ISSN 00978078, Water Resources, 2010, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 879–885. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2010.

Original Russian Text © A.E. Asarin, L.F. Sotnikova, 2010, published in Vodnye Resursy, 2010, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 757–763.

FROM THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

OF WATER RESOURCES

Sergei Nikolaevich Kritskii—One of the Main Founders

of Stochastic Hydrology and the Theory of River Runoff
Management (on the 110th Anniversary)
A. E. Asarin and L. F. Sotnikova
DOI: 10.1134/S009780781006014X

The nearly three decades that have elapsed since 1

the pass of Sergei Nikolaevich Kritskii not only miti
gated the sense of loss of this remarkable scientist and
man, but brought to light the scientific measure of this
loss and the lasting significance of his scientific heri
tage.
The objective of this paper is to remind or inform
the reader, especially the one who came in this world
or the engineering and/or scientific life after the death
of S.N. Kritskii, about the contribution made by this
outstanding engineer and scientist during 50 years of
his devoted service to stochastic hydrology and solving
the scientific and practical problems of water
resources management.
Sergei Nikolaevich Kritskii was born on Decem
ber 31 (17), 1900, in Samara, in a family of a railroad
engineer. In 1915, because of the transfer of his farther
to Tomsk–Omsk Railroad, he moved to Tomsk, where
two years later he graduated from a secondary school
and entered Tomsk Institute of Technology. In 1919,
S.N. Kritskii was called into Kolchak’s army and sent
as a junker to artillery school in Vladivostok. After the
defeat of Kolchak in 1920, he entered the local insti
tute of technology, and in 1923 moved to Moscow,
where he made both ends meet by private tuition and
working as a technician in the department of river
structures in Moskomkhoz. In 1925, he entered Mos
1
The family name Kritskii has a Ukrainian–Cossak origin.

879
880 ASARIN, SOTNIKOVA
cow Institute of Water Transport Engineers, and in
1926, with an engineer’s diploma, he started working
in Vodokanalproekt Trust, where he, together with
another future outstanding scientist, M.F. Menkel,
was working for more than 5 years. In 1932, he was for
the second time called to the army and sent to teach
hydraulic engineering and hydrology in Military
Engineering Academy of the Red Army. Several years
later he started executing the duties of the head of
chair.
In 1937, S.N. Kritskii transferred to the Design
Department of Glavgidrostroi, NKVD, USSR, at the
construction of the Kuibyshev (now Zhigulevskaya)
HPP. This was the beginning of their cooperation with
M.F. Menkel in Hydroproject, which would last for
24 years.
In 1961, S.N. Kritskii transferred to scientific
work, first into the Council for Studying Production
Forces (CSPF), USSR State Planning Committee,
and next, in 1968, into the newly formed, Water Prob
lems Institute USSR Academy of Science.
As long ago as the early 1930s, S.N. Kritskii, then a
lecturer in the MilitaryEngineering Academy, in
cooperation with M.F. Menkel, made an attempt to
systematize and generalize the methods and engineer
ing approaches used in that time in hydrological and
water management calculations.
However, it was very few to generalize. Among the
domestic monographs available in that time, we can
mention “Course of General Hydrology” by
A.M. Svetov, “Land Hydrology” by M.A. Velikanov,
“Issues of Engineering Hydrology” by D.M. Kocher
gin, and “Hydrology (of DryLand Basins)” by
A.V. Ogievskii, as well as other publications of
M.A. Velikanov, V.M. Glushkov, M.I. L’vovich,
A.N. Markov, and D.L. Sokolovskii in Proceedings of
the State Hydrological Institute, have been publishing
since 1919. Among difficultly available foreign publi
cations, we can mention “Hydrology” (Mid, 1918),
and “Fundamentals of Hydrology (Mayer, 1918–
1930), proceedings of American Society of Civil Engi
neers and papers of European and American hydrolo
gists and statisticians published in different journals
(A. Hazen, A. Foster, R. Fisher, D. Hartman,
A. Golen, etc.).
The first publication of S.N. Kritskii and
M.F. Menkel, known to the authors, «Calculation of
LongTerm Runoff Regulation Based on the Theory
of Probability” [1] was issued in 1932. As is written in
the introduction to this 30page paper, the proposed
method was developed by the authors during “the
compilation of a schematic project of water supply to
the Donets Basin in “Vodokanalstroi” Trust,” i.e.,
when solving practical design problems.
