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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF ROOTS OF Musa paradisiaca IN

STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Article in Trends in Food Science & Technology · June 2022

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 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF ROOTS OF Supported by
Musa paradisiaca IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Israel Oghenevwodokohwo Okoro

Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
israelik@yahoo.com

Received: January 25, 2020 Accepted: April 09, 2020

Abstract: Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is used for the management of diabetics amongst other diseases. In this study, a
comparative antihyperglycemic effect of three solvents (different polarity) extracts of the roots was assessed in
streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Six groups of Albino rats (males) were used. Group I: Normal control
rats; Group II: Diabetic control rats; Groups III - V: Diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg of Petroleum ether,
acetone and ethanol extracts, respectively of M. paradisiaca; Group VI: Diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide.
All treatments were administered orally for three weeks. A decrease in body weight and increase in fasting blood
glucose (FBG) levels, alteration of serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels were observed in the
diabetic control rats. However, treatment with the extracts for 3 weeks resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reduction
of FBG level and increased in body weight of the diabetic rats. A significant (p <0.05) improvement was also seen
in the lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density
lipoprotein (LDL)] of the diabetic rats treated with extracts compared with the diabetic control rats. Also, the
renal/hepatic STZ induced oxidative stress in the diabetic rats were reverted to near normality following oral
administration of the extract(s). The results show that the antidiabetic activity of M. paradisiaca with the ethanol
extract showing better effect among all three extracts used.
Keywords: Musa paradisiaca, streptozotocin, antihyperglycemic, glibenclamide, fasting blood glucose

Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-lasting disorder of
metabolism with several etiologies; characterized by
prolonged hyperglycemia and disruptions of carbohydrate,
lipid and protein metabolisms, resulting from total or relative
absence of insulin hormone (Bhutkar and Bhise, 2012). Thus,
DM may be due to inadequate production of insulin (child-
onset DM or type 1) or from the body’s inability to effectively
use insulin (adult on-set DM or type 2) (WHO, 2016); the
type 2 DM is accountable for over 90% of DM cases.
Ineffective production or use of insulin leads to elevated
concentration of plasma glucose. Diabetes is also defined by a
random glucose level ≥ 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol/L) and a
Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L) (Mukwaya et
al., 2016).
DM is well-known as a healthcare emergency triggering
weakened functioning of macro and micro organs. The
pathological variations depend on the gravity and period of
hyperglycemia (Mir et al., 2013). The International diabetes
federation (IDF) and World health organization (WHO) have
predicted an upsurge in the incidence of diabetes, which is
projected to get to 552 million by 2030 (Muhtadi et al., 2015).
DM affects more than 400 million people globally and leads
to annual deaths of about 1.6 million. This figure has also
been projected to double by 2040 (Mukwaya et al., 2016).
Thus, the focus by sundry clinicians and researchers around
the world is on preclusion and management of DM and its
complications (Muhtadi et al., 2015).
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is an essential perennial crop
found in the humid/ sub-humid parts of Asia, Africa, Central
and South America, and it is typically consumed for its energy
yielding food. Reports of its hypoglycemic effects in diabetic
animals have been stated (Eleazu et al., 2010; Ojewole and
Adewunmi, 2003).
Numerous chemical constituents have been isolated and
reported in the literature from M. paradisiaca like
catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin),
numerous flavonoids and allied compounds (Leucocyanidin,
3-O-glucoside, quercetin and its 3-O-galactoside and 3-O-
rhamnosyl glucoside). Acyl steryl glycosides like
sitoindoside-I to sitoindoside-IV and steryl glycosides like
sitosterol gentiobioside, myo-inosityl-β-D-glucoside and
sitosterol (Lakshmi et al., 2014).
Several parts of the plant have been utilized for different
medicinal purposes. In a study by Lakshmi et al (2014) to
assess the antidiabetic potential of M. paradisiaca on
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, they found the ripe fruit
peel and leaves to exhibit anti-diabetic effect. Similarly, its
anti-ulcerogenic (Ikpeazu et al., 2017), anti-microbial
(Kapadia et al., 2015) antioxidant (Shodehinde and Oboh,
2013), antidiabetic and hepatic dysfunction (Ojewole and
Adewunmi, 2003; Eleazu and Okafor, 2015), antimicrobial
(Amutha and Selvakumari, 2016) activities, as well as its
wound healing and hepato-protective properties (Nirmala et
al., 2012; Agarwal et al., 2009) and LD50 of its roots (Emordi
et al., 2014) have been reported. Also M. paradisiaca is used
for the treatment of dysentery, spur, gout, uremia, nephritis
and cardiac disease (Lakshmi et al., 2014). Amongst all the
possible uses of the plant for management and the treatment
of diseases, very little report is found in the literature on the
antidiabetic activity of its roots. Therefore, this study was
aimed at comparatively evaluating the antihyperglycemic
activity of three solvents (different polarity) extracts of the
roots in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods
Drugs and chemicals
Glibenclamide and streptozotocin (STZ) were obtained from
(Sigma-Aldrich Co. USA). All other solvents/ reagents of
analytical ranking were used in the experiments.
Collection, identification and preparation of plant material
Roots of M. paradisiaca were collected from the main campus
of the Delta State University, Abraka and identified at the
Department of Botany of the University. They were washed,
cut into pieces and air dried for two weeks, and powdered
with mortar and pestle. The powder (50 g) was cold macerated
with 200 mL of ethanol, filtered through WhatMan # 1 filtered
paper, and rotary evaporated. This procedure was repeated
using acetone and then petroleum ether. The resultant crude
extracts were used for the study.
Induction of diabetes
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of
streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5)
in overnight fasted rats. Fasting Blood glucose (FBG) level
was estimated after 72 h of STZ administration. Rats showing
fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 250 mg/dl were considered
diabetic and used for the study.

