy sector Tanzania 23 ,
It is further assumed that
equal to an average of USD 188 development partners will continue
million per year. to support investments in
I RE ’ W kP transmission and generation at the
Budget for 2020/21, the total levels seen over the past nine years.
revenue expected to be received
from development partners is TZS
32.32 Billion, equal to USD
approximately 13.5 million 24 .
Private sector Private sector investments in It is assumed that the mini-grid

Tanzanian energy sector remain component of the BGAP programme
low, with a few exceptions. There will be undertaken with private
are, however, clear signals that the capital, but that a cross-subsidy
existing tariff order for mini-grids should be considered to reduce the
may be reversed, which is expected cost of electricity for households
to increase the appetite for served by mini-grids.
investments.
The figure below presents an extrapolation of resources that would be available over the coming 8-
year period for rural electrification and clean cooking based on the above assumptions. Funds from
the prioritized grid strengthening projects under NGAP are not included, but it is assumed that donor
funds will continue to be available to support priority investments in the Tanzanian power system.
21 Applying the Bank of Tanzania exchange rate on February 11th, 2022 of 2298.1564
22 REA Five Year Strategic Plan July 2021 – June 2026, 2021
23 Action Document for Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Sol E F E F : ΤΖ/FE /0 0-142
24 Applying the Bank of Tanzania exchange rate on February 11 th, 2022 of 2298.1564

Figure 19. Forecasted resources available for REMP implementation.
6.3 Conclusion
It is notable and encouraging for the overall sustainability of the Tanzanian power sector that the
forecasted revenues from government sources are expected to be sufficient to cover a significant share
of the required investments. Even so, it seems clear, based on the estimates provided above, that a
funding gap remains for completion of all REMP activities. This will be further addressed in the
forthcoming REA Resource Mobilization Plan.
A gradual shift of resources from electrification towards clean cooking is expected, as the decades long
effort to expand access in rural Tanzania is coming to an end after the end of this REMP period. Nearly
99 percent of REF funding has financed the prioritized grid extension projects over its 10 years of
existence, but the ramping up of resources for clean cooking over the 8-year REMP period is a clear
signal of the Government and REA´s commitment to this important policy area.

7 Monitoring and Evaluations
The REMP sets priorities for Tanzania to achieve universal access of both electricity and non-electrical energy
for cooking, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 7 and the SE4All Action Agenda.
The overall objectives are:
• 100 percent of the population have electricity access, of which 75 percent are connected to
electricity, by 2030.
• 75 percent of the population have access to modern cooking solutions by 2030.
Overall Objectives - Rural Energy Master Plan
Impact Key Performance Indicator Verification Assumptions

Source
Universal access to 100% of the population Nation-wide Access and connectivity to electricity
electricity and non- with access to electricity by survey in 2030 include national grid, mini-grids, and
electrical energy for 2030 off-grid solutions.
cooking
75% of the population with Modern Cooking is defined in
connection to electricity by accordance VPT Tier 4 or above.
2030
To achieve 75% of the total population
75% of the population with with access to modern cooking, 60% of
access to modern cooking the population in rural areas must have
solutions by 2030 access
The following tables present a monitoring framework covering the six REMP programmes and their
respective activities. In addition to Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each activity, the framework also
details targets for each indicator, in line with the project descriptions set out in the RESP and CEAP
respectively.
It is proposed that several KPIs be monitored through the three IASES surveys that are proposed for 2022,
2026, 2030 respectively. The 2022 survey will constitute a baseline for these indicators, and these are
consequently left blank in the framework – to be filled in once the survey is complete.

7.1.1 RESP M&E-framework

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: Rural Electricity Supply Plan 2022 - 2030
Outcome Key Baseline 2020 Target 22/23 Target 23/24 Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target 26/27 Target 29/30 Verification Source
Performance
Indicator
Electrification of Tanzania % of electricity 67.5% 83% 86% 89% 92% 95% 100% IASES survey
finalized access
Increased connectivity to % of electricity 38% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 75% IASES survey
electricity connectivity
Increased use of stand-alone % of rural 41.9% 43% 44% 44% 44% 40% 25% IASES survey
solutions (e.g. SHS) households with
stand-alone
solutions
National Grid Alleviation Programme (NGAP)

Outcome
The Tanzanian power grid has been strengthened to meet the increased load from new connections and increased economic activity in rural areas.
Outputs Key Baseline 2020 Target 22/23 Target 23/24 Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target 26/27 Target 29/30 Verification Source
Performance
Indicator
Capacity of identified # of HV/MV 0 0 0 0 10 10 26 TANESCO Annual
transformers in HV/MV substations Report
substations updated to meet upgraded
future load
Feasibility study for proposed # of completed 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 TANESCO Annual
grid strengthening projects feasibility Report
studies
Contracts signed for proposed # of contracts 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 TANESCO Annual
grid strengthening projects signed Report
Identified grid strengthening # of 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 TANESCO Annual
projects commissioned commissioned Report
projects

Rural Grid Access Programme (RGAP)

Outcome
The distribution network expanded to all rural areas where this can be done in a cost-efficient manner
Performance
Indicator
Scoping of all locations proposed #of locations 0 2,550 38,524 38,524 38,524 38,524 38,524 Scoping reports
for electrification scoped
Contracts signed for all RGAP lots #of locations 0 5 5 5 10 10 10 Signed contracts
with signed
contracts
All identified locations electrified # of electrified 0 0 400 800 1200 1626 38,524 Completion reports
locations
PUE promoted in all locations # of locations 0 0 400 800 1200 1626 38,524 Project reports
electrified under RGAP where PUE has
been promoted
Beyond the Grid Access Programme (BGAP)

Outcome
Improve market conditions for mini- and off-grid solutions to serve the population which cannot be cost-efficiently connected to the grid.
Performance
Indicator
Scoping of all locations proposed #of locations 0 313 313 313 313 313 313 Scoping reports
for mini-grid electrification scoped
All locations recommended for # of locations 0 0 313 313 313 313 313 Concession
mini-grids have a private under private agreements
concessionaire concession
All recommended locations have # of locations 0 0 0 313 313 313 313 EWURA reports
operational mini-grids with operational
mini-grids

Information campaign to sensitize # of information 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 REA Annual reports

venders and importers of off-grid campaigns
equipment about applicable rules executed/year
and standards
Increased control of imported # of shipments Not available 50 100 100 100 100 100 TBS annual reports
goods and vendors of stand-alone controlled by
systems authorities per
year
7.1.2 CEAP M&E-framework

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: Cooking Energy Action Plan 2022 - 2030
Outcome Key Performance Indicator Baseline 2022 Target Target Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target 26/27 Target 29/30 Verification
22/23 23/24 Source
Promote and facilitate % of rural population in <10%* 10% 12% 17% 23% 28% 60% IASES
availability and access to Tanzania Mainland with survey
quality modern energy improved or clean cooking
services in rural Mainland solutions
Tanzania
*To be verified as baseline through the first IASES survey
REA Cooking Energy Capacity Building Programme (REACE)

Outcome
T RE ’ “T T z ”
cooking energy.
Outputs Key Performance Indicator Baseline 2022 Target Target Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target 26/27 Target 29/30 Verification
22/23 23/24 Source
RE ’ # full-time staff working with 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 REA Annual
for management of cooking energy in REA Reports
projects and programmes
on cooking energy
strengthened.
RE ’ % RE ’ 0.5% 2% 10% 20% 25% 25% 50% REA Annual
outreach in remote parts cooking energy purposes Reports

of Tanzania mainland and

areas with low population
density with cooking
energy interventions
strengthened.
RE ’ # trainings conducted 0 1 4 8 10 12 20 REA Annual
both national and (cumulative) Reports
international standards
(ESMAP MTF, VPT) in
planning and monitoring
of energy-sector
interventions
strengthened.
RE ’ # Planning and monitoring 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 REA Annual
targeting and monitoring report per year Reports
of cooking energy
interventions increased.
National monitoring of # IASES surveys conducted 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 IASES
household energy use surveys
strengthened.
Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Programme (TrICS)

Outcome
Strengthen capacity and quality of supply of ICS that meet standards, and sustainable biomass energy, to markets across regions in Mainland Tanzania.
Outputs Key Performance Indicator Baseline 2022 Target Target Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target 26/27 Target 29/30 Verification
22/23 23/24 Source
Strengthened capacity and # full-time staff working with 5 10 50 100 150 300 500 Project
quality of SME cooking energy in REA reports
entrepreneurs supplying
ICS for biomass energy
that meet standards to
markets across regions in
Tanzania

Large scale industrial % RE ’ 0 50,000 100,000 12,000 150,000 200,000 500,000 Project
production of ICS for cooking energy purposes reports
firewood and charcoal to
provide sufficient amounts
of affordable stoves
supported
Increased adoption of ICS # trainings conducted 0 0 100 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 Project
at meso-user level. reports
Increased adoption of ICS # Planning and monitoring To be 200,000 250,000 300,000 500,000 800,000 2,500,000 IASES
at micro-user level. report per year established surveys
based on IASES
study 2021/2022
Increased sustainable # IASES surveys conducted 0 0 1,000 20,000 40,000 50,000 100,000 Project
biomass energy supply reports
Achieving Clean Cooling Energy Solutions (ACCeS)

Outcome
Promote access to clean cooking solutions through market-based approaches and development projects and increase awareness of health risks from cooking.
Outputs Key Performance Baseline 2022 Target Target Target 24/25 Target 25/26 Target Target Verification
Indicator 22/23 23/24 26/27 29/30 Source
Market for LPG % of households using <0.5%* 0.5% 2% 4% 6% 8% 21% IASES
strengthened through LPG as primary fuel in surveys
support of LPG distributors rural Mainland
for extending supply to Tanzania
frontier markets in semi
urban and rural areas.
Demand and supply chain # of LPG cylinders in 0 0 20,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 Project
for LPG expanding naturally circulation in project reports
around micro- and meso locations
level pilot users in rural
areas.
Increased use of biogas for # biogas digesters 15,000 15,000 15,000 17,000 19,000 22,000 30,000 Project
cooking installed in Mainland reports
Tanzania

Increased uptake of # eCooking devices 0 0 0 5,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 Project

eCooking in rural Tanzania distributed in project reports
both on- and off grid. areas
Increased use of natural gas # of natural gas 0 400 800 1,200 2,000 3,000 10,000 Project
for cooking in rural areas customers, HHs and reports
institutions
(cumulative)
Increased awareness and # persons reached with 0 0 10 million 15 million 20 million 25 million 30 IASES
demand for clean cooking campaigns (cumulative) million survey
solutions and healthy
cooking facilities in rural
Tanzania.
*To be verified as baseline through the first IASES survey

Annex A: Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP)
REMP Annexes August 25th, 2022

VOLUME 2: RURAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY PLAN
Volume Rural Electricity Supply Plan (final)
Cover photo REA/Multiconsult
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP) is the second of three volumes that constitute the Tanzania Rural
Energy Master Plan 2022 to 2030. The Master Plan has been developed for the Tanzania Rural Energy
Agency by Multiconsult Norge AS, with IED of France, the Norwegian University of Life Science, and
Norplan Tanzania Ltd as sub-consultants. The work has been financed by the World Bank through the
Tanzania Rural Electrification Expansion Program (TREEP).
REA and the Consulting team would like to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this work
by a number of energy sector stakeholders, including the Ministry of Energy, National Bureau of Statistics
(NBS), Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
(EWURA), NGOs, private sector, and development partners.
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page iii

Executive summary
This Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP) is the second of three volumes constituting the REMP 2022 –
2030. It describes how the targets set out for electrification of Tanzania over the next 8 years can be
reached, including analyses and recommendations for three programs with corresponding projects and
activities.
Ensuring 100 percent access and 75 percent connectivity to metered connections by 2030 will require
deployment of a continuum of on-, mini-, micro-, and off-grid solutions across rural Tanzania. In addition,
it is assumed that the population with no metered connection in 2030 will be served by stand-alone
systems to ensure universal access to electricity as defined by SE4All.
The geospatial electrification planning approach taken in this RESP is based on a national GIS database
from the National Bureau of Statistics (REMP database), which includes 15,211 georeferenced settlements
in mainland Tanzania. Other databases (e.g. PO RALG, postcodes) only list villages and sub-villages in
tables without any information on population or coordinates (longitude and latitude) and can therefore
not be utilized for geospatial planning purposes. The REMP database identifies 2,865 rural settlements
that do not have access to electricity, and which are not part of existing electrification programmes.
Because georeferenced locations of all hamlets are not available, the REMP database does not constitute
all settlements in Tanzania. Although not included in the REMP database, the electrification program REDP
III which aims to electrify all 37,610 hamlets in Tanzania that currently have no electricity access is included
in the scope of this RESP.
Applying the software GEOSIM, a geospatial analysis was conducted in order to identify, select and rank
the areas with the highest social and economic impact of electrification. An electricity load forecast was
also conducted for the georeferenced unelectrified rural settlements in the REMP database in order to
establish their future demand for electricity. The Renewable Energy Assessment identifies resources and
the technology options available for rural electrification through mini-grids based on renewable energy
resources. The purpose of this methodological approach is to provide techno/economic
recommendations as to how the unelectrified rural settlements best can be electrified. The analysis was
further supported by a load-flow analysis of the Tanzanian national grid, to examine the impacts of
increased rural loads. The overall approach is presented in the figure below.
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page iv

Results from the load flow analysis identifies several grid constraints that needs to be mitigated in order
to facilitate full electrification of Mainland Tanzania. Full electrification of forecasted REMP load will not
be possible without establishing the North-East transmission project (important for rural electrification in
the North-East as well as overall system capacity) and the Julius Nyerere Hydropower Plant (or other
power plants with significant generation capacity).
Further, increased transformer capacity and regional transmission reinforcements are required to
facilitate additional load in some high voltage HV/MV substations. Due to these constraints, all HV/MV
substations connected to the backbone grid has, based on a set of criteria, been prioritised in terms of
their capacity and suitability to absorb the new REMP load prior to implementation of the North-East
project. The prioritisation is shown in the figure below.
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page v

The following are the high-level recommendations from the geospatial analyses:
• Expand and densify the national grid where feasible. In line with the stated policy preferences of
the Government of Tanzania and building on the extensive grid expansion that has taken place
over the past years, it is proposed to extend the national grid to 2,550 of the rural settlements
identified in the REMP database. Electrification of all 37,610 hamlets in Tanzania that currently
have no electricity access will also mainly be done through grid extensions although mini-grids
could be considered for certain hamlets.
• Strengthen the upstream grid to meet increased loads. Where constraints in the upstream grid
make it impossible to supply electricity of sufficient quality, it is proposed that these be rectified
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page vi

before the location can be electrified. In practice, therefore, two rounds of grid electrification are
proposed: A first wave which should be initiated as soon as possible, and a second wave for
implementation once relevant bottlenecks in the grid have been addressed.
• Tender mini-grid concessions where on-grid electrification is not feasible. 312 locations that do
not meet the criteria set out for grid electrification are proposed for electrification through solar
mini-grids, and a single location is proposed for a hydropower mini-grid. In practice it is
recommended that these mini-grids are tendered as time-limited concessions to private
developers, and that a cross-subsidy is considered to reduce the price difference between on- and
mini-grid consumers.
• Improve market for off-grid solutions where connectivity is not possible. Scattered households
that live too far from the settlement centre to be viable for a metered connection should be
provided with affordable, secure, and reliable stand-alone solutions such as solar home-systems
to ensure universal access to electricity as defined by SE4All.
for commercial actors. The response is divided into three separate programmes for implementation, as
outlined along with recommendations for improvements in the enabling framework below.
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page vii

Table of Content
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................................................ iii
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................................. iv
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background and Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.5 Scenarios for Access to Rural Energy ............................................................................................................................. 6
2 Spatial Analysis and Planning ..........................................................................................................................................7
2.1 GIS Database Preparations ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Development Poles ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Findings from the Spatial Analysis................................................................................................................................ 20
3 Load Forecast ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
3.1 Input Parameters and Assumptions ............................................................................................................................. 21
3.2 Load Forecast Results ................................................................................................................................................... 27
4 Simulation of Supply Options ........................................................................................................................................ 37
4.1 Electrification Through Grid Network Extensions (on-grid) ......................................................................................... 37
4.2 Electrification through mini-grid solutions................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Hamlet Electrification................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.4 Stand-alone Solar Solutions ......................................................................................................................................... 56
5 Grid Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
5.1 Background and Context .............................................................................................................................................. 58
5.2 Assumptions and parameters applied in PSS®E model ................................................................................................ 61
5.3 Analysis of Grid Constraints ......................................................................................................................................... 65
5.4 Summary of Findings and Overall Priority List ............................................................................................................. 77
5.5 Cost Estimates .............................................................................................................................................................. 84
6 Programmes and Projects .............................................................................................................................................. 87
6.1 Overall RESP Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 87
6.2 Structure and Packaging of Programs .......................................................................................................................... 88
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page viii

List of Tables
Table 1. SE4All Multi-tier framework. ...........................................................................................................................2
Table 2. Existing mini-grids projects. .............................................................................................................................9
Table 3. Ongoing and completed rural electrification programs. ................................................................................10
Table 4. REMP database for mainland Tanzania. ........................................................................................................14
Table 5. IPD analytical grid applied for identification of development poles ..............................................................17
Table 6. Development poles per region. .....................................................................................................................19
Table 7. Electricity expense distribution for non-connected households. ..................................................................22
Table 8. Electricity distribution connected households...............................................................................................22
Table 9. Household Distribution Classes......................................................................................................................23
Table 10. Household appliance power14F14F and equipment rate for connected households. ................................23
Table 11. Infrastructures and services distribution by settlement size. ......................................................................23
Table 12. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the pessimistic scenario .................................25
Table 13. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the baseline scenario ......................................25
Table 14. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the optimistic scenario ...................................25
Table 15. Household cumulated consumption and peak load ....................................................................................26
Table 16. Infrastructures and services cumulated consumption and peak load. ........................................................27
Table 17. Daily load curve (baseline scenario – example for a 3,000-inhabitant settlement). ...................................30
Table 18. Yearly load curve (baseline scenario – example for a 3,000-inhabitant settlement). .................................30
Table 19. Consumption and peak load per region (Baseline scenario). ......................................................................31
Table 20. Accumulated forecasted demand and peak load in existing HV/MV substations in year 2025 (baseline
scenario) ......................................................................................................................................................................35
Table 21. Economic parameters for grid extensions. ..................................................................................................38
Table 22. Technical parameters for grid extensions. ...................................................................................................39
Table 23. Data on villages recommended for grid extension. .....................................................................................39
Table 24. Solar PV cost and economic assumptions. ...................................................................................................49
Table 25. Diesel backup cost and economic assumptions. ..........................................................................................49
Table 26. Hydropower cost and economic assumptions. ............................................................................................49
Table 27. Wind turbine cost and economic assumptions. ...........................................................................................50
Table 28. Biomass cost and economic assumptions. ...................................................................................................50
Table 29. Parameters of the Lower Pinyinyi hydropower project ...............................................................................50
Table 30. Solar PV and storage mini-grid projects per region and total. .....................................................................54
Table 31. Number of hamlets to be electrified per region. .........................................................................................56
Table 32. Measured system peak load in 2017 and estimated system peak load in 202529F29F. .............................62
Table 33. New projects assumed to be commissioned by 2025. Source: PSMP 2020. ...............................................64
Table 34. Assumed installed generation capacity in year 2025. ..................................................................................65
T k 0 “ -E ” j J HPP
and wet season. ...........................................................................................................................................................69
Table 36. Estimated system peak load and REMP load in Mara region in 2025. .........................................................70
Table 37. Estimated system peak load and REMP load in Tabora region in 2025. ......................................................73
Table 38. Substations with insufficient capacity for both increased existing load and new REMP load (2025) .........75
Table 39. Substations with sufficient capacity for increased existing load but insufficient capacity for all REMP load
(2025)...........................................................................................................................................................................76
Table 40. Substations with sufficient capacity for both increased existing load and all REMP load (2025) ................76
Table 41. Criteria used for prioritisation of HV/MV substations. ................................................................................77
Table 42. Description of each criterion. ......................................................................................................................77
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page ix

Table 43. Priority list of all HV/MV substations. The priority list is based on peak load in 2025 during the dry season
with 200 MW import from Kenya and prior to implementation of the North-East project and connection of JNHPP.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................78
Table 44. Proposed mitigation measures for HV/MV substations to facilitate connection of the forecasted REMP
load. .............................................................................................................................................................................80
Table 45. Transmission System Reinforcements required to achieve full electrification, excluding substation costs.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................85
Table 46. Cost Estimates for Transformer Upgrades. ..................................................................................................85
Table 47. NGAP – Programme objective and projects.................................................................................................89
Table 48. NGAP – Projects and Activities.....................................................................................................................90
Table 49. NGAP - High-level budget estimates. ...........................................................................................................92
Table 50. NGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. ..............................................................................................................93
Table 51. NGAP – Risk Assessment. .............................................................................................................................93
Table 52. RGAP – Programme objective and projects. ................................................................................................95
Table 53. RGAP – Projects and Activities. ....................................................................................................................96
Table 54. RGAP - High-level budget estimates. ...........................................................................................................98
Table 55. RGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. ...............................................................................................................98
Table 56. RGAP – Risk Assessment. .............................................................................................................................99
Table 57. BGAP – Main Activities. ..............................................................................................................................102
Table 58. BGAP - High-level budget estimates. .........................................................................................................104
Table 59. BGAP - Roles and Responsibilities. .............................................................................................................104
Table 60. BGAP – Risk Assessment. ...........................................................................................................................105
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page x

List of Figures
Figure 1. High-level structure of the REMP. ..................................................................................................................1
Figure 2. Specific REMP objectives pertaining to electricity and clean cooking energy. ...............................................4
Figure 3. RESP targets for connectivity in rural areas. ...................................................................................................5
Figure 4. Methodology for identification of electricity supply options for the rural communities in Tanzania. ...........5
Figure 5. Different steps of the Spatial Analysis. ...........................................................................................................7
Figure 6. Urban districts in mainland Tanzania. ............................................................................................................9
Figure 7. Electricity access by region. ..........................................................................................................................15
Figure 8. Village electrification status and disparities across the country. .................................................................16
Figure 9. Distribution of Development Poles across mainland Tanzania. ...................................................................18
Figure 10. Typical load curve for a settlement of 3,000 inhabitants during the course of the analysis period (20
years). ..........................................................................................................................................................................28
Figure 11. Share of household demand in the Baseline scenario (example for a settlement with 3,000 inhabitants).
.....................................................................................................................................................................................29
Figure 12. Number of customers (example for a settlement with 3,000 inhabitants). ...............................................29
Figure 13. Tanzania mainland demand map for unelectrified areas (baseline scenario – year 2025). .......................32
Figure 14. Tanzania mainland demand map for unelectrified areas (baseline scenario – year 2030). .......................33
Figure 15. Substation coverage areas for year 2025 (baseline scenario). ...................................................................34
Figure 16. Example of a settlements with a high connection cost that can be maintained as candidate for grid
connection. ..................................................................................................................................................................38
Figure 17. Proposed grid extensions in 2025. ..............................................................................................................41
Figure 18. Map of identified hydropower potentials. .................................................................................................44
Figure 19. Map of solar potential and existing solar PV plants. ..................................................................................45
Figure 20. Map of biomass power plants and resource location in Tanzania. ............................................................47
Figure 21. Annual average wind speed at 100 meters height. ....................................................................................48
Figure 22. Map of potential hydropower project. .......................................................................................................51
Figure 23. Location of mini-grid candidates in relation to biomass resources. ...........................................................52
Figure 24. Location of the mini-grid candidates in relation to wind potential. ...........................................................53
Figure 25. Location of the solar PV and storage mini-grid projects.............................................................................55
Figure 26. Installed capacity and measured coincidental load in Tanzania 2020. .......................................................58
Figure 27. Distribution of transmission lines over the short-term, medium-term, and long-term planning periods
according to PSMP 2020. .............................................................................................................................................59
Figure 28. Planned new generation capacity from 2020-2026 according to the PSMP 2020. ....................................60
Figure 29. Load forecast in PSMP 2016 and 2020, measured coincidental peak load and RESP prognosis used in
analyses. ......................................................................................................................................................................61
Figure 30. Hydro power generation for four 24-hour periods during dry season. ......................................................67
Figure 31. Transmission system in the Mara region. Source: PSMP 2020. ..................................................................70
Figure 32. Voltages in Mara region without the Capacitor bank at Nyamongo in service. .........................................71
Figure 33. Voltages in Mara region with the Capacitor bank at Nyamongo in service................................................71
Figure 34. Transmission system in Tabora region. Source: PSMP 2020. .....................................................................73
Figure 35. Voltages in the 132 kV system in Tabora region. ........................................................................................74
Figure 36. Location and overall prioritization of HV/MV substations. ........................................................................80
Figure 37. Overall RESP approach to electrification. ...................................................................................................88
Figure 38. Overview of RESP programmes ..................................................................................................................88
Figure 39. Villages to be electrified in Wave 1 and investment costs by zone. ...........................................................95
Figure 40. Villages to be electrified in Wave 2 and investment costs by zone. ...........................................................96
Figure 41. Geographical distribution of mini-grids in five zones. ..............................................................................101
Figure 42. Villages to be electrified by mini-grids and investment costs by zone. ....................................................102
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page xi

List of Abbreviations
DP Development Pole
BGAP Beyond the Grid Access Programme
BTIP Backbone Transmission Investment Project
FYDP Five Year Development Plan
HV High Voltage
IED Innovation Énergie Développment (France)
IPD Indicator for Potential Development
kV Kilo volt
LCOE Levelized Cost of Electricity
MV Medium Voltage
MW Mega Watt
NGAP National Grid Alleviation Programme
PSMP Power System Master Plan
RBF Result Based Financing
REDP Rural Electrification Densification Programme
RESP Rural Electricity Supply Plan
RGAP Rural Grid Access Programme
SE4All Sustainable Energy for All
SIDA The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SHS Solar Home System
TANESCO Tanzania National Electricity Supply Company
TZS Tanzanian Shilling
USD United States Dollar
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page xii

1 Introduction
This chapter provides the background and context for the Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP),
outlines its targets, and details the applied methodology.
1.1 Background and Overview

Development of a Rural Energy Master Plan (REMP) for Tanzania is defined as a Priority Action in
T z ’ E LL T R E RE
delegated responsibility from the Ministry of Energy to develop the REMP, as reflected in REA´s
mandate.
This Rural Electricity Supply Plan (RESP) is the second of three volumes constituting the REMP
2022/23 – 2029/30. As reflected in the figure below, the RESP describes how the targets set out for
electrification of Tanzania over the next eight years can be reached, including analyses and
recommendations for three programs with corresponding projects and activities. Detailed
implementation strategies, a financing plan, cross-cutting issues and a framework for monitoring
and evaluation covering the full scope of the REMP is found in the REMP Main Report (Volume 1).
Figure 1. High-level structure of the REMP.
1.2 Definitions
The adaptation and successful implementation of this RESP relies on the joint and collaborative
efforts of a broad set of institutions, organizations, private sector companies, and individuals. For
these diverse groups to coordinate their efforts and allocate resources correctly, it is important that
the applicable targets and strategies are clearly defined.
Within the international and Tanzanian energy access space, there are unfortunately many
examples of terms that overlap, are used interchangeably, have changing definitions, and even
contradict one another. There is, for example, a tendency to rely on binary measurements of access
Rural Electricity Supply Plan August 25, 2022 Page 1

or connectivity to modern energy services (have/do not have). These fail to capture key issues, such
as how poor electricity supply from the grid may limit its usefulness. Therefore, this REMP applies
the SE4All Multi-tier framework (see figure below) which measures access/connectivity based on
technology-neutral multi-tiered standards. For example, Tier 2 electricity access entails a minimum
of 50 watt available for four hours per day, allowing phone charging and television viewing in
addition to lighting.
Table 1. SE4All Multi-tier framework.
Source: https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Topics/Energy
More generally, definitions have important implications in terms of target setting, monitoring, and
communication. Therefore, a set of clearly defined definitions have been developed for this RESP.
To the degree possible and reasonable, this terminology is consistent with existing use in Tanzania.

Table 2. Central definitions.
Access to electricity Population living in localities served by electricity and thus reaping benefits
services from these services with an opportunity to gain connectivity.
Access to electricity services = Total number of people living within a radius
of 600 meters from the secondary side of distribution transformer/Total
Population
Connectivity Population being directly served by either grid-based electricity services or

stand-alone systems, providing at least Tier 2 access.
Connectivity to electricity services = Total Number of Connected
Households/Total Population
Low-cost Technologies Distribution technologies for electricity supply that deviate from
international design standards but can be sufficient in rural areas with low
load profiles typically found in rural areas in Sub-Saharan African. Their
purpose is to reduce costs while ensuring appropriate quality for the
consumers.
Micro-grid A micro grid consists of one or several very small power production units
(up to 100 kW) such as solar PV + storage. Power is distributed via LV lines
to a group of consumers, such as a small village or a group of households.
Mini-grid A mini grid consists of one or several power production units (for example
hybrid PV + diesel or wind + diesel) of a capacity ranging from a 100 kW to a
10 MWs. Power is distributed to a limited geographical area, such as one or
more villages via MV and LV distribution lines. Could be connected to the
national grid from establishment or at a later time.
National Grid TANESCO operated main (interconnected) grid.

Pico-PV products Pico systems consist of a single item (e.g. lamp or mobile charger) powered
by any source of energy ranging from a few watts up to ca. 200 W that is
not connected to any appliance in the household and is used for one
specific energy purpose.
Does NOT provide “Connectivity”.
Private mini-grids A mini-grid owned and operated by any legal entity other than TANESCO.
Stand-alone systems Technologies and products that provide a minimum electricity service level
(typically Tier 2) to specific households, businesses or institutions that are
not connected to the main grid or a mini- or micro grid with typically less
than 20 Wp installed. Both produces and supplies electricity in one location
and serves one beneficiary - e.g. a household. This definition encompasses
solar home systems (SHS), but not Pico-PV products.

TANESCO isolated grid An electricity grid that is operated by TANESCO but is not inter-connected
to the national grid.
1.3 Objectives
T j RE P “ RE -to-date tool for planning and
implementation of rural energy provision meeting target set in the National Energy Policy 2015,
National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Alleviation (MKUKUTA) and Sustainable Energy for All
(SE4ALL) goals. The plan is also aimed at exploitation and utilisation of renewable energy sources
for improved energy supplies in the country”.
The high-level objectives pertaining to electricity and clean cooking energy are found in the figure
below.
Figure 2. Specific REMP objectives pertaining to electricity and clean cooking energy.
In order to guide the preparation of this RESP, the high-level targets related to electricity access
and connectivity in rural Mainland Tanzania have been further broken down as outlined in the
figure below. The baseline numbers are from a 2019/20 survey conducted by the National Bureau
of Statistics (NBS) for REA 1 . 0F0F
It is assumed that the population with no metered connection in 2030 will be served by stand-alone
systems to ensure universal access to electricity as defined by SE4All.
1 2019/20 Energy Access and Use Situation Survey II Report

Figure 3. RESP targets for connectivity in rural areas.
1.4 Methodology
This section presents an overview of the methodological approach for identification of projects for
provision of electricity to the rural communities in Tanzania, which is further substantiated in
subsequent sections.
1.4.1 Identification of Electrification Projects

The techno/economic identification of electrification projects is conducted through a six-step
process illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 4. Methodology for identification of electricity supply options for the rural communities in Tanzania.

The purpose of the first step, Spatial Analysis and Planning, is to identify, select and rank the areas
with the highest social and economic impact of electrification. Secondly, an electricity load
forecasting is undertaken for the georeferenced unelectrified locations in the rural areas in
mainland Tanzania in order to establish their future demand for electricity. The Renewable Energy
Assessment presents an overview over both the resources and the technology options available for
rural electrification through mini-grids based on renewable energy resources.
1.4.2 Identification of Grid Constraints

Once the list of recommended grid extension/densification and mini-grid projects have been
established, a load-flow analysis is conducted for the Tanzanian power grid to identify whether the
main transmission network and connection points (high voltage (HV)/medium voltage (MV)
substations) have sufficient capacity to provide the selected villages with electricity or if additional
investments are required.
1.4.3 Packaging and Staging of Electrification Programmes

Based on the findings of the preceding analyses, appropriate interventions are packaged into
electrifications programs that are costed and staged. Detailed implementation strategies, along
with the financing plan, and monitoring and evaluation framework are found in the REMP Main
Report (Volume 1).
1.5 Scenarios for Access to Rural Energy

The thinking regarding the future electrification of Tanzania has evolved over the past decade. This
is mainly a result of the significant grid expansion that has taken place over the period and the scope
of on-going electrification projects. By December 2022 all villages in mainland Tanzania will be
electrified.
For the purpose of this RESP, an “ B E ” will be
applied, taking into account grid constraints and allowing an important role for mini- and off-grid
solutions as basis for the electrification planning.

2 Spatial Analysis and Planning
The Spatial Analysis selects and ranks the areas with the highest social and economic impact 2 of
1F1F
electrification. Data on health, education and economic facilities have been gathered for each
georeferenced rural settlement and added to a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database
established for the Project. These data have then been processed through an analytical matrix,
similar to the approach taken for the Human Development Index, and an Indicator for Potential
Development (IPD) for each of the unelectrified villages has been calculated. The villages with the
highest score are considered as Development Poles (DP). These DPs will be given a higher priority
in the rural electrification planning and will be ranked according to this rated potential.
The overall Spatial Analysis process is illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 5. Different steps of the Spatial Analysis.
2.1 GIS Database Preparations

This section describes the different components of the database underpinning the
techno/economic analyses in this RESP.
2.1.1 REMP GIS Database

The geospatial electrification planning approach under RESP is based on a national GIS database
from the NBS, here referred to as the REMP database, which includes 15,211 georeferenced
settlements in mainland Tanzania represented as areas. Through application of GIS spatial analyses
and geographical algorithms, each settlement was located by single dots. The socio-demographic
data provided by the 2012 census (number of inhabitants and households per settlement,
electrification status, socio-economic infrastructures) were then assigned to each of the identified
settlements.
For geospatial planning purpose, it is essential that the database:
2 Improvement of social services access and creation of local economic opportunities.

1. Precisely locates settlements with geographical coordinates (longitude/latitude)
2. Includes population for each settlement (for load forecast purposes)
Other databases (e.g. PO RALG, postcodes) only list villages and sub-villages in tables without any
information on population or coordinates (longitude and latitude) and can therefore not be utilized
for geospatial planning purposes. Because georeferenced locations of all hamlets are not available,
the REMP database does not constitute all settlements in Tanzania.
REMP database
The geospatial electrification planning approach under REMP is based on a national GIS
database from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) from 2016, which in this RESP is referred to
as the REMP database.
This database is the only source providing all information required for geospatial electrification
planning. Other databases only list villages and sub-villages in tables without any information
on population or coordinates and can therefore not be utilized for geospatial planning
purposes. The database includes 15,211 settlements in mainland Tanzania.
The REMP database divides mainland Tanzania into 26 regions which are further divided into 139
districts (Wilaya) 3 , also known as local government authorities. Of the 139 districts, 34 are urban
2F2F
units (Municipal Councils, City Councils and Town Councils). The urban districts are marked green
in the map below.
3 Data from Tamisemi (2019): Orodha ya Mikoa, Wilaya na Halmashauri

Figure 6. Urban districts in mainland Tanzania.
2.1.2 Existing mini-grids

Importantly, the REMP database contains information on the electrification status of all identified
settlements. In addition to grid electrification, existing private and community operated mini-grids
based on renewable energy resources (e.g. solar PV and biomass) have been considered in the GIS
database 4 , as summarized in the table below. The total number of settlements identified in the
3F3F
REMP database is different from the total number of settlements supplied by existing mini-grid
projects. The reasons for this are twofold: i) Some power plants provide energy to several
settlements; and ii) other mini-grids provide electricity to settlements that are not defined in the
REMP database.
Table 2. Existing mini-grids projects.
Existing mini-grids No. of projects No of settlements identified in the

REMP database
Biomass 25 16
Solar 147 147
4 Technical data and location of these projects were gathered from https://www.energyaccessexplorer.org/

Existing mini-grids No. of projects No of settlements identified in the
REMP database
Hydro 50 136
Hybrid 2 8
Total 224 307
2.1.3 Ongoing and Completed Rural Electrification Programs

Ongoing and completed rural electrification programs included in the REMP database are listed in
the table below and described in more detail further down in the text. As the table shows, there is
a difference between the net number of settlements that are targeted by ongoing programmes,
and the sum of settlements in all the different programmes. This is because some of the
electrification programmes are targeting hamlets that are not defined in the REMP database.
Table 3. Ongoing and completed rural electrification programs.
No Electrification Program Categories No. of targeted No. of Status

villages & sub- settlements
villages/hamlets identified in the
REMP database
Combined (net) scope all Electrification Programs 12,965 9,176
1 Densification project round I (REDP I) 295 232 Completed
Densification project round IIA (REDP IIA) 1,103 456 Completed
Densification project round IIB (REDP IIB) 2,821 1,782 In progress

2
Densification project round IIC (REDP IIC) 1,475 178 Planned
3 Densification project round III (REDP III) 37,610 2,685 Planned
4 Turnkey III phase 1 3,963 3,115 Completed
5 Turnkey III phase 2 3,453 3,131 In progress
6 TANESCO Projects 1,079* 55 Completed

7 Lindi Project (Turnkey III phase 1 sub-project) 188 128 Completed
8 Periurban & Kigamboni electrification 183 28 Completed
9 Makambako – Songea Project 119 96 Completed
10 BTIP Project 122 104 Completed
11 Geita-Nyakanasi Project 32 23 Completed

No Electrification Program Categories No. of targeted No. of Status
villages & sub- settlements
villages/hamlets identified in the
REMP database
12 Low-cost design electrification project (Kilombera 26 20 Completed
and Mbozi districts)
13 Ifakara substation project 9 6 Completed
Mini-Grid Programs 622 217
14 REA mini-grids facility – Stage II 260 141 Completed
15 Lighting Tanzania Rural 2014 26 18 Completed
16 Other independent projects 336* 58 Planned/
Completed
*Estimate. Number of villages targeted not specified for some of the projects.
1) Rural Electrification Densification Program (REDP) – First Phase 5 4F4F
Densification is the connection of new customers to the distribution network in already electrified
settlements. The densification potential is huge as only a portion of the potential customers in
electrified settlements is connected. The first phase of REDP has been completed with 33,102
customers out of out of 34,600 connected to the grid equivalent to 95.7% in total in the 295
targeted villages and 99 targeted hamlets 6 .
2) Rural Electrification Densification Program (REDP) – Second Phase (rounds A, B, C)
The second phase of the REDP program is targeting 3,924 hamlets to be connected to electricity
through the national grid. It is divided in three rounds with round A and B targeting 1,103 and
2,821 hamlets respectively. Round B will comprise 10 regions (1,346 hamlets), while six additional
regions (1,475 hamlets) will be implemented under the REDP IIC program.
REDP IIA is currently ongoing and will be completed in March 2022. The program has consequently
“ ” RE P For REDP IIB, procurement of EPC
contractors is ongoing, and the program is expected to be completed by December 2023. Because
the lots for village electrification have already been awarded, the villages targeted by this program
are not included in the economic assessment of this study. On the other hand, the network
extensions to connect the targeted villages to the existing grid have been simulated. Regarding
REDP IIC, the deadline for submission of bids from EPC contractors was January 24, 2022. The
project is expected to be completed in March 2024, and the localities have therefore been
considered in both the simulation of grid extensions and the economic assessment.
3) Rural Electrification Densification Program (REDP) – Third Phase
This program will target all unelectrified hamlets in all regions.
5 Source: National Electrification Program Prospectus, IED

6 Source: REA, Development partners support to REF – Annual Progress Rapport July 2019 – August 2020

4) REA 3 round 1
The REMP database incorporates localities targeted by the REA 2 round 1 program. This program
is completed. In the database, the status of the targeted localities is defined as "electrified".
5) REA 3 round 2
This program targets 3,7458 villages, and will complete the electrification of villages in Tanzania.
The project is ongoing.
6) TANESCO Projects
Between 2017 and 2020 TANESCO implemented several electrification projects in 11 regions. The
number of villages, hamlets or social infrastructures was estimated the be around 1,079. Many of
the settlements could however not be identified in the REMP village database.
7) Rural electrification for Peri-urban Areas of Pwani region and Kigamboni District
This electrification program intended to connect the last localities not yet electrified in Dar Es
Salaam region and its peri-urban surrounding area in Pwani region. More than 183 villages and
sub-villages were targeted by the project which was launched by REA in September 2017 and is
now completed
8) Makambako - Songea project 7 6F6F
This project was implemented through government initiatives to electrify rural areas in Tanzania,
especially in Ruvuma and Njombe Regions. The major objective of this project is to extent
T E CO’ k activities,
freshwater pumping, secondary schools. A total of 119 villages and sub-villages have been
electrified through this project and the REMP database have been updated accordingly.
9) Backbone Transmission Investment Project
The rural electrification component of this project was financed by Sweden and Norway and
targeted about 122 villages. By July 2020 a total of 16,790 out of 30,350 initial customers have
been connected 8 . 104 of these villages have been updated as electrified in the REMP database.
7F7F
10) Geita-Nyakanasi project

The Geita – Nyakanazi Transmission Line (144 kilometres) and associated rural electrification
project aims at connecting Geita and Kagera regions to the national grid through the installation
of 220kV transmission line from Geita to Nyakanazi and associated substations at Geita (extension
of existing substation) and Nyakanazi (new substation). The electrification component of the
project covers 32 villages. 23 of these “electrified” status in
the REMP database.
7 Source: «Makambako – Songea 132 kV Transmission Line and Electrification of Songea and districts in Ruvuma and Iringa, Tanzania » Project
report, 2012
8 Source : REA, Development partners support to REF – Annual Progress Rapport July 2019 – August 2020

11) Low-cost design electrification projects (Kilombero and Mbozi districts) 9 8F8F
These projects were demonstrating low-cost rural electrification design standards. Located in
eastern Tanzania, the Kilombero project provides electricity to 16 villages along a 105-kilometre
corridor that lacks an electricity distribution network. The Mbozi project, in southwestern
Tanzania, provides electricity to 10 villages by extending existing power lines more than 50
kilometres. Of the 26 villages listed, 20 villages were identified in the REMP database and their
electrification status have been updated accordingly.
12) Ifakara substation project 10 9F9F
The project comprises construction of the 220/33 kV Ifakara substation and 70 kilometres of
distribution lines in Kilombero district as well as low voltage reticulation and grid connections of
1,050 customers in the villages of Mofu, Idandu, Msumbiji A, Idete west, Kisawasawa, Kiogosi,
Michenga, Ihenge and Ihanga. Status of the villages identified in the REMP database is defined as
electrified.
13) DFID/SIDA mini grids facility 11 - Stage II 10F10F
The first call for proposal for the Tanzania Mini-Grids Results-Based Financing (RBF) Facility was
launched by REA in September 2016. This first call for proposal implemented in 2017, selected 24
applications from mini-grid developers to receive results-based incentives per mini-grid
connection delivered and sustained. These incentives are offered based on the quality of service
delivered, based on SEforALL Tiers of Energy Access, and effectively extends the rural
electrification subsidy support offered to new grid extensions to the mini-grid sector for the first
time. In November 2019 a second call for proposal was done known as Stage II. This Stage II
program was targeting 260 villages and is now completed.
14) Lighting Rural Tanzania Competition 12 1F1F
The first project under this competitive grant program was the LRTC2010 which was followed by
LRTC2012 and LTRC2014. All competitions under this program aim at increasing access to modern
energy services, improving lighting technologies and substituting the use of kerosene and candles
for lighting in rural areas. This program is contributing to the overall national targets for energy.
LTRC 2014 intended to provide electricity to about 26 villages through this program. 18 of these
RE P I “ ”
15) Other independent projects
This category includes among other independent projects, the Njombe hydro project, the
Mwenga small hydro project and the Kilolo-Maguta project.
2.1.4 Village electrification status

All the settlements in the REMP GIS database are classified according to their electrification status,
as summarized in the table below. 12,526 settlements or about 82 percent of the 15,211
9
Source: NRECA International implements low-cost rural electrification pilot project in Tanzania
10 Source : EoI - Supervision services for construction of 220/33 KV substation at IFAKARA
11 Source: Green Mini-Grids Africa – Update on the DFID-Supported Programme
12 Source: Call for Proposal: Lighting Rural Tanzania Competition 2014

settlements included in the database are currently electrified or already targeted by an
electrification program. 2,685 rural settlements in the REMP database or about 18 percent are
unelectrified and not yet targeted by any rural electrification program. The settlement
electrification status is also illustrated in the maps below. The first map illustrates the regional
electricity access rate whilst the latter shows electrification status and the disparities across the
country.
Table 4. REMP database for mainland Tanzania.
REMP GIS Database for mainland Tanzania No. of settlements Proportion

Electrified 9,823 65%
Electrification in progress (TKIII ph. 2 and REDP
2A&B) 2,525 17%
Electrification planned (REDP 2C) 178 1%
Unelectrified 2,685 18%
Total 15,211 100%

Figure 7. Electricity access by region.