As S.N. Kritskii noted almost 50 years later [37],
this work “started the application of probabilistic
methods for calculating longterm variations in river
runoff and it was based on a composition of variations
of runoff values, forming lowwater and highwater
groups with different duration.”
Later, S.N. Kritskii repeatedly addressed the issues
of calculations for runoff regulation [3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 25].
The first monograph of the authors—then lectur
ers in the MilitaryEngineering Academy of the Red
Army—was planned as the first book in the work
“Engineering Hydrology” and was named “River
Runoff Calculations” [2].
Even in this work one can already see the range of
scientific interests of S.N. Kritskii: “runoff calculation
based on probabilistic principles,” the application of
different research methods, maximal runoff. In con
clusion, a statement is given, which was confirmed by
the further activity of the author “…the subordination
of the subject and methodology of all engineering–
hydrological works in river runoff to the needs of water
management design.”
The publications of S.N. Kritskii before 1941 [3–
7], mostly in the journal “Hydroengineering Con
struction,” are devoted to methods for calculating
runoff regulation, which he meant (though failed) to
publish in the second book of “Engineering Hydrol
ogy,” and to the approach to standardization of the
exceedance probability of maximal water flow, which
is still in use in Russia and has been accepted in some
other countries. This can be illustrated by the quota
tion of [2]:
“The exceedance probability determined the
degree of surety that the flow will not exceed the level
for which the hydraulic structure was designed and
that more or less destructive consequences that would
be associated with the appearance of such flow will not
follow. Essentially, this problem should be solved by
economic comparison of the cost of extension of the
water collector structures and the losses that could fol
low if the flow exceeds the design level. Such approach
is hardly practicable. On the one hand, it is impossible
to give any accurate estimate of losses following from a
failure of hydraulic structures. Economic measure
ments are inacceptable when the catastrophe is a haz
ard to human life. On the other hand, even the calcu
lation of the recurrence of rare flow values, which is
based on more or less considerable extrapolation of
the occurrence curves, to say nothing about other
inaccuracies and assumptions used in the calculation,
implies a degree of convention.
In this situation, it appears more reasonable to
choose the design exceedance probability of the max
imum in each individual case based on some norma
tive regulation of general character.”
The authors complete the section by a classifica
tion of structures form the viewpoint of design exceed
ance probability of maximal flow and give a design
table where it is presented as a function of the impor
tance of the structure and the significance of conse
quences of its destruction (see the table).
WATER RESOURCES Vol. 37 No. 6 2010
 SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH KRITSKII
It is worth mentioning that the structure of the table
proposed by S.N. Kritskii in 1934, and the values given
in it are very close to the presentday standards.
S.N. Kritskii repeatedly addressed the issues of
standardization of maximal water flow and practical
problems of evaluating the design runoff [31, 32].
The greatest result of the scientific and practical
activity of S.N. Kritskii and M.F. Menkel and the
research group they have created was the publication
of the monographs “Hydrological Principles of River
Hydraulic Engineering” [18] and “Water Manage
ment Calculations” [21].
The former book, 34 printer’s sheets in volume is a
practically complete course of engineering hydrology
for construction design and comprises two parts: river
flow and river runoff. The first part is devoted to river
flow hydraulics, channel deformations, and the ice
regime of rivers and water bodies. The second part is
represented by six chapters: runoff calculation by
hydrometric data; river runoff formation; river runoff
variations; runoff calculation based on short series;
calculation of maximal water flows during spring
floods and freshets; runoff forecast methodology.
The monograph “Hydrological Principles of River
Hydraulic Engineering” was highly appreciated by the
engineering and scientific community, and as long as
50 years, it is a tabletop book of hydrologists–design
ers.
The authors of the book were awarded Stalin Prize.
The group of authors, headed by S.N. Kritskii and
M.F. Menkel, also included heads of the design divi
sions of Hydroproject: Ya.D. Gil’denblat, D.V. Ko
renistov, K.I. Rossinskii, and I.A. Kuz’min.
The second monograph, “Water Management Cal
culations” was the implementation of the longstand
ing plan of the researchers to generalized the methods
and techniques of water management calculations,
they have invented and tested in the Hydroproject.
