1. Plane Table Surveying The Plane Table is an instrument used for surveying by a graphical method in which the field work and plotting are done simultaneously. The main advantage of plane tabling is that the topographical features to be mapped are in full view. Instruments Used in Plane Table Survey. Plone Table Alidade Plumbing Fork Trough Compass Spirit evel Chain Ranging Road Tripod Drawing Sheet 10. Paper Clip COENAMAWNE Plumbing Fork | Trough Compass By Ashish Kumar [@ @me_ashishsirArrangement of Plane Table 1 | Fixing of piane table Fix the plane table to the tripod stand. Arrange the drawing sheet ‘on the plane table using paper clips Levelling of Plane 2 Table Plane table should be levelled using spirit level. For small works, eye estimation can be ok Centring of Plane 3 Table The table should be centred by using plumbing fork. By which we can arrange the plotted point exactly over the ground point. Orientation of Plane 4 Table Whenever we are using more than one instrument station, orientation Is essential It can be done by using compass or back sighting. In this case, the plane table Is rotated such that plotted lines in the drawing sheet are parallel to corresponding lines on {the ground. Methods of Plane Table. Radiation In this method the instrument is setup at @ station and rays are drawn to various stations which are to be plotted. The distances are cut to to a suitable scale after actual measurement. This method is suitable only when the area to be surveyed is small and all stations are visible and accessible from instrument station. By Ashish KumarCONTI Traversing This method is similar to compass or theodolite traversing. The table is set at each of the station in succession, A foresight is taken to the next station and the distance Is cut toa suitable scale. It is most suited when a narrow Strip of terrain is to be surveyed, example: survey of road, rail etc. It can be used\for open & closed| traverse both. CONTI Intersection In this method two stations are so selected that all other stations to be plotted are visible from these. The line joining two station is called Base Line, The length of the line measured very accurately. Rays are drawn from these stations to the stations to be plotted . The intersection of the rays from the two stations gives the position of the station to be plotted on the drawing sheet. This method is also known as graphical triangulation. By Ashish Kumar © @me_ashishsirCONTI re Resection Resection is defined as the process of locating instrument station occupied by the plane table by drawing rays from the stations whose positions have already plotted on the drawing sheet. This method is employed when during surveying the surveyor feels that some important details ‘can be plotted easily by choosing ‘any station other» than the triangulation station, The position of such station is fixed on the A drawing sheet by resection Two PointProblem The two-point problem consists of locating the position of a_plane table station on the drawing sheet by observation of two well defined points, whase positions have already been plotted on plan. Procedure: 1. Let A & B be the two stations plotted as a and b con the drawing sheet, it is required to plot station C, where the plane tabling is to be done. 2. Choose an arbitrary station D such that CD fs ‘approximately parallel to AB. Angle ZCAD & £CBD should be very acute. By Ashish Kumar | @ @me_ashishsirCONTI 3. Set up the plane table at D. Orient it approximately by eye judgement such that ab is parallel to AB, clamp the table, 4. Pivot the alidade against a sight A and draw a back ray, Pivot the alidade against +b, sight 8, and draw a back ray. The two rays intersect at d 5. This will nat be the correct position of D as the orientation at D is not exact. 6. Pivot the alidade against d, and sight C. Draw a ray dyc and fix the position of cy by estimation. 7. Shift the table to station C. Set up the table and orient it by back sighting at the station D. 8 Pivot the alidade against a, sight A and draw a back ray resecting the line dc; in - a CONTI... ‘9. Pivot the alidadevat:c and sight B:draw @'ray to B.if the the ray passes through the plotted point b, the orientation of the table is correct and c is the correct position of C. But ifthe ray cuts the previously plotted line d,b at some other point, say b,, then the position of c is not correct position of C. To eliminate this the table must be rotated by the b;ab and to do this a ranging rod O is fixed ina line with ab, far away from the table, 10. The alidade Is kept along ab1 and O is bisected. 11. The alidade is kept along ab and the table is rotated till the ranging rod at'O is bisected. It is oriented now. 12, Now through alidade draw back ray aA and bB, résection of two back rays gives the position of C. By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirThree Point Problem / (Lehmann’s Method) La and let their plotted positions be a,b and c. The three point consists in locating the position of a plane table station on the drawing sheet by means of observation of three well defined points, whose positions have already been plotted on a plan. Let A,B and C be the three well defined points 1. Pivot the alidade at a and sight A, draw the back ray aA, similarly bB and cC. 2. If orientation of table is correct the all three back rays will resect to a common point, otherwise a tringle of error is formed. 3. This tringle of error is reduced to, @ point by lehmann’s rule (trial and error method) $ b 4 {Tangle of error Lehmann’s-Rule, t position of p from the tringle of error. PR left orto the right of each of the rays. The adjustment in-orientation is facilitated by lehmann’s rules for‘estimating the exact 1. The distance of point p to be fixed from each of the rays aA,bB and cC is proportional to the respective distances of the stations A,B and C from station 2. While looking towards the stations the point p to be fixed, will either be to the ‘Some other derivatives may also be used to provide quick solution When P is outside the great circle ABC, p is always on the same side of the ray drawn to the most distant station as the intermediate of the other. two rays. When P falls within any of If the plane station P lies the three segments of the | on the great circle (passing great circle ABC, formed by | through the points A,B & C) the sides of the triangle | the correct solution is not ABG the rays towards the | possible, because the three middle station lies between | rays will always meet at a and the intersection of two other rays point even if table is not oriented. By Ashish Kumar © @me_ashishsir