Figure 8. Village electrification status and disparities across the country.
2.2 Development Poles

Through the concepts of Indicator for Potential Development, Development Poles (DPs) and their
hinterlands (attraction areas), GEOSIM Spatial Analyst® identifies unelectrified settlements with
high potential for social and economic development. These settlements will be given a higher
priority in the rural electrification planning and will be ranked according to this rated potential. The
purpose of this exercise is to improve the overall impact of rural electrification. Specifically, a given

percentage of the unelectrified settlements with the highest economic and social development
potential will be selected as DPs. This approach fulfils two major goals of spatial planning policies:
• Foster economic growth
• Reduce social and economic spatial inequalities
2.2.1 Selection Criteria

The analytical grid used to calculate the IPD for each of the villages is presented in the table below.
The criteria used to calculate each component are shown, as well as their relative weights and the
indicators used to give them a score between 0 and 1.
Table 5. IPD analytical grid applied for identification of development poles
Theme Weight Criteria Weight Indicator Value

Hospital 1
Clinic 0.8
Health infrastructure 1/2 Health Centre 0.5
Dispensary 0.3
HEALTH 1/3 None 0
Standpipe 1
Hand Pump 0.4
Access to Potable Water 1/2
Developed spring 0.2
None 0
Existence of one vocational
training enter (VTC. FDC) 1
Vocational training centre 1/3
No structure 0
EDUCATION 1/3 University 1
Secondary school 0.8
Schools and colleges 2/3 College and institutions 0.5
Primary school 0.3
No structure 0
[10 000-15 000] habitants 1
Population of the locality 2/10 [5 000-10 000] habitants 0.8
[1 500-5 000] habitants 0.5
0 km 1
Markets 1/10
0-10 km 0
Less than 1 km 1
Distance to the main road 2/10 From 1 to 5 km 0.7
ECONOMY 1/3
More than 5 km 0
Bank 1
Bank and micro credits 1/10 Micro credit infra. 0.5
No structure 0
Cooperatives (AMCOS. Cooperative 1
1/10
SACCOS. MFI's etc.) No structure 0
Industries 1/10 Large 1

Theme Weight Criteria Weight Indicator Value
Medium and small 0.5
No structure 0
Mill 1
Milling machine 2/10
No structure 0
2.2.2 Selection of Development Poles

Based on the IPD calculated for each of the settlements in the REMP database, 286 settlements
(about 10 percent of the unelectrified settlements) have been selected as Development Poles, as
illustrated in the map below. Settlements targeted by ongoing rural electrification projects are not
included in the figure as they will be electrified in the near future.
Figure 9. Distribution of Development Poles across mainland Tanzania.
The table below lists the number of DPs in each region and highlight that these are unevenly
distributed across the country. This can be explained by the following factors:

1) Number of unelectrified settlements within each region;
2) Settlements in some regions have a lower level of socio-economic infrastructures and are
therefore not likely to be selected as DPs (low IPD);
3) In some regions one can expect that previous electrification programs have already targeted
DPs, and therefore leaves only the remotest settlements with low level of infrastructures as
candidates for the next electrification phases; and
4) The accuracy of settlements and infrastructures coordinates in the REMP database can have
an impact on the selection of DPs. The geospatial analysis locates both settlements and
infrastructures, and if some layers are either lacking or containing imprecise GPS data the IPD
calculation will be biased.
Table 6. Development poles per region.
Number of
Number of Share of
Name settlements
Development Poles Development Poles
not electrified
Arusha 34 7 21%
Dar Es Salaam 26 11 42%
Dodoma 81 11 14%
Geita 145 29 20%
Iringa 70 1 1%
Kagera 76 11 14%
Katavi 42 10 24%
Kigoma 51 45 88%
Kilimanjaro 88 3 3%
Lindi 70 2 3%
Manyara 51 9 18%
Mara 64 9 14%
Mbeya 237 7 3%
Morogoro 114 13 11%
Mtwara 280 2 1%
Mwanza 131 17 13%
Njombe 68 0 0%
Pwani 171 6 4%
Rukwa 209 20 10%
Ruvuma 127 6 5%
Shinyanga 129 11 9%
Simiyu 52 10 19%
Singida 63 6 10%
Songwe 56 5 9%
Tabora 88 19 22%
Tanga 340 16 5%
Total 2,863 286 10%

2.3 Findings from the Spatial Analysis
The overall findings of the spatial analysis can be summarized as follows:
1) Several large electrification programs are currently being implemented, and electrification of
all villages in mainland Tanzania is will be completed by 2023.
2) 18 percent of the settlements in the REMP database are not electrified and currently not
targeted by any ongoing program.
3) The ongoing and planned grid expansion means that many settlements that previously were
located far from the grid can now be connected at a lower cost. This includes several existing
off-grid projects.
4) Of the 286 development poles selected, 274 are currently identified as not targeted by any
electrification program. Electrification of these settlements should be carefully planned and
monitored.

3 Load Forecast
Provision of an accurate model for future demand is essential in all electrification planning as it will
help the responsible entity to plan and make economically viable decisions with regards to future
generation and grid investments. Proper load forecasting is also important to ensure reliable supply
of required energy to all consumers.
As part of RESP development, a load forecast has been prepared for all unelectrified settlements in
the REMP database using an aggregated “ - ” EO I Parameters and
criteria have been selected to reflect the socio-economic context as accurately as possible. The load
forecast shows the total expected demand if all unelectrified settlements were electrified, with
population growth and gradual increase in connection rate and energy consumption. The load
forecast will also have a direct impact on the REMP results, particularly the economic and financial
viability of the electrification projects.
3.1 Input Parameters and Assumptions

The load forecast takes into account future consumers behaviour as well as changes induced by the
arrival of electricity. The relevant assumptions and ratios are defined based on data from:
1) Surveys for six regions in Tanzania implemented by IED in 2012 13 ; and 12F12F
2) National energy surveys for 12 additional regions conducted by the NBS in 2013 14 . 13F13F
The objective of this approach is to reflect the actual demand and expected consumption patterns
observed in unelectrified rural settlements after electrification.
In order to calculate levelized costs for the electrification projects and by that compare the various
renewable technologies relevant for mini-grids, the load forecast has been studied for a 20-year
period. The results are however also be presented for the two respective REMP phases, i.e. year
2022-2025 and 2025-2030.
Based on the consumption profiles per category of beneficiaries (households, social infrastructures,
productive activities etc.), the load forecast software provides the following indicators:
• Number of customers (LV/MV);
• Peak demand (kW);
• Annual consumption (kWh); and
• Classified load curves (monotonic).
3.1.1 Household Demand

Electricity demand from households depends on several parameters, the most important of which
are outlined below.
13 Source: Load forecast report - Integrated Rural Electrification Planning in Tanzania (IED, 2012)
14 Source: National energy surveys for 12 regions. Unpublished database (NBS, REA, 2013)

1) Household distribution
Households are divided into three categories (low income, middle income, high income). Category
1 is considered as the "low income" category and the one with the lowest demand. The respective
weights of each category, fixed in the first and last year of the planning period (assuming that the
category distribution will change linearly over this period), corresponds to the weights observed in
similar contexts. Over the years, the category 1 decreases in favour of the middle and upper
categories, considering that the arrival of electricity has contributed to this evolution.
2) Non-connected households
The REA Energy Survey 2013 defined three household categories according to their energy expenses
as presented in Table 7. The same categories have been applied for the expected electricity expense
distribution for non-connected households.
Table 7. Electricity expense distribution for non-connected households.
Low income (1) Middle income (2) High income (3)
Range of monthly expenses (TZS) 0-20,000 20,000-50,000 >50,000

Share of total households 68% 28% 4%
Monthly average expense in energy 11,251 27,390 97,535
(TZS)
Monthly average income (TZS) 119,776 234,359 425,258
Number of interviews 6,029 2,449 367
Source: REA Energy Survey 2013
3) Connected households
As for non-connected households, the connected households have been divided in three categories
based on average number of kWh consumed per month.
Table 8. Electricity distribution connected households.
Low income (1) Middle income (2) High income (3)

Range of monthly average 0-50 50-150 >150
consumption (kWh)
Share of total households 38% 34% 28%
Average consumption (kWh/month) 28 69 556
Monthly average income (TZS) 212,672 304,907 481,000
Number of interviews 847 739 619
4) Household categories distribution

Assuming that the welfare levels will increase with electrification and in line with general expected
economic development, the following assumptions have been made with regards to distribution of
household categories during the course of the analysis period.

Table 9. Household Distribution Classes.
Low income Middle income High income

First year (year 1) 68% 28% 4%
Last year (year 20) 35% 30% 35%
5) Ownership and use of appliances

The use and type of household appliances in rural areas has been defined to estimate the
households load curve.
Table 10. Household appliance power 15 and equipment rate for connected households.
14F14F
Average # of appliances per household

Appliance Power (W)
Low income Middle income High income
Inside lighting points 20 4.63 5.81 7.55
Charging cell phones 10 2.26 2.95 3.83
Radio 15 0.95 1.14 1.57
Complete music system 80 0.08 0.17 0.39
Colour TV 70 0.85 1.08 1.45
Fans 1,000 0.12 0.24 0.63
Air conditioner 120 0.00 0.00 0.03
Refrigerator 180 0.25 0.43 0.72
Freezer 800 0.07 0.11 0.26
Electric iron 516 0.43 0.58 0.87
Income Generating 20 0.03 0.02 0.02
Activity
Based on the parameters listed in in the tables above, the average consumption for each household
category was modelled.
3.1.2 Infrastructure energy demand

Distribution of infrastructures and services by settlement size were modelled based on load curves
from REA Energy Survey 2013. The results are presented in the table below.
Table 11. Infrastructures and services distribution by settlement size.
Infrastructure Settlement size (persons)

/service
[0 -800] [800-1,500] [1 500-3,000] [3,000-6,000] [6,000-10,000] >10,000
Primary school 0.80 1.05 1.34 1.53 2.04 3.62
15 Average power needed during 1 hour

Infrastructure Settlement size (persons)
/service
[0 -800] [800-1,500] [1 500-3,000] [3,000-6,000] [6,000-10,000] >10,000
Secondary 0.60 0.26 0.56 0.76 1.09 1.12

school
Dispensary 0.40 0.32 0.56 0.50 0.65 1.28
Health centre 0.00 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.62 0.62
Administrative 0.80 0.58 0.68 0.99 1.33 3.15

centre
Place of 2.33 3.49 4.60 5.58 6.58 16.35
worship
Mill 1.67 3.40 4.32 5.94 5.13 13.73
Industrial unit 0.67 1.21 3.19 2.08 0.79 4.83
Crafts 0.60 1.08 1.72 2.94 2.43 10.50
Guest house 0.00 0.74 1.60 2.28 2.49 6.36

Restaurant 2.00 5.10 5.40 7.65 8.91 32.85
Bar 2.67 2.46 8.25 7.10 5.31 10.19

Shops 5.00 7.29 16.46 17.25 30.53 128.96
Bank / MFI 0.40 0.74 0.37 0.49 0.85 1.72
3.1.3 Services energy demand

T ‘ ’ is considered proportional
to the number of inhabitants of the settlement. Two items are covered by this category: Water
pumping and public lighting. Based experience from similar African countries, the following
assumptions are applied:
• Water pumping: 1,500W for 1,000 inhabitants
• Public lighting: 690W for 1,000 inhabitants (one public lighting for 15 households - 50 W LED)
3.1.4 Key Parameters and Assumptions Applied in the Load Forecasting Model
The load forecast builds on a series of assumptions which are laid out below.
1) Consumption and connection parameters for three demand scenarios
Three scenarios have been developed for rural demand, which depend on factors like industrial
activities in the settlement, government directive on electricity tariffs, attractiveness of the village
on the neighbouring unelectrified villages and so forth. These factors can have a direct impact on
the connection rate as well as consumption growth for households, infrastructure, and services. On
that basis, the baseline scenario has been developed as a reference and the optimistic scenario as
a situation where connection rate and consumption growth rate are higher than expected. The
pessimistic scenario is much more conservative in terms of connection and consumption rate

growth during the REMP planning period. The Baseline scenario is used as the Base Case for the
load forecast.
As the consumption and connection ratio usually grows faster during the first four or five years once
a settlement is electrified, the model will integrate an intermediary date fixed to year 5 in the 20-
year load forecasting period.
The parameters for connection and growth rate for each of the three scenarios are based on
experience from similar African countries and presented in the tables below.
Table 12. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the pessimistic scenario
Pessimistic Scenario Year 1 Year 5 Year 20

Household connection rate 25% 40% 80%
Households’ annual consumption growth rate 4% 1%
Infrastructures and services connection rate 60% 80% 95%
Infrastructures and services annual growth rate 5% 2%
Table 13. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the baseline scenario
Baseline Scenario Year 1 Year 5 Year 20

Households annual consumption growth rate 5% 2%
Table 14. Connection and consumption growth rate parameters for the optimistic scenario
Optimistic Scenario Year 1 Year 5 Year 20

Households annual consumption growth rate 6% 4%
2) Distribution energy losses

The GEOSIM load forecast model includes technical distribution losses in the MV and LV networks.
This key parameter indicates the additional amount of energy needed to supply the required
demand. According to TANESCO 16 , the level of technical losses in the distribution network is about
15F15F
15 percent, and probably higher for older networks. Because specific losses of specific lines are not
known, average technical distribution losses of 15 percent have been assumed.
16 PSMP 2020

3) Non-scattered households
Rural electrification programs usually focus on concentrated populations and exclude farms and
isolated houses due to their high cost of electrification. Further, the electrification projects focus
on concentrated areas and do not target the total village population. Because the REMP database
includes the total population of the respective settlements, the non-scattered household
parameter is used to reduce the number of potential customers/households which could be
realistically electrified.
Based on satellite picture analysis conducted for REMP, the average rate of non-scattered
households has been estimated to 70 percent in the rural areas of mainland Tanzania. This rate
specifies the share of households located in the village centres that are considered for
electrification. The 30 percent of households that are scattered will not be considered as a priority
for grid electrification due to the high investment cost per connection.
4) Demographic parameters
In order to estimate the electricity consumption growth, data on population growth and average
household size are included in the model. According to NBS the long-term demographic growth rate
for Tanzania is expected to be 2,8 percent towards 2035 17 . A population growth of 2.8 percent has
16F16F
been applied in the load forecast model.

The average household size in Tanzania remained almost constant between 2002 and 2012
censuses. Average household size was found to be 4.9 persons per household in 2002 and 4.8 in
2012. An average household size of 4.8 is applied in the load forecast model.
5) Village load forecasting
Based on the village population adjusted by the non-scattered household parameter (0.7), GEOSIM
will determine the households, infrastructures and services consumption and peak load for each
unelectrified village in mainland Tanzania. The figures will also be summarized per region and the
country as a whole.
6) Household consumption and peak load
Detailed data on consumption and peak load for the three household categories are provided
below. The data are based on the REA Energy Survey 2013.
Table 15. Household cumulated consumption and peak load
Household categories Consumption Peak load (W)

(kWh/month)
Low incomes 101 352
Middle incomes 146 480
High incomes 306 794
17 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2012) National Population Projections, https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/census2012/Projection-Report-20132035.pdf

7) Infrastructures and services consumption and peak load
Detailed data on consumption and peak load for each type of infrastructure and service are
provided below. The data are mainly based on the REA Energy Survey 2013 and experience from
comparable countries.
Table 16. Infrastructures and services cumulated consumption and peak load.
Infrastructures and services Consumption (kWh/month) Peak load (W)

Primary school 1,345 6,250
Secondary school 2,118 6,520
Health center 5,746 2,180
Administrative center 76 280
Place of worship 317 950
Mill 5,079 2,019
Industrial unit 48 100
Guest house 1,438 5,280
Restaurant 103 440
Bar 667 2,060
Shops 267 910
Dispensary 8 20
3.2 Load Forecast Results

Load forecast results for the Baseline Scenario is presented in the following.
3.2.1 Settlement Level

For all unelectrified settlements, the potential load for year 1, year 5 and year 20 have been
calculated. As an example, a typical load curve for a settlement of 3,000 inhabitants is shown in the
figure below. As can been seen from the figure, peak time will occur in the evening the first year.
After a few years a second peak is also observed in the morning due to the use of new electrical
appliances. In general, peak demand occurs between 5am and 11am and between 6pm and 11pm
’ P k s are
estimated to around 40 kW and 80 kW respectively in year 1.

Figure 10. Typical load curve for a settlement of 3,000 inhabitants during the course of the analysis period (20
years).
The figures below show households and infrastructures and services consumption growth from
2021 to 2040. With regard to the households, it should be noted that the consumption increases
by a factor 13 during the course of the analysis period. In the same period, the infrastructure and
service load are characterized by a lower growth rate. This trend is mainly due to 70 percent of the
infrastructures and services being connected in the first year whereas only 30 percent of
households are connected the same year.
The share of domestic demand (household electricity demand as a share of total demand) and
number of LV customers for a village with 3,000 inhabitants respectively are shown in the two
figures below, while the daily and yearly load curves for the same example village are presented in
the subsequent tables. It can be seen that the number of low voltage customers are increasing from
166 in year 2021 to 718 in year 2040 mainly due to household consumption growth during that
period. Further, the domestic share of total demand increases from 26 percent in 2021 to 55
percent in 2040.

Figure 11. Share of household demand in the Baseline scenario (example for a settlement with 3,000
inhabitants).
Figure 12. Number of customers (example for a settlement with 3,000 inhabitants).

Table 17. Daily load curve (baseline scenario – example for a 3,000-inhabitant settlement).
Table 18. Yearly load curve (baseline scenario – example for a 3,000-inhabitant settlement).

3.2.2 Regional level
The load forecast module in GEOSIM aggregates figures from unelectrified villages in order to
provide data at district or regional level. The regional load forecast results are thus not including:
• New customers in already electrified villages;
• Industrial and commercial energy growth consumption in already electrified areas.
Energy demand in villages targeted by ongoing electrification programs such as Densification and
Turnkey Phase III are however included in the load forecast results at regional level. The results can
be found in the table below.
Table 19. Consumption and peak load per region (Baseline scenario).
Demand
Peak 2022 Demand 2025 Peak 2025 Demand 2030 Peak 2030
Region 2022
(kW) (MWh) (kW) (MWh) (kW)
(MWh)
Arusha 73,231 12,879 126,074 22,571 196,339 34,928
Dar Es
53,841 9,922 94,974 17,833 158,655 29,179
Salaam
Dodoma 211,006 36,831 352,212 62,769 544,049 96,427
Geita 362,724 64,372 618,016 111,904 982,798 176,170
Iringa 83,263 14,274 138,067 24,133 210,762 36,722
Kagera 229,030 40,560 389,562 70,398 624,599 111,629
Katavi 70,055 12,349 119,709 21,504 191,572 34,070
Kigoma 237,589 43,182 414,356 76,733 673,643 122,884
Kilimanjaro 93,896 16,215 154,205 27,193 239,718 42,050
Lindi 182,519 31,442 300,755 52,891 465,348 81,462
Manyara 195,878 34,388 330,828 59,267 524,311 93,114
Mara 123,949 21,725 207,783 37,199 321,210 57,165
Mbeya 285,662 48,639 465,379 80,878 713,117 123,568
Morogoro 304,770 52,960 515,379 91,279 801,554 141,121
Mtwara 378,641 64,289 619,937 107,319 945,768 163,239
Mwanza 300,606 52,864 502,453 90,300 792,287 141,181
Njombe 90,715 15,385 148,123 25,612 227,735 39,273
Pwani 185,507 31,639 304,064 52,885 461,986 80,159
Rukwa 262,275 45,484 442,651 78,246 683,001 120,183
Ruvuma 317,086 54,770 524,130 92,401 809,540 141,948
Shinyanga 294,283 51,176 490,137 87,026 766,233 135,140
Simiyu 237,631 41,823 397,353 71,490 626,186 111,714
Singida 249,407 43,807 415,853 74,645 656,603 116,872
Songwe 207,856 36,287 347,276 61,883 546,792 96,698
Tabora 407,874 72,165 695,316 125,508 1,114,067 198,882
Tanga 545,304 93,911 903,057 158,689 1,391,205 243,378

The numbers for year 2025 and 2030 are also illustrated in the two maps below.
Figure 13. Tanzania mainland demand map for unelectrified areas (baseline scenario – year 2025).

Figure 14. Tanzania mainland demand map for unelectrified areas (baseline scenario – year 2030).
3.2.3 Rural Electrification Impact on Existing HV/MV Substations

In order to estimate the additional capacity required in existing HV/MV substations for provision of
electricity to the unelectrified settlements in the REMP database, coverage areas have been defined
for each of the substations, as outlined in the figure below. The simulation includes the Ifakara
substation which currently is under construction.

Based on the substation coverage areas, estimates have been made for how much load that will be
added to the existing HV/MV substations17F 18 in year 2025 given that all unelectrified settlements
17F
in the REMP database will be electrified by this point in time. The HV/MV substations load is a rough
estimate which does not take into account any electrification agenda, but rather provides an
overview of the energy and peak load required. The estimate is summarized in Table 20 and is used
as input data for the grid analysis presented in chapter 5.
Figure 15. Substation coverage areas for year 2025 (baseline scenario).
18 Includes substations in Tanesco isolated grids.

Table 20. Accumulated forecasted demand and peak load in existing HV/MV substations in year 2025 (baseline
scenario)
Demand total Peak total

Region Substation Name Voltage
(MWh) (kW)
Manyara Babati 220/66/33/11 kV 170,123 30,494
Pwani Bagamoyo 33/11 kV 12,629 2,196
Kagera Biharamulo 33/11 kV 66,183 11,865
Kagera Buboka 33/11 kV 106,121 18,846
Geita Bulyanhulu 220/33 kV 187,201 33,176
Mara Bunda 132/66/33 kV 293,080 53,177
Pwani Chalinze 132/33/11 kV 19,212 3,345
Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salam 220/132/33/11 kV 25,026 4,552
Dodoma Dodoma 220/33 kV 128,298 23,105
Geita Geita 220/33 kV 384,502 70,468
Dar Es Salaam Gongolamboto 132/33 kV 62,130 11,172
Kilimanjaro Gonja 33/11 kV 16,612 2,937
Shinyanga Ibadakuli 220/132/33 kV 301,395 53,642
Morogoro Ifakara 220/33 kV 54,776 9,946
Pwani Ikwiriri 33/11 kV 50,423 8,787
Shinyanga Kahama 220/33 kV 267,522 47,732
Tanga Kange 132/33 kV 491,455 86,652
Arusha Karatu 66/33 kV 25,469 4,520
Tanga Kasinga 132/33 kV 215,047 37,802
Kilimandjaro Kia 132/33 kV 1,886 331
Mara Kibara 66/33 kV 18,129 3,250
Kigoma Kibondo 220/33 kV 49,362 9,111
Morogoro Kidatu 220/33 kV 23,645 4,214
Kigoma Kigoma PS 33/11 kV 246,885 45,836
Morogoro Kihansi 220/33 kV 50,536 9,224
Kilimanjaro Kiyungi 132/66/33 kV 27,692 4,926
Dodoma Kondoa 66/33/11 kV 177,881 31,583
Kagera Kyaka 132/33 kV 127,770 23,011
Kilimanjaro Lawate 33/11 kV 13,078 2,328
Lindi Lindi 132 kV 214,037 37,933
Lindi Liwale 11 kV 46,298 7,957
Arusha Loliondo 33/11 kV 42,179 7,658
Njombe Ludewa 11 kV 20,656 3,584
Tabora Lusu 132/33 kV 337,022 60,767
Mwanza Mabuki 220/33 kV 127,541 22,945
Kilimanjaro Machame 33/11 kV 17,396 3,065
Songea Madaba 220/33 kV 3,319 579
Pwani Mafia 33/11 kV 3,464 610
Njombe Makambako 220/132/33 kV 112,006 19,255
Kilimanjaro Makuyuni 66/33 kV 45,553 8,069
Tanga Mapana 132/33 kV 156,254 27,239
Shinyanga Matanda 33/11 kV 84,576 14,931

Demand total Peak total
Region Substation Name Voltage
(MWh) (kW)
Dar Es Salaam Mbagala 132/33/11 kV 121,490 21,691
Manyara Mbulu 66/33 kV 64,218 11,382
Iringa Mgologo 220/132/33 kV 32,151 5,639
Pwani Mlandizi 132/33 kV 16,403 2,791
Arusha Monduli 33/11 kV 33,833 6,171
Arusha Mount Meru 33/11 kV 12,046 2,154
Katavi Mpanda 11 kV 219,239 39,903
Dodoma Mpwapwa 33/11 kV 56,929 10,054
Morogoro Msamvu 220/33 kV 308,036 54,079
Mtwara Mtwara 132/33 kV 582,761 100,831
Mara Musoma 132/33 kV 72,195 12,871
Kilimanjaro Mwanga 33/11 kV 14,246 2,428
Mwanza Mwanza Sth 33/11 kV 47,398 8,612
Ruvuma Ngaka 230,468 40,510
Kagera Ngara PS 33/11 kV 78,833 14,493
Pwani Ngerengere 33/11 kV 23,087 4,094
Arusha Njiro 220/132/33 kV 24,730 4,330
Njombe Njombe 220/33 kV 55,690 9,713
Kagera Nyakanazi 220/33 kV 44,087 8,207
Mwanza Nyakato 220/132/33 kV 267,770 47,924
Mara Nyamongo 132/33 kV 101,238 18,178
Manyara Nyumba ya M. 66/33 kV 922 159
Njombe Ruhudji 4,001 701
Mbeya Rumakali 313,142 55,015
Iringa Saba Saba 33/11 kV 29,955 5,311
Mwanza Saba Saba 33/11 kV 101,905 17,789
Kilimanjaro Same 132/33 kV 33,700 5,935
Singida Singida 220/33 kV 441,847 79,278
Lindi Somanga 33 kV 56,619 9,785
Ruvuma Songea 220/33 kV 136,906 24,355
Mbeya Songwe 33/11 kV 204,359 36,698
Rukwa Sumbawanga 66/33/11 kV 399,075 70,566
Tabora Tabora 132/33/11 kV 256,991 46,287
Mbeya Tukuyu 33/11 kV 170,740 29,530
Pwani Tumbi 33/11 kV 10,658 1,898
Songwe Tunduma 220/33 kV 98,483 17,223
Ruvuma Tunduru 11 kV 141,113 24,712
Pwani Wami 33/11 kV 31,860 5,632

4 Simulation of Supply Options
Based on the above situational analysis and load forecasting, this chapter presents the analysis of
supply options and recommendations on village level.
4.1 Electrification Through Grid Network Extensions (on-grid)

The Government of Tanzania has a stated policy preference for electrification through extension of
the national grid, and this option is therefore explored first.
4.1.1 Principles
Grid extensions are simulated on the basis of an automated cost-benefit algorithm in GEOSIM. The
GEOSIM simulations consider favourable geographical conditions (roads) and other obstacles as
well as environmental constraints (lakes or protected areas) when identifying the preferred MV and
LV line routes. The main outputs of the simulation are:
• Number of settlements to electrify;
• Investments at village level, including costs for MV lines, LV lines, transformers, and meters;
• Length of MV lines; and
• Population impacted.
Simulations have been performed of grid extensions and associated investments for non-electrified
settlements in the REMP database for which no electrification program has been identified. Grid
extension simulations are also performed for the non-electrified locations targeted by the Turnkey
III Phase 2, and REDP 2A and 2B programs. However, because these programmes are under
implementation and have already been budgeted, their investment costs are not included in the
results of the analysis.
Unelectrified rural settlements in the REMP database are considered for mini-grid electrification if
they:
1. Are located deep inside National Park, Game and Forest reserve limits;
2. Are located on isolated islands without existing MV lines;
3. Are located beyond 30 kilometres from existing MV lines;
4. Have a population (in 2022) of less than 500 inhabitants AND a distance from existing network
greater than one kilometre;
5. Have an average cost per connection greater than USD 2,000.
The first criterion avoids the construction of overhead lines in sensitive areas where their
installation could harm the aesthetics of environments and landscapes. However, exceptions are
made for towns and villages directly located on the boundaries of these protected areas. The
subsequent four criteria aim to exclude settlements for which the cost of connection per household
would become too high either because they are located are too far from the existing network or
because the number of customers is too low. The limit of 30 kilometres from existing lines is based

on pre-liminary voltage drop calculations which indicate that longer radials could lead to
unacceptable voltage drops along the line.
Connections in isolated and small settlements are assumed not to be commercially viable.
According to international benchmarks, a connection cost per customer is acceptable between USD
1,100 to USD 1,650 for a grid extension connection. Beyond USD 2,000, connections are considered
as too expensive and off-grid solutions become preferable. In some cases, however, it is possible
for settlements with high connection cost per customer to be crossed by MV lines that serve other
localities where the connection cost is below USD 2,000. In this specific case, electrification by grid
extension is maintained in order to supply the villages located downstream of the MV line. As shown
in the figure below, if settlement A has a cost per connection higher than USD 2,000 while
settlements B, C and D have one below, extension through grid extension will be kept for settlement
A.
Figure 16. Example of a settlements with a high connection cost that can be maintained as candidate for grid
connection.
4.1.2 Technical and Cost Assessment

The economic and technical parameters used to assess the investment costs of electrification
through grid extensions are shown the tables below.
Table 21. Economic parameters for grid extensions.
Parameter Price (USD/kWh)

Income to the Utility 0.13

Table 22. Technical parameters for grid extensions.
Parameter Unit Value
Number of households/LV line km km 50

MV/LV line % 10
LV line km cost USD 14,890
MV line km cost USD 21,270
Low capacity meter price USD 100
High capacity meter price USD 250
Lifetime of LV line years 25
Lifetime of MV line years 25
Lifetime of Transformer years 25
LV lines O&M annual cost % of total investment 2
MV lines O&M annual cost % of total investment 2
Transformer O&M cost % of total investment 2
Network connection cost USD 10,000
Network connection lifetime years 25
A number of low-cost solutions for grid electrification have also been considered. This analysis can
be found in Annex H.
4.1.3 Results from GEOSIM Simulations

According to the selection criteria defined in section 4.1.1, 2,550 or 89 percent of the 2,865
settlements in the REMP database that were identified as unelectrified have been selected as
candidates for electrification through grid extensions. Of these 2,550 settlements, about 280 were
identified as development poles in the spatial analysis described in previous Spatial Analysis section,
with a high socio-economic impact associated with electrification. If these settlements were
electrified in 2024 then 485,431 new LV customers would benefit from electricity. Results from the
simulations also show that this implies the construction of 6,624 kilometres of additional MV lines
for a total CAPEX of USD 498 million. Please refer to Annex C for further details.
Table 23. Data on villages recommended for grid extension.
planned (km)
2025 (MWh)
Investment
settlements
Population
Peak 2025
customers
Demand
MV line
# of DPs
Region
No. of
(2025)
(USD)
2022
(kW)
# of
Arusha 14 5 80,148 147 6,345,848 36,926 6,650 5,237

Dar Es 15 7 78,363 31 3,826,082 35,950 6,480 5,190
Salaam

planned (km)
2025 (MWh)
Investment
settlements
Population
Peak 2025
customers
Demand
MV line
# of DPs
Region
No. of
(2025)
(USD)
2022
(kW)
# of
Dodoma 45 6 171,780 216 11,795,973 81,307 14,564 10,972
Geita 240 42 950,402 534 51,156,567 440,380 79,131 60,725
Iringa 124 4 231,516 221 16,246,322 136,571 23,690 16,024
Kagera 75 15 324,734 173 16,987,896 145,127 26,207 20,604
Katavi 51 21 311,711 336 19,440,652 134,235 24,410 19,942
Kigoma 34 30 400,859 181 18,679,683 156,027 28,877 25,387
Kilimanjaro 75 3 209,145 95 11,517,033 110,950 19,555 13,853
Lindi 54 1 205,154 97 10,504,356 87,680 15,948 12,814
Manyara 94 13 325,442 361 21,745,354 160,053 28,514 21,257
Mara 61 8 209,174 101 11,198,804 101,346 18,094 13,487
Mbeya 65 1 106,228 91 7,536,501 66,154 11,408 7,518
Morogoro 92 12 247,764 221 15,991,261 130,707 23,050 16,478
Mtwara 247 2 451,112 460 33,157,238 284,417 49,067 31,829
Mwanza 14 2 64,895 42 3,534,568 29,239 5,277 4,129
Njombe 30 0 67,983 121 5,864,242 39,346 6,855 4,659
Pwani 141 11 471,139 408 29,062,160 226,564 40,502 30,580
Rukwa 176 23 549,596 559 35,882,239 269,965 48,039 35,532
Ruvuma 118 5 345,726 399 23,995,360 181,175 31,995 22,798
Shinyanga 153 14 511,817 489 32,855,861 257,828 45,762 33,536
Simiyu 41 10 184,256 122 10,133,700 81,820 14,791 11,664
Singida 61 6 239,909 229 14,912,855 114,651 20,501 15,386
Songwe 30 0 55,259 33 3,471,213 33,218 5,760 3,822
Tabora 169 24 558,413 425 33,455,633 277,481 49,339 36,700
Tanga 331 15 800,712 532 49,034,454 439,518 77,062 53,870
Total 2,550 280 8,153,237 6,624 498,331,855 4,058,635 721,528 533,993
The figure below shows the expected status of MV grid infrastructure when completed in 2025.

Figure 17. Proposed grid extensions in 2025.
4.2 Electrification through mini-grid solutions

Once the grid extension simulation is carried out, settlements not reached nor targeted by grid
extensions, ref. criteria in section 4.1.1, are considered for mini-grid development through local
renewable energy supply options.
4.2.1 Principles
Hydro and biomass power plants, solar PV-battery systems (with diesel as backup) and wind power
are considered as potential mini-grid supply options for the RESP. In principle, the choice of

renewable energy considered for the electrification of a settlement depends on its location in
relation to the resources and their availability. The development of a power plant in a potential site
is only considered if a candidate settlement is in its vicinity (for a hydro power plant, less than 30
kilometres from the settlement). No power plant development is simulated for grid-injection only.
Where multiple supply options exist, a hierarchy of potential mini-grid options is defined for each
cluster with the objective of minimizing the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) calculated for each
proposed project. Finally, for hydro, biomass and wind, the methodology proposes to focus on
remote areas where projects will not be in competition with grid extension in short terms.
4.2.2 Renewable Energy Resource Assessment

Tanzania has abundant renewable energy resources: Solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal, biogas,
biofuel, wind or even ocean waves. Within the scope of this RESP hydropower, solar, biomass and
wind are more specifically analysed for electricity production.
Delimitations
Geothermal, biogas, biofuel and ocean waves are at this stage not considered to play a central role
in terms of providing electricity to the rural population in Mainland Tanzania during the course of
the REMP implementation period. The reasons are as follows:
1) Geothermal
Publicly available data over the geothermal resources in Tanzania are very limited, and a
comprehensive mapping of the geothermal resources is outside scope of work for the REMP. The
costs of geothermal project development are also high, and thus mainly relevant for large-scale
power generation applications injecting power to the HV grid. A new technology for small
geothermal power plants is already operational in Kenya. With sizes ranging from 2.5 to 5 MW this
could potentially be relevant for small-scale renewable energy development. However, for rural
village demand, even these capacities are considered oversized and not relevant. At the present
stage of development of geothermal energy in Tanzania, small geothermal plants for mini-grids or
off-grid electrification will therefore not be considered in the REMP.
2) Biogas
Depending on resource availability, it is possible to generate power from biogas. Such energy mainly
goes to auto-consumption and sales to the grid and is considered a sustainable and environmental-
friendly solution to handling the resource. On this basis, biogas is considered as an alternative for
improved cooking in REMP (see CEAP in Annex B), but not as a renewable energy source for rural
electrification through mini-grids.
3) Biofuel
It is recognised that production of biofuel is relatively expensive with a production cost higher than
oil products (import price) for medium size production. Further, there are no real best-case projects
in Africa to support a decision of including biofuel in the REMP. Biofuel is thus not considered a
relevant resource to consider.

4) Waves
The production of electricity through ocean waves could be promising for the future. However, this
technology is currently only used on a prototype scale.
Potential Resources for Mini-grid Supply
The following resources are considered as potential mini-grid supply options for the RESP:
1) Hydropower
Hydropower is already being used to generate electricity in Tanzania. Of the 1.6 GW total power
installed capacity in the country, hydropower stands for around one third, a number that will
increase drastically with the commissioning of the 2,115 MW Julius Nyerere Hydropower Station.
Estimates of the potential hydropower capacity in Tanzania are in the range of 4.7 GW 19 . In addition
18F18F
to the 2020 update of the Tanzania Power System Master Plan (PSMP), two main sources of
information were used in the REMP study to assess the most promising sites in terms of hydropower
mini-grids implementation. The first comes from the Integrated Rural Electrification Planning Study
which was undertaken by REA in 2013 with financing from the European Commission. After a high-
level field study in Mororogo and Lindi regions, 45 sites were identified and georeferenced by the
program. The third source is the Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania study from
2015. It was warried out by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a global
knowledge and technical assistance program managed by the World Bank, in close coordination
with REA. From a consolidated database recording 455 sites, 78 locations were visited for more
accurate analyses. To date, the above-mentioned studies give the most complete and accurate level
of information. In all 123 verified sites ranging from 20 kW to 26,000 kW installed capacity were
georeferenced for the REMP studies although only a part of them were used for the simulation of
the mini-grid implementation.
19 2020 update of the Power System Master Plan for Tanzania

Figure 18. Map of identified hydropower potentials.
2) Solar PV and energy storage

Tanzania has mini-grids with an aggregated installed capacity of 232 MW. These mini-grids account
’ installed capacity 20 . Of these projects, almost two-third are
19F19F
solar mini-grid. Recorded investment costs are in a range of 5.5 to 6 USD/Wp, with LCOEs around
20 https://www.seforall.org/publications/state-of-the-global-mini-grids-market-report-2020

USD 0.46 per kWh for pure solar power plants or USD 0.32/kWh for a 66 percent solar hybrid
plant 21 .
20F20F
Figure 19. Map of solar potential and existing solar PV plants.
The Global Solar Atlas created by the World Bank, ESMAP and Solargis, was used to define the
overall solar resources assessment as well as the irradiation seasonality (17%).
Tanzania has high levels of solar energy, ranging between 2,800-3,500 hours of sunshine per year,
and a global horizontal radiation of 4–7 kWh per square meter per day. Solar resources are
21 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351451010_Are_Mini-grid_Projects_in_Tanzania_Financially_Sustainable

especially available in the central region of the country. With such great resource potential, solar
energy is an attractive alternative for modern energy supply and rural electrification.
In central Tanzania, one MWp of solar PV generates about 1,800 MWh per year (net of losses) and
requires about one hectare of land. Theoretically solar PV could cover large shares of the national
demand. On the basis of a 20 percent constraint on total national production in 2025, the potential
for grid-connected solar PV could be about 800 MW. Given that large-scale, grid-connected solar
PV installations are being developed in some countries for under USD 1,500 per kWp, its prospects
in Tanzania should be excellent 22 . 21F21F
3) Agro-industrial Biomass
Medium and small-scale uses of biomass for electricity generation in rural areas are taking off.
Biomass is presently used for electricity generation, especially in the Central (Tanga, Morogoro,
Iringa) and the Northern (Shinyanga, Kagera, Geita) regions of the country. To date, 25 biomass
power plants have a cumulative installed capacity of 58 MW 23 . Almost all are privately owned by
2F2F
sugar, sisal, paper, tea, coffee or saw producers. Among them, seven biomass power plants are
supplying power to the national grid. TPC-Moshi and Kilombero, two major sugar factories are the
most important with 17,5 and 10,5 MW installed capacities. The 18 others are operating for isolated
mini-grids with installed power capacities lower than one MW installed.
The potential for modern biomass uses is high, considering that the raw material available is
abundant and includes:
• Sugar bagasse - 1.5 Mega Ton per Year (MTPY)
• Sisal - 0.2 MTPY
• Rice husk - 0.2 MTPY
• Coffee husk - 0.1 MTPY
• Municipal solid waste - 4.7 MTPY
Further supplies can be obtained through sustainably harvested fuelwood from fast-growing tree
plantations.
The location of potential resources for the development of biomass pants (rice, sugarcane and sisals
fields) comes from the 2013 IREP study (see map below). However, with limited site information,
these estimates remain preliminary and should be considered as purely indicative.
22 Source: Tanzania solar power (TANZANIA INVEST, 2020). Available online: https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/pv.
23 Source: https://www.seforall.org/publications/state-of-the-global-mini-grids-market-report-2020

Figure 20. Map of biomass power plants and resource location in Tanzania.
4) Wind Power
Although many wind power projects have been announced, such as that of the Chinese group Sany
Heavy Industries (600 MW) or the one near Siginda (100 MW) and in Makambako (100 MW) The
Mwenga wind farm (Iringa region) is the first utility scale project that has reached completion, with
a capacity of 2.4 MW. The existence of smaller wind turbines in the country is not known.
According to its developer (Camco Clean Energy), the Mwenga project provides the demonstration
’ j I ,

Tanzania, and more particularly the central regions from Arusha to Njombe, have very good wind
power potential with average annual wind speeds at 9.9 m/s and 8.9 m/s respectively.
Figure 21. Annual average wind speed at 100 meters height.
4.2.3 Technology and Cost Assessment

Mini-grid electrification cost assumptions are based on international benchmark prices and are
adjusted based on prices observed in the Tanzanian market. The tables below show the key
assumptions for solar PV, diesel, hydro, wind, and biomass generation investments.
The costs and assumptions presented in the tables below were obtained from ESMAP 24 for hydro
23F23F
power projects, by an online review for genset production and wind turbines and by capitalizing on
regional experiences in the PV and biomass sector. The related costs do not include only the
generating plant but also the associated transmission facilities to connect to the grid if that is the
case.
24 Source: ESMAP, Small hydro resource mapping in Tanzania, April 2015, 181 p.

Table 24. Solar PV cost and economic assumptions.
Item Unit Value

Solar panel cost USD/kWp 300
Structure cost USD/kWp 100
Inverter cost USD/kW 200
Battery cost USD/kWh 250
Hybrid balance of system USD/kWp 80
O&M cost ratio % 1
Solar panel lifetime Yrs 25
Inverter lifetime Yrs 10
Solar efficiency % 88
Table 25. Diesel backup cost and economic assumptions.
Item Unit Value

Genset investment cost (24 kW) USD 9,300
Genset safety margin % 20
Maximum lifetime Yrs 5
Genset efficiency % 90
O&M cost ratio % 5
Maintenance down time % 10
Assumed delivered fuel price (diesel) USD BBL 160
Table 26. Hydropower cost and economic assumptions.
Item Unit Value
Hydro investment cost USD/kW 3000
Maximum lifetime Years 30
O&M cost ratio % 2
Use of diesel backup possible? Yes

Table 27. Wind turbine cost and economic assumptions.
Item Unit Value

Turbine investment cost USD/kW 1.3 million
Maximum lifetime Yrs 30
O&M cost ratio % per KWh 2
Table 28. Biomass cost and economic assumptions.
Item Unit Value

Investment cost US$/MW 3,400
Heavy fuel consumption L/kWh 0.33
O&M cost ratio % of total investment 3
4.2.4 Results from GEOSIM Simulations

On the 2,865 unelectrified rural settlements identified in the REMP database, 313 (11%) were
excluded from grid extensions and considered for mini-grid development. The following sections
present the results for each renewable supply options.
1) Hydropower projects
Out of the hundred hydropower potentials that were identified, almost all fall inside the grid zone
and were thus not considered for mini-grid development. Among them, one (Lower Pinyinyi in
Ngorongoro District, Arusha region) could potentially supply the remoted town of Pinyinyi,
providing access to a population of approximately 6,200 inhabitants. An LCOE of USD 0.40/ kWh is
considered adequate to justify inclusion in the planning scenario. However, the assumptions
underpinning this number would require a more in-depth site study in order to be confirmed.
Further details on project economics are available in Annex D.
Table 29. Parameters of the Lower Pinyinyi hydropower project
Energy, Energy, Inv/

LCOE Investment LV LV
Population Settlement 2022 2031 connectio
(USD/ (USD customers, customers,
2022 (#) (#) (MWh/ (MWh/ n in Y5
kWh) million) 2022 (#) 2031 (#)
year) year) (USD/Cx)
0.40 11.7 6,178 1 330 1,476 757 4,085 21,611

Figure 22. Map of potential hydropower project.
2) Biomass Projects
As shown in the map below, none of the large, isolated localities that are candidates for off-grid
electrification fall within an area suitable for processing one of the identified agricultural residues
(rice husks, sisals, and sugar cane). For this reason, no simulation of biomass power plants was

performed using GEOSIM. Additional studies could nevertheless be conducted to develop grid-
connected opportunities.
Figure 23. Location of mini-grid candidates in relation to biomass resources.

3) Wind Projects
Most of the isolated candidate sites for wind energy are not located in a very favourable area for
wind turbine development, except for a few locations. These locations are, however, recommended
for electrification through grid extensions. In the Ruvuma, Tabora, Katavi, or Manyara regions,
recorded wind speeds at a height of 100 metres are less than 6m/s which is not considered sufficient
for wind power production. Annual average wind speeds above 7-8 m/s are preferable, and a wind
turbine reaches its maximum power at the nominal wind speed (about 12 m/s). On this basis, no
mini-grid solution developed from wind power has been considered in this RESP.
Figure 24. Location of the mini-grid candidates in relation to wind potential.
4) Solar PV and Storage Projects

Because no biomass or wind power projects were identified, all off-grid candidates except the
Pinyinyi project are planned as solar PV projects with battery storage and limited diesel backup
system. A total of 312 potential solar PV and storage projects have been identified as candidates
for electrification through mini-grids. Projects distribution is visualized in the map below which
locates the identified solar PV mini-grid projects.
From the 2022 baseline, these projects are expected to provide access to electricity services for
approximately 318,000 inhabitants and serve about 44,700 LV customers 10 years after
electrification. The table below shows the number of projects per region and the national total.

