Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CH 14
CH 14
Polymer Structures
Chapter 14 - 1
What is a Polymer?
Poly mer
many repeat unit
Chapter 14 - 2
Ancient Polymers
• Originally natural polymers were used
– Wood – Rubber
– Cotton – Wool
– Leather – Silk
Chapter 14 - 3
Polymer Composition
Most polymers are hydrocarbons
– i.e., made up of H and C
• Saturated hydrocarbons
– Each carbon singly bonded to four other atoms
– Example:
• Ethane, C2H6
H H
H
C C
H H
H
Chapter 14 - 4
Chapter 14 - 5
Isomerism
• Isomerism
– two compounds with same chemical formula can
have quite different structures
for example: C8H18
• normal-octane
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H = H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
H H H H H H H H
H3C ( CH2 ) CH3
6
• 2,4-dimethylhexane
CH3
H3C CH CH2 CH CH3
CH2
CH3
Chapter 14 - 6
Chemistry and Structure of
Polyethylene
Adapted from Fig.
14.1, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 14 - 8
Bulk or Commodity Polymers (cont)
Chapter 14 - 9
Bulk or Commodity Polymers (cont)
Chapter 14 -10
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Molecular weight, M: Mass of a mole of chains.
Low M
high M
Chapter 14 - 11
MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
Adapted from Fig. 14.4, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
total wt of polymer
Mn =
total # of molecules
M n = xi Mi
M w = wi Mi
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C (C C ) C C C C C C C C H DP = 6
H H H H H H H H H H H H
Mn
DP =
m
secondary
bonding
Chapter 14 -14
Polymers – Molecular Shape
Molecular Shape (or Conformation) – chain
bending and twisting are possible by rotation
of carbon atoms around their chain bonds
– note: not necessary to break chain bonds
to alter molecular shape
Chapter 14 -15
Chain End-to-End Distance, r
Chapter 14 -16
Molecular Configurations for Polymers
Configurations – to change must break bonds
• Stereoisomerism
H H H H H R
C C C C or C C
H R
H R H H
A A
Stereoisomers are mirror
images – can’t superimpose C C
without breaking a bond E E
B D D B
mirror
plane
Chapter 14 -17
Tacticity
Tacticity – stereoregularity or spatial arrangement of R
units along chain
H H H H H H H H H H H R H H H R
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H R H R H R H R H R H H H R H H
Chapter 14 -18
Copolymers Adapted from Fig.
14.9, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
A– B–
graft
Chapter 14 -19
Crystallinity in Polymers Adapted from Fig.
14.10, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
• Ordered atomic
arrangements involving
molecular chains
• Crystal structures in terms
of unit cells
• Example shown
– polyethylene unit cell
Chapter 14 -20