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 The Robinson Projection
The map below is based on the Robinson Projection, less than most other projections. Still, it places Europe
which is used today by the National Geographic Society at the center of the map. This particular view of the
and Rand McNally. Although the Robinson Projection world has been used to identify the location of many of
distorts the relative size of landmasses, it does so much the cultures discussed in this text.

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The map below is based on the Peters Projection, by a ratio of 2 to 1), t he Peters Projection does show
which has been adopted as the official map of all continents according to their correct relative size.
UNESCO. Although it distorts the shape of continents Though Europe is still at the center, it is not shown as
(countries near the equator are vertically elongated larger and more extensive than the Third World.

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 •
XV1 Contents

Biocultural ~ctlon: Wtry Red Is SUch a Potent Color 65 Concepts and Methods for the Most
Anthropology Applied: The Congo Heartland Project 76 Distant Past 125
Continental Drift and Geologic Time 125
Chapter Checklist 78 The Molecular Clock 126
Questions for Reflection 79 Sciences of Discovery 128
Online Study Resources 79 O glnal Study: Whispers f rom the Ice 107
Blocultural Connection: Kennewick Man 120

Chapter 4 Anthropologlat of Note: Allan W ilson 127

Primate Behavior 80 Chapter Checklist 128

Questions for Ref lection 129
Primates as Models for Human Evolu tion 81 Online Study Resources 129
Primate Social Organization 83
Home Range 84
Social Hierarchy 84
Individual Interaction and Bonding 87
Sexual Behavior 87
Reproduction and Care of Young 91
Communication and Learning 92
Use of Objects as Tools 96
Hunting 97
The Question of Culture 99 ..,
~
of Not Jane Goodall, KinJI lmanlshl 85 ~
~
Ortglnal Study: Disturbing Behavlors of the Orangutan 88 {
Blocultural connection: Ch impanzees In Biomedical !
-...
c,

Research: Time to End the Practice 98 l

Gl

Chapter Checklist 100

Questions for Reflection 101
Online Study Resources 101 Chapter 6
From First Primates
Chapter 5 to First Bipeds 130
Field Methods in Archaeology Primate Origins 131
Oligocene Anthropoids 133
and Paleoanthropology 102
ew World Monkeys 134
Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains 104 Miocene Apes and Human Origins 134
The Nature of Fossils 104 The Anatomy of Bipedalism 137
Burial of the Dead 106 Ardipithecus 140
Searching for Artifacts and Fossils 109 Australopithecus 142
Site Identification 109 The Pliocene Environment and Hominin
Cultural Resource Management 111 Diversity 144
Excavation 111 Diverse Australopithecine Species 144
Excavation of Bones 113 East Africa 145
State of Preservation of Archaeological Central Africa 149
and Fossil Evidence 114 South Africa 150
Sorting Out the Evidence 115 Robust Australopithecines 151
Dating the Past 121 Australopithednes and the Genus Homo 1.52
Relative Dating 121 Environment, Diet, and Origins of the Human
Chronometric Dating 123 Line 154

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 ••
Contents XVll

Humans Stand on Their Own Two Feet 155 Culture, Skulls, and Modem Human Origins 193
Early Representatives of the Genus Homo 159 Blocultural Co nectlon: Sex, Gender, and Female
Lumpers or Splitters? 160 Paleoanthropologists 168
Differences Between Early Homo and
Orlgl I Study: Humans as Prey 170
Australopithecus 161
Anth I Appll d: Stone Tools for Modern
Anthro,ologl of ~ote: Louis S. B. Leakey,
Surgeons 190
Mary Leakey 140

Ortglnal Study: Ankles of the Australopltheclnes 147 Chapter Checklist 194

Questions for Reflection 195
Blocultural Connection~ Evolution and Human Birth 157
Online Study Resources 195
Chapter Checklist 161
Questions for Reflection 163
Online Study Resources 163

Chapter 7
Origins of the Genus Homo
The Discovery of the First Stone Toolmaker 166
Sex, Gender, and the Behavior of Early Homo 167
Hunters or Scavengers? 168
Brain Size and Diet 172
Homo erectus 172
Fossils of Homo erectus 173
Physical Characteristics of Homo erectus 174
Relationship among Homo erectus, Homo habilis,
and Other Proposed Fossil Groups 175
Homo erectus from Africa 176
Homo erectus Entering Eurasia 176
Homo erectus from Indonesia 176
Homo erectus from China 177
Homo erectus from Western Europe 178
The Culture of Homo erectus 178
Acheulean Tool Tradition 179
Use of Fire 179
Hunting 181
Other Evidence of Complex Thought 181
The Question of Language 182
Archaic Homo sapiens and the Appearance
of Modern-Sized Brains 183
Levalloisian Technique 184
Other Cultural Innovations 184
The Neandertals 185
Javanese, African, and Chinese Archaic
Homo sapiens 187
Middle Paleolithic Culture 188
The Mousterian Tool Tradition 189
The Symbolic Life of Neandertals 191
Speech and Language in the Middle
Paleolithic 192
Chapter 8
The Global Expansion of
Homo sapiens and Their
164
Technology 196
Upper Paleolithic Peoples: The First Modem
Humans 198
The Human Origins Debate 199
The Multiregional Hypothesis 199
The Recent African Origins Hypothesis 200
Reconciling the Evidence 202
The Genetic Evidence 202
The Anatomical Evidence 202
The Cultural Evidence 204
Coexistence and Cultural Continuity 204
Race and Human Evolution 206
Upper Paleolithic Technology 206
Upper Paleolithic Art 209
Music 210
Cave or Rock Art 210
Ornamental Art 214
Gender and Art 214
Other Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Culture 215
The Spread of Upper Paleolithic Peoples 215
The Sahul 216
The Americas 219
Major Paleolithic Trends 220
oglsts of Note: Berhane Asfaw,
Xlnzhi Wu 201
Orlglnal Study: Paleol ithlc Paint Job 212
Blocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions
for Diseases of Today 221
Chapter Checklist 222
Questions for Reflection 223
Online Study Resources 223
xviii Contents

Civilization and Its Discontents 270

Chapter 9 Social Stratification and Disease 270
The Neolithic Revolution: Colonialism and Disease 270
The Domestication of Plants Anthropology and Cities of the Future 272
gl I t Action Archaeology and the Community
and Animals 224 at El Piiar 256

The Mesolithic Roots of Farming and A Pre-Columbian Fish Farming

Pastoralism 225 in the Amazon 260
The Neolithic Revolution 227 BlocuHural Connection. Perilous Pigs:
What Is Domestication? 227 The Introduction of Swine-Borne Disease
Evidence of Early Plant Domestication 228 to the Americas 271
Evidence of Early Animal Domestication 228
Why Humans Became Food Producers 229 Cha pter Checklist 272
The Fertile Crescent 220 Questions for Reflection 273
Other Centers of Domestication 232 Online Study Resources 273
Food Production and Population Size 236
The Spread of Food Production 237
The Culture of Neolithic Settlements 238
Jericho: An Early Farming Community 238
Neolithic Material Culture 240
Social Structure 241
Neolithic Cultures in the Americas 242
The Neolithic and Human Biology 243
The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress 245
Blocultural COnnecUon: Dogs Get Right
to the Point 232

Origin I St cty• The History of Mortality

and Physiological Stress 243

Chapter Checklist 246

Questions for Reflection 247
Onl ine Study Resources 247
Chapter 11
Chapter 10 Modern Human Diversity:
Race and Racism 274
The Emergence of Cities
and States 248 The History of Human Classification 276
Race as a Biological Concept 278
Defining Civilization 250 The Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural
Tikal: A Case Study 253 Category of Race 282
Surveying and Excavating the Site 254 The Social Significance of Race: Racism 285
Evidence from the Excavation 254 Race and Behavior 285
Cities and Cultural Change 258 Race and Intelllgence 285
Agricultural Innovation 258 Studying Human Biological Diversity 287
Diversification of Labor 259 Skin Color: A Case Study in Adaptation 290
Central Government 262 Culture and Biological Diversity 290
Social Stratification 266 Beans, Enzymes, and Adaptation to
The Making of States 267 Malaria 293
Ecological Theories 267 Race and Human Evolution 294
Action Theory 269 AnthropologJ t of Note: Fatimah Jackson 278