Table 30. Solar PV and storage mini-grid projects per region and total.
Peak PV 2025
Peak PV 2031
2025 (MWh)
Investment
PV projects
population
customers
Demand
Covered
Average
Region
# of LV
(2025)
(2025)
Initial
(USD)
LCOE
(kW)
(kW)
Arusha 4 3,512 289 2,375,023 2,231,814 393 828 0.45
Dar Es
1 430 40 347,669 327,431 55 105 0.44
Salaam
Dodoma 7 14,768 1,103 6,954,718 6,690,122 1,185 2,535 0.45
Geita 3 6,427 475 3,015,174 2,840,981 513 1,023 0.45
Iringa 17 18,050 1,437 10,464,375 9,771,470 1,739 3,679 0.45
Kagera 4 10,341 753 4,628,845 4,519,428 795 1,645 0.44
Katavi 5 12,070 889 5,480,390 5,298,523 938 2,037 0.45
Kigoma 0 - - - - - -
Kilimanjaro 7 9,679 754 5,182,785 5,297,643 865 1,831 0.44
Lindi 12 12,858 1,031 7,764,764 7,378,475 1,290 2,651 0.45
Manyara 5 12,323 892 5,449,470 5,182,955 936 2,070 0.44
Mara 0 - - - - - -
Mbeya 35 22,097 1,945 16,162,546 14,500,719 2,616 5,207 0.45
Morogoro 18 11,239 971 7,763,739 7,834,512 1,255 2,561 0.45
Mtwara 29 28,968 2,333 17,884,868 17,144,959 2,968 6,259 0.45
Mwanza 6 5,122 424 3,209,211 2,949,592 527 1,162 0.45
Njombe 21 27,705 2,166 15,508,544 15,107,843 2,597 5,357 0.44
Pwani 50 58,903 4,685 34,306,721 33,414,884 5,720 11,761 0.45
Rukwa 43 34,076 2,831 21,714,428 19,849,182 3,552 7,358 0.45
Ruvuma 13 26,413 1,947 12,039,487 11,723,921 2,058 4,240 0.45
Shinyanga 5 7,119 564 4,204,435 3,674,868 702 1,443 0.45
Simiyu 0 - - - - - -
Singida 4 8,617 648 4,174,335 3,710,085 710 1,465 0.45
Songwe 8 3,578 331 2,802,360 2,597,737 444 918 0.45
Tabora 5 11,126 835 5,337,244 4,771,990 907 1,929 0.45
Tanga 10 9,848 792 5,793,217 5,717,254 958 1,873 0.45
Total 312 355,269 28,135 202,564,348 192,536,388 33,723 69,937 0.45

Figure 25. Location of the solar PV and storage mini-grid projects.
4.3 Hamlet Electrification

Through REDP III, the Government of Tanzania aims to electrify all 37,610 hamlets in Tanzania that
currently have no electricity access. This will mainly be done through grid extensions, though mini-
grids are also considered for certain hamlets.

Table 31. Number of hamlets to be electrified per region.
Region Number of hamlets to be electrified
Arusha 1,032
Kilimanjaro 566
Tanga 2,955
Manyara 1,498
Pwani 1,084
Dodoma 1,996
Morogoro 1,808
Singida 1,476
Iringa 726
Njombe 690
Mbeya 1,536
Songwe 1,039
Rukwa 770
Tabora 2,859
Shinyanga 1,837
Katavi 501
Kigoma 1,063
Lindi 1,117
Mtwara 1,663
Ruvuma 2,458
Mwanza 1,887
Geita 1,022
Kagera 2,455
Simiyu 2,187
Mara 1,385
Total 37,610
This work is expected to take six years to complete, at an estimated cost of Tsh 7,498,787.77 million,
equal to around USD 3.2 billion 25 . Because no georeferenced database exists of all hamlets in
24F24F
Tanzania, this scope has not been included in the techno/economic optimizations in this RESP. A
verification exercise will therefore be required (see REMP Main Report for further details).
4.4 Stand-alone Solar Solutions

According to the 2019/20 Energy Access and Use Situation Survey, around 41.9 percent of rural
households surveyed rely on stand-alone solar photovoltaic systems like solar home systems (10 to
25 Source: Scope REDP III V3, February 2022

200 W) for lighting. Such solutions typically include solar panels, batteries, and inverters that can
deliver a household with electricity for several devices like light bulbs, televisions, and small
refrigerators. This type of technology can also be applied to public institutions like schools,
hospitals, health centres, police posts, as well as small telecommunications and household
enterprises.
However, data on the size and quality of the systems deployed in rural Tanzania remains unclear.
Government, through the REA and various development partners have supported a number of solar
PV programmes that target off-grid areas where the cost of lighting from solar is less than from a
diesel generator or kerosene. Still, for Tanzania to meet the SE4All objectives by 2030 there is a still
a significant untapped potential for off-grid solutions for areas which will be electrified later in the
REMP period, and for the estimated 30 percent of scattered households that live too far from the
village centre to be viable for grid electricity in the near future.
The REMP Main Report (Volume 1) provides a number of policy, regulatory, and institutional
recommendations for how a scaling up of affordable, reliable, and safe stand-alone systems can be
supported.

5 Grid Analysis
Rural electrification through grid extensions and/or densification will have an impact on the existing
grid. One important part of the RESP is therefore to analyse whether the existing and planned HV
grid and connection points (HV/MV substations) have sufficient capacity to provide the selected
villages with electricity, or if additional investments are required.
In order to assess the technical feasibility of the proposed grid extensions, load flow analyses have
been performed through application of the PSS®E software. The load flow analyses are undertaken
for the inter-connected main grid only and do not include the TANESCO operated isolated systems.
5.1 Background and Context

T z ’ -connected main grid and several smaller isolated
systems, all operated by TANESCO. The main transmission system transfers electrical power across
19 of the country´s 26 regions 26 on voltage levels 220kV, 132kV and 66kV, whilst 33kV, and 11kV is
25F25F
used for distribution. In February 2020, the peak demand (coincidental) in the main grid was 1,152
MW 27 .
26F26F
The installed capacity in the main grid is currently some 1,566 MW according to the 2020 update of
the PSMP. The generation mix is dominated by hydro and thermal power plants. Gas findings off
the coast and the completion of a gas pipeline from the gas fields to Dar es Salaam has boosted the
investments in gas fuelled power plants. The distribution of installed capacity and load across
Tanzania in 2020 is shown in the figures below.
Figure 26. Installed capacity and measured coincidental load in Tanzania 2020.
Given that 50 percent T z ’ , it is natural that the lion´s

share of the installed thermal generation capacity is located in the proximity of the city. The main
bulk of hydro power plants are located in central Tanzania, and the country can roughly be divided
into deficit areas in the North and South, and a surplus area in the Central Zone. Julius Nyerere
26 Kigoma, Kagera, Katavi, Rukwa, Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma are not connected to the main national grid.
27 Source: 2020 update of the Tanzania Power System Master Plan

Hydropower Plant (JNHPP) with a total capacity of 2,115 MW is currently under construction and
expected to be operating at 50 percent capacity by 2025. The addition of JNHPP to the main grid
significantly increases the surplus capacity in Central Zone. However, for new generation in the
Central and Southern zones of the country to benefit the deficit areas in the North, significant
improvements in the North-South transmission capacity will be required.
5.1.1 Power System Master Plan

The PSMP T E CO’ is a
central document for the energy sector development in Tanzania. The latest update of the PSMP
was done in 2020. It builds on previous updates of PSMP and re-assesses the short-term (2020-
2025), medium-term (2025-2034) and long-term (2034-2024) objectives regarding power
generation and transmission plans for Tanzania.
The plan provides an average peak demand forecast for both the grid and isolated systems. The
projected peak demand is estimated to reach 2,677 MW in 2025, 4,878 MW in 2034, and 17,611
MW in 2044. To meet the forecasted demand, the total generation capacity is estimated to increase
to 3,971 MW in the short-term, 12,256 MW is the medium-term, and 20,201 MW in the long-term.
In order to support the forecasted demand and generation growth, the PSMP 2020 estimates that
a total 6,204 kilometres of 400kV, 3,665km of 220kV, and 1,268km of 132kV must be built to
evacuate the generated power to the load centres. The allocation of the required transmission
investments over the short-term, medium-term, and long-term is shown in the figure below.
Figure 27. Distribution of transmission lines over the short-term, medium-term, and long-term planning
periods according to PSMP 2020.

Additionally, a substantial number of new substations must be established and expanded during
the same period. Notably, most of the activity is concentrated within the next five-year period
towards the end of the first phase of this REMP.
According to PSMP 2020 a number of existing power plants will be decommissioned by 2026, and
consequently a significant amount of new generation capacity must be commissioned in order to
replace the decommissioned power plants while also increasing the total installed generation
capacity. The planned annual increase in generation capacity in order to achieve the short-term
targets is shown in the figure below 28 . 27F27F
Figure 28. Planned new generation capacity from 2020-2026 according to the PSMP 2020.
The PSMP 2020 also includes a load forecast for the period towards 2030 which in the figure below
is plotted together with the measured coincidental peak demand in the system as well as the
forecast from the previous PSMP 2016. The estimated system peak for the period up to 2025 is also
included and ‘RE P ’. The estimated peak is based on the assumptions given
in section 5.2.1.. As can be seen from the figure, the actual measured peak demand for 2016-2020
has been consistently lower than the expected forecast from PSMP 2016.
28 Renewable includes Solar, Wind and Geothermal

Figure 29. Load forecast in PSMP 2016 and 2020, measured coincidental peak load and RESP prognosis used
in analyses.
5.2 Assumptions and parameters applied in PSS®E model

Developing a model of a national transmission system is a time-consuming exercise as there are
thousands of components (buses, nodes, loads, transformers, and generation units) that must be
defined. All of these components can be defined with numerous technical and non-technical input
data (names, impedances, capacity ratings, base voltage, areas, owners, maximum and minimum
voltages, power output/input, etc.). Given the scale and timeline of the REMP, an existing TANESCO
PSS®E model for year 2020 for short circuit calculations has been used as a starting point for the
grid analysis. On this basis, a load-flow model for year 2025 has been developed in order to analyse
whether the system has sufficient capacity to provide the targeted rural settlements with
electricity. There are a number of reasons why 2025 has been chosen as reference year, including:
1. 2025 represents the end of the Tanzania´s current overarching development plan, Vision
2025 and the current five-year development plan (FYDP III).
2. 2025 is deemed to be sufficiently near in time to allow reasonably accurate forecasts while
simultaneously far enough away to give added value to both TANESCO's and REA’ planning
horizon.
It is common practice in grid development planning to assume minor to moderate changes to the
existing system to ensure that the results are on the conservative side. By anticipating slower
progress for planned transmission projects and generation capacity increase, the model will reveal
where grid constraints arise first, and thus which projects should be prioritized. On that background,
only projects that are expected to be complete by 2025 have been included. T ’
loading was evaluated according to their Rate A in the obtained model.

Hydropower still constitutes a significant share of Tanzania´s generation capacity, and the available
generation capacity consequently differ between the wet and dry season. Therefore, peak system
load during both wet and dry season are considered. Sensitivity analysis is also performed for
planned projects with significant impact on the transmission system capacity. More details on the
sensitivity analysis can be found in section 5.3.2.
5.2.1 Estimated peak load in 2025

The following section summarises the assumptions applied in the PSS®E model for year 2025.
New REMP load

The new REMP load has been identified per HV/MV substation in year 2025 (see section 3.2). In
order to assess the amount of new REMP load that can be added to the system, both the total
generation capacity as well as substation capacity and voltage stability have been considered. The
analysis further assumes a φ = 1.00.
Load Growth for Existing Load

The average annual growth for existing load is also considered in the model. As stated in section
5.1.1 , the actual load growth since 2015 has been lower than predicted both in the PSMP 2016 and
the PSMP 2020. In a USAID funded TANESCO study from 2017 29 , an average annual load growth of
28F28F
6.5 percent for existing load was applied. The measured system peak load from 2017 and the
estimated system peak load in year 2025 based on a growth rate of 6.5 percent is shown in the
table below. The load for existing factories supplied from Bulyanhulu and Kange is assumed
constant.
Table 32. Measured system peak load in 2017 and estimated system peak load in 2025 30 . 29F29F
2017 Maximum (measured) 2025 Maximum (estimated)

Region Substation
Pload [MW] Qload [MVAr] Pload [MW] Qload [MVAr]
Karatu 2.8 2.7 4.2 4.0
Arusha KIA 16.0 6.8 23.8 10.1
Njiro 52.2 9.3 77.7 13.9
FZ II 15.0 0.0 22.3 0.0
Ilala 87.4 35.4 130.2 52.7
Kipawa (FZIII) 87.9 41.4 130.9 61.7
Kunduchi 54.4 18.6 81.0 27.7
Dar es Salaam Kurasini 15.4 0.0 22.9 0.0
Makumbusho 59.4 22.5 88.5 33.5
Mbagala 28.0 0.0 41.7 0.0
NCC 7.4 0.0 11.0 0.0
Ubungo 63.3 14.0 94.3 20.9
29 TANESCO 2021 Model Development and Analysis

30 “TANESCO 2021 Model Development and Analysis” and adjusted to year 2025 based on an annual load growth increase of 6.5%

Region Substation
Wazo 20.3 10.5 30.2 15.6
Dodoma 24.3 0.0 36.2 0.0
Dodoma
Kondoa 2.5 0.5 3.7 0.7
Geita Bulyanhulu 3.2 -0.9 4.8 -1.34
Bulyanhulu 220 kV 26.7 -7.8 39.8 -11.6
Iringa 9.6 0.1 14.3 0.1
Iringa
Mufindi 5.1 11.7 7.8 17.4
Kiyungi 17.4 12.5 25.9 18.6
Kilimanjaro Makuyuni 8.7 0.0 13.0 0.0
Same 2.9 0.5 4.3 0.7
Manyara Babati 15.4 0.0 22.9 0.0
Mbulu 1.1 0.2 1.6 0.3
Bunda 5.3 0.0 7.9 00
Kibara 2.1 0.3 3.1 0.4
Mara
Musoma 7.4 1.7 11.0 2.5
Nyamongo 15.2 4.1 22.6 6.1
Mbeya Mbeya 49.1 11.0 73.1 16.4
Kidatu Hydro 4.6 0.0 6.9 0.0
Morogoro
Kihansi Hydro 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Morogoro 79.7 18.0 118.7 28.8
Mwanza Mabuki 4.3 -0.7 6.4 -1.0
Mwanza 50.2 22.4 74.8 33.4
Njombe Madaba 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Makambako 5.8 -0.3 86 -0.4
Pwani Chalinze 3.5 0.0 5.2 0.0
Mlandizi 18.9 0.0 28.2 16.4
Ruvuma Songea 8.5 0.0 12.7 0.0
Buzwagi 23.7 -6.4 35.3 -9.5
Shinyanga
Shinyanga 12.1 10.8 18.0 16.1
Singida Singida 7.2 0.4 10.7 0.6
Tabora Lusu 5.4 0.0 8.0 0.0
Tabora 7.8 0.0 11.6 0.0
Hale Hydro 2.7 2.2 4.0 3.3
Kange 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0
Tanga Kange 132 kV 18.0 4.0 26.8 6.0
Kasiga 3.6 0.1 5.4 0.1
Maweni 8.7 0.0 13.0 0.0

Region Substation
Tanga 15.0 -28.8 22.3 -42.9
Tanga 132 10.0 0.0 14.9 0.0
Zanzibar Zanzibar 64.1 -12.9 95.5 -19.2
Total 1,059.6 203.8 1,578.3 322.1
5.2.2 New Transmission Projects Commissioned by 2025

The backbone (400 kV lines between Iringa and Shinyanga) is currently operated at 220 kV.
TANESCO has informed that the substation upgrades at Iringa, Dodoma, Singida, and Shinyanga will
be ready by 2025. Therefore, 400 kV operation has been assumed for the Backbone, including
Singida-Arusha-Kenya. The 220 kV double circuit line between the new substation Arusha and the
existing substation Njiro (about five kilometres) is also assumed to be commissioned by 2025.
Table 33. New projects assumed to be commissioned by 2025. Source: PSMP 2020.
Project name Description Current status

Currently operated at
Backbone 400 kV operation Iringa-Dodoma-Singida-Shinyanga
220 kV
Singida-Arusha 400 kV lines Singida-Arusha Planned
Kenya
400 kV lines Arusha-Kenya Planned
Interconnector
Karatu-Loliondo 66kV Karatu - Loliondo Planned
Kinyerezi-
220kV Kinyerezi-Pugu-Morogoro Planned
Morogoro
Bulyanhulu-
220kV Bulyanhulu-Rusumo via Nyakanazi Planned
Rusumo
220 kV lines between new 400 kV substation Arusha and
Arusha-Njiro Planned
existing 220 kV substation Njiro
Source: PSMP 2020
5.2.3 Generation Capacity in 2025

In addition to the existing generation capacity in year 2022, it is assumed that six new utility scale
power plants will be in operation by 2025 (see table below). Addition of these plants significantly
increases the generation capacity. Because actual commissioning dates for the plants are uncertain,
they are considered in the sensitivity analysis. Further, it should be noted that Malagarasi and
Mtwara I are located in isolated grids and are therefore not included in the technical analysis of the
interconnected grid.

Table 34. Assumed installed generation capacity in year 2025.
Name Region Type Owner Commis- No. of Installed

sioned units Capacity
[MW]
Hale Tanga Hydro TANESCO 1967 2 21
Kidatu Morogoro Hydro TANESCO 1975 4 204
Zuzu Dodoma Diesel TANESCO 1980 13 7.4
Mtera Iringa Hydro TANESCO 1988 2 80
IPTL Dar es Salaam HFO IPTL (IPP) 1994 10 103
New Pangani Falls Tanga Hydro TANESCO 1995 2 68
Kihansi Morogoro Hydro TANESCO 2000 4 180
Songas Ltd
Songas Dar es Salaam Gas (IPP) 2004 6 189
Ubungo 1 Dar es Salaam Gas TANESCO 2007 12 102
Tegeta Dar es Salaam Gas TANESCO 2009 5 45
Ubungo 2 (Jacobsen) Dar es Salaam Gas TANESCO 2012 3 105
Kinyerezi I Dar es Salaam Gas TANESCO 2015 4 150
Nyakato Mwanza HFO TANESCO 2016 10 63
Kinyerezi I extension Dares Salaam Gas TANESCO 2018 4 185
Kinyerezi II Dar es Salaam Gas TANESCO 2018 6 240
Rusumo Kagera Hydro TANESCO 2021 27
Sub-Total 1,769.4
Julius Nyerere Morogoro Hydro TANESCO 2022 9 2,115
Malagarasi* Kigoma Hydro TANESCO 2025 3 44.8
Kishapu Shinyanga Solar TANESCO 2025 50
Singida I Singida Wind TANESCO 2025 100
Makambako Makambako Wind TANESCO 2025 100
Mtwara I* Mtwara Gas TANESCO 2025 300
Total installed capacity in 2025 4,479.2

* Located in grids isolated from the backbone grid, and therefore not included in the technical analysis.
5.3 Analysis of Grid Constraints

This section details identified grid constraints which will impact the grid´s ability to supply electricity
to existing and future consumers in rural areas. The constraints in the transmission system can
roughly be divided into four categories, which are described in detail in subsequent sections.
5.3.1 Generation Capacity

Although the focus of the grid analysis is on transmission system capacity and not generation
capacity, some general considerations on available generation capacity is included as the location

of the generation plants have an impact on the transmission bottlenecks. As shown in the table
above, the total generation capacity from existing power plants in year 2025 is assumed to be
1,769.4 MW exclusive of six additional power plants that are currently at planning or construction
stage. Three of these six plants (Shinyanga, Singida and Makambako) are expected to be part of the
backbone grid in 2025, thereby increasing the total generation capacity to 2019.4 MW. JNHPP is
also expected to be partly operational by 2025. Due to the magnitude of JNHPP and its importance
for the overall generation capacity in Tanzania, this project has been analysed as part of the
sensitivity analysis. This approach is not an indication that the Project is not expected to be
completed on time, but rather to provide an analysis of its importance to the overall power system.
During wet season, the base case capacity (excluding JNHPP) will be able to cover the increase in
existing load and approximately 150 MW of new REMP load (given that the increase in existing load
follows the assumptions described in section 5.2.1).
During dry season, the available generation capacity from the hydropower plants will be
significantly lower than during wet season, reducing the overall available generation capacity. If
including the three power plants mentioned above, the grid can allow for 90 MW of REMP load (see
section 5.3.2).
Total system peak load, including the new REMP load in year 2025, is estimated to be 3,298 MW.
All REMP load will not be able to be connected to the Backbone grid without increased generation
capacity from either JNHPP or other power plants with significant capacity.
5.3.2 Transmission System Bottlenecks (National)

Transmission system bottlenecks depend on various factors such as different generation dispatch
between wet and dry season, and implementation of planned transmission line and power plant
projects.
Sensitivities
For the purpose of this study, three main sensitivities are considered:
1) Implementation of the North-East transmission project
According to PSMP 2020, the North-East project is planned to be implemented by 2025. The main
components of the North-East project are as follows:
• One double circuit 400 kV line Kinyerezi-Chalinze (93 km)
• Two single circuit 400 kV lines Chalinze-Segera (175 km)
• Two single circuit 400 kV line Segera-Arusha (366 km)
• One double circuit 220 kV line Segera-Tanga (64 km)
• New 400 kV substations at Chalinze and Segera with transformation to 132 and 220 kV and
reactive power equipment
By February 2022 TANESCO reported that project financing for the 400kV lines is in progress and
that the implementation period will be 28 months after completion of the financing arrangement.
Regarding the new substation at Chalinze, work commenced in October 2021 and planned

completion is in January 2023. Due to the magnitude of the North-East project, its implementation
by 2025 is included as a sensitivity in the grid analysis. This is not an indication that the Project is
not expected to be completed on time, but rather to provide an analysis of its importance to the
overall power system.
2) Generation Dispatch during Dry and Wet Season
It is challenging to predict the exact amount of generation from the hydropower plants at peak load
during the dry season, as this is likely to vary between the different plants and with the reservoir
filling. The figure below shows actual generation from all hydro power plants in Tanzania for four
24-hour periods 31 in the dry season (between June and October) in 2016 and 2017. Although the
30F30F
figures are five years old, it is assumed that the distribution is still representative for the current
situation during dry season. Based on these data, it is assumed that 50 percent of the generation
capacity in the hydro power plants is available at peak load during dry season and this is included
as a sensitivity in the analysis.
600
500
400
[MW]
300
200
100
28.07.2016 01.09.2016
01.10.2016 01.09.2017
Installed hydro power capacity
Figure 30. Hydro power generation for four 24-hour periods during dry season.
3) With and without Julius Nyerere Hydropower Plant

Since the total system generation capacity is a critical factor, it has also been simulated with and
without the JNHPP generation connected to Chalinze, in order to analyse the importance of this
mega-project on the overall power system. Without the North-East Project implemented, JNHPP
31 Based on data received from TANESCO

has been modelled as connected to the 132kV in Chalinze. After commissioning of the North-East
Project, JNHPP is assumed to be connected to the 420kV in Chalinze.
Available capacity in the main transmission system

As described in section 5.1, about half of the installed generation capacity and about half of the
load is located in the Dar es Salaam and Coastal Zone. During dry season, thermal generation in the
Dar es Salaam area covers a large share of the national demand. However, transmission capacity
out from the Dar es Salaam and coastal zone is limited, and the main limitations in the transmission
system prior to implementation of the North-East project are therefore the following existing
transmission lines:
• 132 kV line Ubungo-Mlandizi-Chalinze and Chalinze-Hale
• 220 kV line Kidatu-Iringa and Kinyerezi-Ubungo
During wet season, the lines above are fully loaded. During the dry season, the 132 kV line Ubungo-
Mlandizi will be fully loaded while there is some remaining capacity on the 220 kV line Kidatu-Iringa.
Implementation of the North-East project will facilitate full power evacuation to the Northern
regions as well as reduce the system bottlenecks in the 220 kV lines Kinyerezi-Ubungo and Kidatu-
Iringa. While the North-East project improves the capacity of the main transmission system, the
400kV lines from Chalinze to Arusha via Segera are planned for the period 2025-2034. Prioritization
of the North-East project is therefore important for rural electrification in the North-East as well as
overall system capacity.
Although there will be sufficient transmission capacity in the main transmission system when the
North-East project is commissioned, increased generation capacity or increased import will still be
required in order to ensure overall supply-demand balance. On the other side, the production from
JNHPP will be of limited value for connection of new REMP load in the North of Tanzania until the
North-East Project from Chalinze has improved the bottlenecks described in the paragraph above.
The North-East Project and JNHPP is therefore depending on each other in order to get full
realization of their benefits. Full electrification of forecasted REMP load will not be possible without
establishing these two projects.
Estimated available grid capacity for rural electrification at peak load in year 2025 during dry and
wet season is shown in the table below. The available capacity at peak load increases considerably
when JNHPP and the North-East Project is commissioned. Without JNHPP, however, the total
system generation capacity is the limiting factor for both dry and wet season. Without the North-
East Project, the power dispatch through the system is the limiting factor.

Table 35. Available capacity at peak load in 2025 with and without the “North-East” project and JNHPP during
dry and wet season.
JNHPP &
Without JNHPP Including JNHPP
Project Season
North-East Dry Wet Dry Wet
Excluded 90 MW 150 MW 150 MW 150 MW
Included 120 MW 200 MW > 500 MW > 500 MW
In addition, increased transformer capacity and regional transmission reinforcements are required
to facilitate additional load in some substations, highlighting limitations in the main transmission
system. Reinforcements required regionally or at substation level are described in the following
sections.
5.3.3 Voltage Stability (Regional)

The Tanzania grid code lists the following voltage levels for system operation:
• Normal system conditions: 0.95-1.05 pu.
• Contingency conditions: 0.9-1.1 pu.
When considering the regional voltage stability, the analysis has applied contingency conditions as
a reference in order to highlight the maximum technical capacity. REMP load has been added
incrementally to each HV/MV substation in order to analyse the amount of load that the system
can supply without the voltage decreasing below 0 9 pu, or critical lines being overloaded.
The results from the grid analysis show that some areas have poor steady state voltage stability
until planned grid reinforcements are in place. These areas are characterized by one or more
substations supplied via long radials. Typically, there will be a severe voltage drop along the radial
which means that even a small load increase at the outermost substation can cause the voltage to
drop significantly and in worst case voltage collapse. The voltage stability problem is particularly
challenging in the Mara and Tabora regions and mitigating measures will be reactive power
compensation or grid reinforcements. The situation for Mara and Tabora regions is described in
more detail below. Proposed mitigation measures for the other HV/MV substations can be found
in Table 43.
Mara Region
In the Mara region, the following HV/MV substations are supplied via a 132kV radial from Mwanza:
• Bunda
• Kibara (supplied via a 66 kV radial from Bunda)
• Musoma
• Nyamongo

Figure 31. Transmission system in the Mara region. Source: PSMP 2020.
Without the REMP loads, estimated peak load in the four substations in year 2025 is about 44.6 MW
in total. The existing 132kV line from Mwanza has thermal capacity of about 112 MVA, and the total
distance from Mwanza to Nyamongo is about 300 kilometres.
Table 36. Estimated system peak load and REMP load in Mara region in 2025.
Substation Existing load forecast 2025 REMP load forecast 2025 Total
(MW) (MW) (MW)
Bunda 7.9 53.2 61.1
Kibara 3.1 3.3 6.4
Musoma 11.0 21.5 32.5
Nyamongo 22.6 18.2 40.8
Total 44.6 96.2 140.8
TANESCO has informed that a 7.3 MVAr capacitor bank is installed at Nyamongo substation but has
never been in service. The reason for this is unknown, but severe voltage steps following switching
of the capacitor bank (in the range of 30 percent at the 33 kV busbar) might be a reason.

The two figures below show voltages in the Mara region for increased electrification at Nyamongo,
assuming sufficient transformer capacity to 132 kV in Mwanza substation. The starting point in the
figure (0 MW) is peak load without REMP loads in 2025. Without the capacitor bank in service, the
voltage at Nyamongo is below 0.9 pu before any new REMP load is added. When REMP load is
gradually added, the voltage at Nyamongo drops below 0.8 pu for the addition of more than 2.5
MW of new REMP load. With the capacitor bank in service, voltage at Nyamongo is above 0.9 pu
before REMP load is added and gradually reduces with increased REMP load. The variations in
voltage between 3.2 MW and 5.3 MW is due to the transformer tap changes in Mwanza between
220 kV and 132 kV.
Figure 32. Voltages in Mara region without the Capacitor bank at Nyamongo in service.
Figure 33. Voltages in Mara region with the Capacitor bank at Nyamongo in service.

Further, it should be noted that the existing transformer capacity between 220 and 132 kV at
Mwanza substation is 3x60 MVA, which are three-winding transformers that are also supplying the
33 kV load at Mwanza. The existing transformer capacity is not sufficient to accommodate
increased system load in addition to new REMP load. Considering uncertainties regarding tap
changer operation of the three 220/132/33 kV transformers at Mwanza, the voltage at the 132 kV
bus at Mwanza might very well be further below 1.05 pu than the model simulation calculated.
Lower starting voltage in Mwanza will reduce the capacity for increased load at Mara further.
Potential mitigating measures for Mara region
In theory it is possible to install reactive power compensation equipment in the 132 kV system in
order to increase the voltage towards Nyamongo. However, due to the distance of 300 kilometres
from Mwanza to Nyamongo, switching of capacitor banks can cause severe voltage steps. Dynamic
reactive power compensation (STATCOM or SVC) might therefore be a better option, but such
equipment is expensive.
In PSMP 2020 a new 400 kV cross border interconnector from Mwanza to Kilgoris (Kenya) via Kibara
and Musoma is proposed. According to the time schedule, this line will be commissioned in the
period 2025 through 2034, including substation and transformer upgrades. The actual
implementation plan for the Project is uncertain, but it seems unreasonable to invest in increased
transformer capacity in Mwanza as well as expensive reactive power equipment in several
substations for 132 kV operation when the upgrade to 220 kV from Mwanza to Nyamongo is
planned in the near to medium term. In practise, full rural electrification in Mara region is therefore
dependent on new 400 kV line Mwanza-Kibara-Musoma-Kilgoris (Kenya) including necessary
substation upgrades, as proposed in PSMP 2020.
Tabora region
In Tabora region, the following HV/MV substations are supplied via a 132 kV radial from Shinyanga:
• Tabora
• Lusu (Nzega)

Figure 34. Transmission system in Tabora region. Source: PSMP 2020.
Without REMP loads, estimated total peak load in the two substations are about 19.6 MW in year
2025. The 132 kV line from Shinyanga has thermal capacity of about 112 MVA, and the total
distance from Shinyanga to Tabora is about 203 kilometres.
Table 37. Estimated system peak load and REMP load in Tabora region in 2025.
Substation Load forecast 2025 REMP load forecast 2025 Total

[MW] [MW] [MW]
Shinyanga 18.0 68.5 86.5
Tabora 11.6 46.3 57.9
Lusu (Nzega) 8.0 100.7 108.7
Total 37.7 215.5 253.2
The figure shows voltages in the 132kV system in Tabora region for increased rural electrification
at Lusu and Tabora, assuming sufficient transformer capacity to 132kV in Shinyanga substation. The
starting point in the figure (0 MW) is peak load without rural electrification in 2025. When REMP
load is gradually added to Tabora, voltage drops below 0.9 pu for load increase above 20 MW.

Figure 35. Voltages in the 132 kV system in Tabora region.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the transformer capacity between 220kV and 132kV at
Shinyanga is 2x60 MVA. The transformer capacity is fully utilized for about 82 MW load increase
(REMP load) in Tabora. Considering uncertainties regarding tap changer operation of the two
220/132/33 kV transformers at Shinyanga, the voltage at the 132 kV bus at Shinyanga might very
well be further below 1.05 pu than the model simulation calculated (see figure below). Lower
starting voltage in Shinyanga will further reduce the capacity for increased load (electrification) at
Tabora.
Potential Mitigating Measures in Tabora Region
It might be possible to install reactive power compensation equipment in the 132kV system in order
to increase the voltage towards Tabora substation. This would however require additional 220/132
kV transformer capacity at Shinyanga. Several smaller capacitor banks switched sequentially would
be needed in order to avoid excessive voltage steps. Dynamic reactive power equipment (STATCOM
or SVC) could be an option, but such equipment is expensive.
In PSMP 2020, two 132kV lines from Tabora are proposed. One line is from Tabora to Kigoma via
Urambo and Nguruka, while another line is from Tabora to Katavi via Ipole and Inyonga. The
implementation of these lines includes new substations and transformers at Urambo, Ipole and
Inyonga. The actual implementation plan is uncertain, but it seems reasonable to expedite this
Project rather than invest in reactive power equipment in order to facilitate full rural electrification
in Tabora region.
5.3.4 HV/MV Substation Transformer Capacity

Existing transformer capacity from HV to MV is based on information provided by TANESCO.
Available capacity in 2025 is based on the estimated system peak load and the REMP load forecast
for year 2025.

The results from the analysis show that transformer capacity between high voltage (220, 132 or
66kV) and medium voltage (33 or 11kV) grid is not sufficient in all substations to facilitate the
planned electrification projects. Furthermore, increased 220/132 kV transformer capacity might be
required in some substations. The results are presented in the three tables below with the existing
HV/MV substations divided into three categories:
1. Insufficient transformer capacity to facilitate demand growth for existing load and thus also
insufficient capacity for any new REMP load.
2. Sufficient transformer capacity to facilitate demand growth for existing load, but
insufficient transformer capacity for all new REMP load.
3. Sufficient transformer capacity to facilitate both demand growth for existing load and all
new REMP load.
Table 38. Substations with insufficient capacity for both increased existing load and new REMP load (2025)

Table 39. Substations with sufficient capacity for increased existing load but insufficient capacity for all REMP
load (2025)
Table 40. Substations with sufficient capacity for both increased existing load and all REMP load (2025)

5.4 Summary of Findings and Overall Priority List
In order to prioritize the HV/MV substations and regions in terms of their capacity and suitability to
absorb the new REMP load prior to implementation of the North-East project, a set of criteria has
been established to guide the prioritisation. The criteria are presented in Table 41 with explanations
given in Table 42.
Table 41. Criteria used for prioritisation of HV/MV substations.
Priority Sufficient transmission Sufficient voltage Sufficient HV/MV

system capacity 32 31F31 F
stability transformer capacity
1 Yes 33
32F32F Yes Yes
2 No Yes Yes/No
3 No No Yes
4 No No No
Table 42. Description of each criterion.
Criteria Evaluation Explanation
The substation has sufficient voltage stability and HV/MV capacity,

and among the substations that are considered within the 90MW
Sufficient Yes
available system capacity (based on dry season load increase capacity
transmission without JNHPP and the North-East commissioned, from table 35.
system capacity
As above, but the 90MW available capacity has already been utilised
No
by other substations.
All new REMP load can be added without the voltage dropping below
Yes
Sufficient voltage the threshold.
stability Forecasted REMP load cannot be added without the voltage dropping
No
below the threshold.
The total forecasted load (existing and REMP) leads to transformer

Sufficient HV/MV Yes
capacity loading below 100%.
transformer
capacity The total forecasted load (existing and REMP) leads to transformer
No
capacity loading above 100%.
Prior to implementation of the North-East project, i.e., the 400kV corridor between Arusha and
Kinyerezi, the existing transmission system limits the amount of power that can be transferred from
the generation plants in the Dar es Salaam area to other parts of the country. This is in particular a
challenge during dry season with reduced generation from the hydropower plants. During dry
season at peak load in year 2025, the transmission lines Ubungo-Mlandizi (132kV) and Kidatu-Iringa
(220kV) are overloaded without any new load from the REMP load forecast.
32 Requires 200 MW import from Kenya in dry season.

33 Only capacity to connect approximately 100 MW in total for all substations.

Increased load in the various HV/MV substations has different impact on the loading on the critical
lines. Increased load at Mlandizi has only a marginal negative impact on Kidatu-Iringa, but a high
negative impact on Ubungo-Mlandizi. Increased load at substations in the Morogoro region have
the lowest negative impact on Ubungo-Mlandizi. Optimal connection points for rural electrification
have not been simulated in the model, but the below table suggests which substations should be
prioritized. The prioritization is also visualized in Figure 36.
Table 43. Priority list of all HV/MV substations. The priority list is based on peak load in 2025 during the dry
season with 200 MW import from Kenya and prior to implementation of the North-East project and connection
of JNHPP.
Prio-rity [1-4]
capacity incl.
ulated REMP
system peak
Loading incl.
Voltage [kV]
REMP load
REMP load
REMP load
load [MW]
load [MW]
Substation
Estimated
Total load
Available
capacity
forecast
forecast
Current
HV/MV
HV/MV
Accum-
Region
[MVA]
[MW]
[MW]
[MW]
[%]
Dar es
Ubungo 132 510.0 94.3 44.4 138.7 356.0 27 % 44.4 1
Salaam
Kidatu Morogoro 220 290.5 6.9 14.3 21.2 260.6 7% 58.7 1
Kihansi Morogoro 220 223.0 0.0 9.2 9.2 207.1 4% 67.9 1
Mufindi Iringa 220 70.0 7.6 6.3 13.9 54.0 20 % 74.2 1
Kiyungi Kilimanjaro 132 69.9 25.9 10.4 36.3 31.5 52 % 84.6 1
Chalinze Pwani 132 55.0 5.2 17.7 22.9 30.4 42 % 102.3 2
Shinyanga Shinyanga 220 120.0 18.0 68.5 86.5 29.9 72 % 170.8 2
Makum- Dar es
132 120.0 88.5 2.2 90.7 25.7 76 % 173.0 2
busho Salaam
Nyumba ya
Kilimanjaro 66 15.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 14.4 1% 173.2 2
Mungu
Ifakara Morogoro 220 20.0 0.0 9.9 9.9 9.5 50 % 183.1 2
Morogoro Morogoro 220 190.0 118.7 58.2 176.9 7.4 93 % 241.3 2
Iringa Iringa 220 45.0 14.3 22.5 36.8 6.9 82% 263.8 2
Kia Arusha 132 40.0 23.8 8.8 32.6 6.2 82% 272.6 2
Madaba Njombe 220 20.0 0.0 13.9 13.9 5.5 70 % 286.5 2
Dodoma Dodoma 220 60.0 36.2 23.1 59.3 -1.1 99 % 309.6 2
Makuyuni Kilimanjaro 66 20.0 13.0 8.1 21.1 -1.7 105% 317.7 2
Mlandizi Pwani 132 40.0 28.2 14.0 42.2 -3.4 105% 331.7 2
Same Kilimanjaro 132 6.0 4.3 5.9 10.2 -4.4 170 % 337.6 2
Kasiga Tanga 132 25.0 5.4 40.7 46.1 -21.8 184% 378.3 2
Benaco Kagera 220 0.0 0.0 23.0 23.0 -23.0 999 % 401.3 2
Tanga Tanga 132 40.0 37.2 27.2 64.4 -25.6 161% 428.5 2

Prio-rity [1-4]
capacity incl.
ulated REMP
system peak
Loading incl.
Voltage [kV]
REMP load
REMP load
REMP load
load [MW]
load [MW]
Substation
Estimated
Total load
Available
capacity
forecast
forecast
Current
HV/MV
HV/MV
Accum-
Region
[MVA]
[MW]
[MW]
[MW]
[%]
Njiro Arusha 220 60.0 77.7 6.5 84.2 -26.0 140 % 435.0 2
Buzwagi Shinyanga 220 45.0 35.3 47.7 83.0 -39.3 184 % 482.7 2
Singida Singida 220 50.0 10.7 79.3 90.0 -41.5 180 % 562.0 2
Nyakanazi Kagera 220 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.4 -80.4 999% 642.4 2
Nyamongo Mara 132 45.0 22.6 18.2 40.8 2.8 91 % 660.6 3
Babati Manyara 220 56.8 22.9 30.5 53.4 1.7 94 % 691.1 3
Kibara Mara 66 5.0 3.1 3.3 6.4 -1.6 129 % 694.4 4
Musoma Mara 132 30.0 11.0 21.5 32.5 -3.4 108 % 715.9 4
Mabuki Mwanza 220 45.0 6.4 40.7 47.1 -3.5 105 % 756.6 4
Mbulu Manyara 66 8.4 1.6 11.4 13.0 -4.9 155 % 768.0 4
Karatu Arusha 66 8.4 4.2 12.2 16.4 -8.2 195 % 780.2 4
Kondoa Dodoma 66 16.8 3.7 31.6 35.3 -19.0 210 % 811.8 4
Tabora Tabora 132 30.0 11.6 46.3 57.9 -28.8 193 % 858.1 4
Dar es
Mbagala 132 30.0 41.7 22.3 64.0 -34.9 213 % 880.4 4
Salaam
Bunda Mara 132 18.0 7.9 53.2 61.1 -43.6 339 % 933.6 4
Mwanza Mwanza 220 60.0 74.8 47.9 122.7 -64.5 204 % 981.5 4
Songea Ruvuma 220 20.0 12.7 89.6 102.3 -82.9 511 % 1071.1 4
Kange Tanga 132 25.0 27.4 86.7 114.1 -89.9 456 % 1157.8 4
Lusu Tabora 132 15.0 8.0 100.7 108.7 -94.2 725 % 1258.5 4
Makam-
Njombe 220 30.0 8.6 140.5 149.1 -120.0 497 % 1399.0 4
bako
Bulyanhulu Geita 220 20.0 44.5 131.6 176.1 -156.7 881 % 1530.6 4

Figure 36. Location and overall prioritization of HV/MV substations.
Table 44 presents mitigation measures for HV/MV substations in order to facilitate connection of
the forecasted REMP load.
Table 44. Proposed mitigation measures for HV/MV substations to facilitate connection of the forecasted
REMP load.
Voltage Priority
Substation Region Mitigation measures
[kV] [1-4]
Ubungo Dar es Salaam 132 1 N/A
Kidatu Morogoro 220 1 N/A
Kihansi Morogoro 220 1 N/A

Voltage Priority
[kV] [1-4]
Mufindi Iringa 220 1 N/A
Kiyungi Kilimanjaro 132 1 N/A
Chalinze Pwani 132 2 Increased generation in the system.
Shinyanga Shinyanga 220 2 Increased generation in the system.
Makumbusho Dar es Salaam 132 2 Increased generation in the system.
Nyumba ya
Kilimanjaro 66 2 Increased generation in the system.
Mungu
Ifakara Morogoro 220 2 Increased generation in the system.
Morogoro Morogoro 220 2 Increased generation in the system.
Iringa Iringa 220 2 Increased generation in the system.
Kia Arusha 132 2 Increased generation in the system.
Madaba Njombe 220 2 Increased generation in the system.
Increased generation in the system.
Dodoma Dodoma 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Makuyuni Kilimanjaro 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Mlandizi Pwani 132 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Same Kilimanjaro 132 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Kasiga Tanga 132 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Benaco Kagera 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Tanga Tanga 132 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Njiro Arusha 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Buzwagi Shinyanga 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Singida Singida 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).

Voltage Priority
[kV] [1-4]
Nyakanazi Kagera 220 2 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46).
Increased voltage stability by installing
reactive power equipment or by establishing
Nyamongo Mara 132 3
the 400kV line Mwanza-Kibara-Musoma-
Kilgoris (Kenya), including necessary
substation upgrades (ref. Table 45).
Increased voltage stability by installing
Babati Manyara 220 3 reactive power equipment or by increasing
the voltage on the lines from Babati from
66kV to 132kV or 220kV (ref. Table 45).
Transformer capacity improvement (ref.
Table 46). Increased voltage stability by
Kibara Mara 66 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
establishing the 400kV line Mwanza-Kibara-
Musoma-Kilgoris (Kenya), including necessary
Musoma Mara 132 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
Mabuki Mwanza 220 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
Mbulu Manyara 66 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
increasing the voltage on the lines from
Babati from 66kV to 132kV or 220kV (ref.
Table 45).
Karatu Arusha 66 4 Transformer capacity improvement (ref.

Voltage Priority
[kV] [1-4]
installing reactive power equipment or by
Table 45).
Kondoa Dodoma 66 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
Table 45).
Tabora Tabora 132 4 establishing the two 132kV lines from Tabora
to Kigoma (via Urambo and Nguruka) and to
Katavi (via Ipole and Inyonga, including
necessary substation upgrades (ref. Table
45).
Mbagala Dar es Salaam 132 4
establishing the North-East Project (ref. Table
45).
Bunda Mara 132 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
Mwanza Mwanza 220 4 installing reactive power equipment or by
Songea Ruvuma 220 4 Table 46). Increased voltage stability by
establishing the 400kV line Kinyerezi-Lindi-

Voltage Priority
[kV] [1-4]
Songea, including necessary substation
upgrades, or increased generation by Songea
(ref. Table 45).
Kange Tanga 132 4
establishing the North-East Project (ref. Table
45).
Lusu Tabora 132 4 establishing the two 132kV lines from Tabora
to Kigoma (via Urambo and Nguruka) and to
Katavi (via Ipole and Inyonga, including
necessary substation upgrades (ref. Table
45).
Makambako Njombe 220 4
establishing the 400kV line Iringa-Kisada-
Uyole-Tunduma-Nakonde (Zambia), and
connecting new REMP load to substations
that are part of this line (ref. Table 45).
Bulyanhulu Geita 220 4
increasing generation at Bulyanhulu, or
increasing capacity from Shinyanga for
existing voltage or by increasing the voltage
from 220kV to 400kV (ref. Table 45).
5.5 Cost Estimates

As shown in the above sections, there is limited capacity in the transmission system as well as the
HV/MV substations to supply all unelectrified villages with electricity. In order to achieve full
electrification, several transmission projects and HV/MV substation upgrades must be
implemented. The most critical ones are listed in the table below. The cost estimates are taken from
the PSMP 2020.

