Low Back-off 16-APSK Transmission Using
Magnitude Modulation and Symbol Quantization
Marco Gomes and Vitor Silva Francisco Cercas
Inst. de Telecomunicações Inst. de Telecomunicações
DEEC, Univ. of Coimbra ISCTE, DCTI
Coimbra, Portugal Lisboa, Portugal
{marco;vitor}@coi.it.pt francisco.cercas@lx.it.pt
Abstract— QAM and APSK are used to meet the ever growing
demand for higher data rates in bandwidth limited satellite
channels whose main constraint to communication capacity is a
non-linear transmitting High Power Amplifier (HPA). The
inherent APSK robustness against nonlinear distortion leads to
its introduction in the recent standard for Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB-S2). Power efficiency is still limited by high
signal PAPR at the HPA input. Magnitude Modulation is a
technique for PAPR reduction, proposed with success for QPSK.
This paper shows that it is possible to use the magnitude
modulation concept for the 16-APSK case, even considering the
huge number of symbol combinations. The method’s capability to
avoid phase modulation is improved. In order to reduce look-up
table computation complexity and storage requirements, the
constellation symbols are vector quantized. Constellation and
RRC symmetries are also explored. Experimental results show
considerable gains of 80% in back-off reduction.
Keywords— Magnitude Modulation, PAPR, Back-off, APSK,
Satellite Communications
I. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
The aim of this paper is to maximize power efficiency of
APSK transmission in bandwidth limited satellite channels.
The main limitation to communication capacity on such
systems is a non-linear transmitting High Power Amplifier
(HPA) whose efficiency is partly determined by the
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted
signal. High PAPR imposes high linear requirements on the
HPA which leads to high power consumption and, therefore,
low power efficiency. Full driving the HPA will cause
distortion of the transmitted signal with spectral spreading, and
so inter-symbol interference (ISI) on the demodulated signal at
reception.
Though optimized M-APSK [1,2] constellations present a
lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), signal PAPR at
the transmitter HPA input is still too high, due to the
contribution of the root raised cosine (RRC) filter used to limit
the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and to guarantee free
ISI by matched filtering on the receiver. This limitation in the
frequency domain results in higher amplitude variation in the
time domain and, therefore, high values of PAPR.
One way to avoid operating in the nonlinear region of the
HPA is to use some back-off from the saturation point.
However, it is desirable to keep back-off as low as possible in
978-1-4244-1948-7/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE 229
Martin Tomlinson
Fixed and Mobile Commun. Research
University of Plymouth
Plymouth, UK
mtomlinson@plymouth.ac.uk
order to lower the HPA costs. Some solutions have been
developed, that try to compensate for the non-linearity of the
HPA amplifier by means of pre-distortion or post-distortion [3,
4]. Other approaches try to decrease the PAPR through the
Nyquist pulse shape optimization [5]. Coding solutions that
avoid critical sequences of modulated symbols were proposed
in [6]. Also, an efficient peak suppression algorithm was
described in [7]. However, this last solution is disadvantageous
because of its high computational complexity.
Magnitude Modulation is also a PAPR reduction technique
that was proposed in [8, 9] with significant results for BPSK
and QPSK. The method controls the variation of the envelope
signal at the HPA input, by magnitude modulating the data
stream, prior to root raised cosine (RRC) filtering. The main
novelty of this scheme is the fact that the multiplier coefficients
are previously computed and stored in memory. The present
paper extends the referred method to the 16-APSK case. The
main facing problem is the high number of constellation
symbols which leads to a huge number of combinations to be
considered, even for a system with small memory. By
exploring the constellation’s symmetry and RRC linear phase
characteristic, we reduce about 8 × the number of combinations
to be analyzed and look-up table storage requirements. Vector
quantization of constellation symbols, in order to compute
magnitude modulation values for a much reduced set of states,
is also proposed. Computed factors will be shared by all the
combinations of symbols that are mapped on the same
quantized sequence. We also improved the method’s capability
to avoid phase modulation.
Next section defines PAPR and back-off measures. Section
III presents the magnitude modulation and look-up table
computation algorithms. Solutions for reducing complexity are
described. In section IV, PAPR, back-off gains and bit error
rate (BER) results are reported for 16-APSK case and, then, the
main conclusions are summarized.
II. PAPR & BACK-OFF
As a starting point, it is important to clearly define PAPR
since different definitions can be found in literature [6, 10-12].
Let z ( t ) be the complex baseband signal after filtering and
D/A conversion given by,
⎡ ⎤
z ( t ) = s ( t ) ∗ hrrc ( t ) = ⎢ ∑ s ( nTs ) δ ( t − nTs ) ⎥ ∗ hrrc ( t ) (1)
⎣ n ⎦
IWSSC 2008
with s ( nTs ) = s I ( nTs ) + js Q ( nTs ) the transmitted symbol at III. MAGNITUDE MODULATION
interval nTs , Ts the symbol duration time and hrrc ( t ) the In Fig. 3 we present the outline of our magnitude
continuous-time impulse response of RRC filter (Fig. 1). modulation scheme. The equivalent complex baseband signal,
after filtering and D/A conversion is given by:
s (t ) z (t )
⎡ ⎤
z ( t ) = ⎢∑ m I ( nTs ) s I ( nTs ) δ ( t − nTs ) ⎥ ∗ hrrc ( t )
⎣ n ⎦
Figure 1. Generic system transmitter block diagram. (4)
⎡ ⎤
+ j ⎢∑ mQ ( nTs ) s Q ( nTs ) δ ( t − nTs ) ⎥ ∗ hrrc ( t ) ,
The definition used in this paper for PAPR, expressed in ⎣ n ⎦
dB, is: with m I ( nTs ) and mQ ( nTs ) , the multiplier coefficients that
PAPR = 10log10 ⎡ max z ( t )
⎢⎣
2
(
E z (t )
2
)⎤⎥⎦ (2)
modulate the amplitude of the transmitted pulse components,
s I ( nTs ) and s Q ( nTs ) , at nTs intervals. In order to simplify
The PAPR of the transmitted signal z ( t ) , is the sum of two Fig. 3, s ( nTs ) , m I ( nTs ) and mQ ( nTs ) are represented as sn ,
components: PAPRconst and PAPRrrc , due to the constellation mnI and mnQ respectively (hereafter both notations will be used
and the RRC filter, respectively. The PAPRconst contribution is interchangeably).
dependent on the constellation geometry. In Table 1, PAPR
mnI
values for several constellations are shown, considering unitary mI
average energy per transmitted symbol.
" snI

