Introduction PDF

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RCC RCC
RCC syllabus – GATE ( also for ESE )
1. Basic properties 6. Beams & Lintels
REINFORCED 2. WSM – concepts 7. Slab
(SRB) 8. Column
CEMENT 3. LSM -concepts 9. Pre-stressed Concrete -
CONCRETE 1. Singly Reinforced
1. Material prop.
2. Doubly Reinforced
2. Analysis of stress
3. T/L Sections
3. Losses
M K SINGH 4. Shear and Torsion
4. Slope and Deflection
Ex IES, Rt SE, CPWD 5. Bond & Dev. length 5. Design of PSC
Faculty - IES Made Easy member
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 2
RCC RCC Topics – ESE SYLLABUS RCC

Important IS Codes
In addition to Gate Syllabus following
topics are there in IES Examination :- 1. IS 456 – 2000 - Design of RCC Structures.
10. Foundation 2. IS 1893 – Earthquake Resistant design of
structure
11. Stair Case
3. IS 13920 – Design & Ductile detailing of RCC
12. Retaining Wall Structure
4. IS 3370 – Pt 1 to IV – Design of water tanks
13. Water Tank
5. Is 1343 - Pre-stressed Concrete
14. Masonry Structure 6. IS 1905 - Design of load bearing walls (Masonry
15. Earthquake Engineering wall)
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 3 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 4
RCC RCC PREPARATION OF RCC

SUGGESTED BOOKS for RCC :-
• 1. Understand the pattern of questions asked in exam.
• 1. RCC – S UNNIKRISHNA PILLAI & DEVDAS MENON
• Solve previous 5 years questions.
• 2. RCC – B C PUNAMIA • 2. Clear your basic concepts.
• 3. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – KRISHNA RAJU • 3. Memories the formulae
• 4. Practice Numerical questions by yourself.
• 4. MADE EASY BOOKS
• 5. MADE EASY WORKBOOK
• 5. Solve Workbook questions. – A mix of previous 25 years
questions.
• 6. MADE EASY PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
• 6. Solve all Previous year questions. ( do by yourself )
• Now solve pervious 25 years questions
• 7. Revision– (Formula and concepts) every month once.
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RCC RCC RCC
•Reinforced Cement Concrete

•1. Cement concrete
BASIC PROPERTIES • Mainly for compression
OF • Tensile strength is very low.
CEMENT CONCRETE •2. Steel Reinforcement
AND STEEL • for resisting mainly tension
• As well as Compression
RCC RCC
1. CEMENT Concrete Cement Concrete =
Cement Mortar = cement + sand + water
cement + sand + water + stone aggregate + admixture
• Cement concrete without

reinforcement is called
Plain Cement Concerte.
RCC Cement Concrete RCC

1. Water for concrete – Pr 5.4 / Page – 14
PLAIN CEMENT Cement concrete • Water used for Concrete should be clean
CONCRETE (PCC) reinforced by steel is called and
Without steel RCC • free from oil, salts, sugar, organic
REINFORCED CEMENT materials etc.
CONCRETE (RCC) • that may not harm concrete.
• Sea water should not be used for RCC.
• Salt of sea water is harmful for concrete
• In extreme case it may be used for PCC.
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RCC Water for concrete – Pr 5.4 / Page – 14 RCC

Water
• The PH value of water • Water in Cement Concrete is for :-
shall not be less than 6 – Pr 5.4.2 / Page – 14 • 1. Combined water- Chemically combined
• PH < 6 -- highly acidic – Not acceptable with the cement for hydration. it is non-
• PH = 6 -- acidic – acceptable evaporable;
• PH = 7 -- neutral – Best Water for concrete • 2. Gel water - Held physically or adsorbed
• PH > 7 -- Slightly Alkaline water is also acceptable.
on the surface area of the 'cement gel’. A
fraction of gel water is evaporable.
• 3. Capillary water - Occupies the 'capillary
pores' that constitute the space in the
cement paste. this water is easily
evaporated.
RCC CEMENT RCC

3. Aggregates
1. OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement
1. 33 GRADE OPC – (a) Fine
2. 43 GRADE OPC – aggregates
3. 53 GRADE OPC –
2. Rapid Hardening cement – Becomes hard
= (b) Coarse Aggregates
rapidly Sand =
3. Portland Pozzolana cement – Use Up to 4.75 mm Stone chips of mixed
pozzolana
4. Hydrophobic cement – water repellent size sizes
5. Low Heat Cement - produce less heat 4.75 mm to 20mm or
6. Sulphate resisting Portland Cement 4.75 mm to 40mm
RCC Coarse Aggregates RCC 2. Different Grades of Concrete

(As per IS 456 )
• Size > 4.75 mm and larger
Concrete Grade Used of
• Angular are better than rounded aggregates
• For RCC – 20 mm aggregates are generally 1 Ordinary M 10 to 1. Leanconcrete
used. Concrete M 20 2. Min grade for RCC is M20.
• ( Size 20mm or less – mixed sizes )
• Well graded stone aggregates are 2 Standard M 25 to 1. RCC work &
better Concrete M 60 2.Prestressed Concrete
• Uniformly (Poorly) graded not suitable.
• 10mm size – for closely places steel sections. 3 High M 65 to 1. Prestressed Concrete.
• 40mm size – for PCC etc Strength M 100 2. Very high strength RCC
Concrete
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RCC 3. Compressive Strength of Concrete RCC Concrete Cube Mould and Cube
casted for day to day quality control
1. Compressive Strength of 150mm size cubes
on 28th day after casting is considered as at Site:-
Characteristic Strength of concrete (fck).
2. In India - Compressive Strength of concrete
is obtained by - testing 150 mm concrete
cubes in compressive testing machine.
3. However Cylindrical concrete sample of
150mm dia and 300 mm height may also be
used.
4. Strength obtained using cylinders are less
than that obtained using cubes.
RCC RCC Compressive Strength test using Cylinders
• Compressive strength test may

also be done using
• 150 mm dia and 300 mm long
concrete cylindrical specimen.
Cube • Cylindrical compressive strength
Test < about 80% of Cube
Strength
• This is due to
• slenderness effect of cylinder
• & end friction
• Failure pattern get changed in
case of cylinders
RCC CYLINDER AND CUBES RCC
FAILURE
MODES IN
CYLINDER
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RCC ■ 4. Sampling of cubes for testing concrete RCC

