Nanotechnology & its Applications

Week 10-11
First Semester, SY 2023-2024

Part 1
 CONTENTS

1 What is Nanotechnology?
2 Antecedents of Nanotechnology

3 Applications of Nanotechnology
4 Major Impacts to Society

5 Social Issues and Concerns

Intended Learning Discuss the antecedents of
1 ANTECEDENTS
Outcomes nanotechnology;

At the end of this Enumerate the positive and negative

2 PROS AND CONS
lessons, students should impacts of nanotechnology to society;

be able to:
Cite applications of nanotechnology across
3 APPLICATIONS
different areas;

Identify social issues and concerns surrounding

4 SOCIAL ISSUES
nanotechnology; and

Critique the issue on its cost and benefits to

5 COST AND BENEFITS
society.
1
What is Nanotechnology?
❑ Nano (Greek for Dwarf or Small)
❑ Just How Small is Nano Small?
❑ Nanoscience
❑ What is Nanotechnology?
❑ Nanomaterials
❑ Nanosources
❑ Nanodevice
❑ Importance of Nanotechnology
NANO (Greek for DWARF or SMALL)

❑ 1 NANOMETER = 10-9 m (billionth of a meter)

❑ Size of the NANOSCALE :

✓ A sheet of paper : about 100,000 nm thick
✓ A strand of human DNA : 2.5 meters in diameter
✓ 1 inch : 25,400,000 nanometers
✓ A strand of human HAIR : 80,000 – 100,000 nm
✓ If a marble were a nanometer, then one (1) meter would
be the size of the Earth
Just HOW SMALL is NANO-SMALL?

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Just HOW SMALL is NANO-SMALL?

A nanometer (nm) a hundred-

thousandth the width of a human hair
[source: Berkeley Lab])

Photo by:
Anjaneyulu Vin
NANOSCIENCE

▪ The study and application of structures and materials that have dimensions ✓ Strength
at the nano scale level
✓ Weight/mass
▪ The study of nanomaterials and their properties, and the understanding of
how these materials, at the molecular level, provide novel properties and
✓ Control of light spectrum
physical, chemical and biological phenomena that have been successfully ✓ Chemical reactivity
used in innovative ways in a wide range of industries. ✓ Boiling/melting point
▪ When structures of materials are made small enough (at nanoscale
✓ Density
ranges), they take on interesting and useful PROPERTIES (physical and
chemical):
✓ Color
e.g. opaque materials become transparent
insoluble substances become soluble
color of gold can be changed to violet, red and more

http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-nanotechnology-and-nanoscience/
What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?

▪ The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale level, the

properties of which differ significantly from that of their constituent
material at the macroscopic or even microscopic scale.
▪ It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses understanding and control
of matter at about 1-100 nm, leading to development of innovative and
revolutionary applications.
▪ It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special
properties of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolecular scale
▪ It also involves DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION, and
APPLICATION of structures, devices, and systems by controlling
SHAPES and SIZES at the nanometer scale

http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-nanotechnology-and-nanoscience/
What is NANOTECHNOLOGY?

▪ It is CONVERGENT
It brings TOGETHER various fields of science through its
innovations, such as DNA silicon chips, converging with
semiconductor science (inorganic chemistry) and biology, with
applications in the medical industry.

▪ It is ENABLING
It provides the platform and the tools to produce innovations

▪ Physicist RICHARD FEYNMAN: the Father of Nanotechnology

NANOMATERIALS

▪ Materials used to create displays that have better color, lower ✓ Carbon nanotubes
✓ Diamond
energy consumption and longer service life. ✓ Quantum dots
✓ Fullerenes
✓ Graphite
▪ Chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and ✓ Graphene
used at a very small scale (1-100 nm) ✓ Graphene oxide
✓ Dendrimers
✓ Liposomes
▪ Developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the ✓ DNA
✓ Titanium Oxide (TiO2)
same material without nanoscale features:
✓ Silver
increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity ✓ Iron Oxide (FeO2)
https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12989-018-0282-0/MediaObjects/12989_2018_282_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp
Nano SOURCES

