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Tobacco Industry Term Paper
Tobacco Industry Term Paper
Latter of Transmittal
Tobacco Industry: It’s socio-economic effect in Bangladesh
5th August, 2015
Md. Saiful Islam
Term Paper Supervisor
Department of Management
Govt. B.M College, Barisal.
Sub: Submission of Term Paper on Tobacco Industry: It’s Socio-economic effect
in Bangladesh.
9
Dear Sir,
The term paper submitted is on “Tobacco Industry: It’s Socio-economic effect in
Bangladesh” done as a partial fulfillment of the requirement of BBA. You assigned
me to prepare this term paper as a requirement of the BBA course curriculum. I am
enthusiastic to you for giving me the opportunity to undergo such an experience.
This term paper is a partial requirement of the BBA program go in making this report
worthy on. I have tried my level best to gather all relative information from the
various sources. I hope that it will meet your expected demand.
I sincerely, hope the this report meets your fulfillment and its appraisal would
demonstrate my ability to prepare a formal report. I would be glad to furnish you with
clarifications, if required.
Thanking you
Sincerely yours
Student’s Declaration
Tobacco Industry: It’s socio-economic effect in Bangladesh
Md. Mannun Islam a student of BBA 2nd year department of Management Govt.
B.M. College, Barisal declare that this term paper title “Tobacco Industry: It’s
Socio-economic effect in Bangladesh” is a presentation of my own research work
and complied by me. It does not reproduce others work. Every effort is made to
indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature & acknowledgement of
collaborative research and discussion. This work was done under the guidance
Md. Saiful Islam, Lecturer, Department of Management, Government B.M. College, 9
Barisal.
……………………….
Signature
Date: ………………
Supervisor’s Authentication
Tobacco Industry: It’s socio-economic effect in Bangladesh
Md. Mannun Islam Class Roll-26283, N.U Roll- 8326464, Reg. No- 2360709, BBA
Program has submitted the term paper on “Tobacco Industry: It’s Socio-economic
effect in Bangladesh”
Which he has covered some ideal, realistic and practical parts of the study in the term
paper. So, I recommend the term paper can be accepted.
9
Md. Saiful Islam
……………………
Signature
Date:
Find of all, I would like to convey my sincere thanks to GOD because he has
given me the opportunity to complete my term paper of course, I acknowledge
the support and assistance given by a number of people. I am grateful to many
individuals for the completion of the term paper successfully.
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I have gathered an enormous deal of experience while going through the
internship period and preparation of this term paper. I would like to thank to
my term paper supervisor Md. Saiful Islam for his excellent guidance and
support during the preparation of the report. I really want to express my heartist
gtatitude to him for his valuable advice and time that he gave me, which helped
me to prepare this Term Paper.
Lastly, my heartiest thanks go to others who were involved and helped directly
and indirectly in completion of term paper and preparing this report. Special
thanks go to all workers of online Services for who spared this time generously
and took the trouble of answering detail information and helped me to complete
my study. Without them all these wouldn’t be made possible.
Abstract
A standard literature search was performed using multiple electronic databases for
identification of peer-reviewed articles. The internet and organizational database were
also used to find other types of documents (eg, books and report). The reference lists
of identified relevant documents were reviewed to find additional sources. 9
Tobacco has been introduced since mid sixties of the last century into the fields where
food crops were grown, and more widely after liberation in 1971 by the British
American Tobacco Company in Teesta silt in Rangpur area. Although Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has conducted research and development
activities of tobacco and abandoned in 1995, tobacco production has mainly been 9
pushed by big multinational companies such as British American Tobacco Company
through contract growers.