TABLE I. CONSTELLATION PAPR CONTRIBUTION sn+( N −1) 2 " sn " sn−( N −1) 2 ∑
π
(a) " Q 2
M-PSK 16-APSK 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM sn

0 dB 1.1 dB 2.6 dB
a. 16-APSK DVB-S2 constellation with γ = 3.15 [1]
In all cases, we assume that the linear range of the HPA is
able to handle with the PAPRconst from the constellation, i.e.,
maximum amplitude symbols at the output of modulator
(Fig. 1) will suffer no distortion if directly feed the HPA input.
So, denoting the maximum amplitude of a modulated symbol
by A , the back-off (in dB) to be applied to the signal z ( t ) ,
prior to high power amplification is defined as:
BackOff = 10log10 max z ( t ) ( 2
The undesirable contribution to PAPR comes from RRC
filtering used to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal
without ISI. Sharper limitation in the frequency domain results
in higher amplitude variation in the time domain and, therefore,
high values of PAPRrrc . Fig. 2 shows the PAPRrrc contribution
as a function of roll-off, for a RRC FIR filter with delay=7 and
oversampling=16. The main objective of this work is to cancel
this contribution using the magnitude modulation technique.
Although this manipulation changes somehow PAPRconst , the
impact on bit error rate (BER) performance is low but the
back-off reduction is considerable, as will be shown in the next
mQ
2.3 dB 3.7 dB 4.3 dB
mnQ
Figure 3. Magnitude modulation transmitter system.
Denoting by N (odd) the length of the symbol shift
register, the magnitude modulation system introduces a
transmission delay of ( N − 1) 2 symbols. Each data pulse,
sn = snI + jsnQ , is magnitude modulated according to ( N − 1) 2
past and future neighbours prior to filtering. Multiplier
coefficients, mnI and mnQ (each multiply snI and snQ ,
respectively), are stored in a look-up-table, at the position
)
A2 . (3) defined by state ⎡⎣ sn − ( N −1) 2 " sn −1 sn sn +1 " sn + ( N −1) 2 ⎤⎦ . These
values are obtained a priori by an iterative algorithm described
in detail in the next section [8, 9].
The result of the magnitude modulation clearly limits the
peak envelope variation as shown in Fig.4, obtained at the
output of a 16-APSK modulator, with α = 0.35 RRC filtering.
In practice, when restricting the maximum power at HPA input,
the method allows the transmission of a much higher power to
the channel as can be observed in Fig. 4(a) at right, where the
outer constellation symbols are closer to the limit circle.
(a) State Space Diagram (under the constraint of unitary maximum transmitted power)
without Magnitude Modulation with Magnitude Modulation