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 •
Preface XXl

as a guide for people entering the often-bewildering and Prehistary: The Human Challenge we employ three
maze of global crossroads in the 21st century. such themes.
1. Systemic adaptation. We emphasize that every
rulture, past and present, like the human species
itself, is an integrated and dynamic system of
A Distinctive Approach adaptation that responds to a combination of
Two key factors distinguish Evolution and PrehistDry: The internal and external factors, induding influences
Human Challenge from other introductory anthropology of the environment.
texts: our integrative presentation of the discipline's 2. Biocultural connection. We highlight the integra-
four fields and a trio of unifying themes that tie the book tion of human culture and biology in the steps
together. humans take to meet the challenges of surVival.
The biocultural connection theme is interwoven
throughout the text as a thread in the main nar-
Integration of the Four Fields rative and in boxed features that highlight this
connection with a topical example for nearly every
Unlike traditional texts that present anthropology's four chapter.
fields-physical or biological anthropology, archaeology, 3. Globalizatton. We track the emergence of glo-
linguistics, and cultural or social anthropology-as if balization and its disparate impact on various
they were separate or independent, our book takes an peoples and cultures around the world. European
integrative approach. This reflects the holistic character colonization was a global force for centuries,
of the discipline in which members of our species are leaving a significant and often devastating foot-
studied in their totality-as social creatures biologically print on the affected peoples in Asia, Africa, and
evolved With the inherent capacity for learning and shar- the Americas. Decolonization began about 200
ing culture by means of symbolic communication. This years ago and became a worldwide wave in the
approach also reflects our collective experience as practic- mid-1900s. However, since the 1960s, political
ing anthropologists who recognize that we cannot fully and economic hegemony has taken a new and
understand humanity in all its fascinating complexity un- fast-paced form: globalization (in many ways a
less we see the systemic interplay among enVironmental, process that expands or builds on imperialism).
physiological, material, social, ideological, psychological, Attention to both forms of global domination-
and symbolic factors, both past and present. colonialism and globalization-runs through
For analytical purposes, however, we discuss Evolution and Prehistory: The Hu.man Challenge,
physical anthropology as distinct from archaeology, culminating in the final chapter where we apply
linguistics, and sociocultural anthropology. Accord- the concept of structural power to globalization,
ingly, there are separate chapters that focus primarily discussing it in terms of hard and soft power and
on each field, but the linl<s among them are shown linking it to structural violence.
repeatedly. Among many examples of this integrative
approach, Chapter 11, "Modern Human Diversity:
Race and Racism," discusses the social context of race
and recent cultural practices that have impacted the
human genome. Similarly, material concerning linguis- Pedagogy
tics appears not only in the chapter on living primates Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge features a
(Chapter 3), but also in the chapters on primate be- range of learning aids, in addition to the three unifying
havior (Chapter 4), on early Homo and the origins of themes described previously. Each pedagogical piece
culture (Chapters 7 and 8), and on the emergence of plays an important role in the learning process-from
cities and states (Chapter 10). In addition, every chap- clarifying and enlivening the material to revealing rel-
ter includes a Biocultural Connection feature to further evancy and aiding recall.
illustrate the interplay of biological and cultural pro-
cesses in shaping the human experience.
Accessible Language
Unifying Themes and a Cros&-Cultural Voice
In our own teaching, we recogruze the value of mark- In the writing of this text, we consciously cut through
ing out unifying themes that help students see the big unnecessary jargon to speak directly to students.
picture as they grapple with the vast array of material Manuscript reviewers have recognized this, noting
involved with the study of human beings. In Evolution that even the most difficult concepts are presented in

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xxii Preface

straightforward and understandable prose for today's Challenge Issues

first- and second-year college students. Where tech-
nical terms are necessary, they appear in bold type Each chapter opens With a Challenge Issue and accom-
with a clear definition in the narrative. The definition panying photograph, which together carry forward the
appears again in the running glossazy at the bottom of book's theme of humankind's responses through time
our pages, and again in a summary glossary at the end to the fundamental challenges of survival within
of the book. the context of the particular chapter.
To make the narrative more accessible to students,
we deliver it in chewable bites-short paragraphs.
umerous subheads provide visual cues to help students Student Learning Objectives,
track what has been read and what is coming next. Knowledge Skills,
Accessibility involves not only clear writing
enhanced by visual cues, but also an engaging voice and Chapter Checklist
or style. The voice of Evolution and Prehistory: The Hu- New to this edition is the set of learning objectives
man Challenge ls distinct among introductory texts presented at the start of every chapter just after the
in the discipline because it has been written from Challenge Issue and photograph. These objectives focus
a cross-cultural perspective. We avoid the typical students on the main goals, identifying the knowledge
Western "we/they" voice in favor of a more inclu- skills they are expected to have mastered after studying
sive one to make sure the narrative resonates with each chapter. The main goals are incorporated in a clos-
both Western and non-Western students and pro- ing Chapter Checklist, which is also new to this edition.
fessors. Also, we highlight the theories and work The Chapter Checklist summarizes the chapter's content
of anthropologists from all over the world. Finally, in an easy-to-follow format.
we have drawn the text's cultural examples from
industrial and postindustrial societies as well as non-
industrial ones. Thought-Provoking Questions
Each chapter closes with five Questions for Reflec-
tion, including one that relates back to the Challenge
Compelling Visuals Issue introduced in the chapter's opening. Presented
The Haviland et al. texts garner praise from students right after the Chapter Checklist, these questions ask
and faculty for having a rich array of visuals, includ- students to apply the concepts they have learned by
ing maps, photographs, and figures. This is important analyzing and evaluating situations. They are designed
because humans- . like all primates-are visually ori- to stimulate and deepen thought, trigger class discus-
ented, and a well-chosen image may serve to "fix" key sion, and link the material to the students' own lives.
information in a student's mind. Unlike some com- In addition, the Biocultural Connection essay
peting texts, all of our visuals are in color, enhancing featured in every chapter ends with a probing ques-
their appeal and impact. otably, all maps and figures tion designed to help students grapple with and firmly
are created with a colorblind-sensitive palette. grasp that connection.

h to hs
Our pages feature a hard-sought collection of compel- Integrated Gender Coverage
ling, content-rich photographs. Large in size, many In contrast to many introductory texts, Evolution and
of them come with substantial captions composed Prehistory: The Human Challenge integrates coverage of
to help students do a "deep read " of the image. Each gender throughout the book. Thus, material on gender-
chapter features more than a dozen pictures, including related issues is included in every chapter. As a result of
our popular Visual Counterpoints-side-by-side pho- this approach, gender-related material in Evolution and
tos that effectively compare and contrast biological or Prehistory: The Human Challenge far exceeds the single
cultural features. chapter that most books devote to the subject.
We have chosen to integrate this material because
concepts and issues surrounding gender are almost
Map features include our "Putting the World in Per- always too complicated to remove from their context.
spective" map series, locator maps, and distribution Spreading this material through all of the chapters has a
maps that provide overviews of key issues such as pol- pedagogical purpose because it emphasizes how consid·
lution and energy consumption. Of special note are erations of gender enter into Virtually everything people
the Globalscape maps and stories, described in the do. Gender-related material ranges from discussions
boxed features section a bit farther on. of gender roles in evolutionary discourse and studies

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 Preface xxiii

of nonhuman primates to intersexuality, homosexual nthro lot')' A lied

identity, same-sex marriage, and female genital mutila- Featured in four chapters, these succinct and fasci-
tion. Through a steady drumbeat of such coverage, this nating profiles illustrate anthropology's wide-ranging
edition avoids ghettoizing gender to a single chapter relevance in today's world and give students a glimpse
that is preceded and followed by resounding silence. into a variety of the careers anthropologists enjoy (see
page xiv for a listing).
Glossary as You Go ....... o I · ts of No
The running glossary is designed to catch t he stu- Profiling pioneering and contemporary anthropologists
dent's eye, reinforcing the meaning of each newly from many corners of the world, this feature puts the
introduced term. It is also useful for chapter review, work of noted anthropologists in historical perspec-
enabling students to readily isolate the new terms tive and draws attention to the international nature
from those introduced in earlier chapters. A complete of the discipline in terms of both sub ject matter and
glossary is also included at the back of the book. In the practitioners. This edition highlights eleven distinct
glossaries, each term is defined in clear, understand- anthropologists from all four fields of the discipline
able language. As a result, less class time is required (see page xiv for a list of the profiles).
for going over terms, leaving instructors free to pursue
other matters of interest. Globa s ape
Appearing in about half of the chapters, this unique
feature charts the global flow of people, goods, and
Special Boxed Features services, as well as pollutants and pathogens. With
Our text includes five types of special boxed features. a map, a story, and a photo highlighting a topic
Each chapter contains a Biocultural Connection, along geared toward st udent interests, every Globalscape
\-Vith two of the following three features: an Original shows how the world is interconnected through hu-
Study, Anthropology Applied, and Anthropologist of man activity. Each one ends with a Global Twister-a
Note. In addition, about half of the chapters include question that prods students to think critically about
a Globalscape. These features are carefully placed and globalization. Check out the titles of Globalscapes
introduced within the main narrative to alert stu- on page xiv.
dents to their importance and relevance. A complete
listing of features is presented just before the detailed
table of contents.