■ Strength of Concrete after T days of casting
• In One Sample = 6 Cubes casted. •Strength of concrete after T days
• Concrete Cubes sample are taken during 𝑻
execution of work during actual casting of • ft = . fck Here a = 4.7 and b= 0.833
𝐚 𝐛𝐓
concrete. •So strength after 7 days
• 3 cubes are tested 7 days after casting of 𝑻 𝟕
concrete. • ft = . fck = . fck = 0.67 fck
𝐚 𝐛𝐓 𝟒.𝟕 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟕
• Strength = 67 % of fck. •Strength after 10 days
• 3 cubes are tested 28 days after casting. 𝑻 𝟏𝟎
• ft = . fck = . fck = 0.77 fck
• Strength = fck = called characteristic 𝐚 𝐛𝐓 𝟒.𝟕 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎
strength
RCC Compressive strength of concrete RCC No of Samples required :- for day to day testing at
Site
2 / As per IS: 456-2000---- 1 Sample = 6 Cubes
• Minimum Number of Samples required during
concreting :-
• Quantity of Concrete (m3) Number of samples
1- 5 1 sample ( 6 Cubes )
6-15 2 sample ( 12 Cubes )
51 and above 4 + 1 additional sample for each
additional 50m3 or part
there of.
RCC RCC 6. Characteristic Strength of Concrete

Total number of (b) For Qty of concrete of
samples required 235 Cum shall be • Based on 28th day strength of Cube,
for cube test:- For 1st 50 cum = 4 nos • Characteristic Strength (fck) is that Value of
(a) For Qty of concrete of
For 2nd 50 cum = 1 no strength below which not more than 5% of
35 Cum shall be For 3rd 50 cum = 1 no cube test results are expected to fall.
For 4th 50 cum = 1 no • for a particular concrete if -
(a) For Qty = 35 Cum
No of sample = 4
For last 35 cum = 1 no • < 5% Cube test results are < 30 N/mm2
No of cubes = 4 x 6 = 24 Total samples = 8 No. • > 95% Cube test results are > 30 N/mm2
No of Cubes = 8 x 6 = 48 • Such concrete is called M30 and its fck=30
N/mm2
M K- SINGH
MADE EASY RCC - GATE / IES 29 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 30
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RCC Example :- RCC Probability Distribution Curve for Testing of large number of Cubes (
Number of samples > 50 / 100 / 500 or more
• If 100 cubes are tested in compression and results
are arranged in an increasing order as follows :-
27.8, 28.6, 28.9, 29.4, 29.7, 30.3, 30.9, 31.4,
31.8
32.4, 33.8, 34.1, 34.7, 35.3, 35.4, 35.9, 36.1,
36.6
---------------------------47.6, 48.3 N/mm2.
In this case :-
- 5% cube test results are < 30 N/mm2. 95%
- 95% cube test results are > 30 N/mm2. fm = fck + 1.65 𝜎

- For this concrete 30 is Characteristic strength fck
value.
- This Concrete is called M30.
RCC RCC
Probability Curve of concrete Cube test
• Mean Strength (fm) : -
Average value of strength
of maximum frequency.
• Mean Strength (fm)
fm = ( fck + 1.65 σ )
frequency
where Standard Deviation = σ

95%
Grade M10 & M20 & M30 & 1.65 σ

M15 M25 above 5%
SD 3.5 4.0 5.0
fck fm
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 33
RCC RCC Concrete A showing

Probability Distribution curve :- Concrete B showing Poor
Good quality Control Quality Control
(σ1 = less ) (σ2 = More )
frequency
frequency
1.65σ2
1.65σ1
fck fm fck fm
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RCC RCC
Cube test Result – Pass or fail Characteristic strength
• The value of test result of three Cubes for M 30 grade
1. fck value should be read if larger number of test result
concrete tested on 28th day after casting are :- ( more than 100/ 200 / 500 …… are available).
• 31.5 , 33.0, 32.7 N/mm2 2. With more results we can understand exactly the
• Average strength =
𝟑𝟏.𝟓 𝟑𝟑.𝟎 𝟑𝟐.𝟕
= 32.4 value below which 5% results are obtained.
𝟑 3. In Testing we test only few samples like 3 / 6 / 9 /12
N/mm2
• If we get strength of different samples as above. samples….. Less number of test can not exactly show
• Are such samples of concrete acceptable for M what is fck value.
30 ? 4. IS code suggest Average of such small number of
results must be much higher than fck to assure that
95% results will be more than fck.
Result :-
M K SINGH
Acceptable or
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES
Not Acceptable 37 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 38
RCC RCC Acceptance Criteria for Cube test at Site