Table 45. Transmission System Reinforcements required to achieve full electrification, excluding substation
costs.
Grid strengthening measure Cost 34 [kUSD]

3F3F Comment
North-East Project
Resolves transmission bottlenecks out
400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera- 320,000
from Dar es Salaam
Arusha
Resolves voltage stability constraints for
400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru- Lindi and Songea, as well as
401,000
Songea facilitateFREDP II connection of new REMP
load in Ruvuma region.
New REMP load in Iringa, Njombe and
Mbeya will introduce voltage stability
400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma 213,000 constraints. The lines will resolve this by
connecting the REMP load to the new
substations connected to 400kV.
Facilitates electrification in Mara region
400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma 100,000 and
improves voltage stability
Facilitates electrification in Tabora region
132 kV line Tabora-Kigoma 72,000
and improves voltage stability
Facilitates electrification in Tabora and
132 kV line Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi) 74,000
Katavi regions
Upgrade of transmission lines from 66 kV
220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu to 220 kV to improve voltage stability at
64,000
and Babati-Kondoa Babati, Mbulu, Karatu, and Kondoa
substations
Indicative cost estimates for upgrading of HV/MV substation transformers are presented in
the table below. The estimates are taken from PSMP 2020 and include both the cost of transformer
and the switchgear bay. The cost of a 132kV switchgear bay has also been used for a 66kV
switchgear bay. The transformer upgrades presented in the table are required regardless of the
load increase caused by rural electrification.
A detailed assessment regarding future transformer layout will be required for each HV/MV
substation.
Table 46. Cost Estimates for Transformer Upgrades.
Proposed new
Cost
Substation Region Voltage [kV] transformer
[kUSD]
capacity [MVA]
Substations with insufficient capacity for both increased existing load and new REMP load 2025
Njiro Arusha 220 40 6,800
Mbagala Dar,es,Salaam 132 50 5,600
Nyakanazi Kagera 220 100 7,600
34 Cost figures from PSMP 2020.

Proposed new
Cost
Substation Region Voltage [kV] transformer
[kUSD]
capacity [MVA]
Benaco Kagera 220 30 6,600
Mwanza Mwanza 220 80 7,400
Kange Tanga 132 120 6,400
Substations with sufficient capacity for increased existing load but insufficient capacity for all REMP load
2025
Karatu Arusha 66 15 5,000
Dodoma Dodoma 220 5 6,400
Kondoa Dodoma 66 25 5,100
Bulyanhulu Geita 220 150 8,300
Makuyuni Kilimanjaro 66 5 5,000
Same Kilimanjaro 132 10 5,000
Mbulu Manyara 66 10 5,000
Musoma Mara 132 5 5,000
Bunda Mara 132 60 5,600
Kibara Mara 66 5 5,000
Mabuki Mwanza 220 5 6,500
Makambako Njombe 220 150 8,300
Mlandizi Pwani 132 5 5,000
Songea Ruvuma 220 120 7,800
Buzwagi Shinyanga 220 50 6,900
Singida Singida 220 60 7,000
Tabora Tabora 132 40 5,200
Lusu Tabora 132 120 6,400
Kasiga Tanga 132 30 5,200
Tanga Tanga 132 15 5,000
Total cost 159,000

6 Programmes and Projects
Based on the analysis and recommendations presented above, this chapter introduces a number of
interventions aimed at meeting the objectives of this REMP, including timing and high-level cost
estimates.
6.1 Overall RESP Approach

Ensuring 100 percent access and 75 connectivity to metered connections by 2030 will require
deployment of a continuum of on-, mini-, and off-grid solutions across rural Tanzania. In line with
the stated policy preferences of the Government of Tanzania and building on the extensive grid
expansion that has taken place over the past years , it is proposed to extend the grid to the 2,550
villages that are not part of existing electrification efforts as reported by REA and documented in
the REMP database , but that meet the requirements detailed in section 4.1.1:
• Not located inside the limits of National Park, Game and Forest, or other protected areas;
• Not located on isolated islands without existing MV lines;
• Less than 30 kilometres from existing MV lines;
• More than 500 inhabitants AND/OR less than one kilometre from grid;
• Average cost per connection below USD 2,000.
Where there are grid constraints that require significant investments in order to ensure supply of
sufficient quality, these need to be rectified before the village can be electrified. In practice,
therefore, two rounds of grid electrification are proposed: A first wave which should be initiated as
soon as possible, and a second wave for implementation once relevant bottlenecks in the grid have
been addressed.
Further, 312 villages that do not meet the criteria set out above are proposed for electrification
through solar mini-grids, and a single village is proposed for a hydropower mini-grid. The choice of
generation technology is based on a techno/economic analysis which is detailed in chapter 4.
Finally, scattered households that live too far from the village centre to be viable for a metered
connection should be provided with affordable, secure, and reliable stand-alone systems such as
solar home-systems and pico-solar products. This guiding approach is detailed in the figure below.

Figure 37. Overall RESP approach to electrification.
6.2 Structure and Packaging of Programs

Making these investments a reality will require massive, coordinated public efforts, combined with
a strengthening of the enabling framework for private investments and creation of favourable
conditions for commercial actors. This section organises the required response into three separate
programmes for implementation, as outlined in the figure below.
Figure 38. Overview of RESP programmes

The following sections outline the key features of each programme, list their associated projects
and activities, and involvement of relevant stakeholders as a basis for detailed scoping and planning
for execution. Details related to implementation strategies and financing are found in the
respective chapters of the REMP Main Report (Volume 1).
6.2.1 National Grid Alleviation Programme (NGAP)

The objective of the NGAP is to mitigate the capacity constraints in the national grid that were
identified in chapter 5 and which, if left unaddressed, will lead to supply problems for existing and
future grid-connected consumers in rural areas.

Based on the analysis in Chapter 5 the NGAP has been designed with the following objectives and
projects.
Table 47. NGAP – Programme objective and projects.
Programme Ensure satisfactory supply quality in rural areas, provided sufficient

Objective generation capacity.
Projects 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project
2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)
3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma
4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)

5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa
6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea
7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma
Nearly all the identified grid strengthening projects are already included in the PSMP 2020 update
but need to be prioritized for immediate planning and implementation to avoid severe supply
problems resulting from the planned rural access expansion.
The table below outlines main activities under each project with tentative timing and implementing
partners. A full Monitoring and Evaluation framework is found in the main volume of the REMP,
along with the aforementioned implementation strategies and financing plan.
Table 48. NGAP – Projects and Activities.
Project 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project

This RESP identifies 26 substations that need to be upgraded in parallel with the corresponding
projects in RGAP to handle the increased demand resulting from rural electrification and
increased economic activity. The relevant investments are included in the PSMP 2020.
1.1 Validation of transformer upgrade TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO, REA,

needs consultants

1.3 Construction work and commissioning Target areas Year 2-5 TANESCO,
contractors
Project 2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)

This RESP identifies a 400 kV transmission line from Kinyerezi to Arusha as critical to meeting the
existing and future demand in Northern Tanzania. The project is included in the PSMP 2020.

consultants

contractors

Project 3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma

This RESP identifies construction of a 400 kV transmission line from Mwanza to Musoma (Kilgoris,
Kenya) as a critical enabler of full electrification in Mara Region. The project is included in the
PSMP 2020.

consultants

contractors
Project 4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)

This RESP identifies 132 kV transmission lines from Tabora to Kigoma and Mpanda (Katavi) as
critical enablers of full electrification in Tabora Region. The project is included in the PSMP 2020.

consultants

contractors
Project 5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa

This RESP identifies increased voltage levels for the existing 66 kV lines going out of Babati as
critical in order to ensure sufficient voltage stability at Babati, Mbulu, Karatu, and Kondoa
substations. The project is not identified in the PSMP 2020, and an initial options analysis is
therefore recommended.
5.1 Scope verification/options analysis TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO, REA,

consultants

consultants

contractors

Project 6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea

The project resolves voltage stability constraints for Lindi and Songea, as well as facilitate
connection of new REMP load in Ruvuma region.

consultants

contractors
Project 7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma

New REMP load in Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya will introduce voltage stability constraints. The
lines will resolve this by connecting the REMP load to the new substations connected to 400kV.

consultants

contractors
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the seven projects under NGAP. 10
percent have been added to the capital expenditure to cover feasibility studies, project
management, construction supervision, contingencies, and other related costs. Please refer to the
PSMP 2020 for further details on capital costs. Project financing is discussed in REMP Volume 1.
Table 49. NGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD million)
1: Transformer capacity upgrade project 159
2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha) 320
3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma 100
4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi) 146
5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa 64

Project Cost
(USD million)
6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea 401
7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma 213
8: Feasibility studies and administration (10 percent of total capital 140

expenditures)
Total (million USD) 1,543

Ownership and development of the Tanzanian national grid, including implementation of the PSMP
2020 falls under the purview of TANESCO, and the programme will therefore be implemented
according to the national utility´s systems and procedures. Roles and responsibilities related to
implementation and involvement of various stakeholders are indicated in the table below.
Table 50. NGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions under NGAP with

other policy priorities
TANESCO Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in NGAP, including

procurement and construction supervision.
REA Partner to TANESCO in program Ensure coordination between NGAP and other
planning programmes under this REMP.
Private Provides consulting and Implementation under TANESCO supervision.


The table below presents a high-level risk assessment for the projects proposed under NGAP.
Table 51. NGAP – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to Less funds received Seek funds from alternative
TANESCO than requested sources or scale down
activities

Funding from development partners Less or no funds Seek funds from alternative
to match provisions by GoT allocated from sources or scale down
development partners activities
Projects implemented in accordance Delays Increase resource allocation to

with RESP timeline ensure timely implementation
6.2.2 Rural Grid Access Programme (RGAP)

Since its establishment REA, on behalf of the GoT, has successfully expanded the national grid into
rural areas, to a point where all villages in mainland Tanzania will be electrified by December 2022.
The RGAP´s main objective is to expand the national grid and existing TANESCO isolated grids to all
remaining Tanzanians who can be reached in a cost-efficient manner, based on the criteria laid out
in section 4.1.1. This includes grid extension and densification around existing grid. The geospatial
analysis undertaken in the RESP identifies 2,550 unelectrified rural settlements. Because
georeferenced locations of all hamlets are not available, the REMP database does not constitute all
settlements in Tanzania. In order to reach the Government´s objective of electrifying all hamlets by
2030 through the Rural Electrification Densification Program (REDP) round III, costs related to this
scope has also been included in RGAP pending verification.
Finally, in order to meet the objective of 75 percent connectivity by 2030, measures to increase
connection rates among households with access are also included.

The grid bottlenecks identified in chapters 4 and 5 and included in NGAP will, until rectified, render
impossible the provisioning of satisfactory electricity services to many of the locations proposed for

grid electrification under RGAP. To remedy this situation, it is proposed that the locations that are
not affected by these issues can be electrified in a first wave. These will be implemented in parallel
with grid reinforcement projects under NGAP that subsequently will allow for electrification of the
remaining locations in a second wave.
Due to the need for scope verification and additional load-flow studies, electrification of all
remaining hamlets has been included in the second wave.
On this basis RGAP has been designed with the following objectives and projects.
Table 52. RGAP – Programme objective and projects.
Programme To expand the national grid to all rural areas where this can be done in a
Objective cost-efficient manner.
Projects 1: Project preparation
2: RGAP Wave 1
3: RGAP Wave 2
4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity
In order to properly organize this electrification project, the scope is split into five regions as
detailed in the figure below.
Figure 39. Villages to be electrified in Wave 1 and investment costs by zone.

Figure 40. Villages to be electrified in Wave 2 and investment costs by zone.
The table below outlines main activities proposed to achieve planned objectives, with tentative
timing and implementing partners. It should be noted that the load-flow studies found in the RESP
should be updated once the scope of REDP III (electrification of all 37,610 unelectrified hamlets)
has been georeferenced. The hamlets that can be electrified without investments in the grid over
and above what is outlined in NGAP should be given priority in implementation.
Table 53. RGAP – Projects and Activities.
Project 1: Project preparation
1.1 Scope verification, detailed electrical All regions Year 1 REA, Consultant
studies and staging of projects
1.2 Preparation of relevant tender documents All regions Year 1 REA, Consultant
for contractors
1.3 Procurement of construction supervision REA HQ Year 1 REA, Consultant

consultants

Project 4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity
4.1 Include activities to promote PUE in all All regions Years 2-8 REA, microcredit
RGAP projects providers
4.2 Implement connection subsidy for all rural All regions Years 2-8 MoE, REA,
consumers TANESCO
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the five projects under RGAP. 10 percent
construction supervision, contingencies, and other related costs. Cost-breakdowns for the projects
originating in the REMP database can be found in Annex C.

Table 54. RGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD million)
1: Scope verification 5 35
34F34F
2: Wave 1 CAPEX 316
3: Wave 2 CAPEX 3,444 36 35F35F
4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and use of electricity 70 37

36F36F
5: Construction supervision, administration, and other related costs 190

(5 percent of total capital expenditures)
Total 4,025

The proposed programme will build on established and tested REA systems and procedures and
include several stakeholders. Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement
of various stakeholders are indicated in the table below.
Table 55. RGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in RGAP with

initiatives and programmes under other
agencies, such as TANESCO
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in RGAP
PO RALG Oversees policy and Collaborative partner for coordination

interventions regionally, at
district level and locally
TANESCO National electricity utility Partner in ensuring holistic approach to grid

extensions
Private Provides consulting and Implementation under REA supervision


36 Cost of electrif 76 0 “F R RE P III 0 ” applying the Bank of Tanzania USD/Tsh average exchange rate
of 2298.5843 applicable on April 4th, 2022
37 Based on experience from PUE programmes under REDP phase 1

Finally, the table below presents an overview of salient project risks, along with proposed
mitigation.
Table 56. RGAP – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA Less funds received than Scale down activities
for implementing RGAP requested
Funding from development Less or no funds allocated Scale down activities

partners to match provisions by from development partners
GoT
There is sufficient grid capacity If the main grid is not Implement required NGAP
for connection of new projects strengthened in parallel with grid strengthening
grid electrification of rural measures in parallel with
areas, provision of reliable grid electrification
access to electricity might not
be possible.
Current generation capacity is Implement Generation

There is sufficient generation insufficient to supply all plan according to the
capacity for new load unelectrified areas PSMP including TANESCO
isolated grids
TANESCO has financial capability TANESCO has not enough Ensure cost-reflective
to maintain grid funds to ensure maintenance tariffs
of new lines
Power losses and voltage drops Energy losses increase Validate network
dramatically due to voltage extensions with detailed
drop. Actual network collapse electrical studies
due to a poor network
analysis
Settlements proposed for Electrification projects are Increase planning

electrification are not include in overlapping, and locations capability and capacity in
other existing projects could be targeted by several REA, consolidate database
projects /companies with ongoing initiatives,
improve planning tools
6.2.3 Beyond the Grid Access Programme (BGAP)

In line with the stated policy of the Government of Tanzania, this REMP adopts a preference for
grid electrification where this is economically and technically feasible. The main objective of the

BGAP programme is to serve remote villages and scattered households which are not viable for grid
extension with reliable electricity supply from mini-grids or stand-alone systems.
The geospatial analysis undertaken in chapter 4 identifies 312 villages that meet the requirements
for mini-grid expansion with solar PV and batteries, as well as one that is recommend for
electrification through hydropower. Along with scattered households these constitute the scope
for BGAP.

Based on the analysis in chapter 4, the NGAP programme has been designed with the following
objectives and main activities.
Overall Objective To provide reliable electricity supply to scattered households and remote
locations where grid extension is not a viable option
Projects Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector
Promotion of productive use of electricity
Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions
Given the vibrant developer community still present in Tanzania, and that Tanzania has one of the
best regulatory frameworks for private mini-grids in Africa it is deemed appropriate that the private
sector is tasked with serving the locations which are recommended for electrification through mini-
grids. This reduces the need for scares public investment resources, and, given proper regulatory
oversight, ensures that international best practices are leveraged. Pending further analysis, 20-year
concessions for all mini-grid within each of the five zones are envisioned, complete with PUE-
components to induce demand.

In order to properly organize the programme, the 313 mini-grids are divided according to five
geographical zones, as indicated in the figure below.
Figure 41. Geographical distribution of mini-grids in five zones.
The figure below presents the number of mini-grids and aggregated investment costs per zone.

Figure 42. Villages to be electrified by mini-grids and investment costs by zone.
The table below outline main activities proposed to achieve planned objectives, with tentative
timing and implementing partners.
Table 57. BGAP – Main Activities.
Project 1: Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector

In order to achieve the lowest possible prices, it is proposed that mini-grids within each of the
five zones are tendered for 20-year concessions to the private sector, building on the established
regulatory framework.
1.1 Scope verification Relevant Year 1 REA, consultant

regions
1.2 Tender for private sector developers REA HQ Year 1 REA, EWURA,
consultant
1.3 Construction and supervision Relevant Year 2-3 Developers,

regions consultant, REA
1.4 Regulatory oversight of operators REA HQ Year 3-8 EWURA
Project 2: Promotion of productive use of electricity

Building on the successful promotion of PUE under the RESP round I (see section 4.2), including
mentoring and enhanced access to credit, it is proposed to include similar scope under the
BGAP (as well as the RGAP) program.

2.1 Planning of PUE activities REA HQ Year 1-2 REA, consultant
2.2 Implementation of PUE promotional Relevant Year 3-5 REA, consultant,

activities regions developers
2.3 Monitoring of impact Relevant Year 3-8 REA, consultant,

regions developers
Project 3: Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions and pico-PV

The REMP objective of 75 percent connectivity to metered connections by 2030 would still
leave millions of Tanzanian families without electricity in their homes. Fostering a competitive
market for safe, affordable and reliable off-grid solutions through information and improved
enforcement of existing standards will give this population an alternative to polluting and
costly energy sources like kerosene.
3.1 Streamline best practice into Dodoma Year 1 MoE, REA, EWURA,
Tanzanian rules and regulations Consultant
3.2 Information campaign to all REA HQ Year 1 MoE, REA, TANESCO,

importers and vendors on existing TBS, EWURA
standards and regulations
3.3 Increased control of imported goods Border Year 2 EWURA, Ports

and vendors of off-grid solutions crossings Authorities, TRA
and places
of sale
3.4 Implement pilot-project for Country- Year 4 REA, NEMC

collection of e-waste wide, Tz
Mainland
Costs
The table below contains high-level budget estimates for the two projects under BGAP. 10 percent
have been added to the capital expenditure of mini-grids to cover tendering, project management,
construction supervision, contingencies, and other related costs. It is, as further discussed in the
financing plan of Detailed cost-data for mini-grids can be found in Annex D.

Table 58. BGAP - High-level budget estimates.
Project Cost
(USD
million)
Project 1: Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the private sector (including 205
total investment costs for mini-grids)
Project 2: Promotion of productive use of electricity 1 38

37F37F
Project 3: Improved framework conditions for stand-alone solutions 10 39

38F38F
Construction supervision, administration, and other related costs (10 percent of 20

total capital expenditures)
Total 236

Implementation of BGAP will depend heavily on the efforts of the private sector, specifically mini-
grid developers. The roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of
various stakeholders are indicated below.
Table 59. BGAP - Roles and Responsibilities.
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in BGAP with

initiatives and programmes under other
agencies, and organisations.
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in BGAP. Procure

consultants for implementation,
tender/oversee private developers.
EWURA Regulator of the energy sector Provide required approvals, and regulatory
in Tanzania oversight during approval, construction, and
operations.
Consultants Provides consulting services Tender development and implementation

related to development and under REA supervision.
execution of the tender

39 High-level estimate of costs to cover information campaign (third-party) and increased enforcement

Private Develops, owns, and operates Successful tenderer will develop, own, and
developers private mini-grids operate the relevant mini-grids.
NEMC Oversee environmental Ensure compliance with applicable

management issues environmental rules and regulations
Ports Manages and operates the Supports compliance with existing rules and
Authorities ocean ports and lake ports of regulations for import of goods required for
Tanzania electrification
TRA Oversees collection of Ensures compliance with applicable rules

applicable taxes, duties, and related to taxes and duties
levies

Table 60. BGAP – Risk Assessment.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA for Less funds received Scale down activities
implementing NGAP than requested
Funding from development partners Less or no funds Scale down activities

to match provisions by GoT allocated from
development partners
Sufficient interest from private Lack of interest Consider changes to regulatory

developers in the market framework and incentive
mechanisms

Annex B: Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP)

VOLUME 3: COOKING ENERGY MASTER PLAN
Volume Cooking Energy Master Plan (final)
Cover photo Avanell - Adobe Stock
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page ii

Acknowledgements
This Clean Cooking Action Plan (CEAP) is the third and final volume of the Tanzania Rural Energy Master Plan
2022 to 2030. The Master Plan has been developed for the Tanzania Rural Energy Agency by Multiconsult
Norge AS, with IED of France, the Norwegian University of Life Science, and Norplan Tanzania Ltd as sub-
consultants. The work has been financed by the World Bank through the Tanzania Rural Electrification
Expansion Program (TREEP).
REA and the Consulting team would like to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this work by a
number of energy sector stakeholders, including the Ministry of Energy, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS),
Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA),
NGOs, private sector, and development partners.
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page iii

Executive Summary
Tanzania has great potential for ensuring access to clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly energy in
rural areas. The Rural Energy Master Plan (REMP) is a guiding tool for the Government of Tanzania (GoT),
aligned with the National Energy Policy (NEP 2015) and the Five Years Development Plan III (FYDP III). The
aim is to achieve the ambition of universal access, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal number 7
(SDG 7) and the SE4ALL Action Agenda.
This Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP) is an integrated part of the REMP and aims to guide the efforts
specifically related to access to improved and clean cooking options in rural Tanzania Mainland towards 2030.
It is aligned with and aims to contribute to progress on the SDGs under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.
The REMP and this CEAP specifically guides the way toward access to modern cooking solutions for 75% of
the population by 2030. It targets an increased percentage of Tanzanian population with access to modern
cooking solutions from 16% in the baseline year 2012 to 34% by 2025, and 75% by 2030. Achieving these
developments by 2030 will require massive, coordinated public efforts, combined with a focus on facilitating
market development through an enabling framework and creation favourable conditions for commercial
actors; building awareness and promoting behavioural change. Core solutions and targets in the CEAP are
presented in the table below, however a range of other cooking solutions will also have to contribute to meet
the overall target.
cooking fuel population. Corresponding development to 20 percent in urban areas shall ensure an
overall national biomass dependence reduced to below 50 percent.
Adoption of ICS Improved cookstoves (ICS) used by 40 percent of the 65 percent biomass dependent
rural population. 3.7 million households must obtain ICS by 2030; 2.5 million of these
in rural areas (assuming 60 percent ICS users among the 20 percent biomass
dependent urban population).
Adoption of LPG as Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) increased to 21 percent market share in rural areas. The
cooking fuel main LPG development is expected to be ensured in cities, towns, and district centres,
to reach 30 percent of the national population combined. Capacity for LPG import and
storage will have to reach approximately 370,000 MT per year, and two million rural
households will need to obtain stove and cylinder.
Share of rural population 60 percent of the population in rural areas achieves access to improved or clean forms
with access of cooking energy. This corresponds to 12.3 million households nationally, an increase
of almost 11 million from the 2016 baseline (assuming 92 percent of urban
populations, implying 75 percent on national level).
Wood fuel demand Significant reduction of biomass energy consumption compared to 2016 (more than 60
percent reduction from the assumed Business-as-Usual scenario in 2030).
The Rural Energy Agency (REA) is established the under the Ministry of Energy (MoE) to promote and facilitate
availability and access to modern energy services in rural Mainland Tanzania. The CEAP is intended to be
operationalized as a guiding tool for MoE through REA. Aiming to stimulate a gradual transition towards
cleaner cooking, it presents a set of concrete actions along three main programmes and also provides policy
level recommendations aimed at creating a favourable framework to enable an energy transition in rural
parts of Tanzania mainland.
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page iv

CEAP is organized in three interlinked programmes, as presented in the figure below.
Since its establishment REA has successfully provided rural electrification across Tanzania and has a strong
institutional capacity for implementing programmes for grid extension and support for renewable energy
projects. The REACE programme aims at building REA’s capacity for support and implementing projects also
for improved and clean cooking. The programme aims at enhancing existing infrastructure and institutional
arrangements in REA for monitoring and coordination of cross-sectoral efforts involving different
stakeholders and development partners. It also seeks to leverage ongoing initiatives by other actors in the
energy, environment, forestry, and health sectors, to create a strong institutional framework for achieving
the SE4ALL targets.
The REACE programme is designed to achieve five specific objectives: 1) Strengthen REA’s institutional
capacity for implementing and coordinating interventions related to cooking energy services in rural
mainland Tanzania; 2) Strengthen REA’s capacity for outreach in remote parts of Tanzania mainland and areas
with low population density; 3) Strengthen REA’s capacity for application of the ESMAP MTF, VPT and
national standards in energy-sector interventions; 4) Develop and apply a geospatial planning tool for
planning, coordinating and monitoring cooking energy interventions; 5) Establish national monitoring of
cooking energy sector.
The two programmes TrICS and ACCeS build on market-based approaches for scaling up access to improved
cookstoves (ICS) for biomass energy, and clean cooking solutions in rural Tanzania. Both programmes include
financial support to projects as well as development of technical expertise, and aim at enhancing
affordability, availability and sustainability of cooking fuels and technologies; promoting scale-up of supply
chains through entrepreneurship and micro-credit services; social marketing of energy technologies;
alternative delivery models; and engaging pilot end users of energy solutions across micro and meso level.
The populations targeted for interventions in TriCS and ACCeS are to be differentiated based on socio-
economic indicators, distance to infrastructure, and population density in settlement area. The majority of
Tanzania’s rural population make their livelihoods in agriculture use, have low degree of access to modern
energy services, and rely on VPT Tier 0 or 1 cooking solutions.
TrICS will mainly be targeting the population with lower income, in areas with low population density. The
programme promotes transition to biomass energy and stove solutions ranked as VPT Tier 2 and 3, regarded
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page v

as transitional cooking solutions. The TrICS programme is designed to achieve four specific objectives: 1)
Support SMEs to produce ICS that follow national standards; 2) Provide RBF for large scale industrial
production of ICS for biomass energy; 3) Support market-based approaches for increasing the demand for
ICS; and, 4) Support development of sustainable biomass energy production.
ACCeS will mainly be targeting the rural population living in proximity to roads, electricity distribution grid,
natural gas pipelines and other infrastructure; such as semi-rural areas around district and urban centres.
ACCeS promotes fuel and stove solutions ranked as VPT Tier 4 and 5, including LPG, eCooking, biogas and
natural gas, regarded as clean cooking solutions. The ACCeS-programme is designed to achieve six specific
objectives: 1) Support LPG distributors for extending supply to frontier markets in semi urban and rural areas;
2) Social marketing of LPG through microfinance groups and institutions in rural areas; 3) Support expansion
of biogas as a clean cooking solution; 4) Facilitate pilot projects on eCooking with SHS, minigrid and grid
electricity in target areas; and 5) Support provision of natural gas to rural communities along main gas
pipelines; 6) Create awareness about benefits of clean cooking solutions and household context for cooking.
Reaching the SE4ALL goal by 2030 rests on the interdependency between the provision of an enabling
framework for CEAP, the implementation of all three programmes under the CEAP, and implementation of
complementary initiatives and efforts. A coordinated effort from government institutions is required to
create a robust enabling environment with well-aligned policies, effective regulations, and aptly directed
financial support. It is recommended to implement an information and knowledge management system for
the energy sector, and to support capacity building and structural changes in energy sector public institutions.
There should be increased attention towards causes and effects of indoor air pollution in health policy, and
additional burden on women and children associated with cooking. It is recommended that biomass energy
is recognized a mainstay in the country’s energy supply in the foreseeable future, and relevant sectors should
coordinate initiatives towards a more sustainable biomass energy supply. A range of regulatory amendments
are important for reaching the SE4ALL goal. It is recommended to work towards effective market regulation
of all fuels, including biomass energy through regulation of charcoal value chains. It is also recommended to
ensure enforcement of stove and fuel standards by TBS. A coordinated effort to promote LPG is an important
premise for reaching rural populations, recommendations include strategic pricing of LPG and reduced
import duties for LPG appliances. To enable increased uptake of eCooking equipment, it is recommended to
exempt electric cooking appliances from VAT.
To implement the CEAP, a concerted and well-coordinated effort involving a wide range of stakeholders is
required. This includes government ministries and agencies, civil society, commercial actors, NGOs and
research and education institutions. Development partners, technical assistance through consultancy, and
collaboration in international networks play an important role.
A successful implementation of the CEAP will be an important step in the socio-economic development of
Tanzania. It will not only be a major and determining contribution to achieving Tanzania’s ambitions in the
energy perpective, but also to the country’s endeavours to reduce poverty, improve the health of the
population, improve gender equality, reduce negative impact on forest and other environmental resources,
and achieve the National Determined Contributions related to climate gas emissions.
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page vi

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Energy for Cooking in Tanzania ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Addressing the Challenge ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 CEAP Development Process ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Situational Analysis of the Status of Rural Energy in Mainland Tanzania ....................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Cooking Energy – Demand Analyses and Targets ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Options and Approaches for Improved Cooking in Rural Mainland Tanzania. Socio-Economic Analyses ...................................... 8
2.2 Cooking Energy Action Plan............................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Structure ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3 Baseline ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Baseline consumption pattern ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Biomass Demand in the Baseline Scenario .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Impact on Health – Household Air Pollution ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4 Barriers to Transition ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.1 Affordability ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.4.2 Availability .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.3 Awareness, Culture and Traditions .............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.4 Policies and Capacity .................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4 Setting the Targets for CEAP ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
4.1 Alignment with National Development Goals .............................................................................................................................. 16
4.2 International Development Goals ................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.3 Modelling Scenarios Towards 2030 ............................................................................................................................................. 18
4.4 SE4ALL Scenario for Transition to Improved and Clean Cooking.................................................................................................. 19
4.5 Measuring Progress and Results .................................................................................................................................................. 21
5 Moving Towards the Targets: Projects and Programmes ............................................................................................................ 24
5.1 REA cooking energy capacity building programme (REACE) ........................................................................................................ 26
5.1.1 Programme Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
5.1.2 Objectives..................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.3 Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1.4 Intervention strategy ................................................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1.5 Implementation Partnership(s) .................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.6 Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
5.1.7 Programme Results ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1.8 Proposed Programme Activities ................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1.9 Risks to Programme Implementation........................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Programme (TrICS) ................................................................................................. 34
5.2.2 Objectives..................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.3 Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.4 Intervention Strategy ................................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.9 Programme Implementation Risks ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page vii

5.3 Achieving Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Programme (ACCeS) ................................................................................................. 41
5.3.2 Overall Objective .......................................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.3.3 Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.3.4 Intervention Strategy ................................................................................................................................................................... 45
5.3.9 Risks to Project Implementation .................................................................................................................................................. 52
5.4 CEAP Costs and Financing plan..................................................................................................................................................... 53
6 Enabling Framework .................................................................................................................................................................... 54
6.1 Policy Framework ......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
6.2 Regulatory Framework ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
6.3 Institutional Framework ............................................................................................................................................................... 56
6.4 Creating an Enabling Framework ................................................................................................................................................. 58
6.4.1 Policy Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
6.4.2 Regulatory Barriers and Enablers ................................................................................................................................................. 61
6.4.3 Institutional Barriers and Enablers ............................................................................................................................................... 64
7 Implementation Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................. 66
7.1 Coordination of CEAP ................................................................................................................................................................... 66
7.2 Implementing Partners ................................................................................................................................................................ 66
7.3 Rural Energy Agency..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
7.3.1 REA’s Organisational structure ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
7.4 Alignment with Current and Planned Initiatives .......................................................................................................................... 69
8 Cross-Cutting Issues ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
8.1 Environment................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
8.2 Gender ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
8.3 Health ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page viii

List of Tables
Table 1 DALYs from indoor air pollution in Tanzania (GBP, 2016). ................................................................................... 12
Table 2 Tanzania's SE4ALL Goals....................................................................................................................................... 17
Table 3 SDG7, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. ......................................... 18
Table 4 Viability of stoves and fuels assessed in the CEAP. .............................................................................................. 19
Table 5 Implications of the SE4ALL Goals based on simulation for urban/rural areas and for relevant technologies. .... 21
Table 6 VPTs for emissions and efficiency (ISO 19867-3:2018). ....................................................................................... 22
Table 7 Roles and Responsibilities – REACE ...................................................................................................................... 30
Table 8 Proposed Programme Activities - REACE ............................................................................................................. 31
Table 9 Risks to Programme Implementation - REACE ..................................................................................................... 33
Table 10 Roles and Responsibilities – TrICS ...................................................................................................................... 37
Table 11 Proposed Programme Activities - TrICS ............................................................................................................. 39
Table 12 Programme Implementation Risks - TrICS ......................................................................................................... 40
Table 13 Roles and Responsibilities - ACCeS..................................................................................................................... 47
Table 14 Proposed Programme Activities ACCeS ............................................................................................................. 49
Table 15 Risk to project implementation - ACCeS ............................................................................................................ 52
Table 16 CEAP Summary of indicative cost, per programme ........................................................................................... 53
Table 17 CEAP Summary of indicative cost, timeline ....................................................................................................... 53
Table 18 Policies, acts and regulations governing Tanzania's energy sector. ................................................................... 54
Table 19 Acts and regulation relevant to the cooking energy sector. .............................................................................. 56
Table 20 Government institutions with a mandate relevant to the CEAP. ....................................................................... 57
Table 21 Roles and Responsibilities of Key institutions in implementing the CEAP. ........................................................ 66
Table 22 Technical Assistance needs for implementation of CEAP. ................................................................................. 68
Table 23 Past, present and planned development projects relevant to CEAP. ................................................................ 69
List of Figures
Figure 1 Urban districts and rural areas in mainland Tanzania. ......................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 Regional wood fuel dependency and primary fuel used for cooking. .................................................................. 3
Figure 3. Development process of the CEAP. ...................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4 Consumption pattern by settlement type .......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 Drivers of change ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 6 Barriers to transition to cleaner cooking in Tanzania ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 7 Baseline (NBS, 2016), Business as Usual scenario vs. SE4ALL target. ................................................................. 19
Figure 8 Possible end situation in 2030 achieving the overall SE4ALL goal. ..................................................................... 20
Figure 9 SE4ALL scenario, allocation on VPT Tiers. ........................................................................................................... 23
Figure 10 Programme descriptions for CEAP. ................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 11 Cooking solutions, ranked by VPT Tiers, and relevance in CEAP’s programmes. ............................................. 25
Figure 12 REA’s organisational structure .......................................................................................................................... 69
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page ix

Abbreviations
CEAP Cooking Energy Action Plan
DALY Disability Adjusted Life Year
EDPG Energy Development Partner Group
EPC Electric Pressure Cookers
ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
EU European Union
EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulation Authority
fNRB fraction of non-renewable biomass
FYDP III Five Year Development Plan 2021/22 – 2025/26
GoT Government of Tanzania
HAP/IAP Household Air Pollution / Indoor Air Pollution
ICS Improved cookstoves
IEA International Energy Agency
LGA Local Government Authority
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
MECS Modern Energy Cooking Services
MIT Ministry of Industry and Trade
MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
MoE Ministry of Energy
MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning
MoH Ministry of Health
MoCDGWS Ministry of Community Development Gender, Women and People with Special Needs
MT Metric Ton
MTF Multi-Tier Framework for cooking
MUHAS Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
PAYG Pay As You Go
PIU Project implementation unit
PM Particulate matter
PNG Piped natural gas
PO-RALG President’s Office Regional Administration and Local Governments
RBF Result based financing
REB Rural Energy Board
REF Rural Energy Fund
RESP Rural Electrification Supply Plan
REWG Rural Energy Working Group
SDG United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All
SITAP SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme
SME Small and medium-sized enterprises
TAREA Tanzania Renewable Energy Association
TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards
TFS Tanzania Forest Services Agency
VPO Vice President's Office
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page x

Key Terms
ESMAP1 defines a set of terms which are applied in this document:
Multi-Tier Framework Multidimensional, tiered approach to measuring household access to

(MTF) for cooking cooking solutions across six technical and contextual attributes with
detailed indicators and six thresholds of access, ranging from Tier 0 (no
access) to Tier 5 (full access). The aggregate MTF tier is the lowest tier
rating across the six attributes.
Cooking solutions Cooking solutions are referred to as the combination of a cookstove and
a type of cooking fuel taken together
Cooking system A cooking system includes all cooking solutions being used, as well as
the cooking location and ventilation
Improved cooking services Refers to a household context that has met at least Tier 2 standards of
the MTF across all six measurement attributes but not all for Tier 4 or
higher. Household contexts with a status of MTF Tier 2 or Tier 3 are
considered in Transition.
Voluntary Performance Fuel-stove combinations ranked by VPT Tier 0 to Tier 5. Following
Target (VPT) ISO/TR 19867-3:2018 Voluntary Performance Targets (VPTs), which
refer to the World Health Organization’s 2014 guidelines for indoor air
quality
Biomass energy Charcoal and firewood, but also briquettes, pellets and similar solid
biomass
Improved cookstoves (ICS) Fuel-stove combinations based on biomass energy that achieve
emissions performance measurements of VPT Tier 2 or Tier 3, following
ISO/TR 19867-3:2018
Clean cooking solutions Fuel-stove combinations that achieve emissions performance
measurements of VPT Tier 4 or higher, following ISO/TR 19867-3:2018
Energy access Population having a reliable access to modern cooking, communication,
lighting facilities and/or living within 600 meters from a distribution
transformer. It also includes access to productive energy such as
mechanical power which supports value adding activities and/or
possibilities for income generation
eCooking Cooking with electricity
Clarification of terminology in ESMAP and SE4ALL 2 :
Use of the term ‘Modern’ In SE4ALL terminology the term ‘Modern energy for cooking’ is
in relation to cooking understood as including ICS at VPT Tier 2 or 3 and Clean cooking
energy solutions of VPT Tier 4 and above.
In ESMAP terminology ‘Modern Energy Cooking Services’ (MECS) is
defined as a household context having achieved MTF Tier 4 or above.
1 ESMAP (2020): The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services. The World Bank: Washington D.C.
2 MEM (2015): SE4ALL Action Agenda. Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page xi

1 Introduction
Tanzania has great potential for ensuring access to clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly energy in
rural areas. The Rural Energy Master Plan (REMP) is a guiding tool for the Government of Tanzania (GoT),
aligned with the National Energy Policy (NEP 2015) and the Five Years Development Plan III (FYDP III). The
aim is to achieve the ambition of universal access, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)
number 7 and the SE4ALL Action Agenda. REMP encourages development of available energy resources in
rural off-grid areas to provide reliable and cost-efficient rural energy services for social and productive use;
promoting rational and efficient use of energy and increased contribution of renewable energy sources in
the national energy balance.
Universal access relates to both electricity and non-electrical energy for cooking and other household
purposes. The SE4ALL Action Agenda for Tanzania concretizes the ambition for the energy for cooking
component: 75 percent of the population should have “access to modern cooking solutions” by 2030.
This Cooking Energy Action Plan (CEAP) is an integrated part of the REMP and aims to guide the efforts
specifically related to access to clean cooking options in rural Tanzania. It is aligned with and aims to
contribute to progress on the SDGs under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Figure 1 Urban districts and rural areas in mainland Tanzania.
Cooking Energy Action Plan August 25, 2022 Page 1

The GoT has established the Rural Energy Agency (REA) under the Ministry of Energy (MoE) to promote and
facilitate availability and access to modern energy services in rural Mainland Tanzania. The CEAP is intended
to be operationalized as a guiding tool for MoE through REA. Aiming to stimulate a gradual transition towards
cleaner cooking, it presents a set of concrete actions for each of three main “programmes” and provides
policy level recommendations aimed at creating a favourable framework to enable this transition.
With biomass remaining, by a large margin, the primary source of energy in Tanzania, and only a few percent
of the Tanzanian population using improved or clean forms for cooking, it is clear that achieving this target
will require tremendous efforts from a range of stakeholders.
By adopting the REMP and the CEAP, the GoT acknowledges the importance of addressing the challenges
related to use of biomass energy and ensuring access to cleaner, more efficient, and more environmentally
friendly cooking energy in rural areas. Implementation of the CEAP will mark a significant step-up of national
efforts to improve health and livelihoods and reduce pressure on forest reserves and the environment.
1.1 Energy for Cooking in Tanzania

Biomass energy constitutes 82 percent of Tanzania’s total final primary energy consumption 3 . In mainland
Tanzania firewood is the primary cooking fuel for 63.5 percent of the households, followed by charcoal 26.2
percent. LPG is used by 5.1 percent of the households and electricity 3.0 percent 4 . Firewood is more
commonly used in rural areas (84.8% of households) than in urban areas (17.4 percent) 5 .
3 IEA (2020). Tanzania Country Profile. URL: https://www.iea.org/countries/tanzania, accessed 10 November 2020. International Energy Agency: Paris.
4 NBS (2020). Energy Access and use Situation Survey II in Tanzania Mainland 2019/20. Summary of Key Findings. National Bureau of Statistics: Dar es Salaam.
5 NBS (2019). Tanzania Mainland. Key Indicators Report. 2017-18 Household Budget Survey. National Bureau of Statistics: Dar es Salaam.

Figure 2 Regional wood fuel dependency and primary fuel used for cooking.
As evident from the map above, biomass energy provides an affordable and accessible energy option in most
areas in the country. In rural areas, firewood is readily available from local sources, and energy costs are
largely unaffected by volatile energy prices in international markets. Use of domestic biomass energy thus
contributes to securing domestic energy supply. Reliance on biomass as a domestic and renewable source of
energy also contributes to national supply security and balance of payments. Increasing demand for charcoal
in urban areas has created a large charcoal sector, which provides a significant source of employment and
revenue generation and contributes to redistribution of capital to rural areas.
However, the strong reliance on biomass also represents a range of challenges.
Inefficient combustion of biomass energy leads to an increased disease burden in the country and a high
number of pre-mature deaths. Indoor air pollution has been estimated to cause 33,024 premature deaths
annually in Tanzania. High levels of particulate matter and reactive chemical substances in smoke also
increases the disease burden. Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden,
expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The Global
Burden of Disease study estimated indoor air pollution to take 1,414,699 DALYs in Tanzania 6 .
Traditionally, women and men have different roles, responsibilities and voices within households and in
markets. Women are often the primary cooks in the households, and indoor air pollution and provision of
6 GBD (2016) Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: Washington DC.

energy disproportionally burdens women more than men. This is particularly the case in rural areas where
the population relies largely on collected firewood and cooking in traditional open fires.
Unsustainable extraction of forest biomass contributes to depletion of local resources, associated
environmental problems and deforestation. The fraction of such unsustainable extraction (non-renewable
biomass, fNRB) in Tanzania is high 7 . This over-harvesting of otherwise renewable forest resources contributes
to climate change through a net addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Agricultural expansion and
increasing demand for biomass energy factors contributing to deforestation in Tanzania 8 .
As the population grows, these challenges are set to continue to increase in magnitude unless efforts are
scaled up significantly to both decrease the dependency on biomass and improve the sustainability of
biomass outtake.
As Tanzania’s economy grows, alternatives to the traditional biomass use for cooking are expected to become
more available and affordable, and a certain diversification towards cleaner cooking options is taking place,
largely correlated with socio-economic status and urbanization 9 .
In rural areas, firewood continues to be the main energy source, but potential exists for market expansion of
improved cooking services. Demand and supply of improved and more efficient biomass-based cookstoves
has somewhat increased over the years. Initially these were introduced in markets with support from
development partners, creating a basis for entrepreneurs across the country making a living from producing
and selling stoves. However, the development is to a large extent driven by small entrepreneurs and NGO’s
and is not sufficient to both keep up with population growth and create a basis for the large-scale transition
that will be needed. Additionally, while securing more efficient biomass use, many stoves labelled as
“improved” do not offer a fully satisfactory solution to the health impact from use of biomass for cooking. A
revised national standard for ICS for firewood and charcoal; TZS473:2019, if properly enforced, can improve
the quality of ICS in the Tanzanian market.
In urban areas, where charcoal is the main cooking energy, consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is
increasing rapidly. Over the past decade LPG supply for household cooking has increased from less than
20,000 metric tonnes (MT) in 2010 to more than 145,000 MT in 2019 10 . High- and middle-income consumers
in urban areas increasingly recognize LPG as modern, cost effective, clean and healthy compared with
charcoal. On the other hand, availability and affordability challenges and concerns over safety slow down
further uptake. Demand is unevenly spread over the country’s regions 11 , with Dar es Salaam representing
more than 40 percent of consumption. Relatively densely populated semi-rural areas as well as rural areas
near primary infrastructure, are however growing and may be a new frontier for promotion of LPG. Efficient
distribution systems in the petroleum sector are required for LPG to reach rural populations near main roads
and district centres over the next decade. Alternative delivery models for LPG such as Pay As You Go (PAYG),
are currently being deployed in urban areas. The PAYG-model allows purchase of units of LPG in smaller
instalments, which counters a major barrier from lower-income households and households with variable
income patterns. PAYG is most feasible in relatively dense settlements, to lower transaction costs for supply
of LPG cylinders, but it shows potential for gradually reaching more rural populations.
7 UNFCCC (2012). Information note. Default values of fraction of non-renewable biomass for least developed countries and small island developing States. Clean
Development Mechanism. EB 67, Report, Annex 22.
8 TFS (2015). NAFORMA. National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania. Main results. Tanzania Forest Services Agency and Doggart, N., Morgan-
Brown, T., Lyimo, E., Mbilinyi, B., Meshack, C. K., Sallu, S. M., & Spracklen, D. V. (2020). Agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in Tanzania. Environmental
Research Letters, 15(3), 034028.
9 Choumert-Nkolo, J., Motel, P. C., & Le Roux, L. (2019). Stacking up the ladder: A panel data analysis of Tanzanian household energy choices. World Development, 115,
222-235.
10 EWURA (2019). Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Annual Report 2018/19. Tanzania: Dar es Salaam.