Bangladesh, with a population of 144 million people, is one of the poorest countries in
the world, with a promise of emergence in the form of economic drive and growth by
utilization of the enormous labor. However, Bangladesh has a low literacy rate,
estimated at 61.3% for males and 52.2% for females in 2010 (Cia.gov, n.d.). The
agriculture based economy is quite prevalent in rural sectors of Bangladesh, residence
to majority of the Bangladeshis. Before going directly into the findings concerning the
impact of tobacco on the health status of the tobacco workers, it is appropriate to
examine profiles of the tobacco workers. If we look at table-1 we observe that
maximum respondents were illiterate (63.0 %) and only a fewer portion of them
having secondary level education (8.0%). With respect to the types or work the
workers involved in the factory we see that about 56.0 % involved in bidi making,
24.2% in gull processing and the rest of 19.8% workers involved in jarda processing.
Alcohol is different in that about nine out of 10 adults use alcohol in limited amounts
with no adverse outcomes. The other one in ten abuses alcohol, which results in a
range of negative health and social outcomes including an estimated 100,000
premature deaths per year.
Table of Contents
4 CHAPTER-3 (Database)
3.1 The production of tobacco in Bangladesh 16-17
3.2 Occupational considerations 18
6 CHAPTER-5 ( Conclusion)
5.1 Conclusion 30
5.2 Summary of major finding
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 Encluding Remarks 31
Reference 32
Chapter-1 (Introduction)
1.4 Methodology
This is a field study research which has been made on the basis of a survey. A well
structured questionnaire has been developed after an intensive review of the literature
and practical experience. The target population of the study is the tobacco growers of
Kushtia in Bangladesh. The sample unit of this study is the individual farmer (tobacco
grower). Social Sciences 2013; 2(3): 128-134 131 The sample size is 262 farmers
consisting male and female. Non-probability convenience sampling procedure has
been used to collect primary data. Research was conducted in one of the most tobacco
growing areas: Kushtia (Daulatpur and Mirpur Upazilla). Data collection was
conducted on June-July of 2012.
Researchers study the effects of tobacco and alcohol advertising because the
consumption of these substances is known to have potentially adverse health
consequences. Tobacco use results in illness in proportion to its consumption, with
about one-third of tobacco consumers dying as a result of these illnesses. Alcohol is
different in that about nine out of 10 adults use alcohol in limited amounts with no
adverse outcomes. The other one in ten abuses alcohol, which results in a range of
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negative health and social outcomes including an estimated 100,000 premature deaths
per year. There have been a number of empirical studies on the effects of tobacco and
alcohol advertising. The bulk of these studies indicate that advertising does not
increase tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, many public health advocacy
organizations do not accept these results. An examination of the methods and data
commonly used in empirical studies provides an explanation for these divergent
opinions. The key to understanding the empirical problems lies in the advertising
response function and the type of data used to measure advertising.
My most recent study, with Dhaval Dave, examines the effect of alcohol
advertising on alcohol consumption by adolescents. We use the Monitoring the Future
(MTF) the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) datasets for the
empirical work. These datasets are augmented with alcohol advertising data,
originating aton the market level, for five media. Use of both the MTF and the
NLSY97 datasets improves the empirical analysis because each has unique
advantages. The large sample size of the MTF makes it possible to estimate
regressions with race and gender-specific subsamples. The panel nature of the
NLSY97 makes it possible to estimate individual fixed-effects models.
Chapter-3 (Database)
The most likely explanation for the discrepancy between self-reported non-use
of tobacco and saliva cotinine levels indicating personal tobacco use in participants in
the Health Survey for England is chewing paan that actually contains tobacco. The
regression analysis revealed that under-reporting tobacco users were more likely to
report chewing paan without tobacco compared with both self-reported tobacco
chewers and cotinine-validated non-users. Presumably the validated non-users do not
chew paan at all, whereas the self-reported chewers report chewing paan with
tobacco. It would seem, then, that at least some of the under-reporters are
unknowingly chewing paan that contains tobacco. Qualitative analysis would
contribute to testing this hypothesis and to discovering whether the responses
indicated concealment or a lack of awareness that the paan they use contains tobacco.