Special attention was paid to the problems and
approaches associated with runoff regulation by reser
voirs. Problem formulation in the introduction is fol
lowed by chapters devoted to the specific features of
runoff regulation calculations based on the theory of
probability: runoff regulation based on a strict sched
ule of water yield and at variable (depending on the
wetness of the period) yield. The problems relating to
the establishment of the initialfilling regime of a res
ervoir is also formulated here. The section “Reservoir
Operation Management” gives the first formulations
of the construction principles of operation schedules
and the practical techniques for their use. A special
chapter considers the issues of regulating spring floods
and freshets. The book is completed by chapters
devoted to hydropower calculations and the operation
of chains of hydraulic structures and hydropower sta
tions.
A considerable portion of S.N. Kritskii’s papers
after World War II was published in six (out of the eight
WATER RESOURCES Vol. 37 No. 6 2010
881
Exceedance probability Exceedance probability
Class
for normal calculation, for confirmatory
of structure
% calculation, %
I 1–2 0.01–0.1
II 1–2 –
III 2–5 –
IV 5–10 –
published) issues of the collection of papers “Prob
lems of River Runoff Regulation,” published by USSR
Academy of Sciences in 1947–1959.
Several works of S.N. Kritskii, who was working in
Hydroproject since 1937, are devoted to the problems
of parameter estimation and operational management
of reservoirs that service hydropower stations. These
include, first, the nomograms he invented for deter
mining the power yield of an HPP, depending on run
off parameters, reservoir useful capacity, and the
established capacity of the HPP [8], papers on the
principles of the choice of HPP parameters [14], on
losses resulting from power yield limitation [19], on
standardization of power yield exceedance probability
[26], on estimating the economic efficiency of the
HPP [30]. The issues of economic substantiation of
the safe power yield of HPP in the 1960s were the focus
of unique studies carried out with the participation of
S.N. Kritskii, M.F. Menkel, M.P. Fel’dman,
D.V. Korenistov, I.P. Druzhinin, A.L. Velicanov, and
K.N. Bestuzheva [41]. The obtained results formed
the basis for practical recommendations for use in
projects.
The great erudition of S.N. Kritskii and his appetite
for solving complicated problems can be seen from his
publishing papers seemingly out of the range of his
main interests. This is a very interesting solution of the
problem about spreading of the flood wave during its
motion along the channel [25], and analytical reviews
of a series of papers of French researchers on methods
for calculating HPP power yield [28] and a paper of
the Australian researcher P.A. Moran about probabi
listic calculations for reservoirs [29].
However, the major portion of the researches, and,
accordingly, publications of S.N. Kritskii is associated
with the issues of the stochastic nature of river runoff
and the methods and instruments of its description
and analysis. Most publications of S.N. Kritskii and
M.F. Menkel are devoted to a wide range of scientific
and applied problems associated with variations in
river runoff (annual, seasonal, and maximal). The key
publications include [11, 12, 15, 16, 23, 35, 36].
The paper “On Approaches to Studying Random
Variations in River Runoff” describes a new family of
distribution curves (known for many years as the
S.N. Kritskii– M.F. Menkel threeparameter gamma
distribution); a number of computation techniques are
882 ASARIN, SOTNIKOVA
developed for the assessment of random errors in sam
ple parameters of hydrological characteristics, and for
the first time, attention is attracted to the effect of
cyclicity in manyyear variations in river runoff on
sample estimates.
The study “On the Hydrological Foundations of
Runoff Regulation Theory” generalizes some studies
carried out by that time by wellknown foreign
(Brooks, Jarvis, Donalds) and Russian researchers
(E.V. Oppokov, B.D. Zaikov, P.S. Kuzin, B.P. Mul’
tanovskii), devoted to the issue of the stability of
the medium level and the character of river runoff
variations. Basing on the results of the analysis of a
1300year series of Nile level variations at Roda
Island, 200year series of the Seine level at Paris, and
100year water flow series for the Rhine and Oder, as
well as Vltava at Prague, carried out by the researchers
mentioned above, S.N. Kritskii and M.F. Menkel
came to important conclusions. The first conclusion
was formulated as follows: the stability of water abun
dance of river systems over time “allows the data on
runoff variations in the past to be used as a hydrologi
cal basis for water management design.” The second
conclusion, which was repeatedly in doubt, consisted
in a statement that longterm runoff variations feature
no regular periodicity. The only periodic component
in runoff variations was accepted to be “the annual
cycle, reflecting changes of seasons.”