Access to electricity has increased significantly in particular in urban areas, but also in rural Tanzania. This is
to a large extent due to significant efforts by the government to expand the national grid to rural Tanzania.
Electrification does not however lead to large-scale transition to cooking by electricity; only about 2.5 percent
of households use electricity for cooking purposes 12 . However, new and energy efficient cooking
technologies and changing cooking cultures indicate a large untapped potential 13 . With increasing energy
efficiency and technologies available to overcome the security of electricity supply, cooking with electricity
(eCooking) may hold a potential as part of the transition towards cleaner cooking.
Tanzania’s natural gas reserves have until recently only presented a potential for supplying urban areas along
the coast with a domestic source of clean cooking energy. Upscaling and outreach of Piped Natural Gas (PNG)
to rural parts of Mainland Tanzania has previously been considered unrealistic in the short to medium term
due to a variety of factors including infrastructure requirements and lack of distribution networks. However,
low-pressure PNG networks branched off from the main pipeline between Mtwara and Dar es Salaam, is
currently being explored by the GoT for connecting users in rural areas. As Tanzania continues to develop
PNG infrastructure, REA holds a key position for providing rural households and institutions with natural gas
for clean cooking.
Tanzania’s energy sector evolves through a collaborative effort between GoT ministries and agencies, the
private sector, and development partners. Large-scale, development-led initiatives based on alternative
fuels, such as ethanol and biogas, contribute to the diversification of Tanzania’s energy mix. The partnerships
also provide a strong basis for forming the enabling framework required for instigating an energy transition
in Tanzania towards cleaner cooking solutions.
1.2 Addressing the Challenge

Biomass use and energy for cooking affects a broad range of stakeholders and touches upon multiple aspects
ranging from health, poverty, and gender equality, to opportunities for employment and revenue,
environment and climate. The opportunities for progress vary among different target groups across
geographical, demographic, and socio-economic strata. A diversity of efforts and agents are involved at
different levels and with different approaches to address different aspects of biomass use and cooking
energy. Not least, the nature of the sector suggests an important role to play by market actors, involving both
commercial enterprise and civil sector, and that public efforts should be oriented toward ensuring an
enabling framework and capacitating market actors.
Securing success and steering steadily toward targets requires a holistic understanding of this complex
context and a coordinated effort by all involved.
The Cooking Energy Action Plan guides central parts of this effort. Successful CEAP implementation will
contribute greatly toward the SE4ALL ambitions and other National ambitions including those outlined in
NEP 2015, but full achievement assumes positive progress on all fronts. The CEAP identifies targeted actions
relevant for the MoE through REA, while acknowledging the importance of the strong efforts by a range of
stakeholders.
Specifically, CEAP takes a user-oriented perspective and focuses mainly on the demand-side. Successfully
addressing the challenges related to biomass cooking will require progress on complementary processes,
specifically supply-side efforts by other actors to increase sustainability of biomass outtake and enhance
quality and efficiency of charcoal production, as well as exploitation of alternative biomass resources from
the agroindustry. Further, while the initiatives under CEAP are specifically targeted toward rural and semi-
13 ESMAP (2020). Cooking With Electricity. A Cost Perspective. The World Bank: Washington DC.

rural areas, it acknowledges the strong development in urban areas that is needed to achieve the targets and
assumes that progress will be made on national level to increase LPG capacity and electrification, and
implementation of initiatives on natural gas as well as ethanol for cooking that mainly focus on the urban
space. CEAP will be implemented alongside other ongoing efforts by development partners, as listed in
section 7.4. All contribute to the progress toward the same goals.

2 Methodology
The CEAP has been developed in a stepwise manner over the three main phases of REMP development
(Figure 3). During the inception phase in 2017 (Phase 1), the baseline situation was established, creating the
basis for demand forecast assessment. The analysis phase (Phase 2) in 2017-2018 addressed
technical/economic and socio-economic viability of a range of alternative cooking energy solutions and
identified possible REMP targets for provision of improved rural energy services. The analyses in Phase 2 and
3 formed the basis for Phase 3 (2020-2022), where identification of actions and plans for implementation
were conducted.
Figure 3. Development process of the CEAP.
2.1 CEAP Development Process
2.1.1 Situational Analysis of the Status of Rural Energy in Mainland Tanzania

The inception phase described the status in rural areas of mainland Tanzania with regard to improved and
modern solutions for cooking energy. It described practices, fuels and technologies commonly in use, the
impact of the dependency on biomass for cooking, and the barriers to transitioning to modern and clean
cooking solutions for the rural population.
2.1.2 Cooking Energy – Demand Analyses and Targets

The analysis phase included consultations with key stakeholders about the future of cooking energy in
Tanzania and was conducted to reach consensus and understanding amongst stakeholders of the
requirements and implications of the targets for the REMP and CEAP.
The analysis phase built on and refined the situational analysis done in the inception phase with regard to
cooking energy consumption patterns and market situation of different fuels used for cooking purposes. It
presented the Consultant’s assumptions for the demand projection and analyses, including possible useful
grouping or categorization of consumers; assessing targets in current national documents and strategies; and
assessing the potential impact of increased market penetration of selected technologies. Simulations of
development in consumption patterns and resulting demand of different cooking fuels were conducted,

referring to the different sets of targets for biomass use and cooking energy consumption patterns with
regard to requirements in terms of cooking habit changes, and technologies and fuels market development.
2.1.3 Options and Approaches for Improved Cooking in Rural Mainland Tanzania. Socio-
Economic Analyses
Findings from the Inception phase and the demand analysis, projections and targets were analysed further
through economical and financial assessments of each of the prioritized options to show the economic
attractiveness of the various options as well as the attractiveness from the users’ financial perspective.
The analysis identified important barriers for market development existing for various energy options. These
were related to energy security as well as the environmental, social and cultural values or costs that each
option represented. The analytical approach to account for such factors included a qualitative assessment of
each option along five dimensions:
i. Availability
ii. Affordability
iii. Technology development
iv. Environmental and social sustainability
v. Regulation and governance
The analysis also provided an overview of indicative associated costs and required market developments as
well as indicative public action that will be required to achieve targets.
2.2 Cooking Energy Action Plan

The CEAP builds on the analyses described above and aims to establish a strong implementation framework
for REA. It identifies a set of actions for implementation led by REA, structured along three main programmes.
Each programme is described at an overall level of detail, aimed to form a solid basis for detailed
programming for implementation.
The CEAP also provides an analysis of the enabling framework for the prescribed transition and presents a
set of priority areas and actions on the policy, regulatory and institutional level that will be required to enable
the effective implementation of prescribed actions and achievement of the REMP targets.
Active stakeholder involvement and analysis of the implementation context has been essential for this work.
The REMP Targets and CEAP are aligned with the existing national and international policy frameworks
including the Long-term Perspective Plan (LTPP), Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Five Year Development
Plan 2021/22 – 2025/26 (FYDP III), NEP 2015, SE4ALL Action Agenda and the SDGs.
Bi- and multilateral stakeholder consultations have been conducted with public and private sector actors, as
well as development partners, to embed the CEAP into the implementation context including the current
efforts done by a variety of stakeholders.

2.2.1 Structure
The CEAP is structured as follows:
• Chapter 3 summarizes the baseline situation, including the prevailing consumption patterns and the
impacts of the strong dependence on biomass energy for cooking in mainland Tanzania.
• Chapter 4 provides a description of the process of setting the specific targets, and states the targets
for the CEAP.
• Chapter 5 outlines the specific programmes and projects that are identified as relevant for REA’s
implementation to achieve the targets in section 3. An overview of indicative costs related to the
proposed programmes and projects is also provided.
• Chapter 6 analyses the policy, regulatory and institutional environment in which the CEAP will be
implemented, and provides recommendations for the same three areas, that are considered relevant
and necessary to create the enabling framework necessary for the interventions in this area to be
successful.
The later parts of the plan focus on the implementation of CEAP.
• Chapter 7 outlines the roles and responsibilities of the various involved stakeholders.
• Other considerations related to the implementation approach such as coordination with ongoing
efforts in the cooking energy space, monitoring of progress, risk management and ensuring
environmental and social compliance, focus on gender equity and other cross-cutting aspects are
addressed in sections 7.4 and Chapter 8.

3 Baseline
This section summarizes the findings from the baseline assessment, including baseline consumption patterns,
the impacts of the strong dependence on biomass for cooking, and the main barriers to large-scale transition
to improved and clean forms of cooking fuels and technologies 14 .
3.1 Baseline consumption pattern

The baseline assessment forms a basis for identification and measurement of positive or negative trends in
consumption patterns. It includes consumption variables in the population and connect these to social and
economic development in order to evaluate any correlation with energy consumption.
The data model for the baseline takes into consideration consumptions patterns, consumer categories and
market assessments for different energy sources. The model takes into consideration energy sources like
wood fuel (firewood and charcoal), briquettes, biogas, kerosene, LPG, natural gas, and electricity.
Figure 4 Consumption pattern by settlement type
The baseline consumption pattern of cooking energy is shown in the figure above. It illustrates the strong
dependence on biomass in different types of settlement areas and highlights the difference in consumption
patterns across the rural/urban divide. Biomass energy is prevalent in both urban and rural areas. Firewood
is commonly used in rural areas whereas proportion of charcoal use increases with degree of urbanization.
Diversity of the energy mix both at aggregate level and at household level increases with population and
degree of urbanization. A household context with reliance on multiple fuels for cooking is common in urban
and peri-urban areas of Tanzania. This is in part driven by the increasing availability of fuel and stove
14 The analyses were undertaken in 2017; however the situation has remained largely unchanged (NBS, 2019; NBS, 2020).

alternatives in proximity of urban centres. ‘Fuel stacking’ behaviour is also correlated with increasing
household income 15 .
3.2 Biomass Demand in the Baseline Scenario
Consumption forecasts for energy use and impact on demand for biomass energy has been modelled based
on the baseline data, as detailed in chapter 4.4. The projections show that in a ‘Business as Usual’ scenario,
which assumes organic and market driven growth continuing without a significant step-up of efforts to
accelerate the transition, the large majority of the population, in particular the rural population, would
continue to rely on biomass and inefficient cooking methods. While the relative portion of the population
relying on biomass would somewhat decrease, the demand for biomass would continue to increase due to
the increased population.
The rate of consumption of forest biomass will increase. Forest degradation has substantial negative impact
on local and regional ecosystem services and biodiversity, as well as on net greenhouse gas emissions for
Tanzania.
The annual consumption of biomass energy in Tanzania is estimated at 62.3 million m3, while the sustainable
yield is estimated at 42.8 million m3, leaving a 19.5 million m3 deficit. This “gap”, defined as the negative
difference between allowable cut and actual cut, is deforestation caused by clearing of new agricultural land
and unsustainable use of wood fuels. In Tanzania about 373,000 Ha/year of forest was lost from 1995 to
2010 16 .
The population size in mainland Tanzania was estimated to 52,691,314 for 2018 17 . The population grows at
2.9 percent per year. Rural use of firewood is less harmful to forests than charcoal burning and use of charcoal
in urban areas is widespread in urban Tanzania. Charcoal consumption mainly in urban areas has nearly
doubled over the past ten years due to urbanisation and high prices or scarcity of the alternatives such as
kerosene, electricity and LPG. It is projected that demand for charcoal, without supply and demand side
interventions will double by 2030, from approximately 2.3 million tonnes of charcoal in 2012.
Meanwhile, little to no correlation with level of forest coverage and per capita consumption of biomass
energy has been found across Tanzania’s regions (Phase 2). This suggests that in rural areas, there is either
no scarcity of firewood, or that there is high degree of elasticity in the demand for energy for cooking. The
cost incurred by increasing deforestation may be the time it takes to collect firewood, a burden often carried
by women, or a reduction in the quality of the biomass fuels used for cooking. Local deforestation therefore
potentially has a double negative impact on women caused by the additional burden of firewood collection
with increasing distances, and the increased indoor air pollution from low-grade fuels.
15 Choumert-Nkolo, J., Motel, P. C., & Le Roux, L. (2019). Stacking up the ladder: A panel data analysis of Tanzanian household energy choices. World Development, 115,
222-235.
16 TFS (2015). NAFORMA. National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania. Main results. Tanzania Forest Services Agency.
17 NBS (2012). Population and Housing Census 2012, National Bureau of Statistics: Dar es Salaam.

3.3 Impact on Health – Household Air Pollution
The most widespread form of indoor air pollution arises from indoor cooking using unprocessed biomass
energy sources (fuel wood, cow dung, agricultural residues, charcoal, and coal). The majority of families in
rural Tanzania live in small and poorly ventilated houses, which exposes them to high levels of indoor air
pollutants. Mean kitchen PM10 concentrations of 656 μg/m3 have been measured in Tanzanian homes, with
maximum values of 2,565 μg/m3 and peak levels reaching
A DALY is a measure of overall disease burden, 10,048 μg/m3 during cooking. These levels far exceed
expressed as the number of years lost due to globally tolerable limits for indoor pollution exposure 18 .
ill-health, disability or early death. The DALY is
increasingly used in the field of public health. It Annual deaths and DALYs from indoor air pollution are
extends the concept of years of life lost due to presented in the table below, based on estimates in the
premature death, to include equivalent years of Global Burden of Disease study 19 .
healthy life lost due to poor health or disability.
Table 1 DALYs from indoor air pollution in Tanzania (GBP, 2016).
Demographic Deaths % of all deaths DALYs % of all DALYs
Sex
Male 16,221 7.8 719,043 5.7
Female 16,803 9.3 695,657 6.3
Age
<5 years 9,236 8.5 792,678 8.1
5-14 years 762 4.9 59,458 2.8
15-49 years 3,625 3.6 185,282 2.4
50-69 years 8,311 11.01 232,128 8.5
70+ years 11,091 12.3 145,154 10.6
TOTAL 33,024 8.5 1,414,699 6.0
As seen in the table above, health impacts caused by indoor air pollution are high among elderly people and
children below 5 years of age. This is mainly because of long term effects of smoke exposure that exacerbates
chronic disease outcomes during the older age and the fact that children at those ages spend more time
indoors and remain vulnerable to shorter term health effects than the rest of the age groups.
3.4 Barriers to Transition

The transition towards cleaner and more modern fuels is slowly starting to accelerate among the urban
population in Tanzania. However, a range of challenges exist and hinder the necessary momentum of this
transition to successfully ensure access to cleaner and more modern fuels to the whole population. Broadly
speaking, the most important challenges to address are related to i) Affordability; ii) Availability; iii)
18 MoHCDGEC (2019). Health and Pollution Action Plan. United Republic of Tanzania. UNIDO: Dar es Salaam.
19 GBD (2016) Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation: Washington DC.

Awareness; iv) Culture and traditions; and v)
Enabling policies and capacity for coordination and
leading the efforts (Figure 5). These challenges may
be particularly difficult to overcome in rural areas
that continue to rely primary on locally available
firewood.
3.4.1 Affordability
Affordability is determined by the cost of a given
cooking solution and people’s ability and
willingness to pay. Rural areas are characterized by
low-income levels from partial subsistence
livelihoods in agriculture, and often imperfect Figure 6 Barriers to transition to cleaner cooking in Tanzania
markets. In Tanzania the poorer segments spend
about 35 percent of their household income on
energy while the better-off spend only 14 percent
for the same 20 . Low ability to pay in rural areas is an
important barrier to improving energy services for
a large part of Tanzania’s population.
In urban areas LPG is currently more affordable
than charcoal. In 2008-2009 import duties and VAT Figure 5 Drivers of change
were removed from LPG products and the
consumption of LPG is growing rapidly. This growth stems from increasing usage LPG by wealthier households
and commercial establishments, and by a continuous increase in the price of charcoal, particularly in urban
centers. The increasing cost of charcoal is a result of levies on charcoal and other policies to reduce charcoal
consumption. In contrast to urban areas, rural Tanzania presents an energy context where locally bought or
collected firewood is the primary cooking fuel. Modern fuels and stove alternatives are scarcely available and
cannot compete cost-wise, in particular against the alternative of freely gathered firewood. Further, even
when the long-term running costs of an alternative solution is competitive, the purchase of an improved
stove or a cylinder and stove for LPG may represent an unsurmountable upfront investment for many rural
households.
Tanzania depends on importing all LPG and kerosene, which burdens the country’s economy and rural
communities. Prices of imported fuels are volatile and have been hindering the efforts to increase the rural
energy access. The price of LPG also reflects several layers of fees and levies applied by central and local
authorities throughout the supply chain. Low-income households are particularly vulnerable to the volatile
energy costs because they have few assets to fall back on and limited ability to afford to energy related costs
and effects.
3.4.2 Availability
In rural Tanzania, lack of infrastructure to ensure availability of modern fuels in the markets is a key challenge.
Policies centered on price changes may not be effective in changing consumer behavior unless alternatives
are readily accessible. Rural markets are unattractive for commercial market actors such as LPG distributors
due to low population density, high logistical costs and low demand. Ensuring availability of improved and
clean alternatives for cooking in rural Tanzania will require substantial investment in infrastructure, such as
20 MEM (2017). Project Document: SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme (SITAP). Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.

production capacity of ICS, storage and filling facilities for LPG, development of distribution capacity for LPG
and PNG, and support to market activities to make provision commercially viable and enable expansion into
new areas.
3.4.3 Awareness, Culture and Traditions

The lack of awareness of the health effects on indoor air pollution and knowledge of available alternatives
and their benefits also hinder the uptake of improved and clean cooking systems.
Biomass fuels are tradition, and a natural part of people’s culture and lives. Cooking and energy use is also
closely tied to gender roles. Even in relatively well-off homes with access to LPG and electricity, energy is
used to for special types of food, and as a means to ensure security of supply and reduce the high costs in
meeting energy needs. The constant and ubiquitous availability of biomass fuels in rural and urban areas
make firewood and charcoal practical solutions for securing predictable and affordable supply of energy,
often in combination with modern fuels. While a switch to higher quality fuels can be expected with
increasing socio-economic development, consumption patterns will remain complex and difficult to predict
due to fuel stacking.
3.4.4 Policies and Capacity

When planning development in the energy sector, fuel stacking may be considered a rational strategy rather
than an obstacle. A growing part of Tanzania’s population live in peri-urban or semi-rural areas, often at the
periphery of urban centers and along main roads. Affordability and market integration are higher in these
areas, with accessibility to both traditional and modern fuels. Fuel stacking may be way of optimizing cooking
energy use on factors including cost, supply security and cultural preferences. A barrier to understanding
dynamics in the energy sector is that national statistics are not yet available to see the full extent of the
impacts of efforts to improve energy services in a fuel stacking scenario.
Substantial efforts have been made by the Government to manage biomass energy resources and enable
transition toward use of improved and clean cooking in Tanzania. Clearer delineation of mandate coordinated
effort between relevant ministries could contribute to achieve national targets. Supply-side policy related to
forest biomass falls under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT), and the Tanzania Forestry
Services Agency (TFS). Demand-side policy related to biomass energy is under the MoE. The increasing
awareness of indoor air pollution suggests that the Ministry of Health (MoH) should have a role in
interventions related to cooking energy.
REA has a mandate to promote transformation of rural livelihoods through provision of modern energy
services. Since its inception, REA has achieved substantial results in rural electrification. Electricity access in
Tanzania increased from around 13 percent in 2008 to 32 percent in 2017 21 . Less attention has been given
to promotion of improved and clean cooking in rural Tanzania. In terms of funding, the cooking energy area
has been dwarfed by the strong efforts and thus spending on electrification. In the 2020-21 budget, TZS 2
billion, or less than 0.5 percent, was set aside for access to modern cooking energy. REA relies on outsourcing
activities on capacity building and financial support to market-based initiatives to improve access to modern
cooking energy to the people in rural Mainland Tanzania. Increased institutional capacity for implementation
of activities could help achieve national target.
Measures on policy, regulatory and institutional levels to improve the enabling framework for action,
combined with concrete actions to kick-start large-scale transition are required. Initiatives should come with

capacity building strategies for MoE and REA. Chapter 5 and 6 lists recommended measures and proposes
concrete initiatives to address the challenges.

4 Setting the Targets for CEAP
This section describes the process of setting relevant targets for the CEAP in line with the overall targets of
national policies and development strategies including the SE4ALL Action Plan 22 , and international
development goals. Envisioned end situation by 2030, as described in section 4.4, is simulated based on the
projections and analyses from the previous phases regarding the relative potential of various solutions to
contribute to large-scale transition of cooking energy use patterns. The achievement of the targeted end
situation will not only depend on a significant scaling up of efforts by REA and the GoT through the
implementation of the programmes and projects outlined in Chapter 5, but also depends on successful
implementation of complementing efforts.
4.1 Alignment with National Development Goals

The guiding documents for the national development objectives for Tanzania are The Tanzania Development
Vision 2025, published by the Planning Commission, and the FYDP III, that was published by the Ministry of
Finance and Planning in 2021. The FYDP III is based on the LTPP, 2011/12-2025/26: The Roadmap to a Middle-
Income Country, published by the Planning Commission in the President’s Office in 2012.
The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 aims to transform Tanzania into a middle-income country by 2025.
The targets are: i) High quality livelihoods, ii) Good governance and the rule of law, and iii) A strong and
competitive economy. The FYDP III aims to transform Tanzania into a manufacturing hub of East Africa, and
to improve competitiveness (business environment, markets, human capital, innovation) and to facilitate
export-oriented growth (regional, global trade and global value chain), as well as promoting Human
Development (education, life expectancy, per capita income).
Key Interventions in the energy sector include:
• Strengthening the availability and reliability of electrical power by increasing generation capacity,
transmission, and distribution networks
• Constructing and strengthening natural gas supply infrastructures for domestic, industrial and
transport use
• Promoting and developing renewable energy technologies and projects (Biogas, Geothermal, LPG,
Solar and Wind Energies) particularly for rural households
• Strengthening sustainable use and management of oil and natural gas
• Developing renewable energy sources for cooking to mitigate climate change
• Strengthening the availability of oil and natural gas by enhancing petroleum exploration and
development activities.
The Tanzanian SE4ALL Action Agenda towards 2030 states a commitment embracing as a fact that the access
to modern energy services is a precondition for development goals, beyond the energy sector, such as
poverty eradication, access to clean water and clean energy sources in order to increase health conditions,
improved public health, education and women empowerment, and even increase food production. The
SE4ALL Action Agenda provides the most concrete quantified target, shown in the table below. The ambition
is access to modern cooking solutions for 75 percent of the population by 2030. It targets an increased
percentage of Tanzanian population with access to modern cooking solutions from 16 percent in the baseline
year 2012 to 34 percent by 2025, and 75 percent by 2030.
22 MEM (2015). The National Energy Policy. 2015. Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.

Table 2 Tanzania's SE4ALL Goals
Doubling global
Universal access to modern energy rate of Doubling share of renewable energy
services improvement of in the global energy mix
energy efficiency
Percentage of Renewable energy share in Total

Percentage of Rate of
population with Final Energy Consumption
population with improvement in
access to modern*
electricity access energy intensity Power Heat
cooking solutions
>75% >75% -2.6% per year >50% >10%
* The meaning of ‘modern cooking’ has changed with the ESMAP Multi-tier framework, which defines Modern Energy
Cooking Services (MECS) as achieving MTF Tier 4 or above. In the SE4ALL terminology ‘modern cooking’ includes both
ICS for biomass energy (VPT Tier 2 or 3) and clean cooking solutions (VPT Tier 4 and above).
GoT integrates SE4ALL into its sectoral planning under MoE, and the trajectory towards the country’s SE4ALL
Goals is organized into phases. The first phase, 2016-2020, was aimed at integrating SE4ALL and interventions
in MoE’s Five-year Strategic Plan. An important outcome is the SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania
Programme, under det MoE 23 . In 2018 MoE developed and endorsed the SE4ALL Gender Action Plan,
highlighting areas that require specific actions for closing identified gender gaps. The Consolidation phase,
2020-2025, is intended to make SE4ALL a cornerstone of the national mid-term planning process. From 2025-
2030 a phase of Acceleration is planned, where the sustainability and update of the actions and strategies
will accelerate the process of achieving Tanzania’s SE4ALL goals.
Tanzania is a party of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Tanzania ratified its participation
as a Non-Annex I country/party on 17 April 1996 and ratified the Paris Agreement in 18 May 2018. The
Designated National Authority in Tanzania is the Vice President's Office (VPO), and the national activities are
coordinated by the National Climate Change Committee. Tanzania has set national goals for addressing
climate change through Nationally Determined Contributions, NDCs 24 . The National Climate Change
Response Strategy 2021-2026 (VPO, 2021) promotes efficient firewood cooking stoves, solar and LPG as
measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
4.2 International Development Goals

In addition to the guidance provided by the national goals, CEAP is aligned with the United Nations SDGs
under the 2030 Development Agenda.
Specifically, CEAP directly contributes to SDG7, Access to Energy. Transitioning to modern forms for cooking
is also directly relevant for SDG3, which mainly focuses on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being
at all ages; SDG5, which focuses on achieving gender equality empowering all women and girls; SDG13, which
aims for climate action, mitigating the drastic effects of climate change, and; SDG15 aiming at protecting,
restoring and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, including forests. Furthermore, the SDGs
have the objective of ending poverty while pursuing strategies that build economic growth and address a
range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling
23 MEM (2017). Project Document: SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme (SITAP). Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.
24 VPO (2021). Nationally Determined Contribution. Vice President’s Office: Dodoma.

climate change and environmental protection. These are consistent with the national development goals for
Tanzania.
Table 3 SDG7, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Sustainable Development Goal 7 and Targets
SDG7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
SDG7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
SDG7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and
SDG7.a technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel
technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy
services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing
SDG7.b
States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of
support
4.3 Modelling Scenarios Towards 2030

In the analysis phase (Phase 2) of development of the CEAP, several consumption forecasts were simulated
in order to develop targets for interventions. The simulations considered demographic development and how
the consumptions patterns would develop through altering incentives for the use of the different energy
sources, for instance political, social and economic incentives. They also identified the energy sources with
the highest biomass reduction potential. The scenarios developed during Phase 2 of CEAP include the
‘Business as Usual’ scenario, and the SE4ALL scenario (see Figure 8 below).
The analysis in Phase 2 of CEAP showed that the incentives for choosing traditional energy consumption
model are strong in rural Tanzania. There is a need to establish infrastructure; increase affordability and
availability for a variety of energy solutions; and build awareness of cooking related issues and alternatives.
The modelling in Phase 2 was used to assess the viability of various cooking systems (stoves and fuels),
primarily based on economic and financial viability, and the potential for reduction of biomass consumption.
The outcome of this assessment is shown in the table below.
While different cooking solutions vary with regard to advantages and disadvantages, cost-effectiveness and
realism consideration lead to two technical solutions appearing as the highest-potential alternatives for
transition at a large scale and contribution to the SE4ALL Goals: Improved cookstoves for firewood and
charcoal, and use of LPG for cooking.
Other options, including electricity, biogas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), briquettes etc, are attractive and
suitable for specific settings and will be positive contributions to the energy mix, but likely to remain relatively
minor parts than these two. This is due to various factors including cost, logistical challenges, and scalability.
It was also noted that the realism of large-scale uptake of different options vary significant between urban
vs. rural settings, and that this must be taken in consideration in the planning of efforts to facilitate the
transition.

The CEAP’s intended contributions to the SE4ALL agenda are presented in the next section.
Table 4 Viability of stoves and fuels assessed in the CEAP.
IBEK: Improved basic earth mound kiln
4.4 SE4ALL Scenario for Transition to Improved and Clean Cooking

The CEAP aims to contribute to the ambitious SE4ALL goal of 75 percent access to “modern cooking
solutions”25.
In setting the overall target of 75 percent of the national population having adopted some form of improved
cooking by 2030, the SE4ALL Action Agenda does not differ between both urban and rural areas or specify
the technical solutions to be adopted. As Figure 7 shows, achieving the overall target will require a step-up
from the Business-as-Usual scenario corresponding to 30 million people, and implies that from 2016 to 2030,
42 million people must gain access.
Baseline 2016 Business as Usual 2030 SE4ALL 2030
Figure 7 Baseline (NBS, 2016), Business as Usual scenario vs. SE4ALL target.
To map out the required progress in different segments of the population with regard to uptake of different
cooking systems, an SE4ALL Scenario for Transition to Improved and Clean Cooking has been simulated.
Aiming to contribute to the SE4ALL ambition while taking a special focus on energy use in rural areas, the
25In the SE4ALL terminology ‘modern cooking’ is understood to include both Improved Cooking Services such as ICS and Clean Cooking
Solutions. In contrast, the ESMAP Multi-Tier Framework defines Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) as achieving Tier 4 or above.

simulation differentiates between consumption patterns in the national population and the rural population,
and is technology specific, based on the viability assessment of different solutions.
Tanzania Mainland 2030 Assumptions for Rural Areas 2030 Assumptions for Urban Areas by 2030
Figure 8 Possible end situation in 2030 achieving the overall SE4ALL goal.
The resulting end situation in 2030 for national, rural and urban areas is shown in the figure above.
Implications with regard to transition within specific population groups toward improved or clean cooking
energy is outlined in the table below.
The scenarios show that achieving the SE4ALL target implies that the part of the population that continues
to remain on biomass as primary cooking fuel will have to fall to short of 50 percent of the population, and
of this almost half will use ICS. LPG needs to be ramped up to reaching 30 percent of the population. While a
large share of this will happen in urban areas, CEAP also takes the ambition of two million rural and semi-
rural households transitioning to LPG.
The implied ambition for rural areas of the SE4ALL scenario is an ambitious one and the extent to which it is
realistic will rely on not only successful implementation of CEAP: It is important to recognize that achieving
this situation assumes a particularly fast change in urban areas, including reducing the reliance on biomass
to a mere 20%, supplying more than forty percent of the urban population with LPG, and more than one third
accessing other clean solutions, such as eCooking, natural gas, and ethanol.
In rural areas, which is the primary focus of this Action Plan, the population relying on biomass will have to
decline to around 65 percent, and of these, 40 percent must gain access to improved cooking services. LPG
distribution, primarily targeting relatively densely populated, rural towns and other rural areas within reach
of access roads, will have to be used by more than a fifth of the rural population.
Reaching this scenario will require significant scaled-up supply capacity for the various solutions. Some
numbers are presented to illustrate the table below. Achieving these developments by 2030 will require
massive, coordinated public efforts, combined with a focus on facilitating market development through an
enabling framework and creation favourable conditions for commercial actors; building awareness and
promoting behavioural change.

Table 5 Implications of the SE4ALL Goals based on simulation for urban/rural areas and for relevant technologies.

cooking fuel population.
Corresponding development to 20 percent in urban areas shall ensure an overall
national biomass dependence reduced to below 50 percent.
Adoption of Improved Improved stoves (ICS) used by 40 percent of the 65 percent biomass dependent rural
cook stoves (ICS) population (assuming 60 percent ICS users among the 20 percent biomass dependent
urban population).
3.7 million households must obtain ICS by 2030; 2.5 million of these in rural areas.
Adoption of Liquid LPG use increased to 21 percent of households in rural areas.
Petroleum Gas (LPG) as The main LPG development is expected to be ensured in cities, towns and district
cooking fuel centres, to reach 30 percent of the national population combined.
Capacity for LPG import and storage will have to reach 370,000 MT per year, and 2
million rural households will need to obtain stove and cylinder.
Outcome Given the above implications,
➔ % of rural 60% of the population in rural areas achieves access to improved or clean forms of
population cooking (75 percent on national level and 92 percent in urban areas).
with access
➔ Woodfuel Significant reduction of wood fuel consumption compared to 2016 (more than 60
demand percent reduction (20 percent less) than the assumed Business as Usual levels in 2030)
With regard to woodfuel demand, the strong reduction assumes great advances in biomass management as
a prerequisite for achieving targets for total biomass consumption that is close to that of SE4ALL. The
development in the urban area requires strong regulation on charcoal and massive rollout of LPG, as well as
implementation of plans for other clean fuels such as gas and ethanol. LPG consumption will increase 5-fold
and storage capacity for LPG to allow for this.
It becomes clear that in order to reach the ambitious SE4ALL goals, the scale of the transition and thus the
efforts required to achieve it, are colossal. Implementing CEAP will contribute but not alone ensure these
results. Efforts will be needed on several levels and involve stakeholders across the Tanzanian society and
embrace broad-based action, from national energy policies, improved regulatory framework, and improved
coordination, to infrastructure investments, market development, and creating cultural and economic
incentives to change energy consumption patterns.
4.5 Measuring Progress and Results

The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) developed by ESMAP enables measurement of access to energy for cooking
based on a set of attributes to determine the achieved ‘Tier of access’ for any given cooking system. To
measure progress, each attribute has six tiers, ranging from 0 to 5: i) exposure, ii) efficiency, iii) convenience,
iv) safety, v) affordability, and vi) fuel availability.
Exposure and efficiency are formulated using ISO 19867-3:2018 Voluntary Performance Targets (VPTs) for
cookstoves based on laboratory testing (see table below). The key parameters that determine the cooking-
exposure tiers are stove/fuel emission factor, ventilation level, and contact time.
Convenience is proxied by the amount of time necessary to collect the fuel and prepare the stove for cooking.
It is a key consideration from the user’s perspective and has high gender impacts. The degree of safety risk

can vary by type of cookstove and fuel used. Risks may include exposure to hot surfaces, fire, or potential for
fuel splatter. In the MTF, reported incidences of past injury and/or fire are used to proxy safety.
For measuring affordability, it is assumed that cooking is a required activity in a household and that
households will allocate whatever share of their household income (expenditure) is necessary to meet basic
cooking requirements. A given fuel’s availability can affect the regularity of its use. Constraints to availability
can come in the form of seasonality, especially for types of solid fuels (e.g., wood); market supply shortages
(e.g., LPG cylinders); or limited, grid-connected electricity supply (e.g., manifested in blackouts).
For each of the six attributes a household is assigned a score, and the household is ranked according to its
lowest tier rating across all the attributes. Tier 5 represents households with the cleanest, safest, most
reliable, and most efficient cooking solutions. A household context that has met the standards of MTF Tier 4
or higher across all these measurement attributes is considered to have access to Modern Energy Cooking
Services (MECS). A household context of MTF Tier 2-3 is regarded as transitional.
Emphasis in implementation of CEAP is on cooking solutions rather than the full household context. In
outlining programmes and actions in Chapter 5, cooking solutions will be ranked based on the VPT tier ranking
of efficiency and exposure from ISO 19867-3:2018. The Clean Cooking Catalog 26 provides a comprehensive
database where detailed information about stove and fuel performance is available. Cooking technologies to
be used in Tanzania are subject to Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) testing and certification.
In the SE4ALL scenario it is assumed that a household using a solution meeting at least Tier 2 standards has
achieved access and contribute toward the 75 percent target.
Table 6 VPTs for emissions and efficiency (ISO 19867-3:2018).
Attribute Measurement indicators Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5

Exposure PM2.5 (mg/MJd) >1,030 1,030 481 218 62 5
CO (g/MJd) >18.3 18.3 11.5 7.2 4.4 3.0
Efficiency Stove efficiency (%) <10 ≥10 ≥20 ≥30 ≥40 ≥50
The SE4ALL scenario from section 4.4 has been categorised according to VPT Tiers for cooking solutions, as
outlined in the figure below. The illustration emphasises performance of cooking solutions over specific
designs.
26 http://catalog.cleancookstoves.org/

Figure 9 SE4ALL scenario, allocation on VPT Tiers.
The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) implements the project Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey
(IASES) which is a country-wide survey to assess the impact of SE4ALL interventions from 2015 until 2020.
IASES builds on the MTF, with elements from the MTF-based impact assessment recently done in Rwanda 27 .
As a continuation of IASES the MTF can be applied for monitoring progress in implementation of CEAP. This
is planned in the REACE-programme, outlined in chapter 5.
27 ESMAP (2018). Rwanda Beyond Connections. Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework. The World Bank: Washington DC.

5 Moving Towards the Targets: Projects and Programmes
The overall objective of the CEAP is to foster a vibrant rural energy sector through a concerted effort between
public and private sector to achieve the 2030 targets, with REA taking a lead role in coordinating and
catalysing projects. As outlined in section 3.4, there are multiple challenges to market-based expansion of
energy services. CEAP is specifically designed to address these challenges.
The CEAP is structured in three programmes, as outlined in the figure below
Figure 10 Programme descriptions for CEAP.
The CEAP objective to foster a transition of cooking energy consumption in rural Tanzania, is aligned with
objectives in the NEP 2015, the SE4ALL and the SDGs. Achieving the targets constitutes significant structural
and economic changes in Tanzania’s energy sector as well as a societal transformation of domestic energy
use. Expansion of improved and clean energy services for cooking in rural and peri-urban areas requires
strong public sector support to overcome barriers of availability and affordability. Executing the three
programmes implies cooperation with and support to private sector actors and market-based approaches to
stimulate to the development of a viable and demand-driven energy sector. The programmes activities fall
within REA’s mandate, as stipulated in the Rural Energy Act of 2005.
The CEAP provides a framework for implementation where REACE builds capacity within REA for executing
and coordinating interventions related to cooking energy, in order to create a strong basis and institutional
framework to support the implementation of TrICS and ACCeS
The REACE-programme addresses the need for increased capacity and competence within REA required to
support the advancement of improved and clean cooking. Capacity building is achieved through establishing
a structure within REA with a mandate to implement CEAP; enhancing technical expertise in REA on cooking
energy technologies; increasing regional capacity in REA for implementation of cooking energy interventions;
develop and implement a geospatial planning tool for planning of interventions; and conduct country-wide
surveys to assess the impact of interventions under REMP.

Figure 11 Cooking solutions, ranked by VPT Tiers, and relevance in CEAP’s programmes.
The two programmes TrICS and ACCeS build on market-based approaches for scaling up access to improved
and clean cooking in rural Tanzania. TrICS promotes fuel and stove solutions ranked as VPT Tier 2-3 (see figure
11). ACCeS promotes fuel and stove solutions ranked as VPT Tier 4 and 5, regarded as clean cooking services.
Both programmes include financial support to projects as well as development of technical expertise, and
aim at enhancing affordability of cooking fuels and technologies; promoting scale-up of supply chains through
entrepreneurship and micro-credit services; social marketing of energy technologies; and engaging pilot end
users of energy solutions in the domestic sector, commercial enterprises and public institutions.
The populations targeted for interventions in TriCS and ACCeS are to be differentiated based on socio-
economic indicators and settlement area. The majority of Tanzania’s rural population make their livelihoods
in agriculture use, have low degree of access to modern energy services, and rely on VPT Tier 0 or 1 cooking
solutions. TrICS will mainly be targeting the population with lower income, in areas with low population
density. ACCeS will mainly be targeting the rural population living in proximity to roads and other
infrastructure, typical semi-rural areas around district and urban centres.
The following sections outline the key features of each programme, including their respective associated
projects or actions, proposed implementation strategy and involvement of relevant stakeholders, and lay out
the assumptions that provide the basis for detailed scoping and implementation planning of the respective
projects.
An aggregated plan for cost and financing of the CEAP is presented in section 5.4, and a framework for
monitoring progress is included in the REMP Main Report (Volume 1).

5.1 REA cooking energy capacity building programme (REACE)
5.1.1 Programme Summary

The main objective of REACE is to increase REA’s capacity to fulfil its mission to promote and facilitate
availability and access to modern energy services in rural Mainland Tanzania. The programme focuses on
strengthening REA’s capacity for implementing and coordinating development interventions to improve
cooking energy use in Tanzania.
Since its establishment REA has successfully provided rural electrification across Tanzania and has a strong
institutional capacity for implementing programmes for grid extension and support for renewable energy
projects. The REACE programme builds on and expands existing infrastructure and institutional arrangements
in REA in order to become a leading government body for support and implementing projects also for cleaner
cooking in Tanzania. The programme also seeks to build on ongoing initiatives by other actors in the energy,
forestry and health sectors, to create a strong institutional framework for achieving the REMP targets.
5.1.2 Objectives
The Overall Objective of REACE is:
To increase REA’s capacity for fulfilling its mission “To promote and facilitate availability and access to
quality modern energy services in rural Mainland Tanzania” in the area of cooking energy.
REACE has five Specific Objectives:
1. Strengthen REA’s institutional capacity for implementing and coordinating interventions related to
cooking energy services in rural Tanzania.
2. Strengthen REA’s capacity for outreach in remote parts of Tanzania mainland and areas with low
population density.
3. Strengthen REA’s capacity application of the ESMAP MTF, VPT and national standards in energy-
sector interventions.
4. Develop and apply a geospatial planning tool for planning, coordinating, and monitoring cooking
energy interventions nationally.

5. Establish national monitoring of cooking energy sector.
5.1.3 Rationale
REA is to provide capacity building services, awareness creation and financial support for projects, and shall
“finance eligible rural energy projects that result in improvement in the livelihood of rural community” (see
section 7.3 for further details). REA has since its inception expanded access to electricity in rural Tanzania,
but efforts related to provision of cooking energy services have been marginal in comparison. Institutional
level development within REA combined with improvements across multiple sectors and institutions to
create an enabling framework of policies, regulation and institutions is necessary to ensure strong progress
in this area. To coordinate implementation of CEAP, REA requires strengthened institutional capacity.
Implementation of CEAP is an opportunity to establish REA as a lead actor to coordinate efforts from
development partners, private sector and public institutions. REA’s mandate to promote, support, facilitate,
stimulate, and improve access to modern energy services in rural areas positions the agency to take a lead
role in contributing to the SE4ALL goal.
The SE4ALL goal requires a country-wide effort reaching energy users in remote parts of rural Tanzania as
well as villages and towns with limited infrastructure. The population suffering most from household air
pollution and other burdens of cooking with traditional fuels and stoves live in areas with limited accessibility
and affordability of modern energy services. CEAP outlines market-based approaches to scale up access to
improved energy services, but substantial public sector support is required in remote areas with low demand.
The MoH is addressing indoor air pollution through public policy and the Health and Pollution Action Plan
from 2019. The MNRT and TFS oversee interventions regulating the supply side of biomass energy use. The
initiative Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Solutions supported by the EU aims at promoting
sustainable management of forest resources while improving access to clean and improved cooking
solutions 28 . In parallel EU intends to support the Tanzania Energy Sector Reform Programme, foreseen to
provide technical support to the MoE updating the BEST and implementation of a regulatory framework for
clean cooking energy. The REACE programme will build on, contribute to, and align with other public sector
initiatives in the area of cooking energy.
REA has limited presence regionally in Tanzania. Seven electrical engineers represent REA through each of
TANESCO’s seven zonal offices on Tanzania Mainland. Their mandate is to facilitate coordination and
supervision of REA projects. This includes liaising between REA and stakeholders such as
contractors, TANESCO and President's Office Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG). The
Zonal Engineers have mainly been involved in rural electrification projects and have limited experience with
projects related to cooking energy. Strengthened capacity of REA’s regional outreach is necessary for
implementation of CEAP and contributes wide-reaching efforts in remote rural areas also beyond 2030. Close
collaboration with PO-RALG is an important premise for implementation of CEAP programmes.
To achieve the SE4ALL goal, production and use of ICS must increase substantially towards 2030. An
increasing body of research shows that not all stoves labelled as ICS constitute significant improvements of
thermal efficiency and impact on indoor air pollution. Recently developed national and international
standards for stoves, fuels and access provide a basis for ensuring that ICS meet achieving the REMP targets.
Implementation of standard TZS473:2019 for biomass cookstoves can contribute to improve energy services.
Tanzania Renewable Energy Association (TAREA) and SNV Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) are
currently working with Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) through the EnDev III programme (2017-2021) to
promote the biomass cookstove standards. Enforcement of cookstove standards is also supported through
28 EU (2020). Action Document for Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Solutions. European Development Fund (EDF): ΤΖ/FED/040-142

the ongoing EU programme on clean cooking energy. Implementation of national cook stoves standards
requires increased knowledge among all actors working to promote ICS in the country.
Monitoring the impact of interventions in the cooking energy sector requires comprehensive data and
statistics. The NBS is conducting the nation-wide energy IASES in 2021/22. The survey builds on a
standardized questionnaire from ESMAP and is aligned with the MTF. IASES is the most comprehensive
survey of cooking energy technologies performed in Tanzania to date. It can form a basis for evaluating the
performance of interventions to meet the REMP targets.
IASES and SE4ALL sets the benchmark for future interventions related to cooking energy in Tanzania, and
ESMAP’s MTF presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the performance of cooking energy
interventions. Initiatives to promote ICS (VPT Tier 2-3) and clean cooking solutions (VPT Tier ≥4) requires
sector-wide knowledge of a typology of stoves and fuels, as well as of assessment parameters including
health, convenience, safety, affordability, efficiency, quality, and availability. The MTF framework is an
integral part of implementation of the CEAP. Incorporating standards and the MTF in energy sector initiatives
will provide a sound basis for supporting market-based interventions for improving cooking energy services
in rural areas.
A geospatial tool for planning grid extension and directing interventions is planned as part of the REMP. Rural
Tanzania covers vast areas with very different context in terms of agroecology, climate, and forest cover.
Infrastructural development including roads and grid electricity is also concentrated in areas with high
population density. The populations also differ in terms of livelihoods, economy, and access to markets.
Strategic decisions for targeting interventions can be made geospatial characterisation. This enables area-
specific interventions for electrification and provision of cooking energy services. Use of GIS gives a better
overview of market-based initiatives under CEAP and improves monitoring.
REACE’s initial focus aims at putting in place the required internal organization to implement the CEAP,
including routines, knowledge, and human resources at REA’s HQ and as well as increasing REA’s capacity for
regional extension through coordination and collaboration with PO-RALG. Staff trained in cooking energy and
related funding modalities will enable coordination and monitoring of interventions funded by the agency.
Training of REA staff in clean cooking solutions and the MTF will ensure that the agency has the technical
expertise to take a lead as the agency for securing improved and clean cooking services in rural Tanzania.
REACE also foresees development of a system for regional planning of interventions by using geospatial
information systems. REA will take a role in monitoring and evaluating interventions across the whole cooking
energy sector by supporting surveys in 2026 and 2030. In so doing the REACE builds on the SE4ALL Action
Agenda for Tanzania 29 .
5.1.4 Intervention strategy

Specifically, REACE will be implemented through a series of interlinked projects:
1. Institutional capacity for implementing and coordinating interventions related to cooking energy
services in rural Tanzania.
Structures within REA will be established with a mandate and capacity for implementing CEAP. This
will be done through mapping REA’s internal routines, staffing capacity and structures. This will be
led by REA’s Directorate for Human Resources and Administration. Revise mandate of relevant
directorates and sections in REA towards functions related to cooking energy. Training on cooking
energy and gender. Employ personnel with competence in clean cooking.
29 MEM (2015). Tanzania's Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda. Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.