Heavy exposure to passive smoking would be another possible explanation, as values
up to 20 ng/ml can be caused by heavy exposure. However, only 5 of the 46 women
who did not report any tobacco use but whose cotinine levels were ≥15 ng/ml had a
cotinine level <20 ng/ml. It is important to note that six self-reported tobacco users
had a cotinine level <15 ng/ml, a standard cut-off for personal use. Recent work
points out that some tobacco users who smoke (or chew) infrequently or have low
consumption are likely to have lower cotinine levels, particularly if they did not
smoke (or chew) within the preceding 24 h. These ‘false-negatives’ are less important
To what extent are participants who provided a saliva sample representative of those
interviewed? Women who reported no tobacco use and who did not give a saliva
sample were significantly different in a number of respects from women who reported
chewing tobacco and did provide a saliva sample. However, those with no self-
reported tobacco use and no saliva data did have a similar profile to those who
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reported no tobacco use and had a salivary cotinine level of <15 ng/ml. This latter
group was also significantly different in a number of respects from women who
reported chewing tobacco or whose cotinine levels indicated personal tobacco use.
These differences make it less likely that women who were concealing their personal
tobacco use chose not to provide a saliva sample. Moreover, it is unlikely that a
participant would refuse to provide a saliva sample in an attempt to conceal a false
response, as the nurse requested the saliva sample in a separate part of the interview
process: at that stage of interview, they did not know that a saliva sample would be
requested at a nurse visit, nor what it was for. Very few participants who had a nurse
visit refused to provide a saliva sample.
From Figure 1, we may conclude that among the respondents most of the
respondent i., e., 83 percents were Farmer and also we observe that students also
involve in tobacco cultivation but there involvement is too poor. Business man and
service holder also engaged in tobacco cultivation.
As individual becomes educated s/he knows the hazards of tobacco use. It is,
therefore, expected that an inverse relationship would exist between the level of
education and the tobacco cultivation. Educated people are more aware about the
harmful effects of it. But this study shows that not only illiterate people but also
educated people are related to grow tobacco. In this study around 47 percent of the
respondents were reported as illiterate. Respondents with educational attainment up to 9
SSC are about 45 percent. Around 8 percent of the respondent have educational
qualification H.S.C. and above [Table 2]. This increase in the educational attainment
may be attributed to the overall increase in literacy as well as the encouragement by
the successive governments.
Tobacco smoking and other forms of tobacco use impose a large and growing public
health burden globally and in Bangladesh. Globally, tobacco use currently causes 5.4
million premature deaths each year, and current trends predict that one billion people
will die from tobacco use in the 21st century (WHO, [16]). Smoke-free policies are
limited to health care and educational (excluding university) facilities and do not
cover bars, restaurants, government buildings, transport, indoor workplaces and other 9
indoor public places. Tobacco advertising is banned on television and radio, in local
magazines and newspapers, and on billboards, but is allowed at the point of sale.
Tobacco company sponsorship of tournaments is banned, but promotional discounts
and distribution of free samples are allowed. Health warnings are required on
cigarette and bidi packages, but do not include graphic images, and no warnings are
required on smokeless tobacco products.
Tobacco excise taxes have increased over time, but tobacco products have become
more affordable over time and significant tax increases have not been adopted to curb
tobacco use. Currently, tobacco use causes nearly six million deaths per year
worldwide — more than one in ten adult deaths. About 70% of current tobacco-
attributable deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (Jha P. et al., [6]).
Tobacco use is estimated to kill approximately 57,000 people in Bangladesh each year
— about one in six of all deaths among people ages 30 years and older.14 As in other
countries, the majority of these deaths result from lung and other cancers, strokes,
ischemic heart and other cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases. Estimates
indicate that there are about 1.2 million cases of lung cancer, cerebro-vascular
disease, coronary artery diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other
tobacco-attributable illnesses in Bangladesh annually. Given the numerous diseases
caused by tobacco use, the health care costs of treating these diseases are substantial.
