Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling tower

based on M-cycle
Xuchen Fan a, Xiaofeng Lu a, *, Hua Nie b, Hancheng Zhu a, Quanhai Wang a, Yinhu Kang a,
Shuwei Liu b, Xiong Zheng a, Zhuo Liu a, Yi Zhang a, Xiaofei Long a, Jianbo Li a
a
Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, PR China
b
SPIC (State Power Investment Corporation), Yuanda Environmental Protection Science & Technology Branch, Chongqing 400012, PR China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A novel dew point evaporative cooling tower (DPECT) based on M-cycle was constructed and its cooling per­
Cooling tower formance such as outlet water temperature, precooled air temperature and wet bulb effectiveness were experi­
Dew point mentally investigated. The impact of different inlet conditions, such as arrangement methods of fills (vertical or
Evaporative cooling
horizontal arrangement of tubes), air-to-water ratio, inlet air conditions (dry bulb temperature and relative
Wet bulb effectiveness
humidity) and inlet water temperature were also examined. Results showed that the wet bulb effectiveness of
tubes that vertically arranged in DPECT was up to 0.97, which was 5% higher than that horizontally displaced,
indicating that the vertical arrangement of tubes was recommended for engineering application. Moreover, it is
recommended that the air-to-water ratio should be around 1.26. Under the condition of dry bulb temperature
30 ◦ C, 30% relative humidity and inlet water temperature 30 ◦ C, the DPECT can achieve wet bulb effectiveness of
up to 1.10. It was confirmed that the novel DPECT could reduce the outlet water temperature below the wet bulb
temperature of ambient air. Based on the experimental study, a feasible modification scheme to traditional in­
dustrial cooling tower was proposed. The study confirmed high practical potential of using M-Cycle in water
cooling applications.

decrease the water temperature further [6,7].

1. Introduction
Cooling tower is one practical and indispensable heat exchange de­
vice to reject waste heat to the ambient air. It has been widely applied
for manufacturing, air conditioning (AC), and in particular, for power
generation [1]. In Rankine cycle-based thermal power plants, a cooling
tower is used to decrease the temperature of cooling water, before it can
be sent into condenser for condensation of exhaust steam [2]. The final
temperature of the cooling water leaving the cooling tower has been
found significant effect on thermal efficiency of the plants. In a 300 MW
thermal power plant for instance, when the outlet water temperature of
the cooling tower drops by 1 ◦ C, the thermal efficiency will be increased
by 0.23% and the coal consumption rate will be reduced by 0.798 g/
(kW⋅h) [3]. However, in the thermal power plants using traditional wet
cooling towers, the outlet temperature of the cooling water is always
higher than the wet bulb temperature of ambient air, despite it can be
cooled to the wet bulb temperature theoretically [4,5]. It is therefore
crucial to find alternative approaches to breakthrough this limit and
M-cycle (Maisotsenko cycle) [8] provides a solution to enhance
cooling of the process fluid to temperatures approaching the dew point
temperature of the ambient air. The M-Cycle is a thermodynamic process
which captures energy from the air by utilizing the psychrometric
renewable energy available from the latent heat of water evaporating
into the air [9,10]. It combines the thermodynamic process of heat
conduction and evaporation cooling to facilitate the temperature of the
product to reach the dew point temperature of the ambient air.
Many studies have proved the feasibility of M-cycle, but most in AC
systems. For instance, Zhao et al. [11,12] studied a counter-flow M-IEC
(M-cycle indirect evaporative cooling) numerically and found that the
wet bulb effectiveness achieved up to 130%. Furthermore, a compara­
tive study [13,14] between cross-flow and counter-flow M-IEC showed
that the counter-flow arrangement achieved around 20% higher cooling
capacity and 15–23% higher dew point and wet bulb effectiveness
respectively under the same geometrical sizes and operational condi­
tions. The main characteristic of M-IEC is that secondary air has multiple
passages from its dry channels into the wet channels and the primary air