2. Capacity for outreach in remote parts of Tanzania Mainland and areas with low population density.
Revise mandate of REA towards having increased presence regionally for coordinating, managing,
and monitoring cooking energy interventions. Provide resources for increased outreach in REA
through hiring staff with expertise in cooking energy. In collaboration with PO-RALG, establish
regional energy boards with stakeholders from public and private sector to advice and coordinate
initiatives for improving energy services in rural areas.
3. Capacity for application of the Multi-Tier Framework in energy-sector interventions.
Train REA staff in TBS standards on cookstoves, routines for testing stove performance, as well as in
the MTF for access to cooking energy services, and VPT standards Revise routines for monitoring and
evaluation in REA to align with the MTF. Produce information and training material for awareness
creation about cook stove standards and the MTF.
4. Geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring cooking energy interventions.
Achieve timely availability of reliable strategic information and data on clean cooking. This aims at
developing infrastructure, tools and interfaces for data collection, analysis and dissemination of clean
cooking information and data through collaboration with existing government structures such as PO-
RALG and others. LGAs would be used in clean cooking data and information collected through VEOs
on monthly basis and exported to REA and MoE for targeted use. Improve coordination of
interventions on cooking energy through geographically differentiated planning and monitoring
using geospatial software. Train staff in use of GIS software. Develop routines for application of GIS
in planning energy interventions. Apply GIS for planning and monitoring energy projects.
5. National monitoring of cooking energy sector through surveys in 2022, 2026 and 2030.
Support NBS to perform the IASES in 2022, 2026 and 2030. Apply results from the IASES surveys to
monitor progress in achieving the REMP targets. Supply information to national energy information
system. Repetitions of the survey based on the same panel of households across Tanzania is to be
conducted in 2026 and 2030. The surveys will provide a basis for evaluating implementation of CEAP
going towards 2030. REA will also participate in application of an energy information system under
MoE.
5.1.5 Implementation Partnership(s)

The proposed programme will involve a range of government actors including MoE, REA, VPO, MoH, Ministry
of Finance and Planning (MoFP), NEMC, COSTECH, Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) with its institutions,
TPDC, PO-RALG, TBS and NBS. Non-governmental organizations are important stakeholders. Technical
Assistance is provided for training in MTF, VPT and GIS.
5.1.6 Roles and Responsibilities

Roles and responsibilities related to implementation and involvement of various stakeholders are indicated
in Table 7.

Table 7 Roles and Responsibilities – REACE
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions in REACE with initiatives and
programmes under other energy agencies and
ministries
VPO Implementing partner Coordinating cross-sectoral efforts between ministries

and agencies, including on biomass energy cooking
solutions which requires coordination between MoE
and MNRT
MoFP National budget Ensure institutional funding
PO-RALG Oversees policy and interventions Ensure anchoring, relevance and implementation of
regionally, at district level and cooking energy interventions from district level and
locally locally. CEAP nation-wide coordination and monitoring
MIT Oversees industrial development Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
building under REACE related to industrial
development in the cooking energy sector
MoH Oversees public health protection Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
from all causes including health building under REACE related to indoor air pollution
impacts caused by cooking
MNRT Oversees policy and regulation for Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
management of natural resources building under REACE related to supply of biomass
energy
MoCDGWS Oversees policy on community Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
development and gender equality building under REACE related to gender
REA Implementing agency Coordinate overall effort in REACE; Revise routines and
organisational structure; Organize trainings; Strengthen
human resources in REA HQ and REA’s collaboration
regionally and at district level; Use the GIS software for
planning interventions in rural Tanzania; Procure and
oversee Technical Assistance contracts
TPDC National supplier of petroleum Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
energy building under REACE related to natural gas and LPG
LGA Local partner for REA’s regional Collaborative partner for coordination and
offices strengthening of capacity in REA’s regional zones
NEMC National partner to ensure Provide advice on how to meet health and
compliance with environmental environment targets, and ensure that interventions
and health impacts of interventions supported by REA are in compliance with national
regulations
TFS Develops and manages national Collaboration for capacity building under REACE related
forest resources to supply of biomass energy

TANESCO National electricity utility Partner in revision of regional capacity and routines of
REA
TBS Formulates and delivers standards, Provide advice and training for implementation of
safety measures, and conformity TZS473:2019 in Tanzanian cookstove markets
assessment
NBS Provides official statistics to the Implementation of surveys for monitoring impact of
Government, business community interventions in CEAP and by other stakeholders, as per
and the public at large the SE4All targets for the country
Research and Conducts research and education Provide training on improved cooking solutions to REA
educational on energy staff Provide training on prevention of indoor air
institutions pollution to REA staff
NGOs and NGOs and SMEs working Provide training for REA in Tanzanian cookstove
commercial actors renewable energy in Tanzania technologies and markets
5.1.7 Programme Results

The following will be the programme’s outputs and outcomes:
1. Increased capacity for managing projects and programmes on cooking energy in REA
2. Increased capacity for reaching remote rural areas regionally on mainland Tanzania with
cooking energy interventions
3. Application of national and international standards in planning and monitoring of domestic
energy-sector interventions
4. A geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring cooking energy interventions, to serve
as information portal for actors in the energy sector
5. National monitoring of cooking energy sector enabled through country-wide surveys in 2022,
2026 and 2030
5.1.8 Proposed Programme Activities

Table 8 Proposed Programme Activities - REACE
Project 1: Capacity building on management of cooking energy projects and programmes
VPO, MoE, REA, PO-

1.1 Organize stakeholder meetings to align and RALG, EWURA, MoH,
delineate policies and strategies between GoT Dodoma Year 1 - 8 MNRT, TFS, TPDC, private
ministries and agencies sector and other relevant
actors

1.2 Assess REA’s routines and institutional capacity
REA HQ, MoE, VPO, REA,
for implementing and supporting projects on Year 1
Dodoma consultant
cooking energy
1.3 Revisit mandates of bodies and functions

within REA to ensure operational capacity for REA HQ, Year 1, 2 and
MoE, REA
supporting projects on cooking energy. Reorganize Dodoma 5
if necessary
REA HQ,
1.4 Train staff with relevant expertise for Dodoma
Year 2 - 5 REA
supporting cooking energy interventions
Project 2: Increased capacity for reaching remote rural areas with cooking energy interventions
REA HQ,
Dodoma
2.1 Revisit REA’s regional outreach and reorganize
Year 1 - 2, 5 MoE, REA, PO RALG
if necessary Regions and
districts
2.2 Train and recruit staff with relevant expertise REA Year 2 - 4 REA
Target regions REA, PO RALG, private

2.3 Establish/coordinate regional energy boards Year 2 - 8
and districts sector
2.4 Coordinate activities with PO RALG and private Target regions REA, PO RALG, private
Year 2 - 8
sector and districts sector
Project 3: Application of national and international standards in planning and monitoring
3.1 Develop a plan for integration of TBS-standards REA HQ, MoE, MoH, TBS, REA, and
Year 1 and 2
and MTF in Tanzania Dodoma other stakeholders
3.2 Train REA staff in the plan for implementation REA HQ, REA, VPO, TBS, and other
of national and international standards Dodoma Year 2
stakeholders
Project 4: Deployment of geospatial planning tool for planning and monitoring cooking energy interventions
4.1 Assess needs for data for planning and

REA HQ, MoE, REA, EWURA, TPDC,
monitoring cooking energy use and interventions, Year 1 - 2
Dodoma MNRT, TFS
and biomass energy supply
REA HQ, MoE, REA, software

4.2 Develop software for planning and monitoring Year 2 - 3
Dodoma provider
REA HQ,
4.3 Train REA staff in use of GIS software Year 2 - 3 REA, software provider
Dodoma
4.4 Develop routines for application of the GIS

REA HQ, REA, MoE, EWURA, TPDC,
software for planning and monitoring Year 2 - 4
Dodoma MNRT, TFS
interventions, and gathering data from actors with

cooking energy interventions in rural Mainland
Tanzania
REA HQ,
4.5 Apply GIS software to oversee REA’s and other Dodoma
Year 2 - 8 REA, PO RALG
stakeholders’ programmes on cooking energy Target regions
and districts
Project 5: Country-wide monitoring surveys
5.1 Analyse results from IASES REA HQ, Year 1 and 2 NBS, REA, MoE, EWURA,
Dodoma TANESCO and PO RALG
5.2 Conduct IASES II and IASES III Country-wide, Year 5 and 8

NBS, MoE, REA, EWURA,
Tanzania
TANESCO, PO RALG, MoH
Mainland
5.3 Apply results from the IASES surveys for REA HQ, Year 2 - 8
monitoring progress towards the REMP and SE4All Dodoma REA
targets
5.1.9 Risks to Programme Implementation

Table 9 Risks to Programme Implementation - REACE
Funds from GoT allocated to REA for Less funds received than Sensitization/awareness to decision-
implementing REACE requested, or delay of makers on clean cooking; Scale down
funds to implementing activities, or postpone activities
agencies
Funding from development partners to match Less or no funds REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
provisions by GoT allocated from be conducted without large
development partners investments
Staff competence and capacity for Limited capacity and Hire staff based on competency
implementing CEAP competence for required
implementation
Sufficient staff for REA’s regional extension Few or no additional Train existing REA staff and allocate
staff hired to implementation of CEAP
REA implements parts of CEAP

Operational costs for increased capacity for
No financing allocated without fully operational regional
REA’s extension regionally
extension
Private sector and government institutions Partners do not commit REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
engaged in implementation of REACE to REACE be conducted without strong
partnerships

Financial support for IASES II and III No financing received Collaborate with NBS to conduct
lighter version of IASES II and III
5.2 Transitioning to Improved Cooking Services Programme (TrICS)

The TrICS-programme aims at improving cooking services for rural households and institutions that currently
use VPT Tier 0 and Tier 1 fuels and technologies, to achieve VPT Tier 2-3. The programme acknowledges that
transition to cleaner cooking solutions will happen gradually.
The TrICS-programme aims at providing training and support to SME
entrepreneurs in producing ICS that meet emissions performance The term Improved
Cooking Services refers to a
measurements of VPT Tier 2 or higher, following ISO/TR 19867-3:2018.
household context that has
Specifically, it will lay a basis for industrial production of high-quality ICS through met at least Tier 2
creating an enabling framework for investment by provision of Results Based standards of the MTF
Financing (RBF) and working for conducive regulatory conditions. TrICS will also across all six measurement
promote ICS on the demand-side by supporting schools and institutions to attributes but not all for
Tier 4 or higher.
invest in improved cooking services, and through supporting public awareness
campaigns. It also aims at supporting development of supply of more
sustainable biomass energy.
TrICS builds on existing mechanisms for project support within REA’s mandate. An important assumption is
that REA’s technical expertise on cooking energy has been enhanced, with sufficient available capacity in
REA’s HQ and regionally developed through the REACE programme.
5.2.2 Objectives
The Overall Objective of TrICS is:
To promote access to improved cooking services and stimulate rural energy markets

The TrICS-programme has four specific objectives:
1. Enhance supply capacity and quality through capacity building of ICS entrepreneurs
and organizations
2. Support scale-up of industrial production through RBF for ICS for firewood and
charcoal
3. Support market-based approaches for scaling up the demand for ICS through public
awareness creation
4. Support development of sustainable biomass energy production
5.2.3 Rationale
A market-driven energy transition towards improved cooking services is gaining momentum in Tanzania’s
cities and large towns. In rural areas however, a series of interlinked challenges hinder the necessary pace of
a transition to widespread use of ICS. Barriers include affordability, availability, culture and traditions, and
lack of awareness of health effects of indoor air pollution. Rural populations generally have lower income
levels and make their livelihoods from partial subsistence agriculture. Farm households are often only
partially integrated in markets, including energy markets. Firewood is sourced locally from farm, nearby
forests or marketplaces, and provides a stable and reliable supply of affordable biomass energy.
Biomass fuels are a natural part of people’s culture and livelihoods, and firewood is the primary fuel for nearly
all households in rural Tanzania. In urban contexts, charcoal is the primary fuel for most households. Even in
relatively well-off homes with access to LPG and electricity, biomass energy is used as a secondary fuel for
special types of food, and as a means to ensure security of supply and reduce the high costs in meeting energy
needs. The constant and ubiquitous availability of biomass fuels in rural and urban areas make firewood and
charcoal practical solutions for securing predictable and affordable supply of energy, often in combination
with cleaner cooking solutions.
With increasing rural-urban migration, an increasing proportion of Tanzanians live in semi-rural or peri-urban
areas. Energy consumption patterns in these areas are mixed, but biomass energy continues to be the
dominant energy option. Interventions for promoting improved cooking services should consider the local
resource and socio-economic context, but also population density and proximity to infrastructure.
Annual deaths from indoor air pollution are estimated to 33,024, and the number of years lost due to ill-
health, disability or early death 1,414,699 DALYs. The most widespread form of indoor air pollution is from
indoor cooking using unprocessed biomass energy sources (fuel wood, charcoal and agricultural residues).
The majority of families in rural Tanzania live in small and poorly ventilated houses, which exposes them to
high levels of indoor air pollutants. Lack of awareness of health effects of indoor air pollution is a barrier to
transition from Tier 0 to higher-tier stoves. Awareness creation is also an enabler for a shift towards improved
cooking services.
Much research and development interventions have been invested in design and dissemination of ICS over
the years. The acknowledgment that not all improved stoves were actual improvements resulted in
international and national standards for verifying the quality of ICS, such as ISO19867-3:2018 and
TZS473:2019. These are voluntary and have yet to be enforced in Tanzanian markets. The implementation of
such standards is challenging in a market dominated by artisanal entrepreneurs with limited awareness and
financial capacity for having their products tested. There is also a lack of technical knowledge of stove design
among SMEs.
To achieve the SE4ALL goal, production and use of ICS must increase substantially towards 2030. There exists
a large network of NGOs and SMEs that produce and disseminate ICS across Tanzania Mainland. Many of

these are organized as members of TAREA. Under the EnDev III programme supported by SNV, TAREA and
TBS are in dialogue to introduce voluntary performance standards through market mechanisms. Support is
required to ICS entrepreneurs for scaling up production and building capacity for producing high quality,
certified stoves. SNV plays a key role for developing the ICS sector in Tanzania through the Tanzania Improved
Cookstoves project (TICS) under the EnDev III programme, and supports market delivery of 7,000 per month.
The UNDP-funded SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme (2017-2022) aims at supporting delivery
of 460,000 ICS (MEM, 2017).
Although there are numerous initiatives ongoing to develop and supply ICS, there is limited coordination and
joint planning of interventions. An important element of the CEAP is to take the lead as coordinating body
for all interventions on cooking energy in rural Mainland Tanzania. The REACE programme outlines tools
provided by REA for facilitating this monitoring and planning of interventions. It is foreseen that private sector
will have a crucial role to play in the actual implementation and distribution, but close collaboration with
district and regional authorities under PO-RALG is crucial for the achievement of the SE4ALL agenda.
REA’s TrICS-programme aims at improving cooking services for rural and peri-urban households and
institutions that currently use VPT Tier 0 and Tier 1 fuels and technologies, to achieve VPT Tier 2 and 3. The
programme assumes that for most of the population, transition to cleaner cooking solutions will happen
gradually. Rural households will continue to use firewood and constitute a market for ICS for firewood. Peri-
urban households to a larger extent rely on charcoal. Household contexts that rely on purchasing energy such
as charcoal and electricity are integrated in markets. Measures for increasing affordability of stoves and fuels
will have a clearer effect on these families.
To enable large-scale transition to improved cooking, it is critical that private stove and fuel enterprises scale
up their production capacity. The most critical barrier for such scaling up is the inability to access capital,
closely followed by the non-affordability of the products for end users due to insufficient availability of
consumer financing. The EU-funded programme Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Solutions,
planned from 2021 aims at working in two main areas; i) improving biomass energy management and ii)
promoting improved and clean cooking solutions. An objective is to establish a “CookFund” for accelerated
market roll-out of clean cooking solutions 30 . In implementing TrICS, REA will align with and build on ongoing
and planned initiatives in the sector.
REA will act to enhance affordability of cooking technologies through support of large-scale industrial
production of high-quality ICS for firewood and charcoal. REA will provide financial support for industry
aiming at production capacity for 2,000,000 ICS, to meet the target of 2,500,000 by 2030. Financial support
in the form of RBF will be provided for establishing production lines for large-scale production of ICS that can
meet TZS473:2019.
To meet national targets of reduced degradation of forest resources, TrICS includes support for interventions
in the biomass energy supply chain. Illegal and unsustainable charcoal production and fuel wood collection
are key causes of forest degradation. Charcoal production leads to an alarming deforestation and forest
degradation e.g., to produce one ton of charcoal in the traditional kiln, 10 - 12 tons of wood are used.
Improved kilns, as well as alternative biomass energy fuels from the agricultural sector can contribute to
reduce dependence on forest resources. Woodlot forestry for the purpose of fuel production can mitigate
deforestation. Stimulation of more sustainable biomass energy production can have the added benefit of
providing employment opportunity and economic growth in rural areas. Interventions on the supply side of
biomass energy value chain requires effective coordination with VPO and MNRT, the entities responsible for
environmental and forest policy.

5.2.4 Intervention Strategy
Specifically, TrICS will be implemented through four projects:
1. Support SMEs to produce ICS that follow standards.
Train artisanal ICS entrepreneurs and SME stove producers in each region. Focus on female
entrepreneurs. Private sector, NGOs, SIDO and VETA provides training in entrepreneurship and ICS
design. Support testing of stove performance by TZS473:2019 standard through financial support
stove for performance testing at TBS facility. Subsidise stoves that meet the TZS473 standard. Take
inspiration from and integrate CEAP with ongoing and planned activities in EnDev III.
2. Provide RBF for large scale industrial production of ICS for biomass energy.
Establish procurement process for RBF for industrial production of ICS. Provision of financial support
in the form of RBF will be provided for establishing production lines for large-scale production of ICS
that can meet TZS473:2019. Provide training of commercial actor(s) in ICS standards and the MTF.
Provide partial Results Based Financing based on targets sales in areas and populations identified by
REA. Subsidise stoves that meet the TZS473:2019 standard to make the stove affordable for rural
target groups. Collaborate with TRA to lower costs of certified ICS.
3. Support market-based approaches for increasing the demand for ICS
Create market awareness by supporting promotion of certified stoves. Assist with marketing
regionally, with a gender-sensitive approach. This can be coordinated by REA’s in collaboration with
PO-RALG, through mechanisms established under the REACE-programme. Provide support for social
marketing of certified ICS. Engage pilot end users of energy solutions in domestic and commercial
sector, and public institutions. Implemented in close collaboration with private sector actors and
development partners.
4. Support development of sustainable biomass energy production
Finance projects to train charcoal producers in efficient charcoal production, but also the
development of alternative biomass energy sources such as briquettes from agricultural residues.
Finance projects for training in woodlot forestry for energy production in collaboration with the
forestry sector, TFS, MNRT and non-governmental organisations. Initiatives financed by REA should
be coordinated by VPO, to ensure synergies with development partner-led initiatives.

The proposed programme will be implemented in coordination between from MoE, REA, VPO, MoH, MNRT,
TFS, PO-RALG, TBS, in target areas. Implementation will be in close collaboration with development partners
including EU, SNV, UNIDO and the NGO sector. Training and capacity building will be ensured through
Technical Assistance, and partnership with VETA and SIDO.

in the figure below.
Table 10 Roles and Responsibilities – TrICS
MoE Overall programme overseer Coordinate interventions related to cooking energy in

different energy agencies; Formulate policies and
regulations to create an enabling framework for the
programme

REA Implementing agency of the Identify target regions; Facilitate capacity building of
programme SMEs, commercial enterprises; Provide funding to SMEs,
entrepreneurs and NGOs
VPO Implementing partner Advice on environmental conservation, coordinate

interventions on biomass energy use and supply
MoH Oversees health policy Advice on health effects caused by indoor air pollution
implementation and advise better types of ventilation and cooking
technologies
MNRT Oversees policy on forest Advice on improving supply of sustainable biomass

resource management energy from forest resources
TFS Implementing partner Collaborate on improving supply of sustainable biomass

energy from forest resources
PO RALG Oversees regional planning and Participate in identification of target regions and regional
interventions stakeholders and collaborate with REA in coordination of
efforts under TrICS.
TRA Collects taxes and levies Collaborate with REA and MoE to lower costs of ICS
TBS Formulation and promotion of Implementation of TZS473:2019

standards
SIDO Support development of SMEs Contribute through training of SME entrepreneurs

regionally
VETA Provides vocational training Contribute through training of SME entrepreneurs in

engineering regionally
NGOs Collaborative partner for Coordinate and implement private sector initiatives in the
intervention of projects ICS sector and biomass energy supply projects
SMEs Small- and Medium sized Produce and sell stoves in targeted locations. Develop a
Enterprises market network of dealers and agents. Produce and sell
stoves, fuels and energy
MIT Oversees industrial Provide advice and policy coordination for capacity
development building under TrICS related to industrial development in
the cooking energy sector

The following will be the programme’s outputs and outcomes:
1. SME supplying ICS that meet standards to markets across rural Mainland Tanzania.
2. Large scale industrial production of ICS to provide sufficient amounts of affordable stoves.
3. Increased adoption of ICS.
Sub-outcome 3a: Meso-users, institutions and businesses, have installed ICS
Sub-outcome 3b: Micro-level users acquire ICS for their homes

4. Increased supply of sustainable biomass energy

Table 11 Proposed Programme Activities - TrICS
Project 1: Capacity building of ICS entrepreneurs and organizations
1.1 Identify target regions using REA’s GIS REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 7 MoE, REA, VPO, PO RALG
planning tool
1.2 Coordinate/establish regional partnerships Target areas Year 2 - 8 MoE, REA, MoH, VPO, PO
with local stakeholders RALG, TBS, VETA, SIDO, and
private sector
1.3 Develop training material for ICS REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 3 Academic institutions, REA,
TBS, private sector, NGOs,
SIDO, VETA
1.4 Conduct ICS training for entrepreneurs in ICS Target areas Year 2 - 4 VETA, SIDO, REA, NGOs,
private sector
1.5 Support entrepreneurs for testing and Target areas Year 2 - 8 REA, TBS, SIDO
certifying ICS
1.6 Support branding of certified ICS Target areas Year 2 - 8 REA
Project 2: Scale-up of industrial production through matching grants
2.1 Establish a funding line through REF for RBF REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 MoE, REA, MIT
for large-scale ICS production
2.2 Develop procurement protocol REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 REA
2.3 Annual calls for tenders REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 – 7 REA
2.4 Provide training in ICS design, standards and Dodoma Year 2 - 4 REA, MIT, development
production partners, NGOs, TBS,
private sector
2.5 Provide RBF to industry Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA
2.6 Establish supply chains to retailers in target Target regions Year 3 - 7 Industry
areas
2.7 Monitor and evaluate Target regions Year 4 - 8 REA, industry
Project 3: Support market-based approaches through public awareness creation
Sub-project 3a: ICS for meso-users
3.1 Develop mechanism for provision of small REA HQ, Dodoma Year 1 REA, PO RALG
grants to meso-users

3.2 Use regional stakeholder group to identify Target regions Year 2 – 7 REA, LGA, consultant,
pilot end users in regions, schools and other private sector
institutions
3.3 Call for applications Target regions Year 2 – 8 REA
3.4 Provide grants Target regions Year 3 – 8 REA
Sub-project 3b: ICS for micro-level
3.6 Awareness creation campaign in public media REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 4 REA
of certified ICS
3.7 Support promotion of ICS at public fairs Target regions Year 2 - 4 REA
3.8 Awareness campaign on health and Target regions Year 2 - 8 VPO, MoH, NGOs, REA,
environmental impacts from cooking Private sector
3.9 Monitor and evaluate based on IASES II, III Country-wide Year 5 and NBS, REA, MoH, PO RALG
(REACE programme) 8
Project 4: Increased supply of sustainable biomass energy
4.1 Identify target regions using REA’s GIS REA HQ, Dodoma Year 2 - 8 REA, VPO, TFS, NCMC, PO
planning tool RALG
4.2 Coordinate/establish regional partnerships Target areas Year 1 - 8 REA, VPO, MNRT, PO RALG,
with local stakeholders NGOs, development
partners
4.3 Develop call for projects on sustainable REA HQ, Dodoma Year 3 REA, VPO, MNRT, PO RALG,
biomass energy production NGOs, development
partners
4.4 Call for applications Target areas Year 3 - 7 REA
4.5 Provide grants Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA
4.6 Monitor and evaluate Target regions Year 3 - 8 REA, NCMC
5.2.9 Programme Implementation Risks

Table 12 Programme Implementation Risks - TrICS
Pandemic and associated mitigations Externalities hinder Postpone activities

allow conducting projects (e.g. COVID- implementation of projects
19)
Successful implementation of REACE Elements of TrICS may not be TrICS may continue with less
programme implemented institutional knowledge in REA of
cooking energy and new standards.

Implementation of MoH Strategic Plan Limited priority to achieve Strengthen the capacity of MoH on
HSSP V (2021) includes focus on IAP reduction of indoor air monitoring indoor air pollution
pollution in MoH’s agenda
TrICS may continue with less strong
enabling framework and support from
MoH
Enabling policy and regulatory Policy and regulatory Sensitize policy and decision-makers to
framework in place requirements identified in declare clean cooking at national agenda
CEAP not in place
MoE to be capacitated to develop and
effectively monitor policy and
regulations on cooking
TrICS may continue with less
bodies
Funding provided Adequate funding not TrICS can be scaled down

available for TrICS
5.3 Achieving Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Programme (ACCeS)

The ACCeS-programme is set to stimulate a market-led transition towards increasing numbers of household
contexts meeting VPT Tier 4 or higher for cooking. The programme supports the rapidly growing LPG sector
in Tanzania through RBF of expansion of LPG supply to frontier markets in semi-urban and rural areas
targeted by REA. Up-scaling of supply of LPG is planned in two waves: the first targets semi-urban populations
where the demand is relatively high. The second wave extends the first by venturing further with supply
chains of LPG into rural areas. For farm households and institutions with livestock, biogas can be a viable
solution for achieving clean cooking. The ACCeS programme aims at a nationwide scale-up of promotion of
biogas technology. REA’s effort to extend access to electricity in rural Tanzania is followed up with support
of trial projects for assessing use of electricity for cooking in on-grid and off-grid contexts, as well as natural
gas. The programme rests on the institutional foundation of the REACE-programme. ACCeS and TrICS
complement each other while targeting different groups.

5.3.2 Overall Objective
The Overall Objective of ACCeS is:
To promote access to clean cooking solutions through market-based approaches
The ACCeS-programme has five specific objectives:
1. Support LPG distributors for extending supply to frontier markets in semi urban and rural areas.
2. Social marketing of LPG through microfinance groups and institutions in rural areas.
3. Support expansion of biogas as a clean cooking solution.
4. Facilitate pilot projects on eCooking with SHS, minigrid and grid electricity in target areas.
5. Support provision of natural gas to rural communities along gas pipelines.
6. Create awareness about clean cooking solutions and household context.
5.3.3 Rationale
A transition towards cleaner cooking fuels is taking place in Mainland Tanzania, albeit slowly. The transition
starts with an increasing demand for modern fuels among high-income groups in major cities and expands
to medium-income groups and to urban areas elsewhere in the country. As supply chains and infrastructure
develops, distribution will gradually reach semi-rural areas. Housing and energy preferences change when
livelihoods are increasingly made through formal employment with fixed salaries, and with it the demand for
clean cooking solutions increases. Semi-rural areas, with reasonable proximity to roads or urban centres,
constitute a frontier market for commercial enterprises with high potential demand. However, investment
requirements for establishment of distribution and infrastructure development are high and demand is
uncertain, making expansion into these areas risky. Initial public sector support is thus required to attract
investment in energy services provision, support expansion of supply chains to more rural areas, and lay the
foundation for a self-sustained market growth. Interventions should be strategically steered towards specific
geographical contexts and socio-economic groups to maximize impact of the effort.
The increasing access to LPG and electricity in Tanzania presents an opportunity for transitioning the energy
sector towards the SE4ALL goal. LPG is currently more affordable than charcoal in Dar es Salaam, and

consumption has increased steadily towards 150,000 MT/year over the last decade. LPG is already available
in most urban centres around the country, and use of LPG is likely to increase substantially towards 2030 in
a Business as Usual scenario (see Figure 8). However, considering the SE4ALL scenario, the current pace of
development will fall far short of the required large-scale transition to shift millions of people into a
household context with clean cooking solutions at MTF tier 4 and above.
LPG and electricity are fundamentally different in terms of supply and demand side characteristics, but one
aspect is similar: Even as availability increases, demand remains relatively low. Only 0.3 percent of
households in rural Tanzania use electricity as their primary fuel for cooking despite the high and fast
increasing rate of access. LPG retailers now have salespoints in approximately every ward in Tanzania but
only 0.4 percent of rural households use it as their primary fuel; 8.1 percent in urban areas combined 31 .
In urban markets the growth in LPG use stems from a steadily increasing price of charcoal. The increasing
cost of charcoal is a result increasing demand as well as levies on charcoal and other policies to reduce
charcoal consumption. A contributing factor is that import duties and VAT was removed from LPG in 2008-
2009. In contrast to urban areas, rural Tanzania presents an energy context where charcoal costs less, and
locally bought or collected firewood is the primary cooking fuel. Modern fuels and stove alternatives such as
LPG are scarcely available and cannot compete on affordability in most areas. Affordability is determined by
the cost of a given cooking solution and people’s ability and willingness to pay. Compared with urban areas,
rural areas are characterized by low income levels and low demand for energy. Lack of awareness of the
health effects on indoor air pollution and lack of knowledge of available alternatives and their benefits also
hinder the uptake of improved and clean cooking systems. Combined with strong traditions and gendered
social aspects of cooking, transition becomes increasingly difficult as areas grow more rural.
Creating demand through appropriate and setting specific strategies is important for LPG uptake, particularly
in rural areas. Modes of demand creation include general awareness-raising activities about the benefits of
LPG (e.g., through media campaigns) and personal contact through women’s organizations or company
representatives. Product demonstrations, “ambassadors” and high-profile pilot users, and “word-of-mouth”
advertising appear to be the most important general drivers of adoption. A demand-driven approach
facilitates long-term adoption and use. Demand can be met only if those raw materials, stove parts, or
complete LPG stoves not available locally are made accessible to users through well-managed supply chains.
Supply chains may be newly established or make use of existing production and dissemination networks. An
advantage of extending supply chains to rural areas is the for potential job creation at filling stations and in
retail. Road infrastructure has an impact on distribution and availability, including prices. Both government-
led and market-based programmatic approaches ultimately rely on functional, self-sustaining businesses to
produce, disseminate, and maintain LPG stoves in order to be successful.
An important barrier for acquisition of LPG equipment is the large initial cost for stove and cylinder. PAYG
delivery models make it possible to lower or remove the initial barrier, allowing users to pay for cooking gas
in smaller instalments. PAYG for LPG is already being scaled up in Dar es Salaam, but could become key to
reaching populations in rural areas. The ACCeS programme opens for supporting PAYG initiatives in semi-
rural and rural areas.
For farm households and institutions with livestock, biogas may be a viable solution to achieve clean cooking
at VPT Tier 4. An important barrier to adoption of biogas technology is the large upfront investment required.
Financing and technical support of biogas requires comprehensive contextual knowledge and a targeted
effort considering a range of local factors. The Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme (TDBP), launched in
2009 and implemented by CAMARTEC and SNV, TDBP constructed 12,000 small-scale digesters and aimed at

another 10,000 in the second phase. The TDBP-programme infrastructure and funding modality provides a
sound basis for a renewed effort to promote biogas in Mainland Tanzania.
Electricity used for cooking, “eCooking”, is the cleanest cooking solution, at VPT Tier 5 32 . Conceptualizing
cooking as a part of the investment in electrification and in modern energy more broadly, including
investment in renewable energy, could spur more progress toward eCooking in the years to come. New
technologies such as induction and Electric Pressure Cookers (EPC) make it possible to cook using less
electricity.
For clean cooking solutions such as LPG and eCooking, the purchase of the electric or LPG stove may
represent an unsurmountable upfront investment for many rural households. The affordability of cooking is
usually assessed based on the proportion of household income spent on cooking fuel. Although clean cooking
solutions may be economically viable in the long run, the large capital expenditure is discouraging.
A number of projects to promote eCooking have already taken place in major cities in Tanzania, led by NGOs
and development partners. TaTEDO has implemented projects to create awareness of eCooking solutions in
several cities, working closely with household level pilot-users and conducting research on consumer
behaviour in collaboration with international partner universities. There is a small but developing market for
eCooking products and services among urban households in Tanzania 33 . This is supported by an enabling
policy context and affordable electricity for target groups. An identified challenge is that peak electricity
demand with increased cooking with electricity can cause brown-outs due to poor grid electricity
infrastructure. Electric power generation in Tanzania is already subject to rationing during the dry season.
Many areas in rural Tanzania have weak grids and are experiencing unstable demand, making DC eCooking
less viable as option, but battery supported eCooking solutions are emerging as suitable solutions for such
situations. Electric minigrids also represent a potential for diverse opportunities of eCooking in rural areas,
building on integrated household battery storage and time-of-use tariffs. A field trials is being implemented
by TaTEDO on rural minigrids. The system is not yet competitive on price, but suggests the potential for
integrated energy solutions and eCooking. The SHS market is developing rapidly, providing opportunity for
integrating eCooking into standalone PV systems. Compared with electric hotplates, EPCs can reduce energy
demand by 80 percent for “heavy foods” (foods that require boiling for more than an hour) 34 .
Tanzania is endowed with large reservoirs of natural gas, used primarily for electricity generation. A pilot
project to supply natural gas to households and institutions in Dar es Salaam has shown the potential for this
energy source in urban areas. Households and institutions in rural areas along main gas pipelines may also
be connected, and in Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) is exploring this option in 2022.
As Tanzania continues developing natural gas infrastructure in the years towards 2030, REA has the mandate
to support of initiatives to connect rural users to natural gas.
When planning development in the energy sector, fuel stacking may be considered a rational strategy rather
than an obstacle. A growing part of Tanzania’s population live in peri-urban or semi-rural areas, often at the
periphery of urban centers and along main roads. Affordability and market integration is higher in these
areas, with accessibility to both traditional and modern fuels. Fuel stacking may be a way of optimizing
cooking energy use on factors including cost, supply security and cultural preferences. Due to poor
infrastructure and low demand in rural areas, provision of modern energy services may be less secure than
supply of locally available firewood and charcoal. The constant and ubiquitous availability of biomass fuels in
rural and urban areas make it practical for securing predictable and affordable supply of energy, often in
32 Not taking into account the source of electricity production, which in Tanzania is both renewable and fossil.
33 Byrne, R., Onsongo, E., Onjala, B., Todd, J. F., Chengo, V., Ockwell, D., & Atela, J. (2020). Electric cooking in Tanzania: an actor-network map and analysis of a nascent
socio-technical innovation system. Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS)
34 ESMAP (2020). Cooking With Electricity. A Cost Perspective. The World Bank: Washington DC.

combination with modern fuels. Biomass fuels are a natural part of people’s culture and lives. Even in
relatively well-off homes with access to LPG and electricity, energy is used to for special types of food, and
as a means to ensure security of supply and reduce the high costs in meeting energy needs. In the report
“Cooking with Electricity” 35 , various combinations of biomass energy, LPG and eCooking are presented as
household cooking contexts for transitioning towards clean cooking.
Instigation of a transition towards VPT Tier 4 and 5 in rural populations requires collaboration between
private sector actors, and strong public sector support to overcome barriers of affordability, availability,
culture and traditions, and lack of awareness of health aspects of cooking energy use. Efforts should be
directed towards specific target populations both in order to benefit those in society who need it most, but
also to create pilot users who can contribute by being at the forefront of opening new markets in rural areas.
ACCeS addresses not only household contexts that already have achieved VPT Tier 2 to 3, but also target
groups that currently relying on firewood and charcoal in traditional stoves ranked Tier 0 and 1. The
programme supports up-scaling of access to clean technologies through financing projects and venturing into
partnerships with commercial actors and NGOs in the energy sector.
5.3.4 Intervention Strategy

Specifically, ACCeS will be implemented through the following projects:
1. Support LPG distributors for extending supply to frontier markets in semi urban and rural areas.
ACCeS aims at establishing a modality and procurement process for provision of matching grants for
LPG distributors through RBF. Target populations for indirect support through the RBF will be
identified based on socio-economic and contextual criteria. ACCeS will be implemented in two
waves: targeting semi urban areas first, followed by rural areas. REA’s geospatial system will be
applied in planning, and REA’s regional coordination established with PO-RALG under the REACE-
programme, and partnerships will be engaged for verifying target areas. Call for tenders for RBF will
be directed towards partial subsidy of LPG cylinders and stoves to make the stove affordable for rural
target groups. PAYG delivery models may be a viable solution for reaching less densely populated
areas. Marketing and education with a gender-sensitive approach will be conducted to promote LPG.
RBF will be provided based on targeted sales in areas and populations identified by REA.
2. Social marketing of LPG through microfinance groups and institutions in rural areas.
A mechanism will be established for provision of funds from REA to support start-up costs and initial
use of LPG in 1) institutions, and 2) micro-finance groups for individuals such as SACCOS and VICOBA.
A revolving fund is set aside to which institutions and micro-finance groups are encouraged to apply
for a matching grant for acquisition of LPG cylinders and stoves. Eligible institutions and micro-
finance groups will be identified through collaboration between REA and PO-RALG. Matching grant
for acquisition of LPG cylinder and stove is provided for public institutions such as schools, colleges,
hospitals, army camps and prisons, and for microfinance groups. Beneficiaries receive training in use
of LPG technology. The intervention includes capacity building of local retailers to enable servicing
of equipment.
3. Support expansion of biogas as a clean cooking solution.
Collaboration will be established between relevant government agencies and stakeholders engaged
in exploring the potential for biogas in Tanzania. The TDBP-programme infrastructure and funding
modality provides a sound basis for a renewed effort to promote biogas in Mainland Tanzania. REA
35 Ibid

may enter a partnership with stakeholders in the TDBP, with the opportunity for revisiting
programme activities and structure in a contractual agreement for financing over REF. REA and
stakeholders identify target areas and groups of beneficiaries of support for biogas digester
construction based on indicators such as farming system and livelihoods of beneficiaries, using REA’s
planning and monitoring tool. Periodical monitoring enables evaluation of the long-term
sustainability and adoption rate of biogas, and provides reliable data for the NDCs and other national
targets.
4. Facilitate pilot projects on eCooking with SHS, minigrid and grid electricity in target areas.
Collaboration will be established between relevant government agencies and stakeholders engaged
in exploring the potential for eCooking in Tanzania. Three target areas are identified for eCooking
based on indicators including access to electricity, population density, existing energy use and
livelihoods of beneficiaries. The intervention seeks to develop three projects, one in each target area:
i) eCooking with SHS, ii) eCooking with minigrid, and iii) eCooking with grid electricity. This will involve
collaboration with SHS and minigrid providers identified through REA’s stakeholders in
electrification. REA’s geospatial system will be applied in planning, and collaboration between REA
and with PO-RALG will be engaged for verifying target areas. REA will call for proposals for conducting
each of the three projects: Each project promotes eCooking through supply and subsidy of eCooking
equipment, training and capacity building in use and maintenance, and awareness creation about
the household context for clean cooking. Proposals will be evaluated and funding provided through
the REF. REA and project partners will monitor the projects during implementation, including an
emphasis on gender and energy use. Evaluation will address if the projects are viable and should be
repeated in other target areas with support from REA, and assess and compare eCooking with SHS,
eCooking with minigrid, and eCooking with grid electricity.
5. Facilitate projects to provide natural gas for cooking in target areas.
Target areas in Lindi and Mkuranga, along the Mtwara - Dar es Salaam natural gas pipeline identified
in 2022 for pilot project. Pilot project to extend the natural gas distribution network to 800
households, implemented by TPDC and subsidiary with funding over REF. Pilot project to be
monitored and evaluated. Results to provide the basis for adjustment of implementation and funding
modality. To be followed by feasibility study to map for rolling out access to natural gas to other
communities along the Mtwara – Dar es Salaam pipeline. With planned extensions of main natural
gas pipeline to other major cities in Tanzania, REA is in position to scale up access to natural gas for
households and institutions.
6. Create awareness about clean cooking solutions and household context.
REA will address inadequate awareness on available clean cooking technologies to promote
behavioural change considering gendered aspects of energy use; through educational campaigns and
demonstration programmes to increase number of users of clean cooking solutions, suppliers,
producers and funding. This includes provision of capacity building, sensitization, education, public
promotion, advertising campaigns and publicity on advantages of the usage of LPG (fliers, radios
adverts etc) in liaison with the LPG distributors for development of LPG in the targeted areas. REA
will target institutions and micro-finance groups that can act as meso- and micro level piloting users
for eCooking and LPG, and function as effective marketers through demonstrating the advantages
and value of clean cooking solutions. The intervention assumes close collaboration with government
agencies in the health sector to create awareness of the importance of the household context for
meeting MTF Tier 4 and 5. The ACCeS intervention on awareness raising must be coordinated with
corresponding activities in the TrICS-programme.

The proposed programme will be implemented by staff from MoE, REA, TPDC, LGAs in regions, MoH,
MoCDGWS, VPO, PO-RALG, TPDC and VPO. It requires collaboration with commercial enterprises in the
private sector, and strong support through international partners by provision of funding and technical
assistance. Global LPG Partnership (GLPGP) and the Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA) could provide important
support for implementation of the ACCeS programme.

in the table below.
Table 13 Roles and Responsibilities - ACCeS
MoE Overall programme Coordinate the large-scale, commercially based scale-up of

overseer supply of LPG required in ACCeS
Formulate policies and regulations to create an enabling
framework for the programme
REA Implementing agency of the Establish funding mechanisms; Organize procurement

programme processes; Provide matching grants and subsidy; Coordinate
projects; Monitor project implementation; Awareness
creation
EWURA Regulate energy markets Facilitate affordable supply of LPG
MoH Oversees health sector Coordinate awareness campaign on health
MoCDGWS Oversees community Provide advice and policy coordination of initiatives directed
development policy and towards gender equality and social inclusion
gender
TPDC Regulate and facilitate Implementation of national policy for promotion of liquid
supply of petroleum and gaseous petroleum fuels. Implementation of projects
products on natural gas.
VPO Oversees cross-sectoral Its responsibility awareness creation on sustainable

efforts related to environment
environment
PO RALG Lead on government duties Provide political statements on clean cooking.

Collaborate with REA to identify target areas, populations,
micro-finance groups and institutions eligible for support.
Follow-up conditionalities for provision of funding to micro-
finance groups and institutions.
NBS National energy data Provide continuous assessment of overall performance of

the ACCeS-programme

LPG distributors Supply LPG in Tanzania Memorandum of Understanding with REA to supply LPG in
rural areas based on RBF.
Provide capacity building of retailers.
Marketing and awareness creation.
International International networks for Provide support to REA on clean cooking

development clean cooking
Facilitate in capacity building on LPG, and provide support
partners
Technical assistance development of mechanisms for scaling up access to LPG
Funding partner Provide funding
NGO, CBO Implement eCooking Develop project proposals, implement project and monitor
projects development
Education and Education and training on

Participate in awareness and educational campaigns
research institutions health
Banks, financial Manage funds to public Collaborate with REA to establish revolving fund for
institutions subsidized loans to institutions and micro-finance groups
Provide loans to selected beneficiaries
Centre for Operationalizing the Support dialogue with project developers.

Agricultural Government's policies into
Mechanization and programs aimed at
Rural Technology improving the agricultural
(CAMARTEC) production and quality of
rural livelihoods.

The following will be the project’s outputs and outcomes:
1. Demand and market established for LPG across Tanzania Mainland
Sub-outcome 1a: Market established in semi urban areas in the first wave
Sub-outcome 1b: Market established in rural areas in second wave
2. Demand and supply chain for LPG expanding naturally around micro- and meso level pilot users in
rural areas.
3. Increased use of biogas as a clean cooking solution in rural areas.
4. Increased uptake of eCooking in rural Tanzania both on- and off grid.
5. Increased use of natural gas for cooking in rural areas.
6. Increased awareness and demand for clean cooking solutions and healthy cooking facilities in rural
Tanzania.

