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MATH113A Module 1 22
MATH113A Module 1 22
Module
In
MATH 113A
CALCULUS 2
Module No. 1
Joseph M. Manzano
Instructor III
Ryan A. Limco
Instructor II
Adrian A. Baltazar
Instructor I
Jose L. Zumarraga
Instructor I
Joriz U. Cardejon
Assistant Professor II
ii
Table of Contents
Page
Title page i
Table of contents ii
Introduction iv
Chapter: 1
Overview 1
Learning outcomes 1
Pre-test 2
Lesson 1 3
Time allotment 3
Discussion 3
Activity 29
Post-test 29
References 30
Student’s information 31
INTRODUCTION
The module includes discussions as input about the topic. Problems with
detailed solutions are also included. Enhancement activities and exercise problems are
also provided to reinforce the understanding of the topics.
As user, you are expected to read the discussions carefully, solve the sample
problems and follow instructions provided while performing the activities and
exercises. You may use books, internet and other references to further your knowledge
on the topics.
Chapter I
A. Overview
Module 1 covers the Integration Process. The module includes the following
topics: Integral of a Function, General Properties of Indefinite Integrals, Integration
by the General Properties, Integration Leading to Logarithms, Integral of Exponential
Functions, Integration of Trigonometric Functions, and Integrals Involving powers of
Trigonometric Functions.
B. Learning Outcomes
C. Pre-Test
4
1. ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 5
3
4 𝑥3
2. − 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + +2
3
1
3. 2(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )2 + 10
1
4. 𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 + 3
4
𝑥2 1
5. − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 1) + 18
2 2
6. ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜇 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜇 ) + 9
7. −𝑒 −𝑥 + 4
4𝑥
8. + 11
𝑙𝑛4
3
10𝑥
9. + 25
3𝑙𝑛10
1
10. ln(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝛼)
3
11. 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − 𝛽 + 7
1 1
12. 𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 6
2
1 2 1
13. − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑦 + 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3𝑥 − 15 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 3𝑥 + 2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑒 𝑥
14. + + 11
3 5
3 3
1 1
15. 𝑥 2 − 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2 + 1
3
3
C. Discussion
Antidifferentiation
Indefinite Integrals
If F(x) is a function whose derivative F'(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the x-axis, then
F(x) is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). When we integrate the
differential of a function, we get that function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols
we write
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Where the symbol ∫.is called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration
upon f(x) dx; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative is f(x) or whose
differential is f(x) dx. The dx tells us that the variable of integration is x.
The function F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 because it contains an
arbitrary constant C, called the constant of integration.
1.1 Integration by the General Properties and the Power Formula
3. The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the sum of their
integrals.
∫(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑤 + ⋯ + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑣 + 𝑤 + ⋯ + 𝑧 + 𝐶
4. If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 is obtained by adding one to
the exponent and divided by the new exponent. This is called the General
Power Formula.
𝑣 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟏. ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥 4+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
4+1
4
𝒙𝟓
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟓
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4+1 3𝑥 1+1
= + + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 1+1
𝟒𝒙𝟓 𝟑𝒙𝟐
∫(4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟐
= ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+1 4𝑥 2+1
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 2+1
𝒙𝟓 𝟒𝒙𝟑
∫(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 5
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛=3
1
∫(𝑥 2 − 5)3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)3 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
1 (𝑥 2 − 5 )3+1
= +𝐶
2 (3 + 1)
1 (𝑥 2 − 5)4
= +𝐶
2 4
2 3
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓)𝟒
∫(𝑥 − 5) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟖
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟓. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
sin1+1 𝜃
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = +𝐶
1+1
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = +𝑪
𝟐
Alternate solution:
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃)
cos1+1 𝜃
=− +𝐶
1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − +𝑪
𝟐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟔. ∫
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ 1
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
1
= ∫(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑛=−
2
1
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−2+1
= +𝐶
1
−2 +1
1
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
= +𝐶
1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟕. ∫ cosh3 ( − 𝑥)sinh( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4 4
Let:
𝜋
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( − 𝑥)
4
𝜋
𝑑𝑣 = sinh ( − 𝑥) (−𝑑𝑥)
4
𝜋
𝑑𝑣 = −sinh( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
𝑛=3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∫ cosh3 ( − 𝑥)sinh( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ cosh3 ( − 𝑥) [− sinh ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 4 4
𝜋
cosh3+1 ( − 𝑥)
=− 4 +𝐶
3+1
𝝅
𝜋 𝜋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟒 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙)
3
∫ cosh ( − 𝑥)sinh( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
4 4 𝟒
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟖. ∫
(1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )2
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫(1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )−2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )2
Let:
𝑣 = 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 = −2
1
= − ∫(1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )−2 (−2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
2
1 (1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )−2+1
=− +𝐶
2 −2 + 1
1 (1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )−1
=− +𝐶
2 −1
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
∫ = +𝑪
(1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒙 )
1.2 Integrals Leading to Logarithms
𝑣 𝑛+1
The limitation of the Power Formula ∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶, is when 𝑛 ≠ −1;this makes
𝑛+1
the right side of the equation indeterminate. This is where the logarithmic function
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
comes in, note that ∫ 𝑣 −1 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ , and we can recall that 𝑑(𝑙𝑛𝑣) = . Thus,
𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
𝑣
The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator.