sections. 1 1

0.5 0.5
PAPR of the RRC digital filter with delay=7 and oversampling=16
Imag
Imag

7.5 0 0

7 −0.5 −0.5

6.5 −1 −1

6 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Real Real
PAPR [dB]

5.5
(b) Sample of a Magnitude Modulated 16−APSK Signal
5 no Magnitude Modulation
2
Magnitude Modulated Signal
Amplitude

4.5 1.5

4 1

0.5
3.5
0
8.1 8.101 8.102 8.103 8.104 8.105 8.106 8.107 8.108
3 Time 5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 x 10
Roll−Off
Figure 4. Sample of a 35% root raised cosine filtered 16-APSK signal with
Figure 2. Filter PAPR contribution as function of roll-off and delay. and without Magnitude Modulation.

230
Fig. 4(b) shows envelope excursions above the maximum
amplitude voltage A (of the used constellation), are smooth m0I m1I " m NI −1 " mNI −1 s0I s1I " s IN −1 " sNI −1
Q Q Q Q
s0Q s1Q " s QN −1 " sNQ−1 m0 m1 " m N −1 " mN −1
scaled without clipping, as desired. 2 2 2 2

mI [n] s I [ n] sQ [ n] mQ [ n ]
A. Algorithm for Look-up Table Computation
a I [ n] = m I [ n] s I [ n] a Q [ n ] = mQ [ n ] s Q [ n ]
Fig. 5 presents a discrete-time outline of the iterative Frrc Frrc
algorithm used for computing the magnitude modulation ↑ ↑
Fsymb Fsymb
coefficients. We extend the technique proposed in [8, 9] to the
more complex 16-APSK case. Vectors m I = ⎡⎣ m0I " mNI −1 ⎤⎦ and RRC Tx RRC Tx
m Q = ⎡⎣ m0Q " mNQ −1 ⎤⎦ are initialized to all ones, and the algorithm v I [n] vQ [ n]
iterates for each sequence of N modulated symbols, Clipping (Stop if no Clipping)
s = ⎡ s0 " s( N −1) 2 " sN −1 ⎤ , until it reaches the optimum values, if v[n] > A else
⎣ ⎦
m(IN −1) 2 and m(QN −1) 2 , to be applied to the central symbol, I
vclip [n] = v I [n] × A v[n] I
vclip [ n] = v I [ n]
Q
s( N −1) 2 , which guarantee minimum excursions above the vclip [n] = v Q [n] × A v[n] Q
vclip [ n] = v Q [ n]

maximum voltage A that does not drive the amplifier into v I

clip [ n] Q
vclip [ n]
saturation. RRC Rx RRC Rx

Although at the end of the iterative procedure, only the Frrc Frrc
↓ ↓
m(IN −1) 2 and m(QN −1) 2 values are stored in the look-up table at the Fsymb Fsymb
position defined by state s (i.e. mapped in the correspondent I
aRx [ n] Q
aRx [ n]
bit sequence), during the iterative procedure, the s( N −1) 2
neighbouring symbols are also magnitude modulated Data Magnitudes Equal