Table 14 Proposed Programme Activities ACCeS
Project 1: Demand and market established for LPG across Tanzania Mainland
1.1 Establish a modality for RBF in REA REA HQ Year 1 – 2 MoE, REA, consultant
1.2 Determine indicators for identifying eligible REA HQ Year 1 – 2 REA, PO RALG, LPG
target populations distributors
1.3 Apply GIS planning and monitoring system REA HQ Year 1 – 8 REA
Sub-project 1a: Market established in semi-rural areas in the first wave
1.4 Call for tenders for first wave RBF REA HQ Year 2 REA
1.5 Establish supply chains Semi-rural areas Year 2 – 4 LPG distributors
1.6 Conduct marketing and education Semi-rural target Year 2 – 4 REA, LPG distributors
areas
1.7 Monitor performance Semi-rural target Year 3 – 4 REA, LPG distributors,

areas consultant
Sub-project 1b: Market established in rural areas in second wave
1.9 Call for tenders for second wave RBF REA HQ Year 4 REA
1.10 Establish supply chains Rural areas Year 4 – 7 LPG distributors
1.11 Conduct marketing and education Rural target areas Year 4 – 7 REA, LPG distributors
1.12 Monitor performance Rural target areas Year 5 – 8 REA, LPG distributors,
consultant
Project 2: Expanding LPG supply chain in rural areas
2.1 Establish a revolving funding mechanism from Dodoma Year 2 REA, financial institution
REF, managed by third party bank
2.2 Identify target areas in regions Rural areas Year 2 - 7 REA, PO-RALG, LPG
distributors, regional
branches of financial
institution, public
institutions

2.3 Call for applications for subsidized loan from Rural target areas Year 3 - 7 REA, financial institution
micro-finance groups and public institutions in
target areas
2.4 Provide subsidized loan for acquisition of LPG Selected locations Year 3 - 7 Financial institutions
2.5 Training of beneficiaries Selected locations Year 3 - 7 REA
2.6 Capacity building of LPG retailers Selected locations Year 3 - 7 LPG distributor
Project 3: Biogas as a clean cooking solution
3.1 Dialogue with biogas stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 REA, CAMARTEC, NGOs,
Project developers
3.2 Develop specifications for a biogas REA HQ Year 3 REA

programme, building on Tanzania Domestic Biogas
Programme
3.3 Identify target areas Target areas Year 3 REA
3.4 Contract for financing biogas programme REA HQ Year 3 REA
3.5 Implement biogas programme Target areas Year 4 – 8 Project developers,

NGOs
3.6 Monitor biogas programme Target areas Year 4 – 8 Project developers,

NGOs, REA
3.7 Evaluate biogas programme Target areas Year 8 Consultants, REA
Project 4: Increased uptake of eCooking in rural areas
4.1 Dialogue with eCooking stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 REA, electricity service
providers, NGOs, Project
developers
4.2 Develop specifications for three projects: 1) REA HQ Year 3 REA, consultants
eCooking with SHS, 2) eCooking with mini-grid,
and 3) eCooking with grid electricity
4.3 Identify target areas with SHS, mini-grid and Target areas Year 3 REA, electricity service
grid service providers providers, consultants
4.4 Call for proposals and select three for funding REA HQ Year 3 REA
4.5 Implement projects Three target areas Year 4 - 6 Project developers,

providers
4.6 Monitor projects Three target areas Year 4 - 6 Project developers,

providers, REA

4.7 Evaluate and compare modes of electricity Three target areas Year 7 Consultants, REA
supply for eCooking
4.8 Assess viability. Decide if, how and what mode Dodoma Year 7 REA, MoE
to support in new target areas
Project 5: Increased use of natural gas for cooking in rural areas
5.1 Implement pilot project in Lindi and Mkuranga Lindi and Year 1 - 3 MoE, TPDC and other
Mkuranga stakeholders
5.2 Dialogue with natural gas stakeholders Dodoma Year 2 - 3 MoE, TPDC and other
stakeholders
5.3 Feasibility study to identify target areas Target areas along Year 3 TPDC, REA
main pipeline
5.4 Develop specifications for natural gas project Dodoma Year 3 MoE, TPDC, REA
5.5 Contract for financing natural gas project REA HQ Year 3 GoT, REA and other
stakeholders
5.6 Fund natural gas project Target areas along Year 3 - 6 GoT, REA and other
main pipeline stakeholders
5.7 Monitor natural gas project Target areas along Year 3 - 6 TPDC, REA
main pipeline
5.8 Evaluate natural gas project Target areas along Year 6 TPDC, REA, consultants
main pipeline
5.9 Assess viability of provision in new areas Dodoma and Year 6 MoE, TPCD, REA
where natural gas pipeline is extended. Decide if, target areas
how and what mode to support in new target
areas (repeat steps 5.2-5.8)
Project 6: Increased awareness and demand for clean cooking solutions
6.1 Develop and overall strategy for awareness REA HQ Year 2 REA, consultants
creation, education and capacity building
6.2 Develop educational material for safe use of REQ HQ Year 2 - 3 REA, consultants, LPG
LPG and natural gas distributors
6.3 Produce educational and training material on REA HQ Year 3 Development partners,
eCooking NGOs, electricity service
providers, REA
6.4 Conduct public campaigns in media and live National, targeted Year 3 - 6 MoH, REA, Development
demonstrations to create awareness of health semi-urban and partners, NGOs, Private
impact with clean cooking solutions (ACCeS rural population sector and media
programme)

6.5 Conduct public campaigns in media to create National, targeted Year 3 - 6 MoH, REA, Development
awareness of health benefits of improved cooking rural population partners, NGOs, Private
services (TrICS programme) sector and media
6.6 Monitor and evaluate ACCeS-programme Country-wide Year 5 and 8 NBS, REA
based on IASES II, III (REACE programme)
5.3.9 Risks to Project Implementation

Table 15 Risk to project implementation - ACCeS
Successful implementation of REACE Few or no additional staff hired. ACCeS may continue with less
programme Limited resources for operational institutional knowledge in REA of
costs cooking energy and new standards.
Funds from GoT allocated to REA for Less funds received than Scale down activities
implementing REACE requested
Government institutions engaged in Partners do not commit to ACCeS REA prioritises parts of ACCeS that
implementation of ACCeS can be conducted without strong
partnerships
Funding from development partners to Less or no funds allocated from REA prioritises parts of CEAP that can
match provisions by GoT development partners be conducted without large
investments
Contracts with LPG distributors No interest or capacity among Focus on demand-side interventions
LPG distributors
Implementation of MoH Strategic Plan Limited priority to achieve a ACCeS may continue with less strong
HSSP V (2021) includes focus on IAP reduction of indoor air pollution enabling framework
in MoH’s agenda
Enabling policy and regulatory Policy and regulatory Sensitize policy and decision-makers
framework in place requirements identified in CEAP to declare clean cooking a national
not in place agenda
ACCeS may continue with less
bodies

5.4 CEAP Costs and Financing plan
The indicative costs for the three programmes REACE, TrICS, ACCeS are summarized in the tables below.
Further details can be found in the financing section of the REMP main document.
Table 16 CEAP Summary of indicative cost, per programme
TZS, rounded CEAP REACE TrICS ACCeS

Expenses Total Total Total Total
Oper. Costs 80,860,000 44,200,000 22,880,000 13,780,000
Tech. Ass. 40,300,000 24,960,000 520,000 14,820,000
REF grants 385,320,000 5,720,000 164,060,000 215,540,000
Sub-total 506,480,000 75,140,000 187,460,000 244,140,000
Table 17 CEAP Summary of indicative cost, timeline
TZS, 1000s,
rounded CEAP
Expenses Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030
Oper. Costs 80,860,000 4,420,000 12,740,000 11,960,000 11,440,000 11,180,000 29,380,000
Tech. Ass. 40,300,000 3,380,000 9,100,000 13,520,000 6,500,000 3,120,000 4,680,000
REF grants 385,320,000 4,940,000 10,920,000 59,540,000 87,620,000 79,820,000 142,480,000
Sub-total 506,480,000 13,000,000 32,760,000 85,020,000 105,560,000 94,120,000 176,540,000

6 Enabling Framework
Achievement of the SE4ALL goal depends on a combination of market-based and public sector-led
interventions to promote improved and clean cooking solutions. A coordinated effort from government
institutions is required to create a robust enabling environment with well-aligned policies, effective
regulations, and aptly directed financial support. Implementation of CEAP’s three programmes must be
accompanied by cross-sectoral efforts to address barriers to a rural energy transition
Important barriers to energy transition in rural areas are described in section 3.4. They relate to affordability
and availability of energy, culture and traditions, awareness of energy-related health issues, technological
and business development, and enabling policies and capacity for coordination and leading efforts in the
energy sector. In the subsequent sections the policy framework, regulatory framework, and institutional
framework relevant for promoting improved and clean cooking are described, pointing at specific barriers
that must be addressed, and providing recommendations for an enabling framework to accomplish the
SE4ALL goal.
6.1 Policy Framework

Tanzania’s energy policies provide objectives and a framework for governing the energy sector and sub-
sectors. Tanzania’s first NEP was adopted in 1992 with revised policies being adopted in 2003 and 2015. The
2003 policy laid the foundation for promoting renewable energy sources and encouraging private sector
participation in the energy sector. The 2015 policy focused on ensuring the provision of reliable and
affordable energy by facilitating an efficient and sustainable energy value chain. Framed around health and
environmental drivers, the 2015 policy includes an objective to improve the quality of life through the use of
modern fuels. This objective is accompanied by two policy statements: To enhance fuel switching from wood
fuel to modern energy, and to facilitate adoption of appropriate cooking appliances to promote alternatives
to wood fuel.
The NEP 2015 is structured from a supply-side perspective with sections on the electricity sub-sector and the
petroleum and gas sub-sector, with acts and regulations divided accordingly. The table below provides an
overview of key policies, acts and regulations governing Tanzania's energy sector.
Table 18 Policies, acts and regulations governing Tanzania's energy sector.
Year Policy/act/regulation Details

1992 National Energy Policy Tanzania instituted its first NEP to “provide an input in the
development process by establishing an efficient energy production,
procurement, transportation, distribution, and end-user systems”.
2001 Energy and Water Utilities Established the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
Regulatory Authority (EWURA) to regulate tariffs for electricity trade in the country, and
(EWURA) Act promote the availability of regulated services to all, including low-
income, rural, and disadvantaged consumers.
2003 National Energy Policy The 2003 policy laid the foundation for promoting renewable
energy sources and encouraging private sector participation in
Tanzania.
2005 Rural Energy Act Established the Rural Energy Agency in order to enhance energy
access in rural areas.
2006 EWURA Act Further mandated the autonomous multi-sectoral regulatory

authority in charge of technical and economic regulation of
electricity, LPG, petroleum, natural gas and water.

Year Policy/act/regulation Details
2008 Electricity Act Provides facilitation and regulation of generation, transmission,
transformation, distribution, supply and use of electric energy,
including rural electrification.
2008 Petroleum Act This Act provides regulation of importation, transportation, storage,
distribution, sale and use of petroleum and petroleum products,
including LPG, kerosene and natural gas.
2015 National Energy Policy Aimed to attract more private investment and local participation in
the energy sector, improve efficiency and energy conservation as
well as access to modern energy services and increase the share of
renewables in the electricity generation mix.
2015 Executive Agencies Act Established PBPA to coordinate and manage efficient procurement
of petroleum products through Bulk Procurement System (BPS)
Specific environmental issues including deforestation and indoor air quality that are specifically addressed in
a number of acts and policies include:
The NEPs confirms the ambition to transition the residential sector away from dependence on firewood and
charcoal. Reducing deforestation is considered an energy sector issue that policies should seek to address
through demand-side interventions. Key sector policies, acts and strategies that promote sustainable
management forest biomass resources from the supply side mainly fall under the MNRT, and include the
National Forest Policy (1998), the National Woodfuels Action Plan (2009), Guideline on Sustainable
Harvesting and Trade in Forest Products (2017), the Forest Act (2002), Charcoal Regulations (2006), National
REDD Strategy and Action Plan (2013). Currently the National Forestry Policy is under review and will include
a revised regulatory framework for wood fuel production, sales, and taxation.
Due to its impact on forests, national energy consumption is addressed as an environmental issue in the NEP
2015. The National Environment Policy (1997) and the Environmental Management Act (2004) provide the
legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment. The National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015-2020, describe the challenge of biodiversity loss caused by the use of
biomass fuel for cooking especially charcoal and firewood, National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)
explains the challenges facing the energy sector which include climate change, high initial costs of
environmentally and socially sound energy technologies; and inadequate human and institutional capacities
and the Country State of Environment Report 2020 shows the impacts of cutting trees for charcoal production
and firewood on forests and land due to the high demand of fuelwood (90 percent of the country’s
population), especially in urban areas. The Climate Change Strategy (2012) outlines the technical and
institutional capacity of the country to address the impacts of climate change. The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement was ratified by Tanzania in May 2018. The first
NDCs promotes energy efficiency technologies, enhancing efficiency in wood fuel extraction and utilisation,
and enhancing use of renewable biomass 36 .
The NEPs addresse the negative impact on public health from inefficient use of woodfuels, as well as the
disproportionate burden on women. The Ministry of Health is a central actor in a coordinated effort to scale
up access to improved and clean cooking solutions. The Public Health Act (2009) aims at increasing the well-
being of the population by providing essential public health services, including improving equitable access to
services by focusing on geographic areas and vulnerable groups in the population with higher risks. The Act
focuses on communicable diseases and does not mention air quality. The National Health Policy (2017)
addresses the need for improvement of general health, but only indirectly addresses the negative health
36 VPO (2021). Nationally Determined Contribution. Vice President’s Office: Dodoma.

impacts of indoor air pollution for cooking. The Health and Pollution Action Plan 37 has proposed actions for
addressing indoor air pollution, including clean cooking solutions. Ministry of Community Development
Gender, Women and People with Special Needs (MoCDGWS) is responsible for addressing gender equality,
and so is a central actor in improving access to improved cooking energy services.
6.2 Regulatory Framework

Regulation, legislation and standardisation are key factors in creating an enabling environment. Policy and
legislation are fundamental to controlling energy price volatility, including importation issues and regional
price variations. Regulation is also important for safety of supply and maintenance of cooking solutions.
Tanzania has a well-established legal and regulatory framework for the energy sector.
Table 19 Acts and regulation relevant to the cooking energy sector.
Legal framework
The Rural Energy Act (2005)
The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act (2001, 2006)
The Electricity Act (2008)

The Petroleum Act (2015)
The Forest Act (2002)
The Fair Competition Act (2003)
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (2003)
The Environmental Management Act (2004)

The Public Health Act (2009)
The Standards Act (2009)

The Public Procurement Act (2011)
The Public Private Partnership Policy of 2009 and Act of 2014, and as amended in 2018
The Executive Agencies Act (2015)
Notable here is the Standards Act of 2009 which gives TBS the mandate to oversee and set standards of
imported and local made commodities, including fuel standards and standards for cooking technologies.
6.3 Institutional Framework

The energy sector in Tanzania involves a range of stakeholders, both government and non-governmental
institutions within and outside the country. Their involvement in energy-related activities varies between
being users of energy, production of energy equipment, financiers of energy projects, researchers, NGOs,
policy makers and regulators of the energy sector.
Whereas the government ministries coordinate sectors and are mandated with implementation of political
goals, the agencies regulate, provide guidance, implement, and support private sector development
financially.

Table 20 Government institutions with a mandate relevant to the CEAP.
Name of Institution Mandate related to energy

Energy policy domain
Ministry of Energy Provide overall policy oversight and coordination of the energy sector
Energy and Water Regulate energy markets, particularly the electricity and petroleum sub-
Regulatory Authority sectors
Petroleum Bulk Import petroleum products through the BPS
Procurement Agency
Tanzania Petroleum Implementation of national policy for promotion of liquid and gaseous
Development Corporation petroleum fuels
TANESCO National electricity utility and main power supplier
Rural Energy Agency Support transition to improved and cleaner energy in rural areas
Natural resource management domain
Vice-Presidents Office - Oversee and coordinate environmental policy and activity across
Division of Environment ministries
Ministry of Natural Provide policy oversight on natural resource management and forestry
Resources and Tourism
Tanzania Forest Services Regulate the forestry sector, including biomass energy. Partner in
Agency initiatives for sustainable biomass energy supply
Health and gender domain
Ministry of Health Provide policy oversight on public health policy
Ministry of Community Provide policy oversight and work for cross-sectoral effort to promote
Development Gender, gender equality
Women and People with
Special Needs
National Institute for Carry out and coordinate health research
Medical Research
Muhimbili University of Train, conduct research and provide services in health
Health and Allied Sciences
Cross-cutting
President’s office - Regional Coordinate and oversee administration and interventions at regional,
Administration and Local district and local level
Government
Local Government Coordinate and facilitate interventions, local democratic institutions
Authorities
Ministry of Finance Oversee and allocate public funds over the national budget

Name of Institution Mandate related to energy
Tanzania Bureau of Formulate national standards, including for fuels and energy conversion
Standards technologies. Partner for meeting natural standards for ICS and clean
cooking solutions
National Bureau of Statistics Provide national statistics, including for monitoring the energy sector.
Implement IASES
Research, education, and development
University of Dar es Salaam Conduct research and provide higher education for the energy sector
University of Dodoma Conduct research and provide higher education for the energy sector
Tanzania Industrial Research Support the development of competitive industries, technical support
Organisation services
Vocational Education and Provide training through 33 vocational training centres and institutes
Training Authority across Tanzania
Small Industries Support SME establishment with capacity building
Development Organisation
Sokoine University of Research and education in natural resource management
Agriculture
Centre for Agricultural Implement development programmes in rural Tanzania, including the
Mechanisation Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme
6.4 Creating an Enabling Framework

Reaching the SE4ALL goal by 2030 rests on the interdependency between the implementation of CEAP, the
provision of an enabling framework for CEAP, and implementation of complementary initiatives and efforts
(ref. section 7.4).
Considering the barriers as identified in section 3.4 in light of the policy, regulatory and institutional context
described in the preceding sections, the following section provides policy recommendations and highlights
regulatory and institutional enablers to overcome the barriers and create an enabling framework for the
implementation of CEAP.
6.4.1 Policy Recommendations

Low ability to pay in rural areas is an important barrier to improving energy services for a large part of
Tanzania’s population. The purchase of an ICS or a cylinder and stove for LPG may represent an
unsurmountable upfront investment for many rural households.
Recommendation: Address SDG 7 and associated goals through a cross-sectoral national effort
Barrier Ensuring availability and affordability of improved and clean alternatives for
cooking in rural Tanzania will require substantial and sustained investment in
infrastructure, such as industrial-scale production capacity of ICS, storage and
filling facilities for LPG, development of distribution capacity, and support to
market activities to make provision commercially viable and enable expansion
into new areas.

Enabler A national and cross-sectoral effort must be made to address SDG 7, 3, 5,13
and 15, supported by appropriate allocation of public funding over the national
budget.
In NEP 2015 an objective is to enhance utilisation of renewable energy resources, including biomass, so as to
increase its contribution in diversifying resources for electricity generation. It is also stated that “the
Government shall facilitate efficient biomass conversion and end-use technologies”.
Recommendation: Acknowledge biomass energy as a mainstay in the country’s energy supply

Barrier Sustainable production and use of biomass resources fall under the mandate
of several Government ministries.
Enabler To create an enabling framework for reaching the SE4ALL, policies across
sectors should acknowledge biomass energy as a mainstay in the country’s
energy supply, and policies and regulations in the forestry and energy sectors
should be aligned.
Since the 1970s Tanzania has seen numerous government and development-led efforts to promote improved
and clean cookstoves and fuels, but with limited effect in terms of scale and lasting results.
Recommendation: Coordinate government and development partner-led interventions to promote

clean and improved cooking alternatives
Barrier The Country Action Plan for Clean Cookstoves and Fuels (ICS Taskforce and
CCFAT, 2014), reported that the enabling environment has been stifled by
policy and market failures, a lack of awareness on the benefits of clean
cookstoves, weak government policies and insufficient access to finance.
Enabler To create an enabling framework for reaching the SE4ALL, increased effort
should be made to coordinate government and development-led interventions
to promote clean and improved cooking alternatives, such as LPG, eCooking
and ICS. Current and planned development projects and programmes are
described in section 7.4.
Statistical data and reports that exist on national energy consumption patterns lack the necessary depth and
detail to inform policy and regulatory decision-making.
Recommendation: Implement an information and knowledge management system for the energy sector
Barrier MoE lacks a comprehensive system for national monitoring and evaluation of
the energy sector (JESR, 2020). An area poorly addressed is the extent and
consequences of fuel stacking, which is an important factor for interventions
on cooking energy.
Enabler Increased capacity for M&E should established by the MoE. This could include
an energy information and knowledge management system to be implemented
by MoE in coordination with stakeholders including NBS.

There is in inadequate awareness of indoor pollution and its health impacts among the public health services
and extension as well as in the general population.
Recommendation: Increase attention towards causes and effects of indoor air pollution in health policy
Barrier Impact of Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is not addressed in depth in current policy
and regulation related to public health, including the Tanzania Health Sector
Strategic Plan 2021-2026 38 . This in turn limits the attention to adoption of
improved and clean cooking stoves, especially by the rural population.
Enabler Health policy and regulations should increase attention towards causes and
effects of indoor air pollution, and public awareness raising. The Health and
Pollution Action Plan 39 has proposed actions for addressing indoor air
pollution, including awareness creation and promotion of clean cooking
solutions. Efforts to address indoor air pollution should be coordinated
between the energy and health authorities.
Gender is a crosscutting issue, and women and children carry the largest burden from exposure to pollutants
coming from cooking with firewood and charcoal.
Recommendation: Increase attention towards burden on women and children from indoor air pollution
Barrier Gender is a crosscutting issue, and women and children carry the largest
burden from exposure to pollutants coming from cooking with firewood and
charcoal. The head of household are often men, delimiting the range of
decision of the source of energy used for cooking.
Enabler The MoCDGWS is responsible for gender-related policy in Tanzania. In
development of new policy increased attention should be given to impacts
from cooking energy use and measures to address impacts of these, and
awareness to both men and women on the effects of pollution.
Training needs assessment and capacity development for the energy sector took place between 2014 and
2019 including at MoE, EWURA, TANESCO, TPDC and PURA. Implementation of such capacity building is
ongoing but slow in some cases and sometimes are already outside the planned deadlines, according to the
2020 Joint Energy Sector Review 40 .
Recommendation: Support capacity building and structural changes in energy sector public institutions
Barrier Relevant expertise and capacity in government institutions for implementation
of policies in the energy sector is crucial when considering interventions to
support transition to improved and clean cooking energy.
38 MoH (2021). Tanzania Health Sector Strategic Plan 2021-2026. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children: Dodoma
40 JESR (2020). Joint Energy Sector Review. MoE: United Republic of Tanzania.

Enabler Important for enabling implementation of CEAP is an approval by the MoE and
the GoT for the proposed structural changes to REA, involving change of
mandates, recruitment plan and routines outlined in REACE.
Recommendation: Support research institutions in Tanzania to study climate change impact of energy
interventions
Barrier There is limited knowledge of the impact on GHG emissions from a transition
from renewable biomass energy to increased reliance on LPG and other non-
renewable fuels. Research institutions lack the necessary resources to conduct
research on climate change mitigation and Global Warming Potential of
development interventions.
Enabler Support research institutions in Tanzania including SUA, UDOM and NCMC to
study Global Warming Potential of different energy sector trajectories,
including the SE4ALL scenario. Research can be strengthened through
collaboration with international research institutions.
Energy for cooking receives considerably less funding than other decentralised energy sources in Tanzania.
The budget set aside for cooking energy in REA is TZS 2 Billion, or 0.5 percent of the total budget.
Recommendation: Allocate sufficient funding for implementation of CEAP

Barrier Development partners’ funding data indicates that in the last 9 years, USD
11,600,000 – or 0.7 % of total energy funding 41 , was applied to energy for
cooking related initiatives. In REA’s Approved Work Plan and Budget for
2020/21, the total revenue expected to be received in the REF has been
estimated at TZS 395.43 Billion out of which TZS 374.75 Billion is from
Government sources and TZS 32.32 Billion is expected from Development
Partners.
Enabler The sources of finance earmarked for REA include Government Budgetary
allocation as a cross-subsidy through the Petroleum Levy and the Electricity
Levy. With increasing energy consumption in urban areas, allocation to REA
increases. Allocation of sufficient funding to cooking energy should also be
provided from other sources.
6.4.2 Regulatory Barriers and Enablers

Markets for firewood, charcoal, LPG, natural gas, electricity and other forms of energy differ substantially in
terms of actors involved, scale of operations, degree of formalization of supply chains, and between the
urban and rural space. Firewood is largely locally supplied and consumed. Charcoal supply chains originate
in rural areas and the charcoal is transported to and consumed in urban centres – with the capital
representing 40-50% of the national consumption. The charcoal sector is increasingly formalized though

regulation by TFS. LPG is imported through the BPS and marketed through commercial LPG distributors and
retailers. Grid electricity is supplied mainly by TANESCO. LPG and electricity markets are regulated by EWURA.
Recommendation: Effective market regulation of all fuels

Barrier A fundamental barrier is that the rural energy economy largely is informal, not
perfectly integrated in financial markets, and therefore difficult to regulate
through fiscal policy.
Enabler Effective market regulation should be communicated and framed through
information, awareness creation and education. Policy for increasing use of
improved and clean cookstoves and fuels should be an integral part of
formalization of the rural economy at large.
Recommendation: Coordinated effort to promote LPG

Barrier Lack of coordination in importation of LPG (e.g., bulk importation and
regulation).
Enabler Implementation of a national LPG promotion plan which considers the barriers
to use of LPG in rural Mainland Tanzania.
Recommendation: Enforcement of stove and fuel standards by TBS

Barrier Lacking standardization and formalization of biomass stove markets, and
inadequate implementation of energy performance standards for ICS, make
the stoves available on the market of general low quality and reliability, and do
not represent sufficient efficiency improvements and reduced emissions to
qualify for VPT Tier 2.
Enabler Provide TBS with capacity for enforcing cookstove standards. Provide financial
support for stove producers to test stoves to meet the standards.
Recommendation: Enforcement of safety standards by OSHA

Barrier Enforcement of standards is required to ensure LPG safety; lack of oversight
mechanisms and insufficiently regulated expansion of the LPG market
contribute to the release into the market of unsafe products, which may
further reinforce general fears concerning the use of LPG.
Enabler Provide capacity for enforcing the Occupational Safety and Health Act (2003),
and TBS with capacity for enforcing safety standards.
Low ability to pay in rural areas is an important barrier to improving energy services for a large part of
Tanzania’s population.

Recommendation: Exempt electric cooking appliances from VAT
Barrier Although access to electricity has increased the last years, connectivity has
remained low in rural areas. Furthermore, only a fraction of the connected
households uses electricity for cooking 42 . EWURA regulates services targeted
to low-income, rural and disadvantaged consumers. This includes a life-line
tariff of 0.06 USD/kWh for the first 75 kWh.
Enabler VAT exemption for energy efficient electric cooking appliances.
Recommendation: Price LPG strategically

Barrier Price volatility and lack of control over large regional price differentials and
local fees and levies adversely affect adoption and sustained use of clean
cooking fuels such as LPG. The regulation of energy distribution has significant
impact on the ability to scale up investments and increase availability into
gradually more rural areas.
Enabler Apply EWURA’s regulatory tools for strategic pricing of LPG such as price
equalizer for urban and rural markets. Consider implementation of an
instrument like the electricity life-line tariff, for LPG.
Even when the long-term running costs of an alternative solution is competitive, the purchase of an ICS or a
cylinder and stove for LPG or eCooking equipment may represent an unsurmountable upfront investment for
many rural households. Through the NEPs, the GoT has been promoting substitution of charcoal and firewood
by providing tax relief to stimulate the use of LPG in the country. In 2008-2009 import duties and VAT were
removed from LPG. All other cooking fuels have taxes, royalties, duties and levies.
Recommendation: Incentivise ICS production

Barrier Costs for production and distribution of ICS are high due to material
expenditures and capital investments required in for installing production lines.
Enabler Support production of ICS by exemption from VAT and other fees for input
materials, licenses, and capital expenditures for equipment in the stove
industry to enhance affordability.
Recommendation: Reduce import duties for ICS

Barrier Costs for production and distribution of ICS are high due to material
expenditures and capital investments required in for installing production lines.
Enabler ICS produced in other countries may be imported. Uptake of important stoves
can be incentivised by lowering import duties on ICS that meet Tanzanian

standards. A risk associated with this is that domestically produced stoves are
less competitive on price.
Recommendation: Reduce import duties for LPG appliances

Barrier LPG requires upfront investment for households for purchasing the cylinder,
cooker and gas, making the solution unaffordable for lower-income users. The
inability to afford to purchase large refills of gas (usually 6 kg refills of gas).
Lower-income customers will typically be buying sufficient charcoal for just a
few meals whereas a normal gas cylinder could represent over one month’s
usage.
Enabler Tax advantages and reforms can increase affordability, for example:
Exemption of import duties on LPG tanks and regulators, and reducing import
duties and VAT for LPG stoves, to reduce start-up costs for purchase of cylinder
and stove.
The charcoal sector and supply chain from rural producers to urban consumers is in the process of being
formalized through regulation by TFS. This contributes to increase the cost of charcoal in cities, thereby
increasing urban demand for alternatives such as LPG, eCooking and use of natural gas. Charcoal costs less
and is used less in rural Tanzania due to locally available firewood. The effect of formalization of the charcoal
sector is likely to have marginal direct effect on rural energy consumption, but it may contribute to the
general formalization of the rural economy.
Recommendation: Regulate charcoal value chains

Barrier Formalisation through regulation of biomass energy value chains sector must
acknowledge that charcoal production and sales is a livelihood strategy for
hundred-thousands of people in rural Tanzania. In 2012, charcoal and woodfuel
generated approximately USD 1 billion in revenues for producers, transporters
and energy sellers.
Enabler Regulation of the charcoal value chains should provide financial incentives to
rural producers based on efficiency of production. This should be bolstered by
increased cross-sectoral capacity for regulation of upstream and mid-stream
charcoal supply through dialogue between VPO, TRA, PO-RALG, LGAs and
producers and establishment of producer organizations.
6.4.3 Institutional Barriers and Enablers

Governance of biomass energy resources and efforts to enable transition toward use of improved and clean
cooking in Tanzania has been challenged by lack of coordination and clear delineation of mandate between
relevant ministries. As outlined in section 6.1, cooking energy bridges the policy domains of VPO, MNRT and
MoH, and indirectly involves a range of other government institutions.
Advisories such as the Biomass Energy Strategy Tanzania (BEST) and the 2020 Joint Energy Sector Review
point to the lack of coordination between energy and forestry sectors as an important barrier for successful

interventions to reduce rate of deforestation. Tanzania’s forest resources are under the mandate of MNRT
and its Forestry and Beekeeping Division. TFS has been mandated with policy development, management of
the charcoal trade and revenue collection. TFS manages the Tanzania Forest Fund which is used to promote,
facilitate and finance projects to enhance sustainability of use of forest resources. A possible enabler is that
VPO is responsible for environment, and as such an entity which bridges the policy domains. VPO is situated
for overseeing demand and supply-side interventions to regulate biomass energy use policies and
interventions.
The health dimension of cooking energy should be anchored in MoH. However, a barrier for cross-sectoral
effort for promoting clean cooking is that indoor air pollution has received limited attention in the health
sector. NIMR and MUHAS are relevant research and education institutions that work on indoor air pollution
in Tanzania. In implementing the NEPs, the MoE and REA are engaged in work to reduce the health burden
from indoor air pollution. Enabler: MoH has the mandate to promote initiatives to improve public health.
The ministry is a natural nodal point for coordinating awareness raising campaigns and education related to
improving the household context of cooking energy use towards the SE4ALL goal.
An effective entity for coordination of energy sector activities with other cross cutting sectors is necessary.
A barrier to implementation of cooking interventions under REA is the lack of a coordinating body for cross-
sectoral interventions. The Rural Energy Working Group (REWG) is positioned to be an enabling body for
overseeing joint institutional efforts to implement CEAP: It is constituted by the most strategic energy sector
stakeholders’ institutions exists and was formed by MoE. It included MoE, REA, EWURA, TBS, TANESCO,
NEMC, TPDC, MoFP, MNRT, MIT, COSTECH, private sector representative, PO-RALG and EDPG (Energy
Development Partner Group) representative as an observer. REWG has been inactive but was supposed to
meet several times a year to deliberate on issues cross cutting sector boundaries. Its decisions previously
were not binding to any of the participating institutions. To coordinate the cross-sectoral effort to establish
an enabling framework of policies, regulations and institutions for reaching SE4ALL, it is recommended that
REWG is re-vitalized with a workplan and commitment that agreed decisions must be legally binding.
Composition should be considered in light of needs arising.

7 Implementation Strategy
To implement the CEAP, a concerted and well-coordinated effort involving a wide range of stakeholders is
required. This includes government ministries and agencies, civil society, commercial actors, NGOs and
research and education institutions. Development partners, technical assistance through consultancy, and
collaboration in international networks play an important role. This section describes REA’s mandate and
structure and outlines a coordination structure and institutional capacity building required.
7.1 Coordination of CEAP

The oversight of the CEAP will be ensured by MoE, delegating the responsibility for implementing the three
programmes described in chapter 5 to REA. Implementation of CEAP, funding modality and allocation of
resources will be established in REA’s Annual Work plans.
The REWG will facilitate coordination of interventions across sectors to prepare an enabling framework for
implementation of CEAP. REWG will meet twice a year or as needs arise to ensure alignment of polices to
support the development of a clean cooking sector, provide guidance, policy making and decision-making,
and monitor programme performance. Composition of REWG is described in section 6.4.3, but may be
composed to include PO-RALG, VPO, MoE, MNRT, MoH, REA, EWURA, TPDC, NBS, TBS, a representative from
EDPG, and a representative from NGO sector. The ministries and agencies should be represented in REWG
by high-ranking officials.
The EDPG is foreseen to have a role for communicating and coordinating efforts in CEAP with initiatives
implemented by Development Partners. EDPG is also represented in REB, which increases the potential for
synergistic coordination of CEAP and other interventions (see section 7.4).
The coordination structure for each programme under CEAP is organized as described in Chapter 5. Specific
programme activities are designated by the Director General to appropriate directorates and sections in REA
An annual stakeholder meeting is organized under CEAP. Bilateral meetings with commercial enterprises that
are funded through REF will be organized as required.
CEAP is an eight-year action plan. CEAP is implemented during the planning period for REA’s Strategic Plan
for 2021/22 - 2025/26, as well as the subsequent Strategic Plan which will go beyond 2030. The Strategic Plan
is implemented on an annual basis through Annual Work Plan and Budget. The process of developing the
yearly work plans involve conducting performance review and reviewing linkage with National Strategy
Frameworks, which lead to the areas for improvement and critical issues that need to be addressed in the
plan. CEAP provides the framework and direction for REA’s interventions related to cooking energy.
7.2 Implementing Partners

REA will partner with commercial sector, civil society organizations, government institutions and
development partners, as seen from the table below. Details regarding each separate Programme under
CEAP are provided under the relevant programme descriptions in Chapter 5.
Table 21 Roles and Responsibilities of Key institutions in implementing the CEAP.
Name of Institution Roles and responsibilities

Government ministries
Ministry of Energy Oversee CEAP and implementation of REACE, TrICS and ACCeS
Vice President’s Office Provide overall policy oversight on environmental management policy.
Provide political statements on clean cooking. Coordinate interventions in
TrICS with ongoing initiatives in other sectors that relate to
environmental stewardship

Ministry of Natural Provide policy oversight on natural resource management and forestry.
Resources and Tourism Coordinate interventions in the biomass energy sector involving REA,
development partners and government initiatives. Partner institution for
implementation of TrICS.
Ministry of Health Provide policy oversight on public health policy. Partner institution for
implementation of awareness campaigns under TrICS and ACCeS.
Coordinate interventions related to HAP across
Ministry of Community Provide policy oversight on gender policy. Partner institution for
Development Gender, implementation of awareness campaigns under TrICS and ACCeS.
Women and People with
Special Needs
President’s office - Regional Promotes and supports interventions under CEAP regionally at the local
Administration and Local level.
Government
Government agencies
Rural Energy Agency Responsibility for implementing the three programmes in CEAP.
Energy and Water Regulation of the electricity and petroleum sub-sectors. Coordination of
Regulatory Authority interventions to create an enabling framework for CEAP.
Tanzania Petroleum Implementation of national policy for promotion of liquid and gaseous
Development Corporation petroleum fuels.
Petroleum Bulk Import and supply of petroleum products, including LPG. Collaboration
Procurement Agency for creating an enabling framework for CEAP.
Tanzania Forest Services Regulation of the forestry sub-sector, including biomass energy. Partner
Agency institution for implementation of TrICS.
Tanzania Bureau of Formulation of national standards. Collaborative institution for
Standards implementation of TrICS
National Bureau of Monitoring of energy sector. Collaborative partner for assessment of
Statistics impact of interventions under TriCS and ACCeS.
National Environment Advisory in implementation of CEAP, to ensure environmental compliance
Management Council and to contribute to environmental awareness raising.
Others
Academia and R&D Conduct research, provide education and monitor energy sector. Provide
Institutions guidance to direct interventions under TriCS and ACCeS, and develop new
knowledge of rural energy transition and impact of SE4ALL
Commercial actors Energy sector partners, notably LPG distributors and retailers engaged
through ACCeS. Small- and Medium sized Entrepreneurs in ICS production
supported through TrICS

NGOs/CBOs Deliver training, awareness creation, education, capacity building, and
dissemination of improved and clean cooking solutions under TrICS and
ACCeS
Micro-finance Micro-finance institutions, and Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies
(SACCOS). Beneficiaries under the TrICS programme
Development partners Provide technical assistance, financial support, coordination of
development interventions. Notably EDPG-partners, EU and SNV
The current capacity of REA to coordinate and implement CEAP needs to be significantly increased. Primarily,
an approval by the MoE and the Government of the proposed structural changes and recruitment plan is
necessary. Significant contributions are required by other parties in training and capacity building. The
capacity and knowledge building in REA will likely be supported through several Technical Assistance
assignments.
Table 22 Technical Assistance needs for implementation of CEAP.
Programme Technical Assistance

REACE Capacity building of REA staff on ESMAP and SE4ALL frameworks
REACE Development and training of REA staff for use of geospatial software
REACE Assist in implementation of IASES, and follow-up II and III, with NBS
TrICS Consultancy to develop ICS industry plan
ACCeS Assist in development of eCooking project
ACCeS Assist in development of plan for scaling up rural access to LPG
7.3 Rural Energy Agency

REA is an autonomous body established under the Rural Energy Act No. 8 of 2005 to promote, support,
facilitate and stimulate access to modern energy services in rural areas of Mainland Tanzania. The Agency
provides grants and subsidies to developers of rural energy projects and facilitates provision of technical
assistance, research and development, training and other forms of capacity building. REA has supported
projects on cooking energy through three mechanisms: Public awareness raising, Capacity building, and
Providing matching grants to projects. REA provides grants to various rural energy projects which meet
funding eligibility criteria, and a credit facility for long and short-term loans to eligible rural energy projects
for a period between 5 to 15 years.
REA’s operations are governed by REB, that also oversees administration of the REF. REB is comprised of
representatives from the MoF, MoE, PO-RALG, private sector, Tanzania Bankers' Association, civil society,
development partners and consumers.
The REF provides capital subsidies to rural energy projects. Funding from REF is intended to support
investment in projects and attract matching private sector investments, and ultimately delivery of reliable
and affordable energy services to rural consumers. Approximately 90-95% of REF funds are allocations from
Government subsidies, with the rest provided by Development partners.

7.3.1 REA’s Organisational structure
Figure 12 REA’s organisational structure
REA has 86 staff located mainly at the Head Office in Dodoma. REA’s presence in the regions is limited to one
electrical engineer stationed in each of TANESCO’s seven zonal offices. These zones each constitute 3-5
administrative regions of Tanzania. The REACE-programme under CEAP aims at building REA’s capacity for
implementation of projects across Tanzania’s regions through increased attention to REA’s regional
coordination with PO-RALG. Increased capacity regionally is necessary for targeted interventions in the
cooking energy area.
7.4 Alignment with Current and Planned Initiatives

Various projects and programmes implemented in the past, present, and planned for the future, have
relevance for meeting the SE4ALL goal. CEAP is aligned with projects outlined in the figure below.
Table 23 Past, present and planned development projects relevant to CEAP.
Implementing Agency / Implementati

Programme/Project/Activity
Coordinating Institution on Period
Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme CAMARTEC, DGIS, Hivos, 2009-2017
SNV, REA, Norad
Biomass Energy Strategy Tanzania (BEST) VPO, MNRT, MoE, EU 2011-2014
Transforming Tanzania’s Charcoal Sector TFCG, MJUMITA, TaTEDO, 2012-2019
SDC
SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme MoE, UNDP 2017-2022
EnDev III TAREA, SNV, GIZ 2017-2022

Implementing Agency / Implementati
Programme/Project/Activity
Coordinating Institution on Period
Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey NBS, Norad 2018-2021
TaTEDO and eCooking TaTEDO, MECS 2018-
Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Solutions MoE, EU 2021-2024
Tanzania Energy Sector Reform Programme MoE, EU 2021-2024
Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme (2009-2017)

The most recent, and by far the largest initiative to promote biogas is the Tanzania Domestic Biogas
Programme (TDBP). Launched in 2009 and implemented by CAMARTEC and SNV, TDBP constructed 12 000
small-scale digesters through TDBP phase I and aimed at another 10,000 through TDBP phase II (2014-2017).
The first phase was managed by Hivos with funding from the Netherlands Directorate for Development
Cooperation (DGIS). The second phase of TDBP was financed by the Government of Norway through the REF.
Biomass Energy Strategy Tanzania (2011-2014)

The GoT Biomass Energy Strategy for Tanzania (BEST) funded by the EU was a strategic process addressing
the growing problem of unsustainable biomass (charcoal and firewood) production and use. It seeks to
address policy and market challenges of cooking energy. The EU-financed Tanzania Energy Sector Reform
Programme is foreseen to provide technical support to the MoE updating the BEST and implementation of a
regulatory framework for clean cooking energy 43 .
Transforming Tanzania’s Charcoal Sector (2012-2019)

TaTEDO in partnership with TFCG and MJUMITA is implementing a project with the goal of establishing
commercially viable value chains for legal, sustainable sourced charcoal. The objective is to improve climate
change adaptation and mitigation, enhance environmental sustainability and leverage returns on biomass
resources, delivering sustainable development to Tanzania and its people. Through this project, TaTEDO
implements a component of Sustainable Charcoal Production in which commercially viable value chains is
established for legal, sustainable sourcing of charcoal by using improved methods of charcoal production and
sustainable forest harvesting. TaTEDO trained more than 52 charcoal producers in Kilosa, Morogoro and
advocate for sustainable charcoal model to policy and decision makers. The project has been scaled up to
Mvomero and Morogoro Districts.
SE4ALL Implementation in Tanzania Programme (2017-2022)

The Government’s 2030 target for SDG7, goal 2, to increase population with access to modern cooking
solutions is to ensure that 75 percent of the population uses either biogas, LPG, ethanol, natural gas, or
charcoal in ICS. Measures to meet targets under SDG7 are implemented through GoT’s SE4ALL Action Agenda
(MEM, 2015), and further support was provided from UNDP to support GoT through enhancement of
institutional capacity for management and conversion of renewable energy resources. The programme
includes concrete targets for ICS, LPG and other cooking energy solutions.
Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (2018-2021)

The survey on Impact and Access to Sustainable Energy has two main objectives. First to measure the access
to sustainable energy. Second to measure the impact of getting access to sustainable energy through
outcomes of the SE4ALL Action Agenda 44 . Jointly with the national statistical offices in Tanzania and
Mozambique, Statistics Norway (SSB) has developed and tested the SE4ALL/World Bank prototype survey
44 MEM (2015). Tanzania's Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda. Ministry of Energy and Minerals: Dar es Salaam.

including the additional module on impact of energy. This global initiative has developed the concept of
access to sustainable energy in the MTF. The survey will be conducted in 2021.
EnDev III (2017-2021)

The EnDev programme is in its third phase and is currently implementing two initiatives: The Tanzania
Improved Cookstoves (TICS) Programme and an RBF project for Pico-Solar Market Development. Both are
implemented by SNV in cooperation with GIZ. The TICS Programme aims at improving access and sustained
use of improved cooking technologies for peri-urban and rural households in Tanzania through market
linkages with quality private sector ICS product and service providers. Focus is on the six regions Simiyu,
Ruvuma, Coast, Mbeya, Rukwa and Katavi. The project seeks to develop rural markets through delivery of
market intelligence, training of local artisans on stove design, entrepreneurship support and local supply
chain building. The initiative focuses on “Jiko Matawi”, a multi-purpose stove capable of using both firewood
and charcoal. SNV has partnered with TAREA, among other activities to promote the newly revised biomass
cookstove standard TZS473:2019 with TBS.
TaTEDO and eCooking (2018-)

The eCook project was implemented by TaTEDO in 2018. eCook is a battery e-cooking concept designed to
offer clean cooking and access to electricity to poorer households. Research based project which found that
policy environment for eCooking is favourable in the country. This was followed by the MECS-funded project
Approach to Designing Delivery/Business Models of Modern Energy Cooking Services in Tanzania. The
objective was to understand Tanzania’s e-cooking appliances market system with the view of scaling up e-
cooking in Tanzania. Demand for electric cooking appliances in Tanzania was found to be low due to
affordability constraints and low awareness. Resulted in an “eCookbook” 45 . PowerGen Renewable Energy,
with support from the MECS Programme, conducted a small-scale pilot in central Tanzania on a minigrid
where it was found that most households only used electricity at night for lighting. Trials with EPCs for
cooking.
Integrated Approach to Sustainable Cooking Solutions (2021-2024)

The programme will focus on Dar es Salaam, Morogoro Dodoma, Mwanza, Pwani, Tanga and Tabora Regions.
It involves strong collaboration with government institutions including VPO, PO-RALG, MoE, MNRT, TFS. The
programme works in two main areas; improving biomass energy management, and promoting improved and
clean cooking solutions. Four objectives; to improve regulatory framework and enforcement capacity for
sustainable wood-fuel production; increase capacity of wood fuel producers for promoting environmental
sustainability and more equitable distribution of the revenues along the value chain; establish a CookFund
for accelerated market roll-out of clean cooking solutions in place and operational; Increased public
awareness of benefits and opportunities of clean cooking solutions.
Tanzania Energy Sector Reform Programme (2021-2024)

The Tanzania Energy Sector Reform programme will benefit the MoE, TANESCO and EWURA. Focus will be
on better service delivery for the end consumers and facilitating private sector investment in power
generation. Modernization of TANESCO will improve management practices and digitalization of internal
systems. It includes improved management and dissemination of energy data and statistics to improve
planning of the energy sector.
Planned initiatives under the Ministry of Energy

MoE is implementing various initiatives in to develop Tanzania’s energy sector, including an Energy Efficiency
Action Plan, and an Energy Efficiency Strategy. A Biomass Energy Strategy is under development. MoE also
intends to develop infrastructure for increasing use of natural gas.
45 Byrne, R., Onsongo, E., Onjala, B., Todd, J. F., Chengo, V., Ockwell, D., & Atela, J. (2020). Electric cooking in Tanzania: an actor-network map and analysis of a nascent
socio-technical innovation system. Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS)