7. Acceptance Criteria for Concrete
Latest – Revised in amendments 4
As per 16.1 (a) / IS 456/2000 Page 29 (Table- 11/P-
30) :-
1. For all Concrete > M 15 Grade and above :-
The Mean strength of group of four (4)
non-overlapping consecutive test results shall be :
fav (4 results) ≥ ( fck + 0.825 σ ) N/mm2
(Rounded off to 0.5 N/mm2 )
fav (4 results) ≥ ( fck + 3 ) N/mm2
(whichever is greater )
M K SINGH
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 39 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 40
RCC Pr 16.1 (a) - Minimum average strength required for cubes RCC 2. As per 16.1 (b) / IS 456/2000 Page 30
fav (4 results) ≥ ( fck + 0.825 σ ) or ( fck + 3 ) - Maxm
Individual Test results of any specimen(Cube result)
Grade σ 0.825 σ fck + Rounded (fck + 3) Max add
0.825σ nearest 0.5 value ITR ≥ (fck – 3) N/mm2
M 15 3.5 2.89 17.89 18.0 18.0 18.0 3
M 20 23.3 23.5 23 23.5 3.5 None of the cube test result shall be less than (fck -3)
M 25 4 3.3 28.3 28.5 28 28.5 3.5
M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M M M M
M 30 34.125 34 33 34 4
M 35 39.125 39 38 39 4
35 40 45 50
5 4.125 ITR VALUE > 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47
M 40 44.125 44 43 44 4
M 45 49.125 49 48 49 4 If any value is found less than (fck-3) – Test is failed.
M 50 54.125 54 53 54 4
M K SINGH
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 41 MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 42
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RCC RCC
3. As per 15.4 of IS 456/ 2000 page 29. Example :-
The test result of the sample shall be • If three test results are :- 29.8, 35.1 38.6
average of the strength of three (3) specimen and 29.8+35.1+38.6
1. fav = ( ) = 34.5 > 34 – OK.
3
the Individual variation shall be not more than 2. all value 29.8, 35.1 38.6 > (fck-3) > 27 – OK
±15% of Average strength. 3. Max result is 38.6 so max (+)ve variation
If more the test result of the sample are Invalid. 38.6 34.5
=( ) x 100 = 11.88 % < 15% – OK
34.5
All values of test results shall be between 4. Minimum value = 29.8 so Maximum (-)ve variation
0.85.fav to 1.15.fav 29.8 34.5
=( ) x 100 = - 13.62 % <15% – OK
f +f +f 34.5
where fav = ( 1 2 3 )
3 Acceptable
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 43 MADE EASY - RCCM
- GATE / IES
K SINGH 44
RCC RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results

29.8, 35.1 38.6 Individual Variation - if only one sample is tested
Average str. = 34.5
Avg ITR
All values of test results shall be between All values of test results are Average
Gra sam cube cube Strenth Min Min Max Variatio
cube 3 of all
0.85.fav = 0.85 x 34.5 = 29.325 between these two limits de ple 1 2 obtain valu Range Range n
sample
to 1.15.fav = 1.15 x 34.5 = 39.675 – so OK ed e
1.15
0.85 fav
fav
M
29.8 1 38.6 31.5 34.7 34.93 34.93 31.5 29.691 40.17 ok
29.325 < 35.1 < 39.675
30
Average
Average accepta
strength 34
38.6 required
st > 34 ble
- Acceptable
M K SINGH
RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results
– if only two samples are tested at site
– if 4 samples are tested.
Average Average ITR
samp Min Max samp Average of ITR Min Min Max
Grade cube 1 cube 2 cube 3 Strenth of 2 Min Variation Grade cube 1 cube 2 cube 3 Average Variation
le Range Range le 4 sample value Range Range
obtained sample value
0.85 fav 1.15 fav 1 37.5 31 36.5 35 31 29.75 40.25 ok

2 38.7 35.3 37.4 37.13 35.3 31.56 42.7 ok
1 36.4 29.4 36.3 34.03 29.4 28.9255 39.135 ok M 30 35.49
M 30 35.5 3 28.4 37.2 32.3 32.63 28.4 27.74 37.525 ok
2 39.6 34.5 36.8 36.97 34.5 31.4245 42.516 ok
4 39.6 38.6 33.4 37.2 33.4 31.62 42.78 ok
Average
Average acceptabl Average
strength 34 Average st acceptabl
st > 34 e strength 34
required > 34 e
required
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RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results RCC What if test result is not found OK.
– if five sample taken as one sample invalid
1. If Cube Test is failed :- Core Cutting Sample are taken and
Grade
samp
cube 1 cube 2 cube 3 Average
Average of ITR Min Min Max
Variation tested. If core test are found OK, Concrete may be
le 4 sample value Range Range accepted.
1 42 43 48 44.33 42 37.68 50.98 ok 2. If Core Cut sample also get failed :- Load Test is done.
2 48.1 49 37.5 44.87 37.5 38.14 51.601 INVALID 1. The structure is loaded with DL + 1.25 times LL for 24
M 40 hours – Deflection of structure is noted.
3 42 40.3 41.5 41.27 42.82 40.3 35.08 47.461 ok 2. Now load is removed and deflection is observed.
4 43.6 42 47.1 44.23 42 37.6 50.865 ok 3. If 75% of deflection is recovered in 24 hour - Concrete
may be accepted. Otherwise load test is done again
5 41 39 44.3 41.43 39 35.22 47.645 ok after 72 hrs.
4. If Recovery of deflection in 2nd load test is less than
Average not
strength 44
Average st
acceptabl
80%, the structure may be rejected.
< 44
required e
RCC Two type of Mix – Nominal & Design Mix RCC Concrete Mixes
• There are two type of Concrete Mix
1. Nominal Mix 2. Design Mix
• (a) Nominal Mix :- shall be used
• for concrete less than M20 grade. – Pr 9.3 /
Page –23
• A fixed proportion like 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3.
• show volumetric ratios of materials.
• Quality of materials used not considered.
• Used for rough concrete work in small
quantity.
• Assumed that desired strength shall be
obtained.
RCC RCC
Max Qty of water / 50 kg of cement for Nominal Mix – Table – 9 Nominal mix properties
/ IS code – Page- 23
Grade of Proportion Qty of water / 50

Concrete kg of cement
M5 1:5:10 60 Kg
M 7.5 1:4:8 45 kg
M10 1:3:6 34 kg
M15 1:2:4 32 kg
M 20 1:1.5:3 30 kg
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RCC Design Mix :- design of proportion RCC 8. Design Mix