In addition to these considerations, the paper dis
cussed issues, such as evaluating the accuracy of statis
tical parameter estimation for hydrological series with
relatively short duration, the ratio of coefficients of
variations Cv and skewness Cs in annual runoff series,
and the agreement between theoretical distribution
laws and empirical material.
In [15], S.N. Kritskii addressed the hydrologists
who applied various probability distribution curves,
sometimes not matching the practical problems in
hand: “The abundance of curves that practically coin
cide in the domain where their agreement with their
nature can be checked, may disorient practitioners.”
Of great significance also are the publications
issued 60 years ago about the methods and instruments
of the hydrological science, that gained the recogni
tion they deserve only several decades later: these are
papers about the application of maximum likelihood
method [17], which came into world design practice in
the past 20 years, and about the doubly limited distri
bution curve [24], which came into practice only in
the 1970s, when Johnson’s distribution became popu
lar.
A discussion about the line of development of the
Soviet hydrology started among the scientific commu
nity in 1952. The official science claimed that the only
true are deterministic of physical methods, while
probabilistic approaches are perversions of the “bour
geois science.” In their paper published in Proceed
ings USSR Academy of Science in 1952 [22],
S.N. Kritskii and M.F. Menkel noted that “the mod
ern methods for runoff calculation should be a combi
nation of physical methods of analysis with methods of
mathematical statistics and probability theory. Exam
ples of analysis, based on the application of functional
and probabilistic regularities, do not compete. Each of
them has its own domain of preferential application,
in which, at this stage of scientific development, can
not be replaced by another.” The proposal to develop
statistical approaches in hydrology was supported in
“Izvestiya” newspaper by academician A.N. Kolmo
gorov:
“People have used water resources and construct
hydraulic structures since long ago. Because of this,
some quantitative estimates of river water resources
were required long since. However, it is only since the
end of the past century that such estimates have
acquired a scientific basis—the studies of random
events, i.e., the theory of probability and mathemati
cal statistics. The pioneer in this line of research was
the classic of geophysics, climatology, and hydrology,
A.I. Voeikov. The development of such studies was
especially active in the 1930s–1950s in the works of
D.L. Sokolovskii, S.N. Kritskii, M.F. Menkel, and
other, mostly Soviet researchers. The application
objects of engineering hydrology at that time were
individual hydraulic structures.
The stochastic direction in hydrology and its appli
cations has made a considerable progress in a series of
Soviet and foreign works, including complex issues of
stochastic relationships in the regimes of a river and its
tributaries, as well as regimes of different rivers and
their runoff transformation by reservoir systems, in
particular, their chains. The stochastic hydrology,
which provides a complete mathematical description
of natural hydrological processes, adequate to their
physical nature, is a necessary basis for the economic
optimization of the scheme and parameters of water
management systems and the choice of their regimes,
as well as a means for improving the reliability of such
systems, i.e., minimizing the probability of deficien
cies in water supply to consumers.
The monographs of this cycle provide an instru
ment for solving these questions and demonstrate its
successful use in the engineering practice of the USSR
and other countries.
The creation of the stochastic direction in hydrol
ogy and water management is an important study
deserving a Lenin Prize.”
A favorite scientific progeny of S.N. Kritskii was
the problem of probabilistic description and calcula
tion of level variations in closed water bodies. This
question was considered for the first time in the “Pro
ceedings of the First Meeting on Runoff Regulation,”
prepared in 1940 and published in 1946 [10].
In this profound and, as always, logical work, the
authors gave the first description in terms of probabil
ity theory of the mechanism of longterm level varia
tions in drainless water bodies.
WATER RESOURCES Vol. 37 No. 6 2010
 SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH KRITSKII
The mechanism of level variations in natural water
bodies incorporates to elements: the active factor,
serving as the cause of variations, and a reactive factor,
limiting the range of variations and determining the
domain of level variations. The cause of water level
variations is the variability of climatic and hydrological
conditions (water inflow, precipitation, and evapora
tion) that form the water balance of the water body.