Biocu ,tural Connection Changes and Highlights

Appearing in every chapter, this signature feature of
the Haviland et al. textbooks illustrates how cultural
in the Fourteenth Edition
and biological processes interact to shape human We have extensively reworked and updated this
biology, beliefs, and behavior. It reflects the integrated edition. Definitions of key terms have been honed.
biocultural approach central to the field of anthropol- Many new visuals and ethnographic examples have
ogy today. All of the Biocultural Connections include a been added and others dropped. Every chapter fea-
critical thinking question . For a quick peek at titles, see tures a new opening photograph and related Challenge
the listing of features on page xiv. Issue that is revised or new. The much-used Questions
for Reflection include at least one new question per
chapter, plus revisions of effective questions that have
Written expressly for this text, or adapted from ethnog- been included in preVious editions.
raphies and other original works by anthropologists, As with earlier editions, we further chiseled the
these studies present concrete examples that bring Writing to make it all the more clear, lively, engaging, and
specific concepts to life and convey the passion of streamlined. On average, chapter narratives have been
the authors. Each study sheds additional light on an trimmed by about 10 percent . Also, we have eliminated
important anthropological concept or subject area the chapter "Macroevolution and the Early Primates"
for the chapter in which it appears. Notably, each by incorporating relevant macroevolutionary material
Original Study is ca1efully integrated Within the flow of into our chapter on biology, genetics, and evolution
the chapter narrative, signaling students that its con- (Chapter 2); the primate material from that chapter
tent is not extraneous or supplemental. Appearing in ls now in the chapter on liVing primates (Chapter 3)
twelve chapters, Original Studies cover a Wide range of and in a new Chapter 6, "From First Primates to First
11
topics, eVident from their titles (see page xiv). Bipeds. Material on molecular clocks, geologic time,

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xxiv Preface

and continental drift is placed in the chapter on integral to each of anthropology's four fields. To our
methods for studying the past (Chapter 5). narrative on the University of Arizona's modem-day
New to this edition is the list of student learning Garbage Project, we added an introductory paragraph
objectives at the start of every chapter, tied to the new about anthropologists studying older garbage
Chapter Checkllsts at the end of every chapter. (Both are dumps, such as shell middens, describing how much
described in the pedagogy inventory mentioned earlier.) these explorations can reveal about everyday life in
In addition to numerous revisions of boxed fea- societies past and present.
tures, many of these are completely new, including The chapter also introduces the concept of eth-
Biocultural Connections "Bonds Beyond Blood: DNA nocentrism and begins a discussion of globalization
Testing and Refugee Family Unification," "Chimpan- that is woven through the text. In addition, this first
zees in Biomedical Research: Time to End the Practice," chapter rejects the characterization of a liberal bias in
"Dogs Get Right to the Point,11 and "Beauty, Bigotry, and anthropology, identifying instead the discipline's critical
the Epicanthic Eyefold of the Beholder"; Original Studies evaluation of the status quo. The ideological diversity
"Disturbing Behaviors of the Orangutan" by Anne Nacey among anthropologists ls explored while emphasizing
Maggioncalda and Robert M. Sapolsky and "Caveat their shared methodology that avoids ethnocentrism.
Emptor: Genealogy for Sale" by Jonathan Marks; and an Finally, Chapter 1 introduces the five types
Anthropology Applied essay "Pre-Columbian Fish Farm- of special boxed features that appear in the text,
ing in the Amazon" by Clark L. Erickson. describing the purpose of each, along with an example:
Finally, we have replaced footnotes with in-text a Biocultural Connection on the anthropology of
parenthetical citations, making sources and dates more organ transplantation; a Globalscape about the global
Visible and freeing up space for larger visuals. The com- trafficking of human organs; an Original Study on
plete citations appear in the references section at the traditional African healers dealing with HIVI AIDS; an
end of the book. Anthropology Applied about forensic anthropology's
Beyond these across-the-board changes, signifi- role in speaking for the dead; and an Anthropolo-
cant changes have been made within each chapter. gists of Note profiling two of the discipline's pioneers:
Franz Boas and Matilda Coxe Stevenson.

This chapter gives students a broad-stroke introduction

to the holistic discipline of anthropology, the distinct Covering all the basics of genetics and evolution, this
focus of each of its fields, and the common philosophical revised chapter's content has been streamlined so
perspectives and methodological approaches they share. that macroevolution, preViously covered in a different
It opens With a new Challenge Issue centered on the min- chapter, can follow right on the heels of our detailed
ing of coltan- the key component of capacitors in small discussion of the microevolutionary process. From a
electronic deVices-illustrating our globalized world by pedagogical standpoint, this helps students make the
revealing the link between the miners and students who connections between molecular processes and macro-
use the devices. The lead section on the development of evolutionary change through time.
anthropology has been dropped to avoid redundancy In order to make the content relevant to stu-
with the chapter on ethnographic research. The main dents' lives, we emphasize the relationship be~\ieen
narrative now begins with a reworked explanation of culture and science beginning With the new Challenge
the anthropological perspective. As revised, this discus- Issue, featuring a large tattoo of DNA on a freckled
sion more carefully contrasts anthropology to other upper arm, that illustrates how individuals increas-
disciplines. ingly turn to DNA to form their identity. A new
The chapter also offers a brief overView of field- Biocultural Connection, "Bonds Beyond Blood: DNA
work and the comparative method, along with ethical Testing and Refugee Family Unification" by Jason
issues and examples of applied anthropology in all Silverstein, likewise shows that the use of genetic test-
four fields, providing a foundation for our two meth- ing in isolation does not take into account alternate
ods chapters- one that explores field methods in family structures present in other cultures, particularly
cultural anthropology and the other that examines those arrangements arising from war and genocide.
the tools for studying the past shared by archaeology A variety of new photos, figures, and content-
and paleoanthropology. our presentation of the four rich captions reinforce these connections, including a
fields has been reorganized, starting with cultural new image of the Great Chain of Being to show the
anthropology, followed by linguistics, archaeology, transition from spiritual descriptions of nature toward
and physical or biological anthropology. those with a more scientific basis; a new figure show-
This chapter's overview of cultural anthropology ing Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle; new figures
has been substantially modified. Changes include a illustrating cladogenesis and anagenesis; new and
new discussion about how the concept of culture is revised figures on the social consequences of prenatal