■For Concrete grade M25 and above – Only Design Mix ■The proportion of materials is designed (in
shall be used. terms of Weights) such that the desired
■Desing Mix is done before start of work or whenever strength of concrete is obtained.
required. ■During testing - Concrete Mix is designed
■Proportion of Materials is got designed in proportion of such that the average compressive strength
weight :- of cubes at the time of Mix design is obtained
• by using actual sample of materials brought from site. more than Target Mean strength that is fm.
• by a reputed Institution or Laboratories. faverage ≥ fm ≥ (fck + 1.65 σ )
■Batch Mix plant is used for making Design Mix this is called Target Mean Strength
Concrete.
■Qty of each material is weighed and then mixed
• to confirm proper quality of concrete at the site.
RCC Q :- For M40 Concrete Target Mean strength of Concrete for RCC Processes in Design Mix
Design Mix shall be. Standard Deviation shall be considered
5.0 N/mm2. 1. Select water cement ratio for desired strength using
already prepared charts.
a. 38.25 b. 44.0 2. Select water content based on workability charts.
c. 48.25 d. 45.0 3. Calculate Cement content required
Cement Content = ( Water content / WC ratio )
For M40 Concrete Target Mean strength of Concrete = 5. Decide a ratio of Fine to Coarse Aggregate (𝑊𝑓𝑎/ 𝑊𝑐𝑎 ).
fm ≥ (fck + 1.65 σ ) ≥ ( 40 + 1.65 x 5.0 ) ≥ 48.25N/mm2 6. Calculate masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
based on “absolute Volume principle”.
𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑓𝑎 𝑊𝑐𝑎
Average strength of 3 cubes casted for Design Mix + + + 𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑣 = 1.0
𝜰𝑐 𝜰𝑓𝑎 𝜰𝑐𝑎
and tested on 28th day ≥ fm
RCC Example :- For M 40 RCC Calculate the Volume of Voids in

above Concrete for 1 cum of
Unit wt Wt required Q. A design concrete shall be :-
1 Assume Water Cement ratio 0.40 Mix was
2 Assume water content / m3 1000 180 Kg proposed as Weight Specific
follows : Sr Material
3 Calculate Cement required 3150 = 180/ 0.40 / m3 gravity
(Minim 320 Kg /m3 ) = 450 Kg
1 Cement 340 3.15
4 Assume ratio Wfa/ Wca 1:2 2 Fine Aggregate 620 2.65
5 Solve Wfa using eq A 2650 613 kg
3 Coarse 1210 2.75
6 Solve Wca = 2. Wfa 2750 1226 kg 4 Admixtures 4 1.5
. 5 Water 175 1
( + + + ) = 1 ---- Eq (A)
M K SINGH
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RCC RCC Mixing time of concrete Mix = 2 Minutes

or as per Manufacturers specification.
- As per Pr 10.3.1 / Page- 25
Mixing time
of concrete in mixer
&
Placing of concrete in structure
RCC RCC 9. Stripping Time Pr 11.3.1 / P-25 of IS 456

Type of Formwork Minimum Period
A) Vertical formwork to columns, walls, 16-24 hrs
beams
B) Soffit formwork to slabs (Props to be 3 days
refixed)
Stripping time C) Soffit formwork to beams (Props to be 7 days
Removal of formwork refixed)
D) Props to slabs:
1) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
2) Spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
E) Props to beams and arches:

1) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
2) Spanning over 6 m 21 days
RCC RCC
Minimum period of curing – Pr 13.5.1 / page 27
Case Minimum period of curing

1 Ordinary Portland 7 days
Cement used
Curing of concrete 2 In Dry and hot 10 days
weather condition
3 Mineral Admixtures Minimum 10 days.
or Blended Cement Code suggest the period may be
used extended to 14 days
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RCC RCC 10. Modulus of Elasticity

• Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete
Stress
𝐸𝑐 = = Tan𝜃
Strain
Slope of Stress strain curve at any point
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is called Youngs modulus of Elasticity
(Ec) • Modulus of Elasticity can be measured
as
• Tangent modulus
• Secant Modulus
RCC RCC
10.1 Tangent Modulus of Elasticity 10.2 Secant Modulus of Elasticity
• Slope of tangent at any point of Stress strain
Curve. • Slope of the line joining any point on
• This is called instantaneous value of Ec at any stress strain curve to origin .
particular stress value.
• Also called static modulus of Elasticity.
• Ratio of Instantaneous increase of stress and
instantaneous strain at a certain stress is called • Ratio of stress to strain already
tangent Modulus of Elasticity obtained due to static loading
• Etangent = = condition.
• Esecant =

RCC RCC 10.3 Value of modulus of elasticity of concrete EC
• Modulus of Elasticity as per IS 456: 2000

𝐸𝑐 = 5000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
• Ec is called short term, static modulus of
Elasticity.
• Short term – Initial value without effect of
Creep.
• Static – stress value acting for a long period
time.
■Variation = 𝐸𝑐 +/- 20% of value as above formula.
20% of EC = +/- 1000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
■Actual Ec may be found from 4000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑡𝑜 6000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘
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RCC 10.4 Ec Value suggested in IS Code RCC

Initial Tangent Modulus of Elasticity
• Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete at Origin.
• 𝐸c = 5000. 𝑓𝑐𝑘 recommended in IS 456 is • Also called dynamic modulus of Elasticity
based on-
• Dynamic modulus of elasticity is measured by
• Secant Modulus of Elasticity at ( fck) stress • Resonant frequency test and
value. • Ultrasonic Pulse velocity test method.
• Secant modulus is also called Static modulus of • The value of Initial tangent Modulus is also
equal to
Elasticity.
𝐄𝐈𝐓 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐜𝐤
• Code clearly state that Ec is short term static • Within the Elastic Limit at every point all the
modulus of Elasticity. three values of Modulus of Elasticity are same
𝐄𝐓𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐄𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐭 = 𝐄𝐈𝐓 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝒄𝒌
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 73 MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 74
RCC RCC
11 Creep
Creep is the time dependent deformation due to a
continuous Static loading ( stress ) acting on an elastic
material for a long period of time.
Ultimate Creep strain
Creep Creep Coefficient (𝜃) =
Elastic Strain
and its effect on Youngs Ultimate Creep Strain = Creep Coeff. x Elastic Strain.
modulus of elasticity of concrete
Time after Casting of Concrete when 7 28 1 year
the concrete is loaded first time days days
Value of Creep Coefficient ( 𝜃 ) 2.2 1.6 1.1
76
MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH
RCC RCC
Elastic and Creep Deformation Creep Effect – Short term and Long term Ec
• Short Term Value of Ec