(pre-distorted), i. e. , all elements of the m I and mQ vectors

I
mnew [ n] I ,Q
mnew = f ( mnew
I Q
, mnew ,...)
Q
mnew [ n]
Data Magnitudes Data Magnitudes
are updated. This guarantees that final values for m(IN −1) 2 and Different Different

m(QN −1) 2 , will also take into consideration the magnitude

Figure 5. Outline of the algorithm for computation of the look-up tables of
modulation pre-distortion that neighbouring symbols may
magnitude modulation coefficients.
suffer.
2) Exploring constellation and RRC symmetries
Different variations of this algorithm dictate the flow
through the diagram shown in Fig. 5. In fact, in order to avoid The considered M-ary constellations are usually symmetric
phase modulation, m I and mQ can be forced to be equal, m I ,Q with respect to both, real and imaginary axis. Any state s , st
whose central symbol s( N −1) 2 ∉ X n1 , i. e. (s( N −1) 2 = α + n π 2
(Data Magnitudes Equal). In [8], it was proposed to use the
average. However, they were considering QPSK case whose (with α ∈ ( X n1
equivalent state
{ ( )}
and n ∈ {1, 2, 3} ), can be transformed on an
st

constellation symbols have equal amplitude real and imaginary π

parts. For higher order constellations, whose symbols have s′ = ⎡ s0′ " s(′N −1) 2 " s′N −1 ⎤ = e
− jn
2
s (7)
unequal amplitude components we define a new f (.) function ⎣ ⎦
(Fig. 2), st
where, s(′N −1) 2 ∈ X n1 and (s(′N −1) 2 = α .
I ,Q
mnew = ⎡( mnew
I
s ) + (m
I 2 Q
s ) ⎤⎦⎥ ⎡⎣⎢( s ) + ( s ) ⎤⎦⎥ .
Q 2 I 2 Q 2
(5) Based on the following proposition [13] only states whose
⎣⎢ new
st
central symbol belongs to X 1 , need to be computed and stored
B. Reducing Algorithm Complexity on a look-up table, which leads to a reduction by a factor of 4
of the number of states to be considered.
The main facing problem of extending the method to a
higher order M-ary constellation, is the high number of Proposition 1: For rotated states s′ = e− jnπ 2s , magnitude
constellation symbols with non-constant amplitude which leads modulation factors are related by:
to a huge number of combinations to be considered, M N , even
for a system with small memory, N . New solutions are
s( N −1) 2 ∈ X 2 , X 4 { nd th

} ⇒ ( m , m ) = ( m′ , m′ )
I Q Q I

(8)
proposed in this section to reduce look-up table computation
( m , m ) = ( m′ , m′ )
rd
s( N −1) 2 ∈ X 3 ⇒ I Q I Q
complexity and storage requirements:
1) Symbol Quantization RRC digital filters of Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are linear phase
Denote by X , the set of constellation symbols, X n the
th
which allows to further reduce the number of combinations to
subset of the ones belonging to the nth quadrant, and Es the be computed according to proposition 2 [13].
th i
energy of symbol si . The symbols si ∈ X n , are vector Proposition 2: Let s r be the time reversal of state s . For
quantized by linear phase filters ( hrrc [ n ] = hrrc [ −n ] ) both states have the same
→ sˆn = ∑ ( si Es ) ∑ Es .
th
si ∈ X n ⎯⎯ th (6)
i i
magnitude modulation coefficients.
si si

This allows a considerable reduction of the number of states to This allows a reduction to almost a half in the number of
be considered, to only 4 N . A unique magnitude modulation states to be computed (there are M ( N −1) 2 states for which
factor will be shared by all the combinations of symbols that s r = s ). Considering both propositions, the number of states to
are mapped on the same sequence of ŝ symbols. be considered can be reduced to M N + M ( N +1) 2 8 . By making ( )

231
use of symbol quantization this number is reduced to just 10
__
PAPR ( ) and Back−Off (− − −) for 16−APSK RRC Filtered Signal with and without Magnitude Modulation

22 N −3 + 2 N − 4 states. 9
No Magnitude Modulation
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Unequal Components (mI≠mQ)
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp., mI,Q=(mI+mQ)/2 (see Ref. [8])
8 Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp. computed according with (5)
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 7
Mag. Mod. with N=7, Equal Comp (5) and Symbol Vector Quantization

Experimental results presented in this section, consider a 6

normalized 16-APSK DVB-S2 constellation [1] with γ = 3.15 .

