Name: ____________________ Teacher: _______________ Pd.

___ Date: ________

STAAR Science Tutorial 10

TEK 8.5C: Periodic Table

TEK 8.5C: Interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table, including groups
and periods, to explain how properties are used to classify
elements.

Elements and the Periodic Table

 An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by

physical or chemical means. An element is already in its simplest form.

 The smallest piece of an element that still has the properties of that element is
called an atom.

 An element is a pure substance, containing only one kind of atom.

 The Periodic Table of Elements is a list of all the elements that have been
discovered and named, with each element listed in its own element square.

 Elements are represented on the Periodic Table by a one or two letter symbol, and
its name, atomic number and atomic mass.
 The Periodic Table & Atomic Structure

 The elements are listed on the Periodic Table in atomic number order, starting at
the upper left corner and then moving from the left to right and top to bottom, just
as the words of a paragraph are read.

 The element’s atomic number is based on the number of protons in each atom of
that element. In electrically neutral atoms, the atomic number also represents the
number of electrons in each atom of that element.

 For example, the atomic number for neon (Ne) is 10, which means that each atom
of neon has 10 protons and 10 electrons. Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number
of 12, which means it has 12 protons and 12 electrons.

 The element’s atomic mass as shown on the periodic table, is the average sum of
protons and neutrons in each atom of that element. It is the numerically larger,
non-whole number in the element square. (Note that the atomic mass for a single
particular atom is a whole number, because it is not an average of many different
atoms. There cannot be fractions of a proton or neutron in an actual atom.)

 The number of neutrons in an atom of a particular element can vary. These are
called isotopes of that element.

 Because the atomic mass is an average number, it is not a whole number, and has
to be rounded up or down to a whole number when used to calculate the number
of neutrons in the most common isotope of that element.

 To calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope of an element,

subtract the atomic number from the rounded atomic mass. For example, the
atomic mass of iron is 55.84, which rounds up to 56. Iron’s atomic number is 26.
The number of neutrons is thus 56 – 26 = 30.
1
1
1
Periods H 2 Period
3 4
2 Li
 The horizontal (left-to-right) rows of the Be
periodic table are called periods. There are 11 12

seven periods in the periodic table. 3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2
 Within each period, all elements have the 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn F
same number of occupied Bohr Model 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 4
electron “shells” (electron energy levels or 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc R
orbitals).
55 56 72 73 74 75 7
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re O
 The properties of the elements change
gradually as you move across each period. 7 Fr
87 88 104 105 106 107 10
Ra Rf Db Sg Bh H
For example, the atomic radius of each
element gets smaller as you move from left
to right within each period. 57 58 59 60 6
La Ce Pr Nd P
Period Numbers 89 90 91 92 9
Ac Th Pa U N
 Groups or Families

 The vertical (up-and-down) columns indicate the 18 different groups or chemical

families of the periodic table, usually numbered 1 through 18, from left to right.
The elements within each group have the same general chemical properties and
the same number of valence electrons in the Bohr Model outer electron “shell.”

1 Group Numbers 18
1
1 H
2

2 13 14 15 16 17 He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P O Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Group
85 86
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Db Practice
Sg Bh HsQuestions
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118
7 Fr Ra Rf Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

1. Each square in the periodic table represents a(n) ______________________.

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
2. The numerically smaller
La Cewhole number
Pr Nd Pm Smin each element
Eu Gd square
Tb Dy Ho is
Er Tm Yb Lu
the ________________
89 90 _________________,
91 92 93 94 95 which
96 97 represents
98 99 100the101
number
102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
of _______________________ in an atom of that element.
3. The numerically larger non-whole number in each element square is
the ______________ -- ___________________, which represents the number
of ______________________ and _____________________ in an atom of that
element.
4. In electrically neutral atoms, the number of protons is the same as the number
of ______________________.
5. The horizontal (left-to-right) rows of elements are called
___________________, which indicate the number of
___________________________ (shells) in an atom of those elements.
6. There are _____________ different periods.
7. The physical and chemical properties of elements generally change gradually
across a ________________________.
8. The vertical, up-and-down, columns of elements are called
___________________ or __________________.
9. There are _______________ different groups.
10. All of the elements in each column have similar ___________________
properties because they each have the same number of:
____________________________.