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xfluke@cqu.edu.cn (X. Lu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116839
Received 18 May 2020; Received in revised form 20 February 2021; Accepted 6 March 2021
Available online 14 March 2021
1359-4311/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
X. Fan et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839

cooling tower is large and the water temperature is generally higher

Nomenclature than the dry bulb temperature of the ambient air, whereas that in AC is
completely contrary. Morosuk et al. [23] simulated the COP (coefficient
t temperature (◦ C) of performance) of MCT (M-cycle cooling tower) under different
r air-to-water ratio (kg/kg) ambient air conditions. The results showed that the COP value of MCT
η effectiveness varies from 0.20 to 0.90 due to the influence of available conditions. In
RH relative humidity (%) another simulation-based study [24], the COP of MCT was found to 0.86
VT vertical arrangement of tubes along with 2.20% evaporation rate. However, these results are based on
HT horizontal arrangement of tubes the assumption that the dew point effectiveness of air precooling in the
pa precooled air (outlet air of dry channel) dry channel is 0.8, whether MCT can achieve this value has not been
DPECT dew point evaporative cooling tower reported yet. Similar study from Sverdlin et al. [25] also proved that M-
AC air conditioning cycle cooling tower can conditionally reduce the water temperature to
M-IEC M-cycle indirect evaporative cooling the dew point of ambient air.
R-IEC regenerative indirect evaporative cooling Therefore, the research on dew point evaporative cooling tower
MCT M-cycle cooling tower (DPECT) was not investigated in detail and there was significant scien­
COP coefficient of performance tific gap for research results that needs to be filled. There was also no
study discussing impact of different parameters on the performance of
Subscripts DPECT. Due to this fact, this paper reported the experimental results of a
w water DPECT. The analysis will evaluate the potential of using M-Cycle in
a air water cooling applications.
in inlet
out outlet 2. Feasibility analysis of the DPECT
db dry bulb
wb wet bulb The novel fills of the DPECT could be modified with the special air-
dp dew point water process designs based on R-IEC as shown in Fig. 2(a). The ambient
air (1) flows into the dry channels with the sensible heat being trans­
ferred to the wet channel and the absolute humidity remaining constant.
Then the ambient air is cooled to the circulation point (2). Hence the
is simply flowing into the dedicated dry channels as shown in Fig. 1(a).
outlet air of dry channels is called precooled air in this paper. The
Different with M-IEC, the R-IEC (regenerative indirect evaporative
phenomenon of this process is based on the primary air precooled
cooling) based on M-cycle consists in extracting a part of the primary air
concept, which uses the psychrometric renewable energy, gained from
only from the outlet of the dry channel and using it as secondary air as
the latent heat of water evaporation. All of the precooled air is trans­
shown in Fig. 1(b). Riangvilaikul and Kumar [15,16] carried out ex­
ferred to the wet channel and absorbs the sensible and latent heat from
periments to investigate the outlet air conditions and the system effec­
the cooled water (process 2–3). Water gets cooled from state 4 to state 5
tiveness under different inlet air conditions. The results showed that the
and returns to its circuit where it absorbs heat from a heat source. For
wet bulb effectiveness ranged between 92% and 114%. Experimental or
the ideal circuit, the temperature of the outlet water will be decreased to
modeling on R-IEC was also done by Anisimov et al. [17–19], Fakhra­
the dew point temperature of the ambient air.
badi et al. [20], and Cui X et al. [21,22]. All of those study provided a
The simplest structure of DPECT fills is as like as a tube heat
comprehensive understanding on the application of M-cycle in AC. The
exchanger. Air and water flow inside or outside the tubes, respectively.
main advantage of the M-Cycle is that it can naturally reduce the air
No matter what kind of arrangements, it is necessary to have enough
temperature below its wet bulb temperature and achieve temperatures
heat transfer capacity of dry and wet channels and small heat transfer
close to the dew point, which is not possible to be done by other evap­
resistance. In order to enhance heat transfer, counter flow should be
orative air-cooling methods.
used in wet channels and cross flow in dry channels. It means that if the
However, application of M-cycle in cooling tower differs from those
inside channels of the tubes are dry channels, the water should flow in
in AC systems. In a cooling tower, the final product is cooling water,
cross flow outside the tubes. If the inside channels of the tubes are wet
whereas that in AC is cooling air. Moreover, the water quantity in the
channels, the air should flow in cross flow outside the tubes. The heat
transfer process will be different with different arrangements.
Based on the structure of forced draft wet cooling tower, two kinds of
arrangement methods of fills (vertical or horizontal arrangement of
tubes) were proposed. On a self-designed DPECT system, experiments
were carried out to investigate the cooling performance (outlet water
temperature, precooled air temperature and wet bulb effectiveness)
under different inlet conditions, including the arrangement methods of
fills, air-to-water ratio, inlet air conditions and inlet water temperature.
The wet bulb effectiveness (ηwb) was defined as the ratio of the dif­
ference between the inlet (tw,in) and outlet (tw,out) water temperature to
the difference between inlet water temperature and the inlet air wet bulb
temperature (ta,wb). This can be expressed as:
tw,in − tw,out
ηwb = (1)
tw,in − ta,wb