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 Preface xxv

genetic testing including the use of prenatal testing in biomedical research and a new Biocultural Con-
for sex selection, as well as transnational surrogacy as nection titled "Chimpanzees in Biomedical Research:
a social solution to the challenges of infertility for the Time to End the Practice."
privileged and wealthy; a new figure illustratin.g the
relation between toxic exposure and mutation; and Chapter 5: Field Methods
a revised figure on Darwin's finches that illustrates In rchaeolof!y aleoanthro o o
the connection between gradualism and punctuated
This comprehensive chapter covering methods of
equilibria.
investigation opens with the vital question of who owns
the past. The Challenge Issue focuses on the current
Cha ter · ivln P m tes political upheaval in Timbuktu and the potential
As we trace the basic biology of the living primates, destruction of monuments, artlfacts, and manuscripts
this chapter emphasizes the place of humans within in this ancient Muslim city.
this group, instead of erecting barriers between "us" Broad chapter changes include moving the
and "them." A new chapter introduction featuring material from our old macroevolution chapter on
the early fieldwork of Jane Goodall and a new Chal- molecular clocks, geologic time, and continental drift
lenge Issue on primate conservation set the tone of into this chapter along with the Anthropologist of
the chapter. ote feature on Allan Wilson. Due to its importance,
Biological content is also strengthened through we moved the material on cultural resource manage-
the incorporation of pertinent macroevolution- ment from a boxed feature into the text proper where
ary concepts such as an expanded comparison of students cannot miss it.
mammalian to reptilian biology that includes a Chapter refinements comprise: a revision of the
discussion of homeotherms versus isotherms and table on dating methods to include more information
k-selected versus r-selected species; ancestral and on process and use of techniques; more emphasis on
derived characteristics; convergent evolution; pread- the human skeleton figure and an insert of the sexually
aptation, adaptive radiation, and ecological niche. dimorphic pelvis; distinction between frozen remains
In addition, Michele Goldsmith has updated her such as the Ire Man Otzi and fossil remains; a discussion
exclusive Original Study on ecotourism and primate of the possible deliberate burial at Sima de los Huesos; in-
conservation to illustrate recent changes at her field troduction of the term archaeological profile; and a clarified
sites. A new content-rich photo and caption on sexual explanation of paleoanthropological and archaeological
dimorphism among gorillas expands the discussion excavation techniques that avoids suggesting that one
of this concept. A new Question for Reflection, com- ls more exacting than the other and that illustrates the
paring mammals and reptiles, prompts students to laboratory techniques shared by paleoanthropologists,
apply the macroevolutionary concepts of ancestral bioarchaeologists, and forensic anthropologists. Finally,
and derived characteristics. a new content-rich photo highlights the difference
between looting and real archaeological excavation.
t r ••
The new Challenge Issue featuring bonobo sexuality Chapter 6: From First Primates
asks students to think about nature versus nurture, a t F t Biped
theme that builds tluoughout the chapter, concluding Capturing the new inclusion of primate evolution Into
with our discussion of primate culture. this chapter, we open with a tightrope.walking chimp
Frans de Waal's work on reconciliation is from Fongoli to challenge students to think about
now featured in the body of the text to allow for bipedalism as the defining feature of the hominlns.
Anne Maggioncalda and Robert Sapolsky's Original A streamlined introduction to primate evolution follows,
Study "Disturbing Behaviors of the Orangutan" on including our cladogram illustrating the relationships
orangutan sexual behavior. Formerly a Biocultural among the primates, which has been revised to include
Connection, this reorganization better integrates its the chimp-bonobo split.
content with the text and further develops the theme We also moved the evidence for the earliest
of how we project our cultural notions onto the study potential fossil hominins to this chapter, reorganizing
of primates. the chapter to make room for this new material. Chapter
A new figure illustrates the various forms of updates based on recent discoveries include the South
primate social organization, and the text provides African species Australopithecus sediba; we both describe
more details on marmoset polyandry. We have also and integrate these findings into the discussion about
augmented our discussion of birth intervals and popu- which of these early bipeds led to the human line. We
lation size among primates. The chapter closes with have added thought questions to several figure cap-
an update on NIH policy regarding the use of chimps tions to urge students to participate in the process of

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xxvi Preface
paleoanthropological reconstruction. A new photo of
reconstructed Laetoll footprints also encourages stu-
dents to distinguish reenactn1ent based on concrete
data from imaginings of the past.
,....--, . rl n f n
Building on the theme of bringing students into the pro-
cess of paleoanthropological reconstruction, we open
the chapter with paleoartist Elisabeth Daynes bringing
a fossil species to life, thus challenging students to think
about how to avoid bias. This thread connects to our
discussion of Neandertals induding a new Visual Coun-
terpoint featuring the varied reenactments that have
surrounded their lifeways.
We have dropped "origins of culture" from the
chapter title to reflect the current state of primatologi-
cal research, which has established distinct cultural
traditions among our closest relatives. Similarly, this
chapter reengages with the notion of purported
human uniqueness.
Our section on gender in paleoan thropological
reconstructions now includes recent studies on stron-
tium and female dispersal among early hominins. We
have tied our discussion on precision grip and cranial
capacity back to the previous chapter's discussion of
the newly discovered species Australopithecus sediba.
Experimental archaeology, a new bolded key term,
weaves into our discussion of Oldowan tools and other
archaeological assemblages. A photo of the captive
bonobo Kanzi making tools helps students visualize
the process of reconstructing the past. We have added
new material on the potential location of the lost
II
"Peking Man remains, as well as new evidence for
paint fabrication in South Africa 100,000 years ago.
Finally, our discussion of the Flores hominins has been
placed in this chapter, separating it from the modern
human origins controversy.
Chapter 8: The Global Expans on
f Homo sa len a hel Technol
To illustrate that paleoanthropology is a science of dis-
covery, we open the chapter with the new, earlier dates
for the cave paintings from Spain's El Castillo. This chal-
lenges students to consider whether art, once thought to
be an accomplishment only of the Cro-Magnons, may
have in fact been a part of the Neandertal repertoire.
Similarly, our discussion of the recent discoveries related
to the Denisovan hominlns, and their genetic continu-
ity with extant Asians, shows how paleoanthropologists
reshape their understanding of the past as new eVidence
is discovered.
Our experimental archaeology thread contin-
ues in this chapter with a new photo illustrating Upper
Paleolithic fllnt-knapping as well as the content-enriched
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caption on intricately constructed dwellings made from
mammoth bones. We have updated the Biocultural Con-
nection on paleollthic prescriptions for contemporary
ailments and made it more relevant to college students
by including substances abused today, such as alcohol
om,. and tobacco.
The chapter is also enhanced by various other
new discoveries including a discussion of the Blom-
bos Cave paint factories, cave flutings by Upper
Paleolithic children, as well as new genetic data on
peopling of Australia. We have updated our timellne of
Upper Paleolithic innovations to include these recent
discoveries.
Chapter 9: The Neollthlc Revolution:
n Ani
This streamlined and updated chapter emphasizes
the contemporary relevance of the Neolithic revolu-
tion. A new Challenge Issue shows the competition for
resources set into motion during the eolithic, playing
out in the context of globalization today as Andean
potato farmers battle With industrial asparagus farms that
are lowering the aquifers to produce this water-intensive
crop for global distribution. The theme of competition
for resources threads throughout the chapter.
By incorporating relevant sections of the Bio-
cultural Connection from previous editions on
breastfeeding, fertility, and beliefs into the text, we
made space for a new Biocultural Connection on the
coevolution of humans and dogs featuring the work of
evolutionary anthropologist Brian Hare titled "Dogs Get
Right to the Point." We have reorganized the heads in
the section on why humans became food producers to
streamline the content, and we moved the definitions
of horticulture and pastoralism to early in the chapter
to improve the chapter's conceptual flow. A new Ques-
tion for Reflection on today's genetically modified
crops also drives home the point that today we are still
facing challenges introduced during the Neolithic.
Chapter 10: The Emergence
I St t s
The interrelation of war, power, and monumental
structures thematically weaves through this updated
chapter. This begins with the new Challenge Issue
focusing on the temple at Angkor Wat in Cambodia
and the way that the magnificent structure has been
the site of violent struggles nearly since its dedication
in the 12th century.
An updated introductory section on the interde-
pendence of cities includes Hurricane Katrina, the 2011
Japanese earthquake and tsunami, as well as the role of
social media in the Arab Spring of 2011. In a detailed cap-
tion, we incorporated key points from the Anthropology
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 ••
Preface XXVll

