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Soil Mechanics Sample pdf (Types of Soil)

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 Syllabus of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering:
1.Origin of Soil 2. Properties of Soil (Soil-Water Relationship) 3. Index Properties of Soil 4. Classification
of Soil 5. Clay Mineral and Soil-Structure 6. Compaction 7. Effective Stress 8. Capillarity and
Permeability 9. Seepage Though Soil 10. Vertical Stresses 11. Consolidation 12. Shear Strength of Soil 13.
Stability of Slopes 14. Earth Pressure 15. Shallow Foundation 16. Deep Foundation (Pile Foundation) 17.
Soil Exploration 18. Expansive Soil

Chapter-1 Origin of Soil and Different Types of Soil

IS 2720 Part 1-41: Method of Test for Soil
Sr. Soil Test Name Code Used
No.
1. Preparation
1 Of Dry Soil Samples for Various Tests IS2720 PART-1:1983
1
1
2. Determination of Water Content IS2720 PART-2:1973
3. Determination of Specific Gravity, Sec-1 Fine Grained Soil IS2720 PART-3 Section-1:1980
4. Determination of Specific Gravity, Sec-1 Fine, medium, Coarse-Grained Soil IS2720 PART-3 Section-2:1980
5. Grain Size Analysis IS2720 PART-4:1985
6. Determination of Liquid limit & Plastic limit IS2720 PART-5:1985
7. Determination Of Shrinkage Factors IS2720 PART-6:1972
8. Determination Of Water Content -Dry Density Relation Using Light Compaction IS2720 PART-7:1980
9. Determination Of Water Content -Dry Density Relation Using Heavy Compaction IS2720 PART-8:1983
10. Determination Of Unconfined compressive strength IS2720 PART-10:1991
11. Determination Of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in Unconsolidated IS2720 PART-11:1993
Undrained Triaxial compression Without Measurement of Porewater Pressure
12. Determination Of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in consolidated IS2720 PART-12:1981
Undrained Triaxial compression With Measurement of Porewater Pressure
13. Direct Shear Test IS2720 PART-13:1986
14. Determination Of Relative Density (Density Index) Of Cohesionless Soils IS2720 PART-14:1983
15. Determination Of Consolidation Properties IS2720 PART-15:1965
16. Laboratory Determination Of CBR IS2720 PART-16:1987
17. Laboratory Determination of Permeability IS2720 PART-17:1986
18. Determination Of Dry Density of soil in-place, by the Sand Replacement Method IS2720 PART-28:1974

19. Determination Of Dry Density of soil in-place, by the Core Cutter Method IS2720 PART-29:1975

20. Laboratory Vane Shear Test IS2720 PART-30:1980

21. Field Determination Of CBR IS2720 PART-31:1990

22. Determination Of Density in-place, by the Ring and Water Replacement Method IS2720 PART-33:1971
23. Determination Of Density of soil in-place, by Rubber balloon Method IS2720 PART-34:1972

24. Laboratory Determination of Permeability Of Granular Soil (Constant Head Method) IS2720 PART-36:1987

25. Determination Of Sand Equivalent Values of Soils and Fine Aggregate IS2720 PART-37:1976

26. Compaction Control Test (Hilf method) IS2720 PART-38:1976

27. Determination Of Free Swell Index of Soils IS2720 PART-40:1977
28. Measurement Of Swelling Pressure of Soils IS2720 PART-41:1977

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Soil is an unconsolidated material, composed of soil particles, produced by disintegration of rocks.
(When rocks are exposed to weather then erosion takes place over time due to natural processes like wind, water, and
temperature changes, they produce soil particles. These particles then accumulate and form what we call soil. It's this
soil that provides the medium for plants to grow and supports various ecosystems on Earth)

Note: "Unconsolidated material” means soil not tightly packed or consolidated.

In other words, it's loose and made up of individual particles that aren't strongly bonded together. This loose nature allows soil
to be easily moved or altered by external forces like water, wind, or human activity. It's this characteristic that makes soil
suitable for supporting plant growth and allowing roots to penetrate and access nutrients .

Remember:
Soil Science: Study of the composition and properties of soil.
Mechanics: how soil responds to forces.
For example: if you build a house on soil, you need to know if the soil can support the weight of the
house without settlement or shifting.
Hydraulics: how water moves through soil and how it affects the stability of structures built on or
in the soil.
For Example: when designing a dam, engineers need to consider how water pressure will affect the
soil beneath it.
Father of Soil Mechanics Dr. Karl Terzaghi coined the term “Soil Mechanics” in 1925
Geological cycle for formation of soil:
"upheaval" refers to the upward
movement or displacement of soil
or structures caused by various
factors such as swelling of
expansive soils, frost action, or the
growth of tree roots.
It's like when the soil underneath a
structure pushes it upward,
causing it to move or tilt. This can
lead to damage or instability in
buildings or other structures built
on the soil.

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  Exposed rock is eroded and degraded by various
physical Process/Disintegration and chemical
Decomposition.