If the wet bulb effectiveness is greater than 1, it means that the outlet
water temperature of DPECT is lower than the wet bulb temperature of
ambient air.

Fig. 1. Simplified flow scheme of the (a) M-IEC and (b) R-IEC.

2
X. Fan et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839

Fig. 2. Heat and mass transfer in DPECT. (a) Simplified flow scheme. (b) psychrometric process.

3. Experimental system of the DPECT single fill was 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 m3 as shown in Fig. 4. The fills consisted of
tube sheets and aluminum tubes. Both ends of the aluminum tubes were
3.1. Design of DPECT fixed on the tube sheets by expanding the tubes. In order to prevented
water leaking from the wet channels to the dry channels, the fixed po­
A DPECT was constructed based on the M-cycle theory. As shown in sitions were sealed with epoxy resin. The outer diameter, wall thickness
Fig. 3, the fills were supported by a metal frame, and the special dry and
wet channels arrangement was formed through the assembly of metal
walls, organic glass (Plexiglas) and fills. The total height of the fills was
1.5 m, and the cross-sectional area was 0.5 × 0.5 m2.
There were three fill units in the DPECT. Benefiting from the struc­
ture of the fills, the arrangement can be changed to vertical or horizontal
arrangement of tubes. When the tubes were horizontally arranged, the
circulating water was sprayed from the nozzles and flowed into the small
water tank through the gaps between tubes. The gaps between tubes
were therefore wet channels. The air thus flowed to bottom of the fills
first through inside channels of the tubes, and then flowed from bottom
to top through the gaps between tubes. The inside channels of tubes
were dry channels. When the tubes were vertically arranged, the inside
channels of tubes were wet channels and the gaps between tubes were
dry channels.
In order to facilitate processing and installation, the specification of a Fig. 4. The schematic drawing and geometry of the fills.

Fig. 3. The schematic drawing and geometry of the DPECT.