• Elastic Deformation = dx Stress (P/A)
• 𝐸𝑐 = =
• Elastic strain = dx/L Strain (dx/L)
• Creep Deformation = dy • Ultimate creep strain = ϴ. Elastic Strain = ϴ. dx/L
• Ultimate Creep deformation = • Long Term Value of Ec
Total stress (P/A)
dymax • 𝐸𝑐𝑙 = Total strain =
(dx/L + ϴ.dx/L)
• Ultimate creep strain = dymax /L =
(P/A)
=
Ec
=
5000√fck
-
dx/L( 1 + ϴ) ( 1 + ϴ) ( 1 + ϴ)
= (𝜃. dx/L )
This is also called Effective modulus of
Elasticity
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RCC Creep Coefficient (𝜃) RCC

Creep Coeff for concrete loaded after t days
Str A Str B Str C
1 Casting Date 1/1/2020 1/1/2020 1/1/2020 T Log 10 T
2 Time when loaded 7 days 28 days 1 year T1 = 7 days Log 7 = 0.845 ϴ = 2.2
3 Initial Loading date 8/1/2020 29/1/2020 1/1/2021
T2 = 28 days Log 28 = 1.447 ϴ = 1.6
4 Creep Coeff (𝜃) 2.2 1.6 1.1
T3 = 365 days Log 365 = 2.562 ϴ = 1.1
5 Initial deformation 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
6 Creep deformation after 22 mm 16 mm 11 mm
100 years T4 = 15 days Log 15 = 1.176 ϴ=?
7 Total deformation after 32 mm 26 mm 22 mm • For Age of loading T = 15 days
100 years
( )
8 Final deformation in year in 2120 In 2120 In 2121 ϴ = 1.6 + (2.2-1.6 ) x
( )
. .
= 1.6 + 0.6 x = 1.87
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 79 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES . . 80
RCC CREEP CURVE RCC •Q. If a concrete was loaded initially after 7days of Casting,
then For M 40 Concrete Effective Modulus of Elasticity will
be:-
a.9882 N/mm2 b.12163 N/mm2

c.15058 N/mm2 c.31623 N/mm2
For loading after 7 days creep coeff = 2.2
For M 40 Concrete Effective Modulus of Elasticity
5000√fck 5000√40
will be:- 𝐸𝑐𝑙 = ( 1 + ϴ) = =9882 N/mm2
( 1 +2.2)
RCC RCC Poison’s Ratio

12. Poison’s Ratio
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 Poisons Ratio :-
• Poison’s ratio =
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 1. Poisons ratio of High strength concrete are
• Value = 0.1 to 0.3 less. and vice-versa.
• Generally 𝝁 = 2. The Value ranges from
𝟎. 𝟐 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 for high strength concrete = 0.1
• In STAAD 𝝁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 for low strength concrete = 0.2
• Initial poison’s ratio is less but
3. It can be computed from static loading test.
beyond elastic limit poison’s
ration increases sharply. 4. It can be determined dynamically from
ultrasonic pulse velocity and from Resonant
frequency Test.
14
10-05-2021
RCC RCC
■ 14. Steel Reinforcement
• various types:-
Steel reinforcement • 1. Mild Steel reinforcement or Medium
tensile steel
• a. Ordinary and b. Hot rolled
• 2. High yield Strength deformed bars (HYSD
Bars)
• 3 . Cold Twisted Bars (CTD Bars )
• 4. Thermo-mechanically treated bars (TMT
Bars)
RCC RCC
Requirement of a good steel Coefficient of Thermal Expansion- concrete
1. High tensile strength. • The value may vary between 6 x 10 -6 to 12 x 10 -6 per
2. Ductile degree centigrade depending upon type of aggregates used
3. Develop perfect bond with concrete. • For water tanks code suggest for Concrete
4. Cheap, durable and easily available. = 11 x 10 -6 per degree centigrade .
5. Workable i.e., easy to cut, bend and join • This value is almost same as Coefficient of thermal
6. Coefficient of thermal expansion of steel expansion of steel around 11 to 12 x 10 -6 .
= Coeff of thermal expansion concrete • There will be equal expansion or contraction due to any
temperature variation.
RCC Dia of reinforcement used RCCProperty / Strength of steel

Dia Area mm2 Unit Weight of steel Type Characteris Permissibl Properties
tic Yield e Stress in
8 50 7850 Kg/m3 Strength WSM
10 79 DIA FOR BEAM STIRRUPS 1. Mild fy = 250 σst= 140 1. High ductility
12 113 8 , 10, 12 Steel Bars N/mm2 N/mm2 2. Low Strength
16 201 3. Suitable for
DIA FOR COLUMN MAIN BARS Earthquake resistant
20 314 MINIMUM DIA - 12 MM 2.Medium fy = 350 σst= 190 1. Medium ductility
25 491
DIA FOR TIES FOR COLUMN tensile N/mm2 N/mm2 2. Medium Strength
28 616 steel 3. Not used so widely
32 804 8, 10, 12
15
10-05-2021
RCC Property / Strength of steel RCC Property / Strength of steel