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏. ∫
𝑥3 + 1
𝑣 = 𝑥3 + 1
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 = ∫
𝑥 + 1 3 𝑥3 + 1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
∫ = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥3 + 1 𝟑
(1 + 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟐. ∫
𝑥
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟑. ∫
𝑥−1
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − )𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫
𝑥−1
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= + + 2𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
∫ = + + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥−1 𝟑 𝟐
4𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟒. ∫
3𝑥 + 2
Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥
4𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = 4∫
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2
4 3𝑑𝑥
= ∫
3 3𝑥 + 2
4𝑑𝑥 𝟒
∫ = 𝐥𝐧(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑪
3𝑥 + 2 𝟑
(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟓. ∫
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟔. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝟏
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − 𝒍𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟕. ∫
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ 𝑥
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝐥𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) + 𝑪
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
(sec 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + sec 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟗. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ . 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
(csc 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + csc 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎. ∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏. ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
=∫ . 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 + sec 2 2𝜃)2𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 2(sec 2 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 2(sec 2 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
= ∫
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝟏
∫ = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝟐
1.3 Integration of Exponential Function
There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions
1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑣
2. ∫ 𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶; 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎≠1
𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟏. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3𝑑𝑥)
3
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟑. ∫ 104𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 104𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 104𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥)
4
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒙
∫ 104𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟒𝒍𝒏𝟏𝟎
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟒. ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 5𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 (5𝑑𝑥)
5
𝟏 𝟓𝒙
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟓
3
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟓. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1 3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
3
3 𝟏 𝒙𝟑
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑
𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟔. ∫
𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Let:
𝑣 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ = − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥)
𝑒𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝟏
∫ = − +𝑪
𝑒𝑥 𝒆𝒙
𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟕. ∫ 3𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 3𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑥
𝑣=
3
1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥 1
= 3(3) ∫ 𝑒 3 ( 𝑑𝑥)
3
𝑥 𝒙
∫ 3𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟗𝒆𝟑 + 𝑪
2
(𝑒 𝜃 + 1)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟖. ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑒𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= ∫ 𝑒 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 2𝑑𝜃 + ∫
𝑒𝜃
= ∫ 𝑒 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑒 𝜃 + 2𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 + 𝐶
2
(𝑒 𝜃 + 1) 𝜽
𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝒆 + 𝟐𝜽 − +𝑪
𝑒𝜃 𝒆𝜽
2 +4
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟗. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 +4 1 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 +4 (6𝑥𝑑𝑥)
6
2 +4 𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟔
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
3. ∫ sec 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
4. ∫ csc 2 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 + 𝐶
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶
The six basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are stated in
terms of appropriate pairs of functions. An integral involving sinx and tanx, which the
simple integration formula cannot be applied, we must put the integrand entirely in
terms of sinx and cosx or in terms of tanx and secx. Notice that these formulas are
reverse formulas in Differential Calculus.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥(4𝑑𝑥)
4
𝟏
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒
𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟐. ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥
3
Let:
𝑥
𝑣=
3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
3
𝑥 𝑥 1
∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ cos ( 𝑑𝑥)
3 3 3
𝑥 𝒙
∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
3 𝟑
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟑. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 3𝑥 2 (6𝑥𝑑𝑥)
6
𝟏
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟔
1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟒. ∫ csc 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
∫ csc 2 ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = csc 2 ln 𝑥 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
1
∫ csc 2 ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟓. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 cos 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑒 cot 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
sin 𝑒 3𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = sin 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 cos 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3𝑒 3𝑥 cos 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
3 sin 𝑒 3𝑥
𝟏
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 cot 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟔. ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝜽 + 𝑪
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 − 1
sin 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
−sin 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − −2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃
= 𝜃 + 2 ln cos 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶
sin3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟖. ∫
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
1
sin2 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
1
cos 2 𝜃 = (1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
2
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
Type 1: ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , where either m or n is a positive odd integer. For
definiteness, let n be a positive odd integer.