3
X. Fan et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839

and length of tubes was 12, 1 and 500 mm, respectively. There were 410 Table 1
tubes in one fill, arranged in crossflow arrangement. The distance be­ Specification of measurement devices.
tween the centers of two adjacent tubes was 20 mm, and the total heat Parameters Instruments Accuracy Range
exchange area inside and outside the tubes was 6.44 and 7.73 m2,
Temperature of water T-type ±0.1 C
◦
− 50 ~ 200 ◦ C
respectively. thermocouple
Water flow Glass rotameter ±1.5% 100 ~ 1000 l/h
Inlet air velocity Hot-wire ±3% 0 ~ 50 m/s
3.2. Experimental setup and conditions anemometer
Temperature and Testo 645 ±0.1 ◦ C,±0.1% − 50 ~
relative humidity of humidity meters RH 150 ◦ C,0 ~
The dew point evaporative cooling system consisted of the main part
air 100% RH
DPECT, and a few accessories systems including air supply system, water Pressure drops Differential ±0.5% 0 ~ 200 Pa
circulation system and measurement devices. As shown in Fig. 5, the air pressure meters
supply system was equipped with a preheater and a frequency conver­
sion fan, which could adjust the inlet air temperature and air quantity.
The water circulation system was equipped with a water tank, a water Table 2
heater and a frequency conversion water pump, which could adjust the Details of experimental conditions.
inlet water temperature and circulating water quantity. The measure­
Experimental parameters experimental details
ment devices consisted of T-type thermocouples, glass rotameters, hot-
Arrangement methodsInlet water horizontal or vertical arrangement of
wire anemometer, Testo 645 humidity meters and differential pressure
temperatureSpray water rateInlet air tubes30, 35 and 40 ◦ C11,12,13,14 and
meters, whose details have been listed in Table 1. Parameters including temperatureInlet air relative 15 t/h⋅m230, 35 and 40 ◦ C30, 40, 50,
the velocity of inlet air, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity (RH) humiditySuperficial air velocity 60, 70 and 80%1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m/s
of air both entering and leaving the dry channels, mass flow of inlet
water, and inlet and outlet water temperature were measured. The de­
tails of experimental conditions are listed in Table 2, allowing for the the horizontal arrangement. The water’s maximum temperature drop
impact of inlet conditions such as the arrangement methods, air-to- was 8.1 ◦ C and 7.1 ◦ C, respectively. The lower the precooled air tem­
water ratio (r), dry bulb temperature and RH of inlet air and inlet perature was, the easier to reduce the water temperature below the inlet
water temperature to be examined. The spray water rate here was air wet bulb temperature. The wet bulb effectiveness of the vertical
defined as the ratio of the mass flow of inlet water to the total internal arrangement was higher than that of horizontal arrangement as shown
cross-sectional area of the tubes and the superficial air velocity was in Fig. 6(b). The maximum wet bulb effectiveness is 0.97 and 0.92,
defined as the ratio of the volume flow of inlet air to the total internal respectively. The vertical tubes arrangement has 5% higher wet bulb
cross-sectional area of tubes. effectiveness than that of horizontal arrangement. In engineering
application, it is suggested to use vertical arrangement. The subsequent
experiments were carried out under the vertical arrangement.
4. Results and discussion

4.1. Influence of arrangement methods 4.2. Influence of air-to-water ratio

Fig. 6(a) shows the change of the outlet water temperature and the
precooled air (outlet air of dry channels) temperature with the RH of
inlet air under different arrangement methods. While the other condi­
tions were the same, the outlet water temperature and the precooled air
temperature under the vertical arrangement were lower than that under
Fig. 7 shows the contours of the precooled air temperature and wet
bulb effectiveness under the conditions of different superficial air ve­
locity and spray water rate. The results showed that when superficial air
velocity varying from 1 to 5 m/s and the spray water rate varying from
11 to 15 t/h⋅m2, the lower precooled air temperature and the higher wet

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the experimental set up.