Type fy σst Properties
Type fy σst Properties
1. HYSD fy = 415 σst= 230 1. Low ductility 1. TMT fy = 415 σst= 230 1. High ductility
Bars or N/mm2 N/mm2 2. High Strength Bars N/mm2 N/mm2 2. High Strength
CTD Bars 3. Mostly used but not 3. Mostly used for
suitable for Earthquake
fy = 500 σst= 275 Earthquake resistant structure
fy = 500 σst= 275
N/mm N/mm
2 2 4. Steel more than Fe 500 4. Have soft inner
N/mm2 N/mm2
or are not suitable for core with very hard
Or Higher
higher Earthquake resistant and tough outer rim in
structure. this steel.
5. Prepared with
special heat treatment
RCC RCC
15. Properties of Mild Steel
Cross section of tmt bars reinforcement
• Mild steel are low in strength
• High ductility.
• But not suitable steel – Overall costly
• Mild steel is very costly for Buildings if used :-
• More area of steel is required for same loading
conditions due to less strength of steel.
• Total Cost of steel required will be much higher.
• If higher strength steel is used cost of steel for a
building will be much less. Overall economical.
RCC RCC
At yield Plateau – Mild steel
• Concrete with Mild steel show -
• Mild steel are very ductile and show
yield plateau at yield stress level.
• high value of deformation are seen in
steel at yield plateau, if stress in steel
increases beyond yield stress level.
16
10-05-2021
RCC Demerit of Mild steel RCC

• Excessive deformation of steel at yield plateau result in large
deformation and cracking of concrete if stress goes beyond
yield plateau.
• Yield plateau can be eliminated by Cold working.
• Cold Working –
1. Steel reinforcement is stressed beyond yield limit Cold
- either by stretching or by twisting
2. and then by unloading it.
working
• This process is called cold working process. process
• After cold working the steel reinforcement will not show
high value of deformation at yield limit again.
RCC Properties of Cold Twisted/ HYSD Bars/ TMT bars RCC Total strain at Yield Limit in steel
• More strength as compared to Mild Steel. • Where Es = Young’s modulus of Elasticity of Steel
• Stress diagram does not show any yield. = 2 x 105 N/mm2
• Yield stress is read using proof strain value • For Fe 415 steel
• 0.2% strain is called proof strain= 0.002. • Total stain at yield stress
415
• Stress required to produce a plastic Strain of 0.002 = = 0.002 + = 0.004075
200000
Yield stress. • For Fe 500 steel
• Total strain developed at yield stress • Total stain at yield stress
f 500
= Plastic Strain(0.002) + Elastic strain ( y ) = 0.002 + = 0.0045
Es 200000
RCC RCC
Actual Stress strain curve of different steel
As per IS 456 – Maximum Strain at the time of failure in LSM
0.87. fy
shall not be less than 0.002 + - Pr 38.1 (f)
200000
• Maximum strain at the time of failure in

LSM :-
• For Fe 415 steel
• Total stain at yield stress
0.87x415
= 0.002 + = 0.00380
200000
• For Fe 500 steel
• Total stain at yield stress
0.87x500
= 0.002 + = 0.00417
200000
17
10-05-2021
RCC RCC Idealised Stress strain curve – HYSD Steel

Idealised Stress strain curve – Mild Steel
– is 456 -2000
– is 456 -2000
RCC RCC
•Maximum Strain in tension reinforcement
at the time of failure in Fe 550 steel shall
not be less than
a. 0.0044 b. 0.0031
c. 0.0042 d. 0.0038 Nominal cover

&
For Fe 550 steel Effective Cover
Total stain at yield stress
0.87x550
= 0.002 + = 0.00439 = 0.0044
200000
RCC 19. Nominal Cover or Clear Cover RCC

• As per IS 456:- Pr 26.4/ Page – 46 :-
• Design depth of concrete cover
provided to all kind of steel
reinforcement including links
(Ties, stirrups etc.)
• Nominal cover :-
Minimum clear cover to
outermost layer of steel (main bars or
stirrups of beams or lateral ties of
columns).
- Cover is essential for all steel
- to avoid rusting of steel and
- to increase durability of Clear cover
structure.
18
10-05-2021
RCC RCC
20. Clear Cover & Effective cover 21 Exposure Conditions
• Minimum Clear Cover or ■ For steel <= 12mm • There are five exposure condition as per
Nominal Cover for Mild these value may environmental condition of the area
Exposure :- vary +/- 5mm • Minimum Clear cover provided in
1. Slab = 20 mm ■ Actual concrete different exposure condition are
2. Beam = 25 mm cover should not 1. Mild = 20 mm
3. Column = 40 mm deviate +/- 10mm 2. Moderate = 30 mm
4. Water Tank =45 mm from these values 3. Severe = 45 mm
5. Foundation = 50 mm 4. Very Severe =50 mm
5. Extreme = 75 mm
RCC RCC
Effective cover & Effective Depth • Nominal (Clear) Cover
Example 1 :- For a beam in severe
exposure condition of size
=
• Effective Cover :-
• From outer face of concrete to CG of main B= 400mm D= 750 mm • Effective Cover (Yeff)
steel. Tension steel =
• For single layer steel Ast = 4 nos of 28 mm
=
Yeff = Clear Cover + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + ∅𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛/2 Compression reinforcement
• Effective Depth
Asc = 4 nos of 16 mm dia
• Effective Depth : from Outer face of
Dia of stirrups = 10 mm = D – Yeff
compression fibre to CG of all tension steel
d = D – Yeff
Calculate the value of effective =
cover and effective depth of
Beam.
RCC RCC MINIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING OF

Example 2 :- For a beam in extreme exposure condition :- BARS
B= 600mm D= 900 mm
Tension steel
Ast = 4 nos of 28 mm (1st layer ) Pr 26.3.2 (a) / Page – 45
= 4 nos of 20 mm (2nd layer) Minimum Horizontal distance
= 2 nos of 16 mm (3rd layer ) between steel (max of ) :-
Compression reinforcement
Asc = 4 nos of 16 mm dia
Clear distance between different layers = 28 mm 1. Dia of Bar
Dia of stirrups = 10 mm 2. Dia of Larger bar
Calculate the value of effective cover and effective 3. 5mm + max size of Aggregate
depth.
19
10-05-2021
RCC RCC 4.4 Different Exposure Condition – table 5