Speaking about the analysis of possible variations in
the level in the water body, the authors note that
“…variations can be reduced to a permanent or tem
poral shift of the attraction level. The former (perma
nent shift of the attraction level) is a consequence of
both natural changes in the climate and runoff and
artificial measures in the form of separation of a part of
water surface from the water body or withdrawal of
part of runoff, for example, in the case of construction
of powerful irrigation systems. The latter (temporal
disturbance of equilibrium) takes place when a consid
erable water mass is withdrawn at once, e.g., during
the initial filling of reservoirs in the first years after
their commissioning.”
The relationships proposed in that paper and devel
oped in [33] were used by the authors in the construc
tion of the first probabilistic forecast of the Caspian
Sea levels for the future century. These fundamental
works serve as a basis for some interesting studies of
longterm level variations in the Caspian and Aral seas
[42, 43].
When touching this issue, we should mention the
forecasts of the Caspian Sea levels [33, 37] that were
given by S.N. Kritskii and M.F. Menkel in the 1960s
and 1970s, i.e., several decades ahead and proved
incorrect. The main causes of level rise in the Caspian
Sea in recent decades, instead of its anticipated drop,
was the extremely large natural runoff of the rivers
emptying into the sea between 1979 and 2000 and the
fact that the actual water consumption in the Caspian
Basin being far (by 25–40 km3) below that predicted
35–40 years ago, when it was planned to irrigate 3 mil
lion ha of land only in the area east of the Volga.
The two latest monographs of S.N. Kritskii,
“Hydrological Principles of River Runoff Manage
ment” [39] and “Hydrological Principles of Water
Systems Management” [40], considered various prob
lems of probabilistic description of longterm varia
tions in river runoff, described the procedure proposed
by the authors for the joint analysis of observational
data in hydrologically homogeneous regions, and gen
eralized longterm studies of the authors in engineer
ing hydrology and in the analysis and calculation of
level variations in closed water bodies.
The former book contains a very good chapter on
the main types of probability distributions used to
describe river runoff variations, including critical anal
ysis of Gumbel’s and Johnson’s reasoning, popular
abroad, and the issues of evaluating the accuracy of
parameter estimates for threeparameter gamma dis
tribution.
WATER RESOURCES Vol. 37 No. 6 2010
883
Of particular interest are the sections devoted to the
application of Monte Carlo method to solving hydro
logical–water management problems, as well as to the
methods of mathematical description and improve
ment of the characteristics of maximal runoff, such as
truncated gamma distribution and joint analysis of
observational data, which form a kind of single sample
(for the given region or basin). When generalized sam
ples are used, the variances of parameter estimates for
probability distributions of the runoff values or other
characteristics, converted to the same formation con
ditions, are divided into two components: a random
and a geographic, and a joint estimates is taken as the
final result.
The second book considers the issues of modeling
longterm runoff series and the transformation of sta
tistical parameters of runoff to manyyear values;
studies the problems of composition of probability dis
tribution functions of hydrological variables; presents
approaches to the analysis and precalculation of level
variations in closed water bodies, like the Caspian and
Aral seas. The appendices to the book give extended
tables of ordinates of threeparameter gamma distri
bution and nomograms for calculating the coefficients
of variations Cv and skewness Cs by the method of
approximate maximum likelihood.
S.N. Kritskii combined fruitful scientific activity
with engineering works: during his work in Hydro
project, he and M.F. Menkel supervised the prepara
tion of the hydrological and water management sec
tions in the designs hydraulic structures of the Volga
chain, Volga–Don Canal, Asuan Hydraulic Structure,
hydraulic structures in Cambodia and Vietnam. Dur
ing his work in CSPF, USSR State Planning Commit
tee, and WPI, USSR Academy of Sciences,
S.N. Kritskii was a permanent member of State Expert
Commission (SEC), USSR State Planning Commit
tee, a member of several domestic and foreign scien
tific and scientific–engineering councils. He and
M.F. Menkel raised about twenty candidates and doc
tors of science.
The scientific works of S.N. Kritskii and
M.F. Menkel were highly appreciated by foreign sci
entists, including the wellknown Canadian researcher
V. Klemes [44]; academician of Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, D. Velev [45]; and L. Zyabkov [46].
The authors of this paper had the luck to work and
communicate with S.N. Kritskii and M.F. Menkel and
they thank their stars for the chance to meet those
remarkable people!
REFERENCES
1. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Calculation of Long
Term Runoff Regulation Based on Probability Theory,
Tr. VISU. Gidrotekhnicheskii Sbornik, 1932, no. 4, p. 7–32.
2. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Raschety rechnogo
stoka (River Runoff Calculations), Moscow: Gosstroi
izdat, 1934.
884 ASARIN, SOTNIKOVA
3. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., River Runoff Regu
lation with Variable Yield, Gidrotekh. Stroit., 1935,
no. 4, pp. 13–19.
4. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., LongTerm Runoff
Regulation, Gidrotekh. Stroit., 1935, no. 11, pp. 9–16.
5. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., A Generalized Tech
nique for Calculating Runoff Regulation Based on
Mathematical Statistics, Gidrotekh. Stroit., 1940, no. 2,
pp. 19–24.
6. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Mathemati
cal Calculation of River Runoff Regulation, Byull. po
problemam vodnogo khozyaistva AN SSSR, 1940, no.
3 4, pp. 3–10.
7. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Establishing the
Coefficient of Skewness of Hydrological Series by the
Maximal Likelihood Method, Meteorol. Gidrol., 1941,
no. 1, pp. 12–19.
8. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Nomograms for
Hydropower Calculations, Gidrotekh. Stroit., 1944,
nos. 5–6, pp. 3–7.
9. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Mathematical Meth
ods for Calculating Runoff Regulation, in Tr. Pervogo
soveshchaniya po regulirovaniya stoka (Proc. First
Meeting on Runoff Regulation), Leningrad: Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 1946, pp. 52–67.
10. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Some Concepts of
the Theory of Level Varations in Natural Water Bodies
as Applied to Studying the Regime of the Caspian Sea,
in Tr. Pervogo soveshchaniya po regulirovaniyu stoka
(Proc. First Meeting on Runoff Regulation), Lenin
grad: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1946, pp. 76–97.
11. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Techniques for
Studying Random Variations in River Runoff, Tr. Gl.
Geofiz. Obs. im. A.I. Voeikova, 1946, no. 29, pp. 3–32.
12. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Hydrlogical
Foundations of Runoff Regulation Theory, in Problemy
regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation
Problems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1947, issue 1,
pp. 20–56.
13. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Some Elements
of Reservoir Operation Regime, in Problemy reguliro
vaniya rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation Prob
lems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1947, issue 1,
pp. 57–87.
14. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Principles of
Parameter Choice for Water Management Regulation
in Reservoir, in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka
(River Runoff Regulation Issues), Moscow: Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 1948, issue 2, pp. 5–42.
15. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., The Choice of Prob
ability Distribution Curves for River Runoff Calcula
tions, Izv. AN SSSR. OTN, 1948, no. 6, pp. 904–917.
16. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Agreement
between Theoretical Distribution Curves and Observa
tional Data on River Runoff, in Problemy reguliro
vaniya rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation Prob
lems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1948, issue 3,
pp. 5–69.
17. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Application
of Maximal Likelihood Method to Sample Estimation
of River Runoff Statistical Parameters, Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Otd. Tekh. Nauk, 1949, no. 4, pp. 919–940.
18. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Gidrologicheskie
osnovy rechnoi gidrotekhniki (Hydrological Principles
of River Hydraulic Engineering), Moscow: Akad. Nauk
SSSR, 1950.
19. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Losses from Restrict
ing Water and Power Consumption as a Factor Deter
mining the Reasonable Size of Water Management
installations, in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka
(River Runoff Regulation Problems), Moscow: Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 1950, issue 4, pp. 5–45.
20. Kritskii, S.N., Menkel’, M.F., and Korenistov, D.V.,
Rules for Operation Management of Reservoirs in Ser
vice of Hydropower Stations, in Problemy reguliro
vaniya rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation Prob
lems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1950, issue 4,
pp. 114–134.
21. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Vodokhozyaistvennye
raschety (Water Management Calculations), Moscow:
Gidrometeoizdat, 1952.
22. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Current Situation
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Nauk, 1952, no. 6, pp. 903–919.
23. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Estimation of
Likely Recurrence of Rarely Observed Hydrological
Phenomena, in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka
(River Runoff Regulation Problems), Moscow: Akad.
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24. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On DoubleLimited
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rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation Problems),
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229.
25. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Spreading High
Water Wave during Its Motion along a Prismatic Canal,
in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka (River Run
off Regulation Problems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR,
1956, issue 6, pp. 248–262.
26. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Standardization of
the Occurrenceand Technologies for the Use of Hydro
power, in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka (River
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27. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Calculation of Long
Term River Runoff Regulation Taking into Account the
Correlation between the Runoff of Adjacent Years, in
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Regulation Problems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR,
1959, issue 8, pp. 5–36.
28. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., A Review of French
Periodic Literature on Calculations for Reservoirs in
Service of Hydropower Plants, in Problemy reguliro
vaniya rechnogo stoka (River Runoff Regulation Prob
lems), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1959, issue 8,
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29. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Paper of
P. Moran “Probabilistic Theory of Dams and Reser
voirs”, in Problemy regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka (River
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SSSR, 1959, issue 8, pp. 266–271.
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30. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Economic Effi
ciency Estimation of Hydropower Plants, in Problemy
gidroenergetiki i regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka (Prob
lems of Hydropower Engineering and River Runoff
Regulation), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1960, issue 9,
pp. 99–108.
31. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Improvement
of Standards and Technical Specifications for Calculat
ing Maximal Water Flows in Designing Hydroengineer
ing Structures on Rivers, Tr. Gidroproekta, 1960,
Coll. 4, pp. 9–23.
32. Kritskii, S.N. and Leskov, G.A., On the Construction
of Calculated Hydrograph of Spring Floods, Tr. Gidro
proekta, 1960, Coll. 4, pp. 48–54.
33. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Level Variations in
Closed Water Bodies, Tr. Gidroproekta, 1964, Coll. 12,
pp. 29–61.
34. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Application
of Method of Statistical Tests to Studying River Runoff
Variations and to Calculating the Regime of Installa
tions Using It, in Problemy gidroenergetiki i vodnogo
khozyaistva (Problems of Hydropower Engineering and
Water Management), AlmaAta: Nauka, 1964, issue 2,
pp. 82–97.
35. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On Some Techniques
for Statistical Analysis of Hydrological Series, Tr. Gl.
Geofiz. Obs. im. A.I. Voeikova, 1968, no. 143, pp. 3–52.
36. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., On the Estimation of
Probability Distribution Parameters by Groups of Cor
related Hydrological Series, Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Obs. im.
A.I. Voeikova, 1970, no. 180, pp. 3–30.
37. Kritskii, S.N., Korenistov, D.V., and Ratkovich, D.Ya.,
Kolebaniya Urovnya Kaspiiskogo Morya (The Caspian
Sea Level Fluctuations), Moscow: Nauka, 1975.
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38. Kritskii, S.N. and Korenistov, D.V., On Theoretical
Principles for River Runoff Use in the USSR, Vodn.
Resur., 1977, no. 6, pp. 13–25.
39. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Gidrologicheskie
Osnovy Upravleniya Rechnym Stokom (Hydrological
Fundamentals of the River Flow Control), Moscow:
Nauka, 1981.
40. Kritskii, S.N. and Menkel’, M.F., Gidrologicheskie
osnovy upravleniya vodokhozyaistvennymi sistemami
(Hydrological Foundations of Control of Water Man
agement Systems), Moscow: Nauka, 1982.
41. Velikanov, A.L., Druzhinin, I.P., Kritskii, S.N., Men
kel’, M.F., and Fel’dman, M.P., Method for Economic
Choice of Safe Power of Hydropower Stations, in Prob
lemy gidroenergetiki i regulirovaniya rechnogo stoka
(Problems of Hydropower Engineering and River Run
off Regulation), Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1960,
pp. 3–45.
42. Asarin, A.E., Level Regime of the Aral Sea under the
Development of Water Use in the Basins of the Syr
Darya and Amu Darya, Tr. Gidroproekta, 1964.
43. Ratkovich, D.Ya., On the Development of Probabilistic
Method for Predicting Water Levels in Drainless Water
Bodies and Forecasts of Caspian Sea Level, Vodn.
Resur., 1988, no. 2, pp. 30–40.
44. Klemes, V., Applied Stochastic Theory of Storage in
Evolution, Advances in Hydroscience, 1965, vol. 12,
pp. 79–144.
45. Velev, D., Khidrolozhite osnovi na upravlenieto na
rechniya ottok, Khidrotekhnika I Melioratsii, 1982,
no. 10, pp. 27–29.
46. Zyabkov, L., Prinos v teoriata i metodologiyata za
upravlenie na rechnyi ottok, Problemi Na Geografiyata,
1983, pp. 78–84.