4
X. Fan et al.
Fig. 6. Impact of different arrangement methods on the cooling performance of DPECT. (a) Outlet water temperature and precooled air temperature. (b) wet bulb
effectiveness.
Fig. 7. Impact of different air-to-water ratio on the cooling performance of DPECT. (a) Precooled air temperature. (b) wet bulb effectiveness.
bulb effectiveness were obtained at the higher superficial air velocity
and the lower spray water rate. The air-to-water ratio (r), which is
defined as the mass ratio of air to water, was used to better present the
interaction of these two parameters. The red line represents the isoair-
to-water ratio line as shown in the Fig. 7(a). It can be seen that the
precooled air temperature decreased and the wet bulb effectiveness
increased with the increase of r. When r less than 0.78, the precooled air
temperature was higher than 30 ◦ C. It meant that the air flowing through
the dry channel was heated with the absolute humidity remaining
constant. The lowest temperature to which water can be theoretically
cooled had been raised with the rising of the precooled air temperature.
On the contrary, the precooled air temperature was lower than 30 ◦ C
when r greater than 0.78. It meant that the air flowing through the dry
channel was cooled with the absolute humidity remaining constant, and
the lowest temperature to which water can be theoretically cooled had
been reduced below the wet bulb temperature of ambient air. when r
increased from 0.78 to 1.26, the precooled air temperature decreased
about 2.4 ◦ C, which however only decreased about 1 ◦ C when r further
increased from 1.26 to 1.96. This suggested that the cooling perfor­
mance was non-linear with r. With the increase of r, the decrease rate of
the precooled air temperature was obviously reduced. It is recom­
mended that the air-to-water ratio should be around 1.26. Moreover, a
reasonable range of r should be determined in the engineering appli­
cation to ensure the cooling performance while limiting the power
consumption of the additional equipment.
5
Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839
4.3. Influence of inlet air conditions
Fig. 8 shows the contours of precooled air temperature and the wet
bulb effectiveness under the conditions of different inlet air conditions
(dry bulb temperature and RH). When the dry bulb temperature varied
from 30 to 40 ◦ C and the RH ranged from 30 to 80%, the higher pre­
cooled air temperature was obtained at higher RH and higher dry bulb
temperature, but the wet bulb effectiveness showed a different trend.
The higher wet bulb effectiveness was obtained at the lower RH and the
higher dry bulb temperature. It can be graphically explained by psy­
chrometric process as shown in Fig. 9. Three different conditions of inlet
air are listed in the figure. The red line is the air state curve, and the inlet
and outlet water temperature are marked on the saturated curve. For red
line 1-1′ and 3-3′ -3′′ , they have the same dry bulb temperature (30 ◦ C)
and the different RH (30 and 70%, respectively). The higher the RH, the
higher the precooled air temperature. The precooled air temperature
had hardly changed at 70% RH, so the wet bulb effectiveness was lower.
For red line 2-2′ -2′′ and 3-3′ -3′′ , they have the same RH (30%) but
different dry bulb temperature (40 and 30 ◦ C, respectively). The pre­
cooled air temperature and the wet bulb temperature of the inlet air both
increased with the increase of the dry bulb temperature, such as point 2′′
and Twb,2. From the psychrometric process, it can be seen that the outlet
water temperature of condition 2 is closer to the wet bulb temperature of
the ambient air, leading to higher wet bulb effectiveness as the result.
4.4. Influence of inlet water temperature
Fig. 10 shows the wet bulb effectiveness under the conditions of
X. Fan et al.
Fig. 8. Impact of different inlet air conditions on the cooling performance of DPECT. (a) Precooled air temperature. (b) wet bulb effectiveness.
Fig. 9. Psychrometric process of three different inlet air conditions.
Fig. 10. Impact of different inlet water temperature on wet bulb effectiveness.
different inlet water temperature. It was seen that the wet bulb effec­
tiveness decreased from 1.10 to 0.80 as the inlet water temperature
increased from 30 to 40 ◦ C. When the inlet water temperature was 30 ◦ C,
the dry bulb temperature of ambient air was 30 ◦ C, and the RH was 30%,
the wet bulb effectiveness reached the maximum value of 1.10. This