Applied feature from previous editions on the U.S. Chapter 12: Human Adaptation
militarys employment of archaeologists to train per· 1:!. g rd
sonnel in war zones to preserve archaeological remains.
This chapter provides a broad introduction to human
This allowed us to indude a new Anthropology Applied
biology and human adaptation, while also reinforc·
feature on rainforest fishing weirs by Clark Erickson
ing the powerful influence of culture on all aspects of
titled "Pre·Columbian Fish Farming in the Amazon." human biology. The Challenge Issue offers a stunning
This chapter's rich new visuals include locator body map, a life.size depiction of the experience of
maps indicating Mesopotamian sites and the Inca
being an HIV-positive woman in South Africa, to help
empire; an intriguing photo of a Maya calendar,
students see themselves as fully biocultural beings.
explaining how it connects to the current doomsday
A suite of new and revised figures illustrates a
predictions; and a photo of cairo's "City of the Dead"
variety of biological concepts including a new figure
to illustrate the problems of social stratification today. on long bone growth, a new figure on sweat glands,
a new figure showing the growth trajectory of dif·
Chapter 11: Modern Human Diversity: ferent body systems, and a revised figure on human
P ce acls population growth. Iew figures also help students
Enlivened writing throughout this chapter improves see the myrtad connections between human biology
the pedagogy and makes the challenging concepts of and culture including an intriguing photo of the ship-
race and racism more interesting and accessible for breaking yards of Bangladesh and a figure on the use
today's students. The ne\-v Challenge Issue features of military metaphors in immunology.
NBA star Jeremy Lin to illustrate the social meaning of We have also expanded our discussion of body
biological difference. fat and fertility globally and added relevant key
The chapter now includes the seminal work terms such as menarche and menopause to the running
of Audrey Smedley on the roots of racism in North glossary. As well, our discussion of genetic, develop-
America, focusing on the English treatment of the mental, and physiological adaptation has been refined
Irish along with reference to Bacon's Rebellion. As well, and clarified, again adding the relevant key terms such
a photo and caption illustrate the 1azi expedition to as hypoxia to the glossary.
Tibet in search of the origins of the pure Aryan race. We close the chapter with new examples of how
An updated section includes a discussion of the an integrated anthropological perspective to questions
2010 census categories of race, and a new footnote to of human health. Topics include the recent appoint-
the Tiger Woods story updates the history of African ment of medical anthropologist Jim Yong Kim as the
Americans in golf. We also use the families of two U.S. president of the World Bank and ongoing biological
presidents-Thomas Jefferson and Barack Obama-to evolution in Kenyan sex workers who seem to be HIV·
illustrate cultural beliefs about gene flow. resistant despite constant exposure. Biological and
A new reference to structural violence and race cultural processes both contribute to human health.
details differences in prison sentences for crack versus
powdered cocaine users, a disparity that preferentially
privileges the predominantly white users of the more
expensive powdered cocaine. Accordingly, we have
added the term structural violence to the glossary along Supplements
With the term genocide.
Links between Mendel's work on heredity from Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge comes
Chapter 2 strengthen this chapter's discussion of the with a comprehensive supplements program to help
faults inherent in theories of race and intelligence. The instructors create an effective learning environment
chapter's section on true biological adaptations across both inside and outside the classroom and to aid stu·
populations now includes the work of Gary Nabhan dents in mastering the material.
and Laurie Monti on "slow release" foods and actiVity,
instead of the thrifty genotype, and also mentions the Supplements for Instructors
rising importance of epigenetics. We moved material
on fava beans and G·6·PD to the body of the text to I r's n nd ·k
make space for a new Biocultural Connection on ethnic The Instructor's Manual offers detailed chapter out·
plastic surgery titled "Beauty, Bigotry, and the Epican· lines, lecture suggestions, key terms, and student
thic Eyefold of the Beholder." We are pleased to include activities such as video exercises and Internet exer-
as well a new Original Study by Jonathan Marks on the cises. In addition, there are over seventy.five chapter
perils and pitfalls of commercial genetic testing titled test questions including multiple choice, true/false,
"caveat Emptor: Genealogy for Sale." fill-in·the-blank, short answer, and essay.

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 •••
xxvw Preface
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 Acknowledgments

In this day and age, no textbook comes to fruition Bianchi. Also worthy of note here are the introductory
without extensive collaboration. Beyond the shared anthropology teaching assistants at Kansas State Uni-
endeavors of our author team, this book owes its versity and the College of Medicine and Honors College
completion to a wide range of individuals, from col- students at the University of Vermont who, through the
leagues in the discipline to those involved in devel- years, have shed light for us on effective ways to reach
opment and production processes. Sincere thanks to new generations of students. And, finally, we recognize
colleagues who brought their expertise to bear- as the introductory students themselves, who are at the
sounding boards and in responding to questions con- heart of this educational endeavor and who continually
cerning their specializations: Marta P. Alfonso-Durruty, provide feedback in formal and informal ways.
Robert Bailey, Frans B. M. de Waal, Jessica Falcone, Our thanksgiving inventory would be incom-
Michele Goldsmith, John Hawks, Amber Campbell plete without mentioning individuals at Wadsworth/
Hibbs, Heather Loyd, Gillian E. Newell, Martin Otten- Cengage Learning who helped conceive of this text and
heimer, Svante Pa:ibo, Yvette Pigeon, Herbert Prins, and bring it to fruition. Of special note is our senior devel-
Michael Wesch. We are particularly grateful for the opment editor Lin Marshall Gaylord, who has been a
manuscript reviewers listed below, who provided de- shaping force for many generations of the Haviland
tailed and thoughtful feedback that helped us to hone et al. textbooks. She continues to grace our efforts
and re-hone our narrative. with Vision, resilience, constancy, and anthropological
We carefully considered and made use of the wide knowledge. We cannot imagine this endeavor without
range of comments provided by these individuals. her. our thanks also go out to Wadsworth's skilled and
Our decisions on how to utilize their suggestions were enthusiastic editorial, marketing, design, and produc-
influenced by our own perspectives on anthropology tion team: Aileen Berg (senior acquisitions sponsoring
and teaching, combined With the priorities and page editor), LiZ Rhoden (senior brand manager), Michelle
limits of this text. Thus, neither our reviewers nor any Williams (senior market development manager), John
of the other anthropologists mentioned here should Chell (media editor), Margaux Cameron (assistant
be held responsible for any shortcomings in this book. editor), Victor Luu (editorial assistant), as well as Cheri
They should, however, be credited as contributors to Palmer (content project manager) and Caryl Gorska (art
many of the book's strengths: Philip Carr, University of director).
South Alabama; Douglas Crews, Ohio State University; In addition to all of the above, we have had
William Price, North Country Community College; the invaluable aid of several most able freelancers,
Frank Salamone, Iona College; David Schwimmer, including veteran photo researcher Sarah Evertson
Columbus State University; and Donna Marshaye and our alert and artful art team at Graphic World.
White, Webster University. We are beyond grateful to have once again had
Thanks, too, go to colleagues who provided mate- the opportunity to work with copy editor Jennifer
rial for some of the Original Study, Biocultural Con- Gordon and production coordinator Joan Keyes of
nection, and Anthropology Applied boxes in this text: Dovetail Publishing Services. Consummate profes-
Katherine Dettwyler, Clark L. Erickson, Anabel Ford, sionals and generous souls, both of them keep track
Michele Goldsmith, Donna Hart, John Hawks, Su- of countless details and bring calm efficiency and
zanne Leclerc-Madlala, Roger Lewin, Anne Nacey Mag- grace to the demands of meeting difficult deadlines.
gioncalda, Charles C. Mann, Jonathan Marks, Anna Their efforts and skills play a major role in making
Roosevelt, Robert M. Sapolsky, Jason Silverstein, Sherry our work doable and pleasurable.
Simpson, and Meredith F. Small. And finally, all of us are indebted to family mem-
We have debts of gratitude to office workers in our bers and close friends who have not only put up with
departments for their cheerful help in clerical matters: our textbook preoccupation but cheered us on in the
Karen Rundquist, Patty Redmond, and Tina Griffiths, endeavor.
along with research librarian extraordinaire ancy

xxx
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About the Authors

A staunch supporter of indigenous rights, he served

as expert witness for the Missisquoi Abenaki of Ver-
mont in an important court case over aboriginal fish-
ing rights.
Awards received by Dr. Haviland indude being
named University Scholar by the Graduate School of
the University of Vermont in 1990; a Certificate of
Appreciation from the Sovereign Republic of the Abenaki
Nation of Mis.5isquoi, St. Francis/Sokoki Band in 1996;
and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Center for
.., Research on Vermont in 2006. ow retired from teaching,
A he continues his research, writing, and lecturing from the
! coast of Maine. He serves as a trustee for the Abbe Museum
,s
O in Bar Harbor, focused on Maine's ative American
Kl
~ history, culture, art, and archaeology. His most recent
8
books are At the Place of the Lobsters and Crabs (2009) and
Authors Bunny McBride, Dana Walrath , Harald Prins, and Canoe Indians ofDown East Maine (2012).
William Haviland