MINIMUM VERTICAL SPACING OF BARS
Sr Exposure Min Min Min Max Water
Pr 26.3.2 (c)/ Page – 45 no condition Grade Cover Cement Cement
(mm) content ratio
Minimum Vertical distance (Kg/m3)
between steel (max of ) :- 1 Mild M 20 20 300 0.55
2 Moderate M 25 30 300 0.50
1. 15mm
3 Severe M 30 45 320 0.45
2. Max Dia of bar 4 Very Severe M 35 50 340 0.45
5 Extreme M 40 75 360 0.40

3. 2/3 of max size of Aggr.
RCC RCC
RCC 4.5 Exposure Conditions as per IS 456 RCC

Exposure Example
Exposure Example Table – 3 / IS Code
condition
1. Mild 1. Protected against weather
2. Sheltered from rain 4. Very 1. Exposed to sea water spray
2. Moderate 1. Exposed to rain but not to severe rain Severe 2. In contact with under ground
2. Continuously under normal water aggressive sub soil water. Like
3. Protected to saturated salt air in coastal area Foundation.
3. Severe 1. Alternate wetting and drying with water 3. Exposed to severe freezing
2. Exposed to severe rain 5. Extreme 1. Member in tidal zone in sea
3. Exposed to environment in sea coast area 2. In contact with harmful chemicals
4. Concrete immersed completely under sea water
20
10-05-2021
RCC RCC
Q. Minimum Grade of PCC for concrete in sea water a. M20 4.6 Minimum Nominal Cover in Different
or directly exposed to sea coast
exposure condition
As per Table 5 also SN Member Mild Moderate Severe Very Extreme
As per Pr no. 8.2.8 severe
Minimum Grade of Exposure Min Grade Min Grade
PCC for concrete in Condition for PCC for RCC 1 Slab 20 30 45 50 75
sea water or directly Mild ----- M 20 2 Beams 25 30 45 50 75
exposed to sea Mod. M 15 M 25
coast shall not be 3 Column 40 40 45 50 75
less than Severe M 20 M 30
4 Foundation 50 50 50 50 75
M20 for PCC Very sev. M 20 M 35
M30 for RCC Extreme M 25 M 40
M K-SINGH
MADE EASY RCC - GATE / IES 121 M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 122
RCC RCC
2. Load Bearing Type of Building Structures
Structure • 1. Framed Structure :-
• Made of RCC Slab, Beams, Columns, and
1. Framed Structure Foundation.
• Bricks are filled up as non load bearing wall.
• Load transferred from Slab to beam, Beam to
column, column to foundation then finally to
soil.
• 2. Load Bearing Structure :-
• Made of load bearing Brick walls.
• Slabs are provided resting directly over Brick
walls.
• Load transfer is from Slab to Brick wall and from
Brick walls to foundation directly.
RCC RCC
Type of Supports
• 1. Simply Supported :- A Beam or slab
resting over Brick work and member ends
at support.
• 2. Fixed :- Supports where member are
fixed and cannot rotate.
• like - A beam casted with columns or a
slab casted with beams Effective Span of Beam / Slab
• 3. Continuous :- when a member continue
over a support.
21
10-05-2021
RCC RCC Effective span

5. Effective span ( beams and slabs)
2. (a) Continuous Beam
1. Simply Supported Beam :- If Width of support : W< Lcl⁄12
Effective Span= (Same as simply Supported Beam)
Leff = (Lclear + d) Leff = (Lclear + d)
= (Lclear + w) = (Lclear + w ) (Whichever is minimum)
(Whichever is minimum)
d = Effective depth Lclear
W = Width of Support
Lclear Lclear Lclear
RCC Effective span RCC Effective span

2. (b) Continuous - • 3. d Case 1: Cantilever with
If Width of Support : W> (Lcl⁄12) or 600 mm Fixed support
(whichever is less)
Lcl1 Lcl 2 Lcl 3 Leff=Lcl+

Leff=Lcl 3+d/2 d = Effective Depth
Leff=Lcl1 Leff=Lcl2 Or Leff=Lcl 3+W/2
RCC Effective span RCC Type of Stresses developed in an RCC

3.e Case 2 : Cantilever with continuous
section
support • Direct Stresses
• 1. Direct
(for beam AB) Compression
A B
• 2. Direct Tension
• Bending Stress
• Compression +
Leff=Lcl+ Tension
• Shear Stress
W = Width of Support • Torsional Stress
22
10-05-2021
RCC RCC
DIRECT STRESSES
TORSIONAL STRESS
RCC 14. Tensile Strength of Concrete RCC 14.1. Two Point Load Method
• Tensile Strength of concrete :- • Two point loads are applied at middle
third points on a Concrete Beam without
• Two type :- steel.
1. Direct tensile strength : Permissible • Two loads are applied to keep a constant
stress in direct tension may be read BM and constant bending stress in
from IS code 456. central one third portion of beam.
2. Bending( flexural) tensile strength • Load is increased till failure.
𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘 • Flexural Tensile Strength is calculated by
- Also called modulus of rupture. M
• Bending Stress = fcbt = fcr = y
I
RCC RCC ■ Two point loads - BM Constant - BM = P. a