8 Cross-Cutting Issues
The CEAP integrates economic, social, and environmental factors, since SDGs 7, 3, 5, 13 and 15 are
interconnected and represents the critical elements of complexity that are fundamental for effectively
addressing development issues. The clean cooking programme is customized to country-specific conditions,
both through country-specific parameterization using corresponding data and through the addition of special
sectors that represent development issues endemic to Mainland Tanzania.
8.1 Environment
The environmental sectors track the consumption of natural resources – both renewable and non-renewable
– and estimate the impact of the use and depletion of such resources on production, health and other sectors.
The use of firewood and charcoal as a primary source for cooking energy leads to a large in increase CO2
emission, loss of biodiversity, and in extreme cases, soil erosion from deforestation. The tension between
satisfaction of human needs and degradation of the environment is high and requires rethinking and
changing the usage of energy from firewood and charcoal, to more sustainable ones. Population and
production levels determine the demand of natural resources and the generation of waste and air pollution.
Nevertheless, investment decisions can influence levels of waste treatment, alternatives, and capacities for
renewable energy, resulting in responsible use of national natural resources. To reduce impacts and
vulnerability of climate change, Tanzania committed to Nationally Determined Contributions, intended to
enhance inefficiency in wood fuel utilization, enhance the use of renewable energy across the country,
promote the use of energy efficiency technology and behaviour and promote rural electrification. These
actions aim to reduce the rate of forest degradation and adapt to climate change.
8.2 Gender
In terms of gender equality, SDG5 aims to empower all women and girl. Giving women opportunities to
generate income is a start in the social process required to reach that goal. In the current social context of
Tanzanian society, there is an unbalance share of domestic unpaid work, divided in many activities that take
most of the time of women in many households. Additionally, cooking and gathering wood, represent one of
the most time consuming of daily responsibilities carried by women. In many cases women have to walk long
distances to get firewood and then engage many hours making food, often being exposed to polluted air.
The implementation of clean cooking energy shortens the time involved on food preparations, providing
space and opportunities to get employed and/or engaged in educational alternatives. The empowerment of
all women and girl is a vision that not only benefits women, also impacts further in other family members,
and in a wider extent many aspects of society, creating fluency and symmetry within household members.
Finally, granting women the alternative of choosing how to administrate their time, becomes potentially the
first step towards a more balanced and equal society in which the vital role of women is guaranteed with
their full and equal participation and leadership in all areas of sustainable development.
8.3 Health
Indoor air pollution is one of the main reasons for lung diseases. The exposure to airborne pollutants is
harmful for those breathing it, but also one of the reasons of malformations, damage to the brain and low
birth weight in babies in the womb, in addition to other complications during the gestation period. The long
hours expended in cooking activities, represent a constant exposure to polluted air. The particles arising from
solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung for cooking create unhealthy living environment. Cooking
over open fires or inefficient stoves typically entails burning fuels like wood, charcoal, coal, and kerosene,
which releases harmful, climate-warming emissions. Short-lived climate pollutants—such black carbon and
methane (CH4), as well as other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
which are emitted due to the incomplete combustion of kerosene and solid fuels that occurs while cooking
using these unhealthy methods. Furthermore, the implementation of cleaner cooking energies will provide

efficient solution to eradicate diseases related to indoors bad air quality. As health being one of the key
components of a fulfilling life, it must be considered as a top priority of any development project

Annex C: Settlements in the REMP database proposed for grid electrification
The table below provides an overview of the settlements proposed for grid electrification, sorted according to how they are affected by the identified bottlenecks in
the grid. Settlements included in the HEP “R – RE P III 0 ”
Wave 1: No issues in upstream Wave 1: Minor issues in upstream Wave 2: Problems in upstream Wave 2: Severe issues in upstream Wave 1: TANESCO isolated
grid grid grid grid grid
# of # of MV line planned Demand 2025 # of customers

Zone Region Substations Population 2022 Investment (USD) Peak 2025 (KW)
localities DPs (km) (MWh) (2025)
Central Dodoma Mpwapwa 6 0 22 044 20 1 352 293 10 297 1 850 1 395

Central Iringa Mgololo 11 1 39 632 22 2 204 335 20 783 3 671 2 665
East Dar Es Salaam Tumbi 8 2 18 275 12 1 088 039 8 658 1 547 1 182
East Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salaam 7 5 60 088 18 2 738 044 27 292 4 933 4 008
East Morogoro Kihansi 7 6 49 554 28 2 508 268 21 535 3 914 3 090
East Morogoro Kidatu 7 1 21 567 20 1 375 248 10 877 1 930 1 414
North Kilimanjaro Mwanga 12 0 17 072 17 1 327 202 11 924 2 038 1 244
North Kilimanjaro Machame 10 0 28 624 10 1 522 471 15 603 2 739 1 917
North Kilimanjaro Kiyungi 14 1 46 314 13 2 297 919 23 079 4 101 3 011
Central Dodoma Dodoma 39 6 149 736 196 10 443 680 71 010 12 714 9 577
Central Iringa Saba Saba Iringa 42 1 97 578 81 6 413 626 56 776 9 896 6 641
Central Singida Singinda 61 6 239 909 229 14 912 855 114 651 20 501 15 386
East Morogoro Ifakara 10 2 47 219 36 2 690 360 21 716 3 910 3 041
East Morogoro Msamvu 68 3 129 424 138 9 417 384 76 579 13 296 8 933
East Pwani Wami 15 2 50 066 70 3 695 129 25 802 4 569 3 348
East Pwani Ikwiriri 24 0 64 180 67 4 386 485 35 065 6 162 4 281
East Pwani Chalinze 7 0 18 276 10 1 065 457 10 193 1 788 1 231
East Pwani Bagamoyo 8 0 16 913 20 1 250 933 10 062 1 745 1 185
East Pwani Ngerengere 5 1 18 315 26 1 365 749 8 251 1 488 1 153

East Pwani Gongolamboto 23 3 95 824 77 5 522 793 39 319 7 206 5 939
East Pwani Mlandizi 10 0 16 363 23 1 388 458 11 063 1 896 1 186
East Tanga Kasinga 55 2 120 223 80 7 377 063 66 880 11 691 8 099
East Tanga Mapana 103 3 211 526 90 12 362 464 121 095 21 093 14 453
North Arusha Mount Meru 2 0 8 087 7 486 051 3 822 684 509
North Kilimanjaro Kia 1 0 2 948 2 175 102 1 676 293 197
North Kilimanjaro Lawate 8 0 23 360 14 1 338 106 11 725 2 081 1 523
North Kilimanjaro Gonja 8 0 23 967 9 1 262 764 12 344 2 186 1 557
North Kilimanjaro Makuyuni 22 2 66 860 29 3 593 468 34 599 6 117 4 404
North Manyara Njiro 14 2 29 173 27 2 010 042 16 467 2 881 2 031
North Manyara Same 7 0 20 622 50 1 974 257 11 092 1 954 1 357
North Manyara Monduli 3 1 14 389 26 1 122 843 6 222 1 129 902
North Shinyanga Ibadakuli 63 6 219 413 196 13 638 112 107 138 19 094 14 176
North Shinyanga Kahama 55 6 185 144 184 12 092 885 94 437 16 739 12 262
North Shinyanga Matanda 35 2 107 260 109 7 124 864 56 253 9 929 7 098
South Njombe Ludewa 9 0 17 989 35 1 646 335 10 613 1 847 1 248
South Njombe Njombe 21 0 49 994 86 4 217 907 28 733 5 008 3 411
South Songwe Tunduma 30 0 55 259 33 3 471 213 33 218 5 760 3 822
West Geita Biharamulo 22 2 70 855 58 4 345 034 36 426 6 447 4 650
West Kagera Ngara 8 5 53 811 34 2 827 777 21 632 3 975 3 364
West Kagera Kyaka 22 4 97 370 58 5 214 892 44 990 8 084 6 231
West Kagera Nyakanazi 5 3 55 428 13 2 268 777 18 445 3 505 3 293
North Manyara Babati 27 4 120 920 89 6 899 307 55 663 10 013 7 769
North Mara Nyamongo 18 4 75 193 43 4 011 073 34 149 6 153 4 757
Central Iringa Makambako 71 2 94 306 118 7 628 361 59 012 10 123 6 718
East Pwani Mbagala 35 5 165 237 80 8 329 930 71 018 12 910 10 453
East Tanga Kange 173 10 468 963 362 29 294 928 251 543 44 278 31 318
North Arusha Karatu 3 0 11 225 11 713 718 5 558 991 716
North Arusha Loliondo 9 5 60 836 129 5 146 078 27 546 4 975 4 012
North Manyara Kondoa 31 5 110 718 143 7 806 469 54 728 9 743 7 230
North Manyara Mbulu 12 1 29 620 26 1 932 436 15 881 2 794 1 968

North Mara Kibara 7 0 23 971 10 1 258 094 11 845 2 108 1 552
North Mara Musoma 36 4 110 010 48 5 929 636 55 352 9 833 7 178
North Mwanza Mabuki 14 2 64 895 42 3 534 568 29 239 5 277 4 129
North Simiyu Bunda 41 10 184 256 122 10 133 700 81 820 14 791 11 664
South Mbeya Tukuyuku 65 1 106 228 91 7 536 501 66 154 11 408 7 518
South Ruvuma Ngaka 45 1 119 891 105 7 761 641 65 336 11 481 7 982
South Ruvuma Songea 58 4 188 862 269 13 993 914 95 411 16 935 12 365
West Geita Bulyanhulu 58 3 169 788 166 11 175 110 90 219 15 901 11 265
West Geita Geita 63 24 403 480 139 18 452 146 162 354 29 835 24 806
West Geita Nyakato 97 13 306 279 172 17 184 277 151 381 26 948 20 004
West Kagera Buboka 40 3 118 125 68 6 676 450 60 060 10 643 7 716
West Kigoma Kibondo 4 2 28 789 9 1 290 588 12 078 2 207 1 829
West Rukwa Songwe 23 5 84 316 66 4 984 303 41 515 7 400 5 396
West Tabora Lusu 38 13 198 534 108 10 311 081 87 064 15 784 12 757
West Tabora Rumakali 90 5 219 495 175 14 050 236 120 447 21 119 14 806
West Tabora Tabora 41 6 140 384 142 9 094 315 69 970 12 436 9 137
East Lindi Liwale 7 0 11 891 13 925 937 7 637 1 318 855
East Lindi Lindi 47 1 193 263 83 9 578 418 80 043 14 630 11 959
East Pwani Somanga 14 0 25 965 35 2 057 226 15 791 2 738 1 804
South Mtwara Mtwara 247 2 451 112 460 33 157 238 284 417 49 067 31 829
South Ruvuma Tunduru 15 0 36 973 25 2 239 805 20 428 3 579 2 451
West Katavi Mpanda 51 21 311 711 336 19 440 652 134 235 24 410 19 942
West Kigoma Kigoma PS 30 28 372 070 172 17 389 096 143 949 26 670 23 558
West Rukwa Sumbawanga 153 18 465 280 494 30 897 936 228 450 40 639 30 136

Annex D: Villages proposed for mini-grid electrification
Peak
Covered population Covered population No. of LV Initial Investment Peak 2025 2030
Zone Region Name Code (2022) (2025) customers (2025) (USD) (kW) (kW) LCOE
Central Dodoma
ASANJE 17 507 2 749 3 070 220 1 296 715 216 491 0.44
BUBUTOLE 17 659 1 869 2 087 162 997 419 186 365 0.45
BUGENIKA 17 663 2 196 2 452 183 1 061 904 196 392 0.46
CHADIMU 16 916 725 810 63 570 815 67 202 0.44
KISIMANI 17 111 2 123 2 371 179 1 005 733 194 386 0.46
NJIA PANDA 17 029 1 079 1 205 94 632 101 119 230 0.46
SERYA 16 918 2 483 2 773 202 1 125 435 207 469 0.45
Iringa
IDUMULUTWA 5 217 708 791 62 382 128 66 200 0.44
IHANZUTWA 4 955 1 572 1 756 142 934 940 175 341 0.46
ILAMBO 5 342 2 081 2 324 176 1 000 298 193 383 0.45
ILUTI 5 355 1 107 1 236 95 735 721 119 233 0.45
IYEGEYA 5 030 1 016 1 135 89 675 352 116 226 0.44
KIGONZILE 5 044 539 602 51 348 109 61 117 0.43
KIPULULU 5 223 405 452 42 320 638 55 107 0.44
KISAULA 5 213 571 638 53 353 149 62 121 0.44
KISOWELE 5 224 322 360 36 306 889 53 99 0.44
KITASENGWA 5 212 377 421 40 316 078 54 105 0.45
KITIRU 4 972 1 182 1 320 100 661 535 122 309 0.45
KIYOWELA 4 886 990 1 106 88 664 203 115 223 0.45
MAGUNGULI 4 884 2 152 2 403 181 1 142 008 195 388 0.44
MAKADUPA 4 848 1 276 1 425 107 666 108 125 316 0.45
MTALAGALA 5 218 650 726 58 369 937 64 196 0.45
NYAMHANGA D 5 197 457 510 45 329 721 57 111 0.44

Peak
UHAMBILA 4 962 757 845 72 564 658 107 204 0.45

Singida
KAPITI 7 183 1 843 2 058 160 958 187 185 363 0.46
KINYAMWENDA 7 014 2 637 2 945 213 1 102 383 212 481 0.45
LULANGA 7 160 2 307 2 576 191 1 053 119 200 402 0.45
MNUNG'UNA 7 482 929 1 038 84 596 396 113 219 0.44

East Dar Es
Salaam PEMBA SENTA 2 185 385 430 40 327 431 55 105 0.44
Lindi
CHIKOMBE 2 455 883 986 81 631 727 111 215 0.46
CHIMBUKO 2 691 1 881 2 101 163 1 051 034 186 366 0.45
DIMBA 2 371 953 1 064 85 614 218 113 221 0.43
FARM 8 2 551 1 061 1 185 92 657 550 118 229 0.45
LITUPU 2 436 1 281 1 431 107 707 713 125 316 0.46
LUPEDILE 2 339 146 163 24 276 035 47 85 0.44
MBAGARA 2 805 465 519 46 357 202 57 111 0.44
MITEMA 2 923 394 440 41 332 114 55 106 0.45
NANG´AKA 2 509 452 505 45 353 643 56 109 0.46
NDAMBINDA 2 681 1 065 1 189 93 680 881 118 229 0.45
RUAHA 2 949 1 296 1 447 108 702 068 126 317 0.44
ZINGA KIBAONI 2 284 1 637 1 828 146 1 014 290 177 346 0.44
Morogoro
CCT FOREST 827 498 556 48 369 909 59 114 0.46
CHINGHOWE 1 009 1 174 1 311 100 660 248 122 308 0.44
KIEGEA A 828 436 487 44 356 057 56 109 0.44
KIEGEA B 829 442 494 44 355 183 57 110 0.46
KILALA 806 339 379 37 338 374 53 102 0.45
KONGA B 814 200 223 28 310 267 49 90 0.45

Peak
KOROGOSO 799 417 466 42 349 041 56 108 0.45
LUBUMU 248 733 819 63 611 863 67 202 0.45
MAFULU 943 998 1 115 88 663 939 116 224 0.45
MFINE 810 359 401 39 343 879 54 103 0.45
MINAZINI 820 480 536 47 366 987 58 113 0.46
MISASA 813 324 362 36 334 978 53 99 0.44
MKONO WA MARA 233 2 247 2 509 187 1 142 452 198 397 0.44
RUVUMA 760 414 462 42 351 995 56 107 0.44
TINDIGO 812 389 434 41 348 827 55 105 0.45
TULO 758 186 208 27 306 344 48 89 0.45
VISEGESE 761 153 171 25 299 137 47 86 0.44
VISWAYU 819 274 306 33 325 031 51 95 0.45

Pwani
CHUMBI B 1 509 1 114 1 244 96 659 842 120 234 0.45
GONGO 1 042 1 567 1 750 142 997 273 175 341 0.46
KIASI 1 545 2 097 2 342 177 1 049 971 193 384 0.44
KIDAI 1 177 803 897 75 624 079 108 208 0.45
KIDUGALO 1 289 1 052 1 175 92 679 463 118 228 0.45
KIECHURU 1 546 1 198 1 338 102 659 077 122 310 0.44
KIHARE 1 263 928 1 036 84 654 845 113 219 0.46
KILULA TAMBWE 1 524 899 1 004 82 628 193 112 216 0.45
KIMARA 1 204 422 471 43 358 559 56 108 0.45
KIONGORONI 1 538 1 260 1 407 106 671 512 125 315 0.45
KIPEI 1 552 287 321 34 323 738 51 96 0.45
KISANGA 1 087 1 028 1 148 90 670 318 117 226 0.45
KISANGIRE 1 264 501 560 48 374 451 60 114 0.45

Peak
KOLAGWA 1 310 500 558 48 362 683 59 114 0.45
KOMA 1 353 950 1 061 85 609 312 113 220 0.44
KORESA 1 276 713 796 62 416 551 67 201 0.45
KWAMSANJA 1 118 1 860 2 077 161 1 090 628 185 365 0.46
MADEGE 1 160 725 810 63 614 364 67 202 0.46
MAGURUMATALI 1 085 2 637 2 945 213 1 229 944 212 481 0.45
MAKAZI MAPYA 1 205 641 716 57 404 062 64 194 0.46
MAKOTOPOLA 1 172 380 424 40 349 644 55 105 0.46
MALIVUNDO 1 131 1 406 1 570 131 981 652 169 327 0.45
MANGWI 1 504 472 527 46 358 298 58 112 0.46
MATUGA 1 203 693 774 61 414 787 66 199 0.46
MBEZI MULUNGWANA 1 409 807 901 76 627 848 109 208 0.44
MKENDA 1 582 923 1 031 83 624 917 112 218 0.46
MKENGE 1 121 2 032 2 269 173 1 098 166 191 379 0.46
MKINO 1 175 415 463 42 354 517 56 107 0.44
MNG'ARU 1 563 1 358 1 517 112 967 457 128 323 0.46
MSALA 1 544 1 597 1 784 144 956 322 176 343 0.44
MSIGI 1 086 1 621 1 810 145 1 020 401 176 345 0.45
MSINDAJI 1 580 583 651 53 370 280 62 122 0.46
MTAKUJA 1 621 417 466 42 354 889 56 108 0.44
MWEMBENGOZI 1 158 401 448 41 350 165 55 106 0.45
NAMAKONO&KUNGURWE 1 556 343 383 38 343 266 53 102 0.44
NGARAMBE MAGHARIBI 1 558 1 130 1 262 97 684 119 210 477 0.45
NYAKINYO 1 496 755 843 72 595 338 107 204 0.44
NYAMBUNDA 1 493 1 673 1 868 149 1 031 271 178 349 0.45

Peak
NYAMWIMBE 1 575 929 1 038 84 638 740 113 219 0.46
POMBWE 1 540 1 079 1 205 94 633 321 119 230 0.47
RUHANGAI 1 223 1 014 1 132 89 662 242 116 225 0.44
SAADANI 1 038 1 889 2 110 163 1 032 167 186 367 0.44
SANGWE 1 297 950 1 061 85 661 998 113 220 0.45
SHUNGUBWENI 1 341 2 428 2 712 199 1 132 946 205 464 0.45
SIASA 1 458 1 729 1 931 153 1 048 983 180 353 0.45
TAPIKA 1 559 581 649 53 390 084 62 121 0.44
TITU 1 265 547 611 51 380 363 61 118 0.44
TUWASALIE 1 543 1 019 1 138 90 630 949 117 226 0.44
YOMBO LUKINGA 1 270 851 950 79 636 031 110 212 0.44
ZIMBWINI 1 482 1 539 1 719 140 1 004 861 174 338 0.45
Tanga
BUYUNI 19 857 272 304 33 308 220 51 95 0.44
GOLE 19 901 596 666 54 398 764 63 123 0.44
KICHALIKANI 20 121 436 487 44 340 140 56 109 0.44
KWEDEGHE 19 041 95 106 21 295 459 45 81 0.46
LENGUSELO 20 024 2 267 2 532 188 1 168 769 199 398 0.46
MGAMBO 20 204 597 667 54 390 196 63 123 0.44
MLESA 19 053 308 344 35 351 158 52 98 0.45
MNYINGWA 20 010 970 1 083 86 649 886 114 222 0.45
MSOMERA 19 921 2 332 2 604 192 1 173 466 202 404 0.45
SHALAKA 19 383 945 1 055 85 641 196 113 220 0.45

North Arusha
EMBARARUWAI 17 894 780 871 74 602 923 108 206 0.45
MADOSOITO 17 892 907 1 013 82 628 629 112 217 0.44
OLDONYO KUMUR 17 893 786 878 74 603 640 108 207 0.45

Peak
OLKUNGU 17 883 672 750 59 396 622 65 198 0.45

Kilimanjaro
KICHWANG OMBE MFORO 18 359 72 80 20 279 332 44 79 0.46
MAKOKANE 18 569 1 803 2 014 157 1 021 119 182 360 0.44
MASHUVA 18 287 1 346 1 503 111 1 006 227 127 322 0.44
MJI MPYA 18 704 486 543 47 353 842 58 113 0.44
MWANGARIA 18 650 1 918 2 142 165 1 038 295 187 369 0.45
PANGARO 18 426 2 612 2 917 211 1 242 709 211 479 0.44
RURU 18 435 430 480 43 356 120 56 109 0.45

Manyara
DOMANGA 13 059 2 668 2 980 215 1 125 164 213 484 0.43
LERUMO 13 121 1 194 1 333 101 704 625 122 309 0.44
LORBENE 13 077 1 206 1 347 102 677 743 123 310 0.45
NGABOLO 13 176 2 196 2 452 183 1 112 371 120 236 0.45
RIKIUSHIOIBOR 13 172 3 771 4 211 291 1 563 053 282 575 0.45
Shinyanga
BUZINZA 9 723 1 829 2 043 159 974 031 183 362 0.46
IGEMBYA 9 756 917 1 024 83 580 931 112 218 0.45
ITIMIJA 9 588 982 1 097 87 586 277 114 223 0.44
MWAJIGINYA B 9 658 1 180 1 318 100 631 253 122 308 0.45
WAME 10 106 1 466 1 637 135 902 376 171 332 0.46
South Mbeya
BARABARANI 6 541 414 462 42 318 484 56 107 0.46
CHALIHUMBI 6 518 237 265 31 282 581 50 93 0.46
FARU 6 551 343 383 38 304 766 53 102 0.46
GEPU 5 485 962 1 074 86 591 875 114 221 0.46
HALI YA HEWA 6 543 253 283 32 288 530 50 94 0.44
IGOMBOLA 5 809 179 200 27 284 169 48 88 0.44
IKUMBILO 5 766 352 393 38 326 344 54 103 0.45

Peak
ILEYA 5 664 1 785 1 993 156 959 032 182 359 0.46
IPANDE 6 010 457 510 45 363 654 57 111 0.46
ISUMBI 6 740 384 429 40 328 353 55 105 0.45
IYALA 6 343 2 366 2 642 195 1 044 737 203 459 0.46
KALUNGU 5 494 786 878 74 556 376 108 207 0.44
KAMFICHENI 6 547 746 833 72 545 267 107 203 0.44
KAPANDAPANDA 6 006 299 334 35 333 194 52 97 0.44
KYAMBAMBEMBE 5 922 517 577 49 369 441 60 115 0.45
LUBIGA B 6 025 224 250 30 316 951 49 92 0.45
LUSAKO 6 011 452 505 45 363 395 57 110 0.46
LUSUNGO 6 732 477 533 46 339 744 58 112 0.45
MAGWARISI 6 463 1 757 1 962 154 937 258 181 356 0.46
MAHANGO 6 524 47 52 18 247 763 44 77 0.44
MAPOGORO B 6 531 185 207 27 273 337 48 88 0.46
MBAKA JUU 6 002 568 634 52 399 092 62 120 0.46
MBIGILI 6 526 76 85 20 252 696 45 79 0.45
MDAGALA 6 544 304 340 35 297 636 52 98 0.45
MPANGA 6 525 63 70 19 250 049 44 78 0.45
MWANZA 6 534 684 764 60 366 041 66 199 0.44
NYALUHANGA A 6 461 285 318 34 291 542 51 96 0.46
NYALUHANGA B 6 462 949 1 060 85 580 240 113 220 0.46
NYAMTOHO 6 464 763 852 73 544 200 107 205 0.45
NYAWANGA 6 519 101 113 22 258 412 45 82 0.45
NYUKI 6 550 403 450 42 315 597 55 107 0.46
PARIS 6 542 170 190 26 272 833 48 87 0.45

Peak
TEMEKE 6 549 627 700 56 357 592 64 193 0.46
UJERUMANI 5 483 1 058 1 182 92 605 225 118 229 0.45
WAMELI 6 476 514 574 49 334 316 60 115 0.45

Mtwara
BENAKO 3 965 521 582 49 362 064 60 116 0.44
CHANGALAWE 3 067 737 823 71 585 349 106 203 0.44
KAZAMOYO 3 202 427 477 43 344 496 56 108 0.45
KILAMAHEWA 3 057 822 918 77 612 749 109 209 0.44
KILIMAHEWA 3 300 341 381 37 323 655 53 102 0.46
LICHEHE 3 469 1 400 1 564 131 936 350 169 327 0.44
LIPWIDI 3 050 2 271 2 536 188 1 123 808 199 399 0.46
LYOWA 3 116 1 337 1 493 111 716 492 127 322 0.45
MADUNDA 3 196 890 994 81 618 965 111 216 0.46
MAHONA 3 621 811 906 76 611 756 109 208 0.45
MAJEMBE JUU 3 213 652 728 58 392 901 64 196 0.45
MAPALE 3 932 946 1 056 85 634 218 113 220 0.44
MBANGALA 3 463 772 862 73 592 937 107 205 0.45
MCHEMO B 3 257 571 638 53 375 074 62 121 0.44
MICHOKONYO 3 964 9 10 15 261 251 42 74 0.45
MIGOMBANI 3 026 1 588 1 773 143 996 455 175 342 0.44
MITAHU 3 310 1 163 1 299 99 672 567 121 238 0.45
MKAHARA 3 139 1 177 1 314 100 686 343 122 308 0.44
MKOMO 3 091 1 256 1 403 105 699 963 124 314 0.46
MKUDUMBA 3 219 753 841 72 599 848 107 204 0.44
MKUPETE 3 258 444 496 44 351 482 57 110 0.44
MNAUYA 3 275 1 163 1 299 99 681 618 121 238 0.46

Peak
MWANONA 3 301 626 699 56 381 617 64 193 0.45
MWATEHI 3 071 747 834 72 592 078 107 203 0.44
NACHUMA 3 012 809 903 76 611 603 109 208 0.45
NAMANGUDU 3 226 1 293 1 444 108 707 597 126 317 0.46
NAVANGA 3 223 608 679 55 385 683 63 124 0.46
NDORO 3 792 443 495 44 342 969 57 110 0.45
NGONGO 3 334 1 362 1 521 112 943 070 128 324 0.45
CENTRE A 11 701 406 453 42 330 681 55 107 0.45
GUKWA 11 913 1 601 1 788 144 951 319 176 343 0.44
ILEKAKO 11 815 635 709 57 364 253 64 194 0.44
IWELYASHINGA 11 722 713 796 62 385 671 67 201 0.45
NYALUBANGA 11 699 775 866 74 577 253 108 206 0.46
NYAMPULUKANO 11 687 457 510 45 340 415 57 111 0.45

Njombe
IDENYIMEMBE 13 383 1 184 1 322 101 625 632 122 309 0.44
IDIHANI 13 354 1 910 2 133 165 1 068 103 187 368 0.44
IGOLA 13 345 1 799 2 009 157 1 074 221 182 360 0.45
IKWAVILA 13 390 1 174 1 311 100 621 297 122 308 0.45
ILEVELO 13 498 614 686 55 390 857 63 124 0.45
ITAMBO 13 665 1 134 1 266 97 707 747 120 236 0.44
IWELA 13 741 1 572 1 756 142 927 372 175 341 0.44
KISILO 13 363 1 077 1 203 93 664 926 119 230 0.44
KITOLE 13 661 1 795 2 005 157 1 087 204 182 359 0.45
LIHAGULE 13 734 1 156 1 291 99 650 791 121 237 0.45
LIMA 13 635 1 567 1 750 142 1 029 940 175 341 0.38
LIUGAI 13 731 486 543 47 348 171 58 113 0.44

Peak
LWANZALI 13 668 1 344 1 501 111 983 866 127 322 0.44
MADEKE 13 666 743 830 71 636 391 106 203 0.46
MAKULA 13 302 497 555 48 364 457 59 114 0.44
MGALA 13 334 489 546 47 371 844 58 113 0.45
MPOBOTA 13 303 527 589 50 372 385 60 116 0.46
NGALANGA 13 341 2 578 2 879 209 1 245 860 196 392 0.46
NG'ELAMO 13 358 1 136 1 269 97 672 442 120 235 0.45
NGOJE 13 561 859 959 79 587 568 110 212 0.46
NSISI 13 768 1 166 1 302 99 676 772 121 238 0.45

Ruvuma
AMANI 4 582 1 587 1 772 143 985 759 175 342 0.45
IFINGA 4 194 2 475 2 764 202 1 197 170 207 469 0.46
KIDUGALO 4 167 527 589 50 363 264 60 116 0.44
KILIMASERA 4 641 1 093 1 221 95 675 165 119 232 0.44
LITOROMELO 4 713 597 667 54 378 517 63 123 0.45
LUTUKIRA 4 256 3 308 3 694 261 1 494 541 266 537 0.45
MAGAZINI 4 584 6 230 6 958 465 2 085 055 371 785 0.45
MAGWAMILA 4 213 1 275 1 424 107 696 767 125 316 0.44
MBANGAMAWE 4 200 1 062 1 186 93 669 745 118 229 0.44
MDWEMA 4 596 1 989 2 221 170 1 081 871 190 375 0.45
MSAMALA 4 148 584 652 53 381 111 62 122 0.45
MTERAWAMWAHI 4 574 2 134 2 383 179 1 117 959 194 387 0.46
NAMMANGA 4 142 790 882 75 596 999 108 207 0.45

Songwe
CHIGOMA 6 298 270 302 33 302 100 51 95 0.44
CHISITU 6 845 701 783 61 384 109 66 200 0.46
MAKATANI 6 327 385 430 40 322 351 55 105 0.44

Peak
MPANDE KATI 6 865 451 504 45 329 765 57 110 0.45
NANGONDO 6 331 431 481 43 332 243 57 110 0.45
RELINI 6 324 303 338 35 307 488 52 98 0.45
SHIGONDE A 6 328 149 166 25 278 235 47 86 0.44
SONGAMBELE 6 866 514 574 49 341 448 60 115 0.44

West Geita
ILUNGWE 14 850 402 449 41 336 151 55 106 0.45
KATETE 15 132 2 117 2 364 178 1 074 659 194 386 0.44
MKOLANI 15 131 3 236 3 614 256 1 430 171 264 531 0.45
Kagera
KANOGO 10 190 4 584 5 119 345 1 774 688 310 643 0.44
MSALALA 10 443 1 421 1 587 132 935 690 170 328 0.45
MSIRA 10 771 745 832 72 607 703 107 203 0.44
OMUBWEYA 10 310 2 510 2 803 204 1 201 347 208 471 0.44
Katavi
BUGWE 13 877 2 687 3 001 216 1 309 933 214 486 0.44
IPWAGA 13 969 2 146 2 397 180 1 030 054 195 388 0.45
ISEGENEZYA 13 966 2 510 2 803 204 1 095 767 208 471 0.46
MAGOMENI 13 866 770 860 73 574 343 107 205 0.44
MNYAMASI 13 919 2 694 3 009 216 1 288 426 214 487 0.44
Rukwa
CHANG OMBE 8 666 602 672 41 314 968 63 123 0.45
CHAWE 8 797 863 964 44 336 171 110 213 0.46
ILUMBILWA 8 814 564 630 61 387 112 62 120 0.45
IMALANSIMO 8 810 703 785 55 372 396 66 200 0.44
IMAWEMALENJE 8 820 343 383 46 341 948 53 102 0.45
ISENGA 8 509 757 845 52 361 898 107 204 0.45
IYUNGA 8 643 519 580 112 860 293 60 116 0.45
KAFIKO 8 825 438 489 35 305 912 56 109 0.45

Peak
KAKOMA 8 804 369 412 41 325 585 54 104 0.45
KAKOMA 2 8 813 343 383 43 335 702 53 102 0.44
KALANDA 8 823 161 180 38 312 663 47 87 0.46
KALASIMBA 8 812 431 481 142 948 118 56 109 0.44
KALEPULA B 8 495 2 456 2 743 201 1 090 926 206 467 0.45
KAMIUNGO 8 805 253 283 39 323 987 50 94 0.45
KAMIUNGO 2 8 815 361 403 38 318 228 54 103 0.44
KAPELE 8 648 1 571 1 754 73 547 985 175 341 0.45
KAPEWA 8 589 1 297 1 448 108 639 154 126 318 0.44
KASISIWE 8 816 565 631 52 361 605 62 120 0.44
KATOWA 8 829 175 195 32 298 090 48 88 0.45
KATUKA 8 824 307 343 25 278 458 52 98 0.46
KIPOLO 8 646 353 394 49 342 222 54 103 0.45
KISAKAFU 8 653 438 489 38 310 888 56 109 0.46
KISALA 8 787 745 832 48 343 885 107 203 0.44
KISALALA 8 654 456 509 44 324 426 57 111 0.45
KIZUNGU 8 542 2 488 2 779 85 593 420 207 470 0.46
LIWELAMVUA 8 620 1 572 1 756 72 567 860 175 341 0.46
LUNYALA 8 826 282 315 44 330 421 51 96 0.45
LYANTWIYA 8 809 606 677 48 339 831 63 123 0.45
MAJENGO 8 649 1 197 1 337 142 918 473 122 310 0.46
MALAMBO 8 655 394 440 45 327 792 55 106 0.44
MALEKELA 8 806 456 509 32 302 277 57 111 0.45
MANG O KANAZI 8 780 507 566 55 353 467 60 115 0.45
MGOMBEZI 8 817 465 519 39 321 943 57 111 0.45

Peak
MKASAMA 8 796 439 490 72 562 753 56 109 0.44
MKOWE 8 624 771 861 52 350 167 107 205 0.45
MLOMBO 8 631 1 362 1 521 142 900 719 128 324 0.45
MLUNGUSI 8 807 1 567 1 750 45 342 231 175 341 0.45
MNAZI MMOJA 8 546 558 623 203 1 063 556 61 119 0.45
MNOKOLA 8 647 948 1 059 26 280 823 113 220 0.45
MPELEMBE 8 799 389 434 79 597 865 55 105 0.45
MTUNDA 8 828 266 297 59 374 167 51 95 0.45
NITO 8 652 506 565 101 639 128 60 115 0.44
TILININTA 8 827 672 750 33 299 671 65 198 0.45

Tabora
IGOSHA 8 298 2 647 2 956 213 1 126 804 212 482 0.46
MDALAIGWE 7 943 2 228 2 488 186 1 019 798 197 394 0.45
MKOLA 8 093 1 684 1 881 150 936 462 179 350 0.46
UMANDA 8 297 1 342 1 499 111 671 384 127 322 0.45
USEGA 8 123 2 061 2 302 175 1 017 542 192 381 0.45

Annex E: Existing regulatory rules for the power sector
Existing regulatory rules
Electricity (Development of Small Power Projects) Rules, 2019 GN – 462
Electricity (Procurement of Power Projects and Approval of Power Purchase Agreement) Rules 2019-GN 453
Electricity (Supply Services) Rules 2019 -GN 387.
Electricity (Electrical Installation Services) Rules, 2019 -GN 382.
Electricity (Generation, Transmission and Distribution Activities) Rules, 2019 GN 287.
Electricity (Net -Metering) Rules, 2018, GN 76.
EWURA (Tariff Application and Rate Setting) Rules 2017, GN 452.
The Electricity (Grid and Distribution Codes) Rules 2017, GN 451.
The Electricity System Operations Services Rules 2016, GN 324.
Electricity Market Operations Services Rules 2016, GN 325.
Electricity (General) Regulations (2011)
Electricity (Market Re-Organization and Promotion of Competition) Regulations (2016)
Standardised Power Purchase Agreement
The Electricity (Standardized Small Power Project Tariff) order, 2019, GN. 464

Annex F: REMP programme budget
The following tables presents the year-by-year budgets for each of the six REMP programmes, Applying
the Bank of Tanzania exchange rate on February 11th, 2022 of 2298.1564.
RGAP Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030

1: Scope verification 5 5
2: Wave 1 CAPEX 316 105 105 105
3: Wave 2 CAPEX 3,444 574 574 574 1,722
4: Incentivizing increased connection rate and
70
use of electricity 12 12 12 12 12 12
5: Construction supervision, administration, and
other related costs (5 percent of total capital 190
expenditures) 5 34 34 29 88
Total 4,025 17 122 725 725 614 1,822
BGAP Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030

1: Tendering of mini-grid concessions from the
private sector (including total investment costs 205
for mini-grids) 5 100 100
Project 2: Promotion of productive use of
1
electricity 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
3: Improved framework conditions for stand-
10
alone solutions 2 4 4
4: Construction supervision, administration, and
other related costs (10 percent of total capital 20
expenditures) 10 10
Total 235 7 114.1 110.3 4.3 0.3 0
REACE Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030

1: Increased capacity for managing projects and
4
programmes on cooking energy in REA 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
2: Increased capacity regionally on Mainland

Tanzania for coordination and implementation 11
of cooking energy interventions
2 2 2 2 2 1
3: Application of national and international
standards in planning and monitoring of 2
domestic energy-sector interventions 1 1 0 0 0 0
4: REA provided with a geospatial planning tool
for planning and monitoring cooking energy 13
interventions 0 3 3 2 1 4
5: National monitoring of cooking energy sector

4
through surveys in 2022, 2026 and 2030
0 0 0 0 1 2
Total 34 5 7 6 4 5 7

TrICS Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030
1: SME supply ICS that meet standards to
5
markets across regions in Tanzania 0 1 1 1 1 1
2: Large scale industrial production of ICS to
provide sufficient amounts of affordable 23
stoves. 0 1 3 4 5 10
3: Increased adoption of ICS 17 0 1 2 3 3 7
4: Increased supply of sustainable biomass
40
energy 0 0 5 8 10 17
Total 85 0 3 12 16 19 35
ACCeS Total 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 2026/27 2027-2030

1: Demand and market established for LPG
51
across Tanzania Mainland 0 3 9 16 6 17
2: Demand and supply chain for LPG expanding
naturally around micro- and meso level pilot 19
users in rural areas. 0 1 4 4 4 7
3: Increased use of biogas as a clean cooking
9
solution in rural areas. 0 0 1 1 1 5
4: Increased uptake of eCooking in rural
8
Tanzania both on- and off grid 0 0 1 2 3 3
5: Increased use of natural gas for cooking in
21
rural areas 2 0 5 5 5 5
6: Increased awareness and demand for clean
cooking solutions and healthy cooking facilities 3 0 0 1 0 0 1
in rural Tanzania
Total 111 2 4 20 28 19 37

Annex G: Cost-estimates for on-going rural electrification projects
The following cost-estimates were received from REA in e-mail, February 2nd, 2022:
On-going projects Total Cost Total paid Balance Year 2022 Year 2023
Turnkey III Round II 1,148,572,803,883 173,666,286,325 974,906,517,557 430,024,618,584 544,881,898,973

Supervision
Consultant REA III-
Round II 7,506,532,500 2,700,816,319 4,805,716,180 4,055,062,930 750,653,250
Turnkey III Round I 1,148,581,739,645 959,528,779,837 189,052,959,808 189,052,959,808 -
Densification 2A 117,246,034,196 77,323,322,433 39,922,711,762 28,198,108,342 11,724,603,419

Peri Urban Mwanza,
Dodoma and Arusha 31,330,354,265 5,310,229,536 26,020,124,728 22,887,089,302 3,133,035,426
Backbone
Transmission Initiative
Project 57,881,810,683 49,611,994,865 8,269,815,817 8,269,815,817
Ifakara Substation 22,703,545,355 8,776,502,091 13,927,043,263 11,656,688,727 2,270,354,535

Result Based
Financing 31,021,303,728 27,368,116,632 3,653,187,095 551,056,722 3,102,130,372
TOTAL 2,564,844,124,257 1,304,286,048,043 1,260,558,076,213 694,695,400,236 565,862,675,977

Annex H: Low-cost technologies for rural electrification
The potential for implementing low-cost rural electrification technologies in order to reduce the cost of
electrification was considered during previous phase of the assignment. REA and TANESCO confirmed in a
Reference Group meeting in June 2017 that low-cost design such as SWER or two-phase lines was not a
relevant alternative and could be omitted. However, other cost-reducing measures in general could be
proposed.
Based on the guidance provided by the REMP Reference Group, three alternatives for low-cost solutions that
could be considered when implementing the REMP has been considered:
1. Deviation from TANESCO standard design. One alternative is to deviate from TANESCO´s standard
design by: a) increasing the line span between the poles by allowing lower ground clearance; b) using
lower poles (requires lower ground clearance); or c) using slimmer poles (reduced load carrying capacity/
strength). These three measures will reduce the cost of electrification but could also reduce the power
quality due to increased possibility for faults and outages, and increased fault clearing time. It may be
problematic to apply these alternatives without violating the laws and regulations for energized electrical
components in power systems, and they could also cause increased health risks, both for the utility
employees, and the public. Such deviation from standard design could also hinder future grid extensions
as they are not designed for future load increase. In these cases, a full replacement of the equipment
may be required.
2. Modified deviation from TANESCO standard design. A modified version of deviation from the TANESCO
standard design is to use reduced conductor cross-sections and smaller transformers dimensioned for
the actual load. The size of such transformers could potentially be in the range of 50 kVA to as low as 5
kVA for very small loads. The use of lower dimensioned equipment than normal in a standard designed
reticulation could be a cost reducing measure without diverting from the standard way of constructing
the network.
3. Single phase reticulation. Although SWER or two phases lines are not considered relevant for extension
of the MV backbone network, single phase reticulation for distribution from the backbone lines to the
customers could be an alternative. By introducing 1-phase LV supply, the 3-phase LV reticulation can be
avoided in rural areas with small loads, and instead replaced by 1/2-phase MV laterals and 1/2-phase
transformers. This will reduce the cost of supply significantly.
Potential cost implications by applying the proposed low-cost technologies is presented in the table below.
T J C “L C O -Grid Electrification Technologies
W k ” T z 0 Although the cost figures are some nine years old, the relative
difference between them is still representative for the potential cost reduction by applying these low-cost
technologies.
Table 42. Potential cost reduction for alternative reticulation solutions.
Proposed measure Potential cost reduction [%]
Moderate Low density

density areas areas
A TANESCO standard (benchmark) 100% 100%
B TANESCO modified (smaller transformers and LV lines) 86% 72%

Proposed measure Potential cost reduction [%]
Moderate Low density

density areas areas
C 33 kV 2-ph MV line, 16 and 25 kVA 1-phase transformer and 25mm2
LV lines 74% 37%
D 19 kV 1-ph MV line, 10 to 25 kVA 1-phase transformer and 25 mm2 LV

lines 72% 44%
The proposed measures are ultimately subject to approval by REA and TANESCO. Ongoing electrification
program are being implemented without use of any low-cost technologies, and there are no indications that
these will be applied for the planned programs. On that background, low-cost alternatives have not been
considered in the following analysis.

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Rural Energy Master Plan - REMP

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TANZANIA RURAL ENERGY MASTER PLAN

VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page ii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page iii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page iv

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page v

Cooking Energy Action Plan

Area Required transition and supply capacity implications

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page vi

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page vii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page viii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................. iii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page x

Table 1. NGAP – Programme objective and projects. ......................................................................................................... 9

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xi

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xii

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page xiv

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 1

Figure 1. Objectives of the REMP.

2.2 REMP Overview and Structure

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 2

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 3

Definition and/or Description

National Grid TANESCO operated main (interconnected) grid.

2 More information on: https://mtfenergyaccess.esmap.org/

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 4

Clean cooking Fuel-stove combinations that achieve emissions performance measurements of

eCooking Cooking with electricity

Modern cooking In SE4All terminology the term ‘ k ’ is understood as

Multi-Tier Framework Multidimensional, tiered approach to measuring household access to cooking

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 5

3.1 Electrification Targets and Overall Approach

Figure 3. High-level RESP targets.

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 6

Figure 4. Overall RESP approach to electrification.

3.2 Structure and Packaging of Programs

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 7

3.2.1 National Grid Alleviation Programme (NGAP)

Objectives and Activities

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 8

Programme Ensure satisfactory supply quality in rural areas, provided sufficient

Projects 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project

2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)

3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma

4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)

5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa

6: 400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Lindi-Tunduru-Songea

7: 400 kV lines Iringa-Kisida-Tunduma

Activities Location(s) Timing Partners

Project 1: Transformer capacity upgrade project

1.1 Validation of transformer upgrade needs TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO, REA,

1.2 Preparation of tender documents and TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

Project 2: North-East Project (400 kV lines Kinyerezi-Chalinze-Segera-Arusha)

REMP Main Report August 25th, 2022 Page 9

2.1 Feasibility study TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

2.2 Preparation of tender documents and TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

Project 3: 400 kV line Mwanza-Musoma

3.1 Feasibility study TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

3.2 Preparation of tender documents and TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

Project 4: 132 kV lines Tabora-Kigoma and Tabora-Mpanda (Katavi)

4.1 Feasibility study TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

4.2 Preparation of tender documents and TANESCO HQ Year 1 TANESCO,

Project 5: 220 kV lines upgrade Babati-Mbulu-Karatu and Babati-Kondoa