proved that the novel cooling tower based on M-cycle could reduce the
outlet water temperature below the wet bulb temperature of ambient air
Based on the experimental study, a feasible modification scheme to
traditional industrial cooling tower was proposed to achieve the appli­
cation of M-cycle. In the traditional industrial wet cooling tower, the
6
Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839
inlet water temperature is generally higher than 40 ◦ C. When the inlet
water temperature was 40 ◦ C for instance, the wet bulb effectiveness was
less than 1 regardless the changes in arrangement methods, air-to-water
ratio and inlet air conditions. This was because when the inlet water
temperature was above the dry bulb temperature of ambient air, the air
flowing through the dry channel was heated but with constant absolute
humidity. The air began to be cooled only when the tube wall temper­
ature was below the dry bulb temperature of ambient air. The wet bulb
effectiveness was therefore not high due to the limited wall area of the
tubes and the limited reduction of air temperature in the dry channel.
Therefore, adding the novel DPECT under the fills of traditional wet
cooling tower were expected to reduce the water temperature below the
wet bulb temperature of ambient air easily.
To verify the feasibility of the modification scheme, experiments
were carried out to investigate the performance of the DPECT under two
different conditions as shown in Fig. 11. The condition that inlet water
temperature (40 ◦ C) was higher than dry bulb temperature (35 ◦ C)
represented the directly use of DPECT, and the condition that inlet water
temperature and dry bulb temperature (35 ◦ C) were the same repre­
sented the modification scheme. Results showed that the wet bulb
effectiveness of the modification scheme was higher than that of the
directly use of DPECT. When the RH ranged from 30 to 40%, the wet
bulb effectiveness varied from 0.97 to 1.05, which meant that the novel
DPECT installed under the fills of the traditional wet cooling tower can
easier to cool the water below the wet bulb temperature of the ambient
air.
4.5. Resistance characteristics of the novel fills
Fig. 12 shows the variation in pressure drops of unit height of
different fills with different superficial air velocity. The results showed
that the pressure drops of the novel fills increased exponentially with the
superficial air velocity. The maximum pressure drop was up to 132.5 Pa/
m. Compared with Zhao’s experimental results, the pressure drops of the
novel fills in this paper fell in between of the two traditional fills, type
50 × 20-60◦ and type T25-60◦ [26]. This was because the wet channels
of the novel fills were straight channels, therefore having less pressure
drop than that in traditional fills with wave channels. The total pressure
drops in the novel fills were still acceptable, despite additional pressure
drop on the dry channel was added.
5. Conclusions
A novel DPECT based on M-cycle was constructed and experiments
were carried out to investigate the cooling performance of the DPECT
under different inlet conditions. Results showed that the vertical
arrangement of tubes had 5% higher wet bulb effectiveness than that of
horizontal arrangement. Hence it was suggested to use the method of
X. Fan et al.
Fig. 11. Cooling performance of the modification scheme.
Fig. 12. Pressure drops of different fills.
vertical arrangement in engineering application. Meanwhile, the wet
bulb effectiveness increased with the increase of air-to-water ratio and
dry bulb temperature of ambient air, and decreased with the increase of
RH of ambient air and inlet water temperature.
The DPECT could achieve wet bulb effectiveness of up to 1.10 under
the condition of dry bulb temperature 30 ◦ C, 30% relative humidity and
inlet water temperature 30 ◦ C. It was confirmed that the DPECT based
on M-cycle was able to cool the water below wet bulb temperature of
ambient air, which was not achievable by traditional cooling towers.
This indicated the potential of DPECT to break through the limit tem­
perature of traditional cooling tower and decrease the water tempera­
ture further. To make the DPECT commercially viable to thermal power
plants, the feasible modification schemes and resistance characteristics
should be studied further.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
Applied Thermal Engineering 190 (2021) 116839