Two Point Load ■ Bending Stress
Test machine M M P.a 6P.a
= fcbt = fcr = y =fcbt = = =
I Z BD2/6 BD2
23
10-05-2021
RCC RCC
14.2. Split Tensile Strength Test
Q. If the two point loads of 15 KN are required
to be applied at middle third points for failure
• Split Tensile strength Test is performed on:-
of a concrete beam of size 150mm x 150 mm • Cylindrical Concrete test specimen
simply supported over a span of 600 mm. The • dia 150mm and height 300mm.
flexural tensile strength of concrete shall be : • Line load is applied along Length of
cylindrical specimen.
Flexural Tensile strength of concrete 2P
• Split Tensile Strength of Concrete =
M 6P.a 6 x 15000 x 200
fcbt = = = = 5.33 N/mm2
Z BD2 150 x 150x 150
RCC 14.3 Split Tensile Strength Test RCC Relation – Modulus of rupture and split tensile
strength
• It is found that for normal density concrete-
2
• split tensile strength = . Modulus of
3
rupture
3
• Modulus of Rupture = x split tensile str.
2
• Modulus of rupture = Bending tensile
strength
3 2P 3P
= 1.5 fct(split) = . =
2 DL DL
RCC Q. If the load of 150 KN is required for RCC PERMISSIBLE STRESSES in concrete -
failure of a concrete cylindrical specimen of WSM
size 150mm dia & 300 mm long. Then
flexural tensile strength of concrete shall •Concrete
be :
•Permissible stress value are given in IS 456
Split tensile strength :- 1. In direct Compression – 𝜎𝑐𝑐
2.P 2 x 150000
fct = = = 2.83 N/mm2 2. In Direct tension – 𝜎𝑐𝑡
DL . 150 x 300
Flexural tensile strength fcr = 1.5 x 2.83 = 4.245

N/mm2 3. In Bending Compression - 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
2.P 2 x 150000 4. In bending Tension – fcbt – max fcr
or fcr = 1.5 . = 1.5x = 4.244 N/mm2
DL . 150 x 300
24
10-05-2021
RCC Permissible Stresses in concrete - WSM RCC

Concrete grade Direct Bending Direct Bending
tension tension compression compression
𝝈ct 𝒇𝒄𝒓 𝝈cc 𝝈cbc
M 15 2.0 2.71 4 5
M 20 2.8 3.13 5 7
M 25 3.2 3.50 6 8.5 BM & SF coefficients for a continuous
M 30 3.6 3.83 8 10 beam / slab
M 35 4.0 4.14 9 11.5
M 40 4.4 4.43 10 13
M 45 4.8 4.70 11 14.5
M 50 5.2 4.95 12 16
MADE EASY - GATE/IES M K SINGH 145
RCC BM Coeff +ve BM - ve BM ve BM - Ve BM RCC BM and SF coefficients for a continuous beam or

(M1) (M2) (M3) (M4) slab
DL Coeff 1/12 -1/10 +1/16 -1/12 • Maximum Bending Moment at location 1
𝑾𝒅 .𝑳𝒆𝟐 𝑾 .𝑳𝒆𝟐
•BM = + 𝒍
LL coeff 1/10 -1/9 +1/12 -1/9 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎
• For negative moment at support consider
average span and average load on two
SF Coeff V11 V21 V22 V31 adjacent spans.
• Use effective Span for Moment
DL Coeff 0.4 0.6 0.55 0.5
• Maximum Shear Force at first support
LL coeff 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.6 • SF = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎. 𝑾𝒅 . 𝑳𝒄𝒍 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓. 𝑾𝒍 . 𝑳𝒄𝒍
• Use Clear Span for Shear Force
RCC Bending Moment Coefficient RCC

Shear Force Coefficients for continuous beam or slab
25

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10-05-2021

RCC RCC Topics – ESE SYLLABUS RCC

RCC RCC PREPARATION OF RCC

RCC RCC RCC

•Reinforced Cement Concrete

• Cement concrete without

RCC Cement Concrete RCC

RCC Water for concrete – Pr 5.4 / Page – 14 RCC

RCC CEMENT RCC

RCC Coarse Aggregates RCC 2. Different Grades of Concrete

RCC RCC Compressive Strength test using Cylinders

• Compressive strength test may

RCC CYLINDER AND CUBES RCC

RCC ■ 4. Sampling of cubes for testing concrete RCC

RCC RCC 6. Characteristic Strength of Concrete

- 95% cube test results are > 30 N/mm2. fm = fck + 1.65 𝜎

where Standard Deviation = σ

Grade M10 & M20 & M30 & 1.65 σ

RCC RCC Concrete A showing

RCC RCC Acceptance Criteria for Cube test at Site

RCC RCC Quality control at site- Cube test results

0.85 fav 1.15 fav 1 37.5 31 36.5 35 31 29.75 40.25 ok

Grade of Proportion Qty of water / 50

RCC Design Mix :- design of proportion RCC 8. Design Mix

RCC Example :- For M 40 RCC Calculate the Volume of Voids in

RCC RCC Mixing time of concrete Mix = 2 Minutes

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 62

RCC RCC 9. Stripping Time Pr 11.3.1 / P-25 of IS 456

E) Props to beams and arches:

Case Minimum period of curing

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 66

RCC RCC 10. Modulus of Elasticity

MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH 68

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 70

RCC RCC 10.3 Value of modulus of elasticity of concrete EC

• Modulus of Elasticity as per IS 456: 2000

RCC 10.4 Ec Value suggested in IS Code RCC

MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES M K SINGH

• Short Term Value of Ec

RCC Creep Coefficient (𝜃) RCC

a.9882 N/mm2 b.12163 N/mm2

RCC RCC Poison’s Ratio

RCC Dia of reinforcement used RCCProperty / Strength of steel

RCC Property / Strength of steel RCC Property / Strength of steel

RCC Demerit of Mild steel RCC

• Maximum strain at the time of failure in

RCC RCC Idealised Stress strain curve – HYSD Steel

c. 0.0042 d. 0.0038 Nominal cover

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 105

RCC 19. Nominal Cover or Clear Cover RCC

RCC RCC MINIMUM HORIZONTAL SPACING OF

RCC RCC 4.4 Different Exposure Condition – table 5

2. Max Dia of bar 4 Very Severe M 35 50 340 0.45

5 Extreme M 40 75 360 0.40

RCC 4.5 Exposure Conditions as per IS 456 RCC

M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 125

RCC RCC Effective span

Lclear Lclear Lclear