DANA WALRATH is assistant professor of family medicine

All four members of this author team share overlap- at the University of Vermont and an affiliated faculty
ping research interests and a similar vision of what member for women's and gender studies. After earning
anthropology is (and should be) about. For example, her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania, she taught
all are true believers in the four-field approach to there and at Temple University. Dr. Walrath broke new
anthropology and all have some involvement in ground in medical and biological anthropology through
applied \.vork. her work on biocultural aspects of childbirth. She has
also written on a Wide range of topics related to gender
WI IA.MA. HAVI ND is professor emeritus at the Uni- in paleoanthropology, the social production of sickness
versity of Vermont, where he founded the Department and health, sex differences, genetics, and evolutionary
of Anthropology and taught for thirty-two years. He medicine. Her work has appeared in edited volumes
holds a PhD in anthropology from the University of and in journals such as Current Anthropology, American
Pennsylvania. Anthropologist, American Journal of Physical Anthropology,
He has carried out original research in archaeolo- and Anthropology Now. She developed a novel curriculum
gy in Guatemala and Vermont; ethnography in Maine in medical education at the University of Vermont's Col-
and Vermont; and physical anthropology in Guate- lege of Medicine that brings humanism, anthropological
mala. This work has been the basis of numerous pub- theory and practice, narrative medicine, and profession-
lications in various national and international books alism skills to first-year medical students.
and journals, as well as in media intended for the gen- Dr. Walrath also has an MFA in creative writing
eral public. His books include The Original Vermont- from Vermont College of Fine Arts and has shown her
ers, coauthored with Marjorie Power, and a techni- artWork in galleries throughout the country. Her recent
cal monograph on ancient Maya settlement. He also work on Alzheimer's disease combines anthropology
served as consultant for the award-winning telecourse with memoir and visual art. Spanning a variety of
Faces of Culture, and he is coeditor of the series Tikal disciplines, her work has been supported by diverse
Reports, published by the University of Pennsylvania sources such as the National Science Foundation for
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. the Arts, the Centers for Disease Control, the Health
Besides his teaching and writing, Dr. Haviland Resources and Services Administration, the Vermont
has lectured to numerous professional as well as non- Studio Center, the Vermont Arts council, and the
professional audiences in Canada, Mexico, Lesotho, National Endowment for the Arts. She is currently
South Africa, and Spain, as well as in the United States. a Fulbright Scholar at the American University of

xxxi
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
To seeke their deaths that sought to dash his drift,
Of whome the chief the queene’s allies hee thought,
That bent therto with mounts of mischief fraught,
Hee knew their liues would bee so sore his let,
That in their deaths his onely help hee set.

12.

And I, most cursed caytife that I was,

Seeing the state vnstedfast how it stoode,
His chiefe complice to bring the same to passe,
Unhappy wretch consented to their blood:
Yea kings and peeres that swim in worldly good,
In seeking bloud the end aduert you playne,
And see if bloud ey aske not bloud agayne.

13.

Consider Cyrus in your cruell thought,

A makelesse[1582] prince in riches, and in might,
And weigh in mynd the bloudy deeds hee wrought,
In sheading which hee set his whole delight:
But see the guerdon lotted to this wight,
Hee, whose huge powre no man might ouerthrowe,
Tomyris queene with greate dispite hath slowe.

14.

His head dismembred from his mangled corps,

Her selfe shee cast into a vessell fraught
With clottered bloud of them that felt her force,
And with these words a iust reward shee taught:
“Drinke now thy fill of thy desired draught:”
Loe, marke the fine that did this prince befall:
Marke not this one, but marke the end of all.

15.
Behold Cambises, and his fatall day,
Where murder’s mischiefe, mirour like, is left,
While hee his brother Mergus cast to slay,
A dreadfull thing, his wits were him bereft:
A sword hee caught, wherewith hee perced eft
His body gored, which hee of life benooms:
So iust is God in all his dreadfull dooms.

16.

O, bloudy Brutus, rightly didst thou rue,

And thou, O[1583] Cassius, iustly came thy fall,
That with the sword, wherewith thou Cæsar slue,
Murdredst thyselfe, and reft thy life withall:
A miroir let him bee vnto you all
That murdrers bee, of murder to your meede:
For murder cryes[1584] out vengeaunce on your seede.

17.

Loe, Bessus, hee that armde with murdrer’s[1585] knife,

And traytrous[1586] heart agaynst his royall king,
With bloudy hands bereft his maister’s life,
Aduert the fine his foule offence did bring:
And lothing murder as most lothly thing,
Behold in him the iust deserued fall
That euer hath, and shall betyde them all.

18.

What booted him his false vsurped raygne?

Wherto by murder hee did so ascend,
When like a wretch, led in an yron chayne,
He was presented, by his chiefest frend,
Unto the foes of him whom hee had slayne:
That euen they should venge[1587] so foule a gilt,
That rather sought to haue his bloud yspilt.
 19.

Take heede ye princes and ye prelates all

Of this outrage, which though it sleepe a while
And not disclosde, as it doth seeld befall,
Yet God, that suffreth[1588] silence to beguile
Such gilts, wherewith both earth and ayre ye file,
At last discryes them to your fowle deface,
You see th’examples[1589] set before your face.

20.

And deeply graue within your stony harts,

The drery dewle that mighty Macedo,
With teares vnfoulded, wrapt in deadly smarts,
When hee the death of Clitus sorrowed so,
Whom erst hee murdred[1590] with the deadly blowe
Raught in his rage vpon his frend so deare,
For which beholde, loe, how his panges appeare.

21.

The launsed speare hee wrythes out of the wound,

From which the purple bloud spins in[1591] his face:
His heynous gilt when hee returned found,
Hee throwes himselfe vpon the corps, alas,
And in his armes how oft doth hee imbrace
His murdred frend? and kissing him, in vayne
Forth flowe the fluds of salt repentant rayne.

22.

His frends amazde at such a murder done,

In fearefull flocks begin to shrinke away,
And hee therat, with heapes of grief fordone,
Hateth him selfe, wishing his later day:
Now hee likewise perceiued in lyke stay,
 As is the wylde beast in the desert bred,
Both dreading others and him selfe a dred.

23.

Hee calles for death, and loathing lenger[1592] lyfe,

Bent to his bane, refuseth kindely foode:
And plungd in depth of death and dolour’s strife,
Had queld him selfe, had not his frends withstoode:
Loe, hee that thus hath shed the guiltles bloud,
Though hee were king and kesar ouer all,
Yet chose hee death to guerdon death withall.

24.

This prince whose peere was neuer vnder sunne,

Whose glistening fame the earth did ouerglyde,
Which with his power welny the world had wonne,
His bloudy handes himselfe could not abyde,
But fully[1593] bent with famine to haue dyed,
The worthy prince deemed in his regarde,
That death for death could bee but iust rewarde.

25.

Yet wee, that were so drowned in the depth

Of deepe desire, to drinke the guiltlesse bloud,
Like to the wolfe, with greedy lookes that lepth
Into the snare, to feede on deadly foode,
So wee delighted in the state wee stoode,
Blinded so far in all our blinded trayne,
That blinde wee sawe not our destruction playne.

26.

Wee spared none whose life could ought forlet

Our wicked purpose to his passe to come:
Fowre worthy knights wee headed at Pomfret
Guiltlesse, God wote, withouten law or dome:
My heart euen bleedes to tell you all and some,
And how lord Hastings, when hee feared least,
Dispiteously was murdred and opprest.

27.

These rockes vpraught, that threatned most our wrecke,

Wee seemde to saile much surer in the streame:
And fortune faring as shee were at becke
Layde in our lap the rule of all the realme:
The nephues strait deposde were by the eame:
And wee aduaunst to that wee bought full deare,
Hee crowned king, and I his chiefest peare.

28.

Thus hauing wonne our long desired pray,

To make him king that hee might make mee chiefe,
Downe throwe wee straith his seely nephues tway,
From princes pompe, to woefull prisoners life:
In hope that nowe stint was all furder strife:
Sith hee was king, and I chiefe stroke did beare,
Who ioyed but wee, yet who more cause to feare?

29.

The guiltles bloud which wee vniustly shed,

The royall babes deuested from theyr throne,
And wee like traytours raigning in theyr sted,
These heauy burdens passed[1594] vs vpon,
Tormenting vs so by our selues alone,
Much like the felon that pursude by night,
Starts at ech bush, as his foe were in sight.

30.

Now doubting state, now dreading losse of life,

In feare of wracke at euery blast of winde,
Now start in dreames through dread of murdrer’s[1595]
knife,
As though euen then reuengement were assynde:
With restles thought so is the guilty minde
Turmoyld, and neuer feeleth ease or stay,
But liues in feare of that which followes aye.

31.

Well gaue that judge his dome vpon the death

Of Titus Clelius[1596] that in bed was slayne:
Whan euery wight the cruell murder layeth
To his two sonnes that in his chamber layen,
The judge, that by the proofe perceiueth playne,
That they were found fast sleeping in theyr bed,
Hath deemde them guiltles of this bloud yshed.

32.

Hee thought it could not bee, that they which brake

The lawes of God and man in such outrage,
Could so forthwith themselues to sleepe betake:
He rather thought the horrour, and the rage
Of such an heynous guilt, could neuer swage,
Nor neuer suffer them to sleepe, or rest,
Or dreadles breath one breth out of theyr brest.