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] S.K. Tyagi, S. Wang, S.R. Park, A. Sharma, Economic considerations and cost
comparisons between the heat pumps and solar collectors for the application of
plume control from wet cooling towers of commercial buildings, Renew. Sustain.
Energy Rev. 12 (8) (2008) 2194–2210.
[2] K. Dg, Air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers, Stellenbosch Univ. 6 (2005)
96.
[3] J. Lu, X. Yang, S. Liu, Energy saving potential analysis of power plant cooling tower
technical transformation, Appl. Energy Technol. 000 (005) (2001) 18–20.
[4] W.K. Lewis, The evaporation of liquid into gas, Trans. ASME 44 (1922) 325–340.
[5] C.S. Robinson, The design of cooling towers, Mech. Eng. 15 (1923) 99–102.
[6] X. Chen, F. Sun, Y. Chen, M. Gao, Novel method for improving the cooling
performance of natural draft wet cooling towers, Appl. Therm. Eng. 147 (2019)
562–570.
[7] Z. Dang, Z. Zhang, M. Gao, S. He, Numerical simulation of thermal performance for
super large-scale wet cooling tower equipped with an axial fan, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transf. 135 (2019) 220–234.
[8] V. Maisotsenko. Method and plate apparatus for dew point evaporative cooler,
United State Patent 6,581,402, June 24, 2003.
[9] H.S. Dizaji, E.J. Hu, L. Chen, A comprehensive review of the Maisotsenko-cycle
based air conditioning systems, Energy 156 (2018) 725–749.
[10] S. Anisimov, D. Pandelidis, Numerical study of the Maisotsenko cycle heat and
mass exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 75 (2014) 75–96.
[11] X. Zhao, J.M. Li, S.B. Riffat, Numerical study of a novel counter-flow heat and mass
exchanger for dew point evaporative cooling, Appl. Therm. Eng. 28 (2008)
1942–1951.
[12] X. Zhao, Z. Duan, C. Zhan, S.B. Riffat, Dynamic performance of a novel dew point
air conditioning for the UK buildings, Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. 4 (2009) 27–35.
[13] C. Zhan, Z. Duan, X. Zhao, S. Smith, H. Jin, S. Riffat, Comparative study of the
performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers for
indirect evaporative cooling – paving the path toward sustainable cooling of
buildings, Energy 36 (2011) 6790–6805.
[14] C. Zhan, X. Zhao, S. Smith, S.B. Riffat, Numerical study of a M-cycle cross-flow heat
exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling, Build. Environ. 46 (2011) 657–668.
[15] B. Riangvilaikul, S. Kumar, Numerical study of a novel dew point evaporative
cooling system, Energy Build. 42 (2010) 2241–2250.
[16] B. Riangvilaikul, S. Kumar, An experimental study of a novel dew point
evaporative cooling system, Energy Build. 42 (2010) 637–644.
[17] S. Anisimov, D. Pandelidis, J. Danielewicz, Numerical analysis of selected
evaporative exchangers with the Maisotsenko cycle, Energy Convers Manag. 88
(2014) 426–441.
[18] S. Anisimov, D. Pandelidis, A. Jedlikowski, V. Polushkin, Performance
investigation of a M (Maisotsenko)-cycle cross-flow heat exchanger used for
indirect evaporative cooling, Energy 76 (2014) 593–606.
[19] S. Anisimov, D. Pandelidis, J. Danielewicz, Numerical study and optimization of
the combined indirect evaporative air cooler for air-conditioning systems, Energy
80 (2015) 452–464.
[20] F. Fakhrabadi, F. Kowsary, Optimal design of a regenerative heat and mass
exchanger for indirect evaporative cooling, Appl. Therm. Eng. 102 (2016)
1384–1394.
[21] X. Cui, M.R. Islam, B. Mohan, K.J. Chua, Developing a performance correlation for
counter-flow regenerative indirect evaporative heat exchangers with experimental
validation, Appl. Therm. Eng. 108 (2016) 774–784.
[22] X. Cui, W. Tian, X. Yang, Q. Kong, Y. Chai, L. Jin, Experimental study on a cross-
flow regenerative indirect evaporative cooling system, Energy Proc 152 (2018)
395–400.
[23] T. Morozyuk, G. Tsatsaronis, Advanced cooling tower concept based on the
Maisotsenko-cycle - an exergetic evaluation, Int. J. Energy Clean Environ. 12
(2011) 159–173.
[24] S. Anisimov, A. Kozlov, P. Glanville, M. Khinkis, V. Maisotsenko, J. Shi, Advanced
Cooling Tower Concept for Commercial and Industrial Applications, Proc ASME
2014 Power Conf., vol. 2, Maryland, USA: ASME; 2014, p. V002T10A001 (7pages).
[25] B. Sverdlin, A. Tikhonov, R. Gelfand, Theoretical possibility of the Maisotsenko
cycle application to decrease cold water temperature in cooling towers, Int. J.
Energy Clean Environ. 12 (2011) 175–185.
[26] Z. Zhao, Cooling tower, China Water & Power Press, 2001.