Estimates for 2004 indicate that the annual health care costs attributable to tobacco-
related illnesses in Bangladesh were 50.9 billion taka (US$ 856 million), including
5.8 billion taka (US$ 98 million) to treat the diseases caused by exposure to
secondhand tobacco smoke.
From the Table 4 we may conclude that the fitted model is well and good since the
value of 2 R is too high. Also the value of F statistic shows that the model is fitted
well.
4.6 Smuggling
Tobacco Industry: It’s socio-economic effect in Bangladesh
Tobacco tax increases seem to offer a win-win situation: higher revenues for
governments, and a strong incentive to people to quit smoking, with a particularly
strong deterrent to young people, who tend to be much more price-sensitive. Why
don’t more governments raise cigarette taxes? Some fear that higher taxes would
cause a huge increase in smuggling, that would cheat governments of tax revenues.
But the evidence suggests a different conclusion. This clearly suggests that prices and
taxes are not the whole story. It is not a simple case that higher taxes and prices will 9
lead to more smuggling. Corruption is a key factor in explaining smuggling levels:
countries with high general levels of corruption also have high levels of cigarette
smuggling, irrespective of their price and tax levels, and vice versa for countries with
little corruption (Figure 9 and World Bank, 1999). Organised crime and low risks of
being caught or facing serious sanctions play a big role. 2000 The higher taxes are,
the stronger the incentive to smuggle. Some countries have experienced increases in
smuggling after implementing tax increases, but even so, they have seen total tax
revenues rise as a result of the tax increases. This gap provides a strong incentive in
itself to smugglers, since they can easily buy cigarettes cheaply from the
manufacturers or from middlemen, and then sell them for a good profit, even in
countries with relatively low prices and taxes. New analysis by the World Bank
suggests that even when one builds in a causal link between higher prices/taxes and an
increase in smuggling, an average global increase of 10% in cigarette prices would
raise revenues by about 10%, lower consumption by about 3.5%, and increase the
volume of smuggling slightly. These include higher penalties for smuggling; more
resources for detecting and prosecuting smugglers and better collaboration among
customs officials around the world; and various measures to make exporters and
traders responsible for their cigarettes while in transit from their initial to their final
destinations, including requiring manufacturers to place unique identifying codes on
all packs of cigarettes to enable smuggled cigarettes to be tracked and traced.
Chapter-5 (Conclusion)
Tobacco Industry: It’s socio-economic effect in Bangladesh
5.1 Conclusion
This paper aims to evaluate the socio-economic effects of the coming tobacco
reform in Bangladesh through a farm model based on the Positive Mathematical
Programming approach. The micro-data used for the present analysis is related to the
farm accounting information contained in the Bangladesh database for the tobacco
specialized farms. In this framework, each farm models reproducing the farm 9
behaviour are implemented in order to have some relevant information to the future
farmers responses to the introduction of the new tobacco reform. In a more specific
manner, the information obtained by the models concerns the modification in the land
allocation, the consequent changes in farm revenue and the impact on the employment
in agriculture and in the tobacco industry. The variation in production supply is
accompanied by a strong farm reorganisation process, which implies the partial (and
total) substitution of tobacco crops with other processes present in the farm (above all
wheat and protein crops). The variation in production organisation differs from region
to region, precisely as a consequence of the various alternative processes. The greatest
economic effect caused by the Reform is represented by the reduction in overall aid
that farms would receive in the form of coupled and decoupled payments. Despite this
reduction, the general effect on farm gross margin is positive in almost all scenarios
and farm typology considered, mostly because of the parallel decrease in variable
costs.
In conclusion, the theory of an industry advertising response function is
supported by the empirical results from my own prior studies and reconciles the
contrary findings from other prior studies based on aggregated time-series data. Taken
together, these empirical studies suggest that time-series advertising data for alcohol
and tobacco are not appropriate for measuring the effect of advertising. However,
further studies using cross-sectional data are also likely to find positive effects of
advertising; studies of advertising bans will find effects if they are comprehensive
bans; and studies of counteradvertising are likely to find that counteradvertising
reduces consumption.
References