33.

So gnawes the griefe of conscience euermore,

And in the heart it is so deepe ygraue,[1597]
That they may neyther sleepe nor rest therefore,
Ne thinke one thought but on the dread they haue:
Still to the death foretossed with the waue
Of restles woe, in terrour and despeyre,
They leade a life continually in feare.
 34.

Like to the dere that stricken with the dart,

Withdrawes himselfe into some secret place,
And feeling greene the wound about his hart,
Startles[1598] with pangs tyll hee fall on the grasse,
And, in great feare, lies gasping there a space,
Forth braying sighes, as though ech pang had brought
The present death, which hee doth dread so oft:

35.

So wee, deepe wounded with the bloudy thought,

And gnawing worme that greu’d[1599] our conscience so,
Neuer tooke ease, but as our heart out brought[1600]
The strayned[1601] sighes in witnes of our woe,
Such restles cares our fault did well beknowe:
Wherewith, of our deserued fall, the feares
In euery place rang death within our eares.

36.

And as ill grayne is neuer well ykept,

So fared it by vs within a while:
That which so long with such vnrest wee reapt,
In dread and daunger by all wit and wile,
Loe, see the fine, when once it felt the whele
Of slipper fortune, stay it mought no stowne,
The wheele whurles vp, but strayt it whurleth downe.

37.

For hauing rule and riches in our hand,

Who durst gaynesay the thing that wee averd?
Will was wisedome, our lust for law did stand,
In sort so straunge, that who was not afeard,
When hee the sounde but of king Richard heard?
 So hatefull waxt the hearing of his name,
That you may deeme the residue of[1602] the same.

38.

But what auaylde the terrour and the feare,

Wherwith he kept his lieges vnder awe?
It rather wan him hatred euery where,
And fayned faces forc’d by feare of lawe:
That but, while fortune doth with fauour blawe,
Flatter through feare: for in theyr heart lurkes aye
A secret hate that hopeth for a daye.

39.

Recordeth Dionisius the king

That with his rigour so his realme opprest,
As that hee thought by cruell feare to bring
His subiects vnder, as him liked best:
But, loe, the dread wherewith him selfe was strest,
And you shall see the fine of forced feare,
Most miroir like, in this prowd prince appeare.

40.

All were his head with crowne of gold ysprad,

And in his hand the royall scepter set:
And hee with princely purple richly clad,
Yet was his heart with wretched cares orefret:
And inwardly with deadly feare beset,
Of those whom hee by rigour kept in awe,
And sore opprest with might of tyraunt’s lawe.

41.

Agaynst whose feare no heapes of gold and glie,

No strength of gard, nor all his hyred powre,
Ne prowde high towres, that preaced to the skie,
His cruell heart of safty could assure:
But dreading them whom hee should deeme most sure,
Him selfe his beard with burning brand would ceare,
Of death deseru’d so vexed him the feare.

42.

This might suffice to represent the fine

Of tyraunt’s force, theyr feares, and theyr vnrest:
But heare this one, although my heart repine
To let the sounde once sinke within my brest:
Of fell Phereus, that, aboue the rest,
Such lothsome cruelty on his people wrought,
As, oh, alas, I tremble with the thought.

43.

Some hee encased in the coates of beares,

Among wilde beastes deuoured so to bee:
And some, for pray vnto the hunter’s speares,
Like sauage beasts withouten ruth to dye:
Sometime, to encrease[1603] his horrible cruelty,
The quicke with face to face engraued hee,
Ech other’s death that ech mought liuing see.

44.

Loe, what more cruell horrour mought bee founde

To purchase feare, if feare could stay his raigne?
It booted not, it rather strake the wounde
Of feare in him, to feare the like agayne:
And so he did full oft, and not in vayne,
As in his life his cares could witnesse well,
But most of all his wretched end doth tell.

45.

His owne deare wife, whom as his life hee loued,

Hee durst not trust, nor proche vnto her bed,
But causing first his slaue with naked sworde
To goe before, himselfe with trembling dread,
Strayt foloweth fast, and whurling in his head
His rolling eyne, he searched[1604] heare and there
The deepe daunger that hee so sore did feare.

46.

For not in vayne it ran still in his brest,

Some wretched hap should hale him to his end,
And therefore alway by his pillow prest
Had hee a sworde, and with that sworde he wende,
In vayne, God wot, all perils to defende:
For, loe, his wife, foreyrking[1605] of his raigne,
Sleping in bed this cruell wretch hath slaine.

47.

What should I more now seeke to say in this,

Or one iote farder linger forth my tale?
With cruell Nero, or with Phalaris,
Caligula, Domitian, and all
The cruell rout? or of theyr wretched fall?
I can no more, but in my name aduert
All earthly powres beware of tyraunt’s hart.

48.

And as our state endured but a throwe,

So, best in vs, the stay of such a state
May best appeare to hang on ouerthrowe,
And better teach tyraunts deserued hate,
Then any tyraunt’s death tofore or late:
So cruell seemde this Richard third to mee,
That, loe, my selfe now loathde[1606] his cruelty.
 49.

For when, alas, I saw the tyraunt king

Content not only from his nephues twayne
To riue world’s blisse, but also all world’s being,
Sauns earthly gylt ycausing both be slayne,
My heart agrisde[1607] that such a wretch should raigne,
Whose bloudy brest so saluagde[1608] out of kinde,
That Phalaris had nere[1609] so bloudy[1610] a minde.

50.

Ne[1611] could I brooke him once within my brest,

But with the thought my teeth would gnash withall:
For though I erst were his by sworne behest,
Yet when I saw mischiefe on mischiefe fall,
So deepe in bloud, to murder prince and all,
Ay then, thought I, alas, and welaway,[1612]
And to my selfe thus mourning would I say:

51.

If neyther loue, kinred, ne[1613] knot of bloud,

His owne allegaunce to his prince of due,
Nor yet the state of trust, wherein hee stoode,
The world’s defame, nor nought could forme[1614] him
true,
Those gyltles babes, could they not make him rue?
Nor could theyr youth, nor innocence withall
Moue him from reauing them, theyr life, and all?

52.

Alas, it could not moue him any iote,

Ne[1615] make him once to rue, or wet his eye,
Stird him no more then that that stirreth not:
But as the rocke, or stone, that will not plye,
So was his heart made hard with[1616] cruelty,
To murder them: alas, I weepe in thought,
To thinke on that which this fell wretch hath wrought.

53.

That now, when hee had done the thing hee sought,
And as he would, complisht and compast all,
And saw and knew the treason hee had wrought
To God and man, to slay his prince and all,
Then seemde hee first to doubt and drede vs all,
And mee in chiefe, whose death all meanes hee might,
He sought to worke by malice and by might.

54.

Such heapes of harms vpharbard in his brest,

With enuious hart my honour to deface,
And knowing hee, that I, which wotted best
His wretched dryfts, and all his wretched case,[1617]
If euer sprang within mee sparke of grace,
Must nedes abhorre him and his hatefull race:
Now more and more can cast mee out of grace.

55.

Which sodayne chaunge, when I, by secret chaunce

Had well perceiude, by proofe of enuious frowne,
And saw the lot that did mee to aduaunce
Him to a king, that sought to cast mee downe,
To late it was to linger any stowne,
Sith present choise lay cast before myne eye:
To worke his death, or, I my selfe to dye.

56.

And as the knight in field among his foes,

Beset with swords, must slay or there bee slayne:
So I, alas, lapt in a thousand woes,
Beholding death on euery syde so playne,
I rather chose by some sly secret trayne
To worke his death, and I to liue therby,
Then hee to liue, and I of force to dye.

57.

Which heauy choyse so hastened mee to chose,

That I in part agrieude at his disdayne,
In part to wreake the dolefull death of those
Two tender babes, his sely[1618] nephewes twayne,
By him, alas, commaunded to be slayne,
With paynted chere humbly before his face,
Strayght tooke my leaue, and roade to Brecknocke
place.

58.

And there as close and couert as I might,

My purposde practise to his passe to bring,
In secret drifts I lingrede day and night,
All how I might depose this cruell king,
That seemde to all so much desyrde a thing,
As therto trusting I emprisde the same:
But to much trusting brought mee to my bane.

59.