Physical Process Chemical Process

 Temperature Changes  Hydration
 Wedging Action of Ice  Hydrolysis
 Spreading of roots of Plants  Carbonation
 Abrasion  Oxidation
 Solution
•The product of erosion is picked by agencies of transportation (water, wind etc)
and deposited to new location.

Residual soil/Sedentary Soil Transported soil

If the soil stays at the place of its formation just When the soil has been deposited at a place
above the parent rock away from the place of its origin.

Note: Residual soil → has better engineering property than transported

soil.

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 As per transporting agency types of Soil deposits:
1. Alluvial  Deposited by river water (running water).
deposit  Consist of alternate layer of sand-silt-clay.
 Low density
 Liable to liquification in earthquake prone areas.
 Found in large part of north India.

Remember:
Liquefaction occurs when saturated soil temporarily loses its strength and stiffness due to an
earthquake's shaking. This happens because the earthquake's vibrations cause the soil particles to
lose contact with each other, allowing water to fill the spaces between them. As a result, the soil
behaves like a liquid, which can lead to sinking, tilting, or even the collapse of structures built on it.

2. Lacustrine  Deposited by still water like lakes.

deposit
3. Marine  Deposited by sea water (when flow in water carries soil to ocean or sea)
deposit  Contain large amount of Organic matter (This organic matter comes from the remains of
marine organisms like plankton, algae, and shellfish that have died and settled on the ocean
floor)
 Low shear strength, highly compressible.
4. Aeolian  Transported by wind (large Sand Dunes are formed by Wind)
deposit

Ex. Loess (Collapsible soil): Wind-blown deposit of silt, formed in arid and semi-arid
region, Low density, High compressibility, Low bearing capacity, Permeability in the
vertical direction is large.
Remember: Arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by low precipitation levels and high
evaporation rates, resulting in limited water availability and dry conditions.

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 5. Glacial  Transport by ice.
deposit

 Drift: General term used for the deposites made by glaciers directly or indirectly.
 Till (Boulder Clay): deposits made by melting of glaciers directly.
6.  Deposited under action of gravity. These deposits result from various mass
Gravitational movement processes such as landslides, rockfalls, debris flows(mudflow) etc
deposit Ex. Colluvial soil (Such as Talus)
Some other types of Soils:
1. Black cotton soil  Residual deposits from basalt or trap rocks, contain clay mineral
Montmorillonite.

Basalt rock Such Soil Best for Growing

Trap Rock Cotton
 High plasticity (ability to deform and change shape without breaking when it is
subjected to stress)
 It has clay mineral Montmorillonite ⸫ High shrinkage & high swelling
and high compressible.
 Shear strength → low
 Low bearing capacity
 In such soil we use under ream pile foundation.

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2. Lateritic soil  Formed by leaching process and has high specific gravity.
Soil Specific (Formed after, removal of bases & Silica and accumulation of Iron oxide
Gravity and Aluminium oxide)
(G) Note: Due to Iron oxide, colour
Organic 1.8-2 of Lateritic soil is red or pink
Inorganic 2.6-2.8
Lateritic 2.8-3

 Soil which contains 30% or more organic matter is considered as organic soil.
Organic matter is the organic component of soil which includes residues of dead
plants, animals and other organisms. It consists of nutrients necessary for plant
growth such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.
 There are three main types of inorganic (mineral) particles: sand, silt and clay.
Different types of soil are mixtures of these particles in different proportions. For
example, loamy soil is roughly 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.

3. Desert soil  Uniform in gradation (Ex. dune sand basically Wind transported soil)
 It’s non-plastic and highly pervious (more permeability)
 particles is in the range of fine sand (Fine to medium sand)

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4. Bentonite soil  Formed from volcanic ash, with high percentage of Montmorillonite

5. Calcareous soil  Contain large quantity of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

6. Humus  Dark brown, organic amorphous earth of the top soil.
 Consist of partly decomposed vegetal matter.
 Not fit for engineering work.

7. Loam  Mixtures of Sand + silt + clay (40+40+20%)

 It is found along the beds of river it is also one of the alluvial soils
 it is most suitable for agriculture or tilling operation,

8. Marl  Stiff, Marine Calcareous clay of greenish colour

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  Formed due to deposition of body cell of dead animal in oceans.

9. Peat  Organic soil having fibrous aggregate of macroscopic and microscopic

particle
 Formed from vegetal matter in excess-moisture such as in swamps.
 Highly compressible
 Not fit for foundation

10. Muck  Mixture of fine soil particle and highly decomposed organic matter.
 Organic matter is in advance stage of decomposition (means that it has broken
down quite a bit already)

11. Cumulose soil  Peat and Muck combinedly called Cumulose Soil.
 Formed due to Decay to vegetation under waterlogged condition.
11. Tuff  Fine grain soil ejected from volcanos during its explosion and deposited by
wind/ water.
12. Varved clay  Deposit consists of Alternate thin layers of silt and clay.
 Results of deposition in lake during period of Alternate high & low water.
14. Indurated clay  Hardening of clay due to heat and pressure.

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