dB
5

System memory is N = 5 , when full set of 16-APSK symbols 4

is considered, and N = 7 for the symbol quantization approach. 3

For the algorithm case where phase is preserved, the new 2

proposed f ( ) function (5) is evaluated against the one 1

previously proposed on [8]. 0

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Roll−Off
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Fig. 6 plots the PAPR of the complex baseband signal z ( t )
with and without magnitude modulation (eq. (4) and (1),
respectively) and the required back-off level as functions of
RRC filter roll-off. The corresponding gains are shown in
Figure 6. PAPR and back-off of several magnitude modulation approaches for
a 16-APSK RRC filtered signal.
Back−Off Reduction for 16−APSK RRC Filtered Signal with Magnitude Modulation
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Unequal Components (m ≠m )
I Q

Fig. 7. These gains are expressed as percentage relative to the 100

I,Q I
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp., m =(m +m )/2 (see Ref. [8])
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp. computed according with (5)
Q

back-off of the non-magnitude modulated system. 90

Mag. Mod. with N=7, Equal Comp (5) and Constellation Vector Quantization

Performance of the several approaches was also evaluated

80

Reduction [%]
70
in terms of BER on the AWGN channel, and results are 60

presented in Fig. 8. We have assumed linear transmission (no 50

clipping) of a 16-PSK signal, using an RRC filter 40

with α = 0.35 . Forward error correcting coding was used,

30

considering the short ( 576, 288 ) Low Density Parity Check

20

10

(LDPC) code defined for the Wimax 802.16e standard [14]. 0

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

The decoding was based on the iterative Belief Propagation Roll−Off

algorithm with horizontal scheduling [15]. Figure 7. Back-off reduction of several magnitude modulation approaches for
a 16-APSK RRC filtered signal.
Even for a small memory system, e. g. N = 5 , the
magnitude modulation method allows a considerable reduction
0
10
Ideal 16−APSK
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Unequal Components (mI≠mQ)
of about 80% on the required back-off (Figs. 6, 7). PAPR −1
10 Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp., mI,Q=(mI+mQ)/2 (see Ref. [8])

reduction in dB is lower than the back-off reduction as desired, −2

10
Mag. Mod. with N=5 and Equal Comp. computed according with (5)

i. e., the expected decrease on transmitted average power due to

the magnitude modulation procedure is much lower than the
−3
10
BER

desired reduction on output peak power, and so a small penalty −4

10

on BER performance should be expected. This is confirmed by −5

the results in Fig. 8. The overall back-off gain (back-off gain

10

minus BER loss) is more than 2.5dB at BER = 10 −6 , which is a −6

10

significant improvement. −7
10
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
E /N [dB]
Fig. 6-8 show that the proposed and improved new function b 0

Figure 8. BER performance on AWGN channel of several magnitude

(5) presents no loss when compared to the magnitude
modulation method with unequal components ( m I ≠ mQ ). In the
typical range of interest, α ∈ [0.15; 0.35] , the back-off gain is
significantly better than the one obtained when using the
average function [8]. Fig. 8 shows also that even at α = 0.35 ,
where both functions present similar back-off gains, a further
gain of about 0.4dB is obtained at BER = 10 −5 .
Symbol vector quantization shows some promising results
with a back-off reduction in the 30% − 40% range, for small
roll-off values ( α ≤ 0.25 ), considering a small look-up table
size with just 214 entries (Figs. 6, 7).
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper it is shown that power efficient 16-APSK
transmission can be attained with the use of Magnitude
Modulation technique. Even for a small memory system the
magnitude modulation method allows a considerable reduction
of about 80% on the required back-off, with negligible BER
losses on the AWGN channel, when channel coding is used.
modulation approaches for a 16-APSK RRC filtered signal using LDPC
Wimax802.16e code (576, 288).
Constellation and RRC filter symmetries were explored in
order to compact look-up tables and speed-up computation. In
addition vector quantization of constellation symbols was also
proposed in order to compute magnitude modulation values for
a much reduced set of states. The method’s capability to avoid
phase modulation was improved showing no loss compared to
the unconstrained phase modulation algorithm approach.
An overall back-off gain of more than 2.5dB was reported
(at BER = 10 −6 ), considering a 0.35 roll-off RRC filter and an
( 576, 288) LDPC code.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Marco Gomes would like to thank the Portuguese
Foundation "FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” for
the PhD Grant (SFRH/ BD/ 38338/ 2007).

232
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