▪ Naturally occurring
✓ Volcanic ash
✓ Forest fires
✓ Ocean spray
✓ Fine sand
✓ Dust

▪ Incidental / Anthropogenic
✓ Produced as a consequence of
human activities

▪ Combustion Process (e.g. Vehicles)

✓ Engineered / Manufactured / Industrial
✓ Intentionally produced for a ‘SPECIFIC’ purpose
NANODEVICE

▪ A device with at least one overall dimension in the nanoscale, or shows such cameras working with other
comprising one or more nanoscale components essential to its nanoparticles to get rid of a disease
operation
✓ Photonic, plasmonic and metamaterial devices
✓ Bio/chemical/nano sensing devices
✓ II-VI/III-V compound optoelectronics and laser devices
✓ Electron and nuclear spin devices
✓ Energy harvesting systems (photonic)
✓ Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
✓ Microfluidics and Microsystems
✓ Low dimensional nanostructures
✓ Topological insulator electric and photonic systems
✓ Bioelectronics

▪ (In medicine) are nanoparticles that are created for the purpose of https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-
interacting with cells and tissues and carrying out very specific tasks s2.0-B9781455778621000213-f21-06-
e.g., imaging tools (miniature cameras) 9781455778621.jpg?_
Importance of Nanotechnology

✓ To improve existing industrial processes, materials Nanotech products

and applications by scaling them down to the become:
nanoscale in order to ultimately fully exploit the
✓ Lighter
unique quantum and surface phenomena that ✓ Stronger
matter exhibits at the nanoscale ✓ Faster
✓ Smaller
✓ More durable
✓ To improve existing products by creating smaller ✓ More efficient
components and better performance materials, all
at a lower cost
2
Antecedents of Nanotechnology
❑ How it All Started
❑ A Timeline of Nanotechnology
❑ Two Approaches to Nanotechnology
 How It All Started

The ideas & concepts Feynman described a It wasn't until 1981, with the Once scientists had the
behind nanoscience & process in which scientists development of the right tools…
nanotechnology started with would be able to manipulate SCANNING TUNNELING ✓ SCANNING
a talk entitled “There’s and control individual atoms MICROSCOPE (STM) that TUNNELING
Plenty of Room at the and molecules. could "see" individual MICROSCOPE (STM)
Bottom” by physicist atoms, that modern ✓ ATOMIC FORCE
Richard Feynman at an nanotechnology began.
MICROSCOPE (AFM)
American Physical Society Over a decade later, in his
meeting at the California explorations of
Institute of Technology on ultraprecision machining, The microscopes needed to The age of
December 29, 1959, long Professor Norio Taniguchi see things at the nanoscale
before the term coined the term were invented relatively
nanotechnology
nanotechnology was used. nanotechnology. recently in the early 1980s.
was born.
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

▪ A type of scanning probe microscope

invented in 1982 by scientists working in IBM
and first used experimentally in 1986
▪ Its functioning is enabled by three of its major
working principles:
✓ Surface sensing
✓ Detection
✓ Imaging
▪ Measure properties (primary role):
✓ Magnetism
✓ Height
✓ Friction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy
Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)

▪ A type of microscope used for imaging surfaces

at the atomic level
▪ Developed in 1981 by inventors, Gerd Binnig
and Heinrich Rohrer
▪ Can distinguish features smaller than 0.1nm
with a 0.01 nm (10 pm) depth resolution

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRftWp_3RZwA&psig=AOvVaw2y6MTQweumUI5fQI0KAv9d&ust=16055320951
42000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKinqqrPhO0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP
Two Approaches to Nanotechnology