For while I now had fortune at my becke,

Mistrusting I no earthly thing at all,
Unwares, alas, least looking for a checke,
Shee mated mee in tourning of a ball:
When least I fearde, then nerest was my fall,
And when whole hoasts were prest to stroy my foen,
Shee chaungde her cheare, and left mee post alone.

60.
I had vpraysde a mighty band of men,
And marched forth in order of array,
Leading my power amid the forest Dene,
Agaynst the[1619] tyrant banner to display:
But, loe, my souldiers cowardly[1620] shranke away:
For such is fortune when shee list to frowne,
Who seemes most sure, him soonest whurls shee
downe.

61.

O, let no prince, put trust in commontie,

Nor hope in fayth of giddy people’s mynde,
But let all noble men take heede by mee,
That by the proofe to well the payne do fynde:
Loe, where is truth or trust? or what could bynde
The vayne people, but they will swerue and swaye,
As chaunce brings chaunge, to driue and draw that
way.

62.

Rome, thou that once aduaunced vp so hye,

Thy stay, patron, and flowre of excellence,
Hast now throwne him to depth of miserie,
Exiled him that was thy whole defence,
Ne comptest[1621] it not an horrible offence,
To reuen him of honour and of fame,
That wan it thee when thou hadst lost the same.

63.

Behold Camillus, hee that first reuiued

The state of Rome, that dying hee did fynde,
Of his owne state is now, alas, depriued,
Banisht by them whom hee did thus det-bynde:
That cruell folke, vnthankfull and vnkinde,
 Declared well their false vnconstancie,[1622]
And fortune eke her mutabilitie.

64.

And thou Scipio, a miroir mayst thou bee

To all nobles, that they learne not to late,
How they once trust th’vnstable[1623] commontie:
Thou that recuredst[1624] the torne dismembred state,
Euen when the conquerour was at the gate,
Art now exilde, as though thou not deserued
To rest in her, whom thou hadst so preserued.

65.

Ingratfull Rome, hast shewde thy crueltie

On him, by whom thou lyuest yet in fame,
But not thy deede, nor his desert shall die,
But his owne words shall witnes ay the same:
For, loe, his graue doth thee most iustly blame,
And with disdayne in marble sayes to thee:
Vnkind countrey, my bones shalt thou not see.

66.

What more vnworthy then this his exile?

More iust then this the wofull playnt hee wrote?
Or who could shew a playner proofe the while,
Of most false fayth, then they that thus forgot
His great deserts? that so deserued not:
His cindres yet, loe, doth hee them deny
That him denyde amongst them for to dye.

67.

Milciades, O happy hadst thou bee,[1625]

And well rewarded of thy countrey men,
If in the fielde when thou hadst forst to flye,
By thy prowes, three hundred thousand men,
Content they had beene to exile thee then:
And not to cast thee in depth of prison, so
Laden with gyues, to end thy life in woe.

68.

Alas, how hard and steely hearts had they,

That, not contented there to haue thee dye,
With fettred gyues in prison where thou lay,
Increast so farre in hatefull crueltye,
That buriall to thy corps, they eke denye:
Ne wil they graunt the same till thy sonne haue
Put on thy gyues, to purchase thee a graue.

69.

Loe, Hanniball, as long as fixed fate,

And brittle fortune had ordayned so,
Who, euermore, aduaunst his country state
Then thou, that liu’dst[1626] for her and for no moe?
But when the stormy waues began to growe,
Without respect of thy deserts erewhile,
Art by thy[1627] countrey throwne into exile.

70.

Unfrendly fortune, shall I thee now blame?

Or shall I fault the fates that so ordayne?
Or art thou Ioue the causer of the same?
Or cruelty her selfe, doth shee constrayne?
Or on whom els, alas, shall I complayne?
O trustlesse world, I can accusen none,
But fickle fayth of commontie alone.

71.
The Polipus nor the Chameleon straunge,
That tourne themselues to euery hewe they see,
Are not so full of vayne and fickle chaunge,
As is this false vnstedfast commontye:
Loe, I, alas, with myne aduersitye
Haue tryde it true, for they are fled and gone,
And of an hoast there is not left mee one.

72.

That I, alas, in this calamitie

Alone was left, and to my selfe mought[1628] playne
This treason, and this wretched cowardye,
And eake with tears beweepen and complayne
My hatefull hap, still loking to bee slayne:
Wandring in woe, and to the gods[1629] on hye
Cleaping for vengeaunce of this treacherye.

73.

And as the turtle that hath lost her make,[1630]

Whom griping sorrowe doth so sore attaint,
With dolefull voice and sound that[1631] shee doth make,
Mourning her losse, fills all the groue with plaint:
So I, alas, forsaken, and forfaynt,
With restlesse foote the wood rome vp and downe,
Which of my dole all shiuering doth resowne.

74.

And being thus, alone, and all forsake,

Amid the thicke, forwandred in despayre,
As one dismayde, ne wist what way to take,
Untill at last gan to my mynd repayre,
A man of myne, calde Humfrey Banastaire:
Wherwith mee feeling much recomforted,
In hope of succour, to his house I fled.
 75.

Who being one whom erst I had vp brought

Euen from his youth, and lou’d[1632] and liked best,
To gentry state auaunciug him from nought,
And had in secret trust, aboue the rest
Of speciall trust, now, being thus distrest,
Full secretly to him I mee conueyde,
Not doubting there but I should fynd some ayde.

76.

But out, alas, on cruell trecherie,

When that this caytife once an inkling hard,
How that king Richard had proclaimde, that hee
Which mee descryde should haue for his rewarde
A thousand pounds, and farther bee prefarde,
His truth so turnde to treason, all distaynde,
That fayth quite fled, and I by trust was traynde.

77.

For by this wretch I being straite betrayed

To one Ihon Mitton, shiriffe of Shropshire then,
All sodaynly was taken, and conuayed
To Salisburie, with rout of harnest men,
Unto king Richard there, encamped then
Fast by the cittie with a mighty host:
Withouten dome where head and life I lost.

78.

And with these wordes, as if the axe euen there

Dismembred had his head and corps aparte,
Dead fell hee downe: and wee in woefull feare
Stoode mazed when hee would to lyfe reuert:
But deadly griefs still grew about his hart,
That still hee lay, sometime reuiude with payne,
 And with a sigh becomming dead agayne.

79.

Midnight was come, when euery[1633] vitall thing

With sweete sound sleepe, their weary lyms did rest,
The beasts were still, the little byrds that sing,
Now sweetely slept, besides their mother’s brest,
The olde and all were shrowded in their nest:
The waters calme, the cruell seas did cease,
The woods, the fieldes, and all thinges held their
peace.

80.

The golden stars were whyrld amyd their race,

And on the earth did laugh with twinkling light,
When each thing nestled in his resting place,
Forgat daye’s payne with pleasure of the night:
The hare had not the greedy hounds in sight,
The fearefull dere of death stoode not in doubt,
The partridge drept not of the falcon’s foote.

81.

The ougly beare now minded not the stake,

Nor how the cruell mastiues doe him teare,
The stag lay still vnroused from the brake,
The fomy boare fearde not the hunter’s speare:
All thing was still in desert, bush, and breare:
With quiet heart now from their trauayles ceast,
Soundly they slept in midst of all their rest.

82.

When Buckingham, amid his playnt opprest,

With surging sorrowes and with pinching paynes
In sort thus sowned,[1634] and with a sigh, hee ceast
To tellen forth the trechery and the traynes
Of Banastaire: which him so sore distraynes,
That from a sigh hee falls into a sounde,
And from a sound ly’th[1635] raging on the ground.

83.

So twiching were the pangs that hee assayed,

And hee so sore with ruthfull[1636] rage distraught,
To thinke vppon the wretch that him betrayed,
Whom erst hee made a gentleman of naught,
That more and more agreued with this[1637] thought,
Hee stormes out sighes, and with redoubled sore,
Stroke with the furies, rageth more and more.

84.

Who so hath seene the bull chased with darts,

And with deepe wounds foregalde and gored so,
Tyll hee, oppressed with the deadly smarts,
Fall in a rage, and run vpon his foe,
Let him, I say, behold the raging woe
Of Buckingham, that in these gripes of griefe,
Rageth gaynst him that hath betrayde his lyfe.

85.

With bloud red iyen hee stareth here and there,

Frothing at mouth, with face as pale as cloute:
When, loe, my lyms were trembling all for feare,
And I amazde stoode still in dread and doubt,
While I mought see him throwe his arms about:
And gaynst the ground him selfe plunge with such
force,
As if the life forthwith should leaue the corps.

86.