Then use;
cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1
Type 3: ∫ tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, or ∫ cot 𝑚 𝑥 csc 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where n is a positive even integer.
Type 4: ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where both m and n are positive even integer, then use;
1
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
1
cos 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
2
cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
Let;
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
sin2+1 𝑥 sin4+1 𝑥
= − +𝐶
2+1 4+1
2 3
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
tan2+1 𝑥
= − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2+1
tan3 𝑥
= − ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
3
tan3 𝑥
= − ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙
∫ tan4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan2+1 𝑥 tan4+1 𝑥
= + +𝐶
2+1 4+1
2 4
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
= ∫ sin2 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
= ∫ sin2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
From trigonometric identities;
1
sin2 2𝜃 = (1 − cos 4𝜃)
2
1 1
= ∫ (1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4 2
1
= ∫(1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
8
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
= 𝜃 − ( ) ∫ cos 2𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
8 8 4
𝟏 𝟏
∫ sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟑𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟓. ∫ sin4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
1
= ∫ [ (1 − cos 2𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
2
1 1
= ∫( − cos 2𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2 2
1 1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝜃 + cos 2 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
Let: From trigonometric identities;
1
𝑣 = 2𝜃 cos 2 2𝜃 = 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃)
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − ( ) ∫ cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + ∫ [ (1 + cos 4𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 4 8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝜃 + ( ) ∫ cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
4 4 8 8 4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
∫ sin4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟔. ∫ cot 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1) cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cot1+1 𝑥
=− − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
∫ cot 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan6+1 𝑥 tan4+1 𝑥
= + +𝐶
6+1 4+1
4 4
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟕 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓
Let:
𝑣 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 6+1 𝑥 sec 4+1 𝑥
= − +𝐶
6+1 4+1
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝒙
∫ sec 5 𝑥 tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟗. ∫ cot 7 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃
= ∫ cot 5 𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cot 3 𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3
1 1
= ∫ ( + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 2
Expand and multiply by 𝑑𝜃;
1 3 3 1
= ∫( + cos 2𝜃 + cos 2 2𝜃 + cos 3 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 3 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
From trigonometric identities;
1 1
cos 2 2𝜃 = + cos 4𝜃
2 2
cos 2 2𝜃 = 1 − sin2 2𝜃
1 3 3 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫( + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 2 2
1
+ ∫(1 − sin2 2𝜃) cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8
1 3
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
3 3 1 1
+ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ sin2 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 16 8 8
5 1 3 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ sin2 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 2 16 8
Let:
𝑣 = 2𝜃 𝑣 = 4𝜃 𝑣 = sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 2cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
5 1 1 3 1
= 𝜃 + ( ) ∫ cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + ( ) ∫ cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
16 2 2 16 4
1 1
− ( ) ∫ sin2 2𝜃 (2 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
8 2
5 1 3 1 sin2+1 2𝜃
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 − ∫
16 4 64 16 2+1
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
∫ cos 7 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟖
D. Activities/Exercises
E. Evaluation/Post-Test
𝑤𝑑𝑤 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
3. ∫ 18. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√16𝑤 2 +25 𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥
𝑟3 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑤𝑑𝑤
4. ∫ 𝑟2 +1 𝑑𝑟 19. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑤
4
7. ∫ 𝑥10𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 22. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡 sec(𝑙𝑛𝑦)𝑑𝑦
8. ∫ 1+𝑡 23. ∫
√ 𝑦 csc(𝑙𝑛𝑦)
9. ∫ √𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 𝑑𝑥 24. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜔𝑑𝜔
(𝑥−6)𝑑𝑥
12. ∫ 𝑥 4 −24𝑥+3 27. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝛾
30. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛾
30
F. References
Ignacio J. Sevilla, et al. (1962). Calculus: Differential and Integral Part 2. Quezon
City: Royal Publishing House, Inc.
Clyde E. Love and Rainville, Earl D. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus 6th
Edition. New York: The Macmillan Company.
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