1) Top-down
Approach
Bulk materials are
broken down into smaller
and smaller particles
(Norio Taniguchi)
Two Approaches to Nanotechnology

2) Bottom-up
Approach
Nanoparticles are
built up an atom/
molecule at a time
(Richard Feynman)
3
Applications of Nanotechnology
❑ Everyday Life
❑ Medical Robotics
❑ Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
❑ Gene Therapy
❑ Energy Applications
❑ Agriculture
❑ Food Industry
❑ Textiles
❑ Sports
❑ Cosmetics
❑ Defense and Security
Applications to Everyday Life

https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i40/Periodic-graphics-chemistry-nanotechnology.html https://www.slideshare.net/Aamirlone47/nanotechnology-in-diagnostic-pathology
Applications to Everyday Life

Source: Researchgate.net
Applications to Various Fields

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-different-types-of-nanotechnology
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Applications-of-nanomaterials-in-different-fields_fig1_358817800
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Nanotechnology in Medical Robotics

▪ Nano-robotics, although having many

applications in other areas, have the most
useful and variety of uses in medical fields.
▪ Potential applications include early diagnosis
and targeted drug delivery for cancer,
biomedical instrumentation, surgery,
pharmacokinetics, monitoring of diabetes,
and health care.
▪ Future medical nanotechnology expected to
employ nanorobots injected into the patient to
perform treatment on a cellular level.

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anoverviewofnanotechnologyinmedicine-100401024845-phpapp02/95/an-overview-of-nanotechnology-in-medicine-8-728.jpg?cb=1270090161
Nanomaterials in Medicine & Pharmaceuticals

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ejnm-2013-0003/asset/graphic/ejnm-2013-0003_fig1.jpg
Nanotechnology in Medicine

Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment

▪ Potential to revolutionize the cancer
treatment
▪ Nanocrystals can be effective agents for
selective targeting and destruction of
cancer cells
✓ Small particle size
✓ Surface functionalization is
possible
✓ Unique properties (magnetic,
optical)
Nanotechnology in Medicine

Imaging and Diagnostics

▪ Nanoplex Biomarker Detection
✓ Silica-coated Surface Enhanced
Raman Scattering (SERS) –
active metal nanoparticles allow
robust, ultrasensitive, highly-
multiplexed biomarker quantitation
in any biological matrix, including
blood
Nanotechnology in Gene Therapy

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135860000043
Environmental and Energy Applications

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-buffalo-environmentalhealth/chapter/nanotechnology/
Nanotechnology in Agriculture

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/14/2558/htm
Nanotechnology in Agriculture

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00020/full
Nanotechnology in the Food Industry

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318961644/figure/fig1/AS:525127151960064@1502211477871/Schematic-diagram-showing-role-of-nanotechnology-in-different-aspects-of-food-sectors.png
Nanotechnology in Textiles

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Various-application-of-nanotechnology-in-e-textiles-Reprinted-with-permission-from-57_fig2_324452627
Nanotechnology in Sports

https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-examples-and-applications.php
Nanotechnology in Cosmetics

Sunscreen
▪ UVB exposure – sunburn and
carcinoma
▪ UVA exposure – melanoma and
premature aging
▪ Nanoscale TiO2 and ZnO particles
provide broad-spectrum UV
protection in a transparent
formulation
Nanotechnology in Defense & Security

Body Armor
Improved body armor is a major focus for
military nanotechnology research. Several
different technologies have been explored,
some of which will be operational in just a
few years time:

▪ Si or TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in

epoxy matrix
▪ SiO2 nanoparticles in a liquid polymer
which hardens on ballistic impact (Shear
Thickening Fluid)
▪ Iron nanoparticles in inert oil which
hardens on stimulation with an electrical
pulse (Magnetorheological Fluid)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.2991/978-94-6239-012-6_25
Other Applications

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Other Applications
Photocatalysis
▪ Photocatalytic reactions can PURIFY water,
air, surfaces and fabrics
▪ TiO2 nanocrystals/films
Propellants
▪ Of the 502,126 kg of propellant used in the
solid rocket boosters of the Space Shuttle,
16% is atomized Al powder
▪ Nanoscale Al powder have higher burn rates
Other Applications

Magnetic Recording Tapes Transparent Conducive Coating

✓ Audiocassettes Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
✓ Videocassettes ✓ CRTs
✓ Data storage tapes ✓ Photographic films
✓ Floppy disk ✓ Touch screens
✓ Hard disks
✓ Use of Fe Oxide or Co-Fe Oxide

Source: S. Onodera, MRS Bulletin [21, 9, 1996]

4
Major Impacts to Society
❑ Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts
❑ Advantages and Disadvantages
Positive Impacts
1) Nanotech products will be smaller,
cheaper, lighter, more functional and
easier to use, requires less energy and
fewer raw materials to manufacture
2) Increase in manufacturing production of
products at significantly reduced costs
3) Allows for more accurate and fast
delivery of services
4) Molecular Scale Manufacturing’ ensures
that very little raw materials is wasted.
5) Better performance of products
compared to those made with
conventional materials.
Negative Impacts
1) TOXICITY risks to human health
and the environment (associated
with 1st –generation
nanomaterials)
2) Pulmonary diseases due to
inhalation of airborne particles and
nanofibers
✓ Carbon nanotubes are as
harmful as asbestos when
inhaled in sufficient amounts
3) When toxic wastes from
nanoparticles are flushed into our
waters, our water resources
become endangered
Advantages and Disadvantages

https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/nanotechnology-applications
5
Social Issues and Concerns
❑ Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine: Ethical Aspects
❑ Ethical, Social and Legal Influences
 Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine: Ethical Aspects
HEALTH ISSUES
1. The cost of nanodevices and nano-
surgery tools and the unknown
technical capacity of these devices
and tools
2. The effect on the relationship
between physician and patient
3. The effect on the HEALTH SYSTEM
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NANOTECHNOLOGY%2C-NANOMEDICINE%3B-ETHICAL-ASPECTS.-G%C3%B6k%C3%A7ay-Arda/f38e2816bde58843eb0b4f96f2ca7870289bd150
SOCIETAL ISSUES FUTURISTIC ISSUES
1. Enlarging expectations and unsubstantial
1. The effect on developing countries
estimations
2. Getting the roles of the process cycle of
2. Possible risks
nanotechnology
3. Clinical applications of nanotechnological
3. The change in the need for raw materials
processes
4. The effect on laborers 4. The problem of confidentiality
5. Undetermined employee security
5. The problem of equality
6. Unprescribed dangers resulting from nano-
products
7. The effect on managerial issues 6. The problem of definition of being a human
 Issues on Nanotechnology: Ethical, Social and Legal Influences
INFLUENCE ISSUES
Social divides
✓ If the rich countries are the main drivers of the development of nanotechnology, applications which benefit
developing nations will be side-lined
1
ETHICAL Technology abuse
influence ✓ 'Grey goo': Tiny robots generated with nanotechnology could acquire the ability to self-replicate.
✓ Nanotechnology has the potential for revolutionary advancements in military power.; a threat when it falls on
the wrong hands
Environmental hazards
✓ Nanoparticles have the potential to remain and accumulate in the environment.
✓ Water resources become endangered when TOXIC wastes are flushed into our waters
2
SOCIAL Health risks
influence ✓ Nanoparticles could have unforeseen impacts on human health.
✓ Nanoparticles could accumulate in the food chain.
Economic effects
Educational avenues
Privacy breach
Regulations
✓ Unless rapid action is taken, research into nanotechnology could progress faster than systems can be put in
3
LEGAL place to regulate its applications and their uses.
influence ✓ The public has not been sufficiently involved in debates on the applications, uses, and regulation of
nanotechnology.
Property rights
THANK YOU