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 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Musa paradisiaca Roots Extracts in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Experimental design
Thirty six male rats (150–180 g) were used and divided into
six groups (n = 6) as follows:
Group-I: Normal control rats.
Group-II: Diabetic control rats.
Group-III: Diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether roots extract of
M. paradisiaca.
Group-IV: Diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Acetone roots extract of
M. paradisiaca.
Group-V: Diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Ethanol roots extract of
M. paradisiaca.
Group-VI: Diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide.
Treatments were carried out for 21 days. The choice of
200mg/kg dosage of M. paradisiaca roots extract was
informed by the results of earlier reports on the LD50 of its
roots (Emordi et al., 2014), found to be 18.84 g/Kg b.wt.
Fasting blood glucose level was taken in the blood from their
tail vein before treating (day 0) at steady intervals of 7th, 14th,
and 21st days, correspondingly in all groups and determined
by methods of Trinder et al. (1969). Also, their body weights
were determined regularly. On 22nd day of experiment, final
weights of the animals were taken and they were sacrificed by
decapitation after overnight fasting. Blood samples (serum)
and organs (liver and kidney) were obtained and used for the
biochemical assays.
Biochemical assays
The Biochemical parameters were determined using standard
protocols: total cholesterol (Lorke, 1983), triglycerides (Frode
and Medeiros, 2008), HDLcholesterol (Kunst et al., 1984) and
LDL-cholesterol (Kunst et al., 1984), Lipid peroxidation
(Buege and Aust, 1978), Catalase (Aebi, 1974), Superoxide
dismutase (McCord and Fridovich, 1969). While [Alaninine
aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] (King, 1965a, 1965b), total
proteins (Lowry et al., 1951), urea (Natelson et al., 1951) and
creatinine (Brod and Sirota, 1948).
Statistical analysis
Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and A p-value of <0.05 was statistically considered
significant in comparison.
Results and Discussion
Shown in Fig. 1 are the results of the effects of roots extracts
of M. paradisiaca on body weights of STZ-induced diabetic
rats. A significant (p < 0.05) steady decrease in weight was
seen in the diabetic control group relative to the normal
control group. On the other hand, an appreciable and
significant (p <0.05) increase in weights were observed in the
normal control group, the standard control group and the
extract treated groups at day 21 when compared with day 0 of
the experiment.
250
VI
V
B o d y W e ig h t ( g )
200
IV
150
III
II
100
I
50
0
4
1
0
D ay
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6)
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Where: I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic
rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat
+ 200 mg/kg acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200
mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg
glibenclamide
Fig. 1: Effects of different roots extracts of M. paradisiaca
on body weights of STZ-induced diabetic rats
400
VI
B lo o d g lu c o s e ( m g /d L )
V
300
IV
III
200
II
I
100
0
0 7
1
4
2
1
D ay
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6)
Where: I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III=
diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca;
IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg acetone extract of M.
paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of
M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide
Fig. 2: Effects of different roots extracts of M. paradisiaca
on fasting blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic
rats
The results for the effects of different roots extracts of M.
paradisiaca on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of STZ-
induced diabetic rats are shown in Fig. 2. After seven days of
treatment with either extracts of the plant or the reference
drug, significant (p <0.05) decrease in FBG were observed.
The decrease in FBG in these groups (III – VI) was also seen
after 14 days of treatment, with even further decrease
observed after 21 days of treatment. Comparatively, the
highest decrease in FBG level was noticed in the ethanol
extract treated group among the plant extracts. However, a
significant (p <0.05) increase in FBG level was observed in
the diabetic control group in week 1 and 2 when compared
with week 0 of the experiment.
The Lipid profile results of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated
for 21 days with root extracts of M. paradisiaca are shown in
Table 1. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher values were observed
in the total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL of the
diabetic control group when compared with the normal
control ones. On the other hand, significantly lower (p < 0.05)
value of HDL was seen in the same diabetic control group,
relative to the normal control group. Contrary to the lipid
profile values obtained for the diabetic control, there was
noticeable improvement in the lipid profile parameters in the
roots extracts treated groups as well as the reference drug
treated group. Among the extracts treated groups, the best
values closed to the normal control were seen in the ethanol
extract treated group.
510
 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Musa paradisiaca Roots Extracts in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Table 1: Effects of different roots extracts of M. paradisiaca on lipid profile of STZ-induced diabetic rats after 21 days
Parameter I II III IV V VI
TC(mg/dL) 70.26±4.50a 128.90±3.75b 118.29±3.51c 102.13±6.00d 87.02±5.95e 75.11±2.63a
TG(mg/dL) 70.89±2.75a 191.17±9.82b 161.47±7.30c 124.61±5.22d 80.33±6.67a 71.10±2.40a
HDL(mg/dL) 39.98±3.26a 17.18±1.28b 19.76±1.48b 24.68±1.39c 29.64±2.16c 33.27±1.97a
LDL(mg/dL) 16.10±2.96a 73.49±5.25b 66.24±4.74b 52.53±6.41c 41.31±7.97d 27.62±1.88e
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6). **Across rows, values with dissimilar superscripts differs statistically (P<0.05).
I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg
acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide

Table 2: Effects of different roots extracts of M. paradisiaca on liver function parameters of STZ-induced diabetic rats
after 21 days
Parameter I II III IV V VI
ALP(UI/L) 89.42±3.46a 207.12±3.53b 174.25±6.84c 123.43±4.86d 98.47±3.77e 91.60±1.18ae
AST(UI/L) 42.15±1.83a 102.17±5.82b 86.09±3.30c 59.53±1.89d 56.23±2.46de 50.47±1.53e
a b c
ALT(UI/L) 32.66±1.86 96.24±4.29 82.89±4.37 57.31±3.21d 38.63±3.38a 33.73±2.09a
Total Protein(mg/dL) 7.90±0.49a 6.51±0.82a 7.22±0.34a 7.41±0.36a 7.72±0.48a 7.73±0.51a
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6). **Across rows, values with dissimilar superscripts differs statistically (P<0.05)
I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg
acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide

Results for the liver function parameters of STZ-induced
diabetic rats after 21 days treatment with different roots
extracts of M. paradisiaca are shown in Table 2. There was no
significant difference in the total protein parameters among
the groups (I – VI). However, significantly (p < 0.05) higher
values were seen in the ALP, AST and ALT parameters for
the diabetic control rats when compared with the normal
control group. Also, values close to the normal control group
were observed in the ethanol and reference drug treated
groups. Thus, treatment with either extract or the reference
drug prevented the STZ induced increase in the liver marker
enzymes.
The results of effects of different roots extracts of M.
paradisiaca on kidney function parameters of STZ-induced
diabetic rats after 21 days treatment are shown in Table 3.
Significantly (p <0.05) higher values for Creatinine and Urea
were observed in the diabetic control group relative to the
normal control rats. However, treatment with either extracts or
the reference drug for 21 days caused a reversal of these
parameters values to near normal level.

Table 3: Effects of Different Roots Extracts of M. paradisiaca on Kidney Function Parameters of STZ-Induced Diabetic
Rats after 21 days
Parameter I II III IV V VI
Creatinine 0.65±0.01a 0.93±0.01b 0.83±0.01c 0.74±0.02d 0.72±0.01de 0.68±0.01a
Urea 3.10±0.43a 8.24±0.50b 6.15±0.48c 4.66±0.42d 3.40±0.19a 3.26±0.28a
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6). **Across rows, values with dissimilar superscripts differs statistically (P<0.05)
I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg
acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide.

Table 4 (a): Effects of Different Roots Extracts of M. paradisiaca on Liver markers of oxidative stress in STZ-induced
Diabetic Rats after 21 days
Parameter I II III IV V VI
LPO(nM/mg protein) 3.44±0.25a 8.13±0.68b 6.10±0.61c 5.43±0.62cd 4.82±0.57d 3.96±0.69ad
SOD(units /mg protein) 29.72±1.56a 13.91±0.48b 14.43±1.23b 19.10±1.14c 25.45±2.01a 28.22±1.13a
CAT(units/mg protein) 17.02±1.00a 7.95±0.67b 10.40±0.54c 12.67±0.65d 14.88±0.80ad 16.12±0.90a
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6). **Across rows, values with dissimilar superscripts differs statistically (P<0.05)
I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg
acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide

Table 4 (b): Effects of Different Roots Extracts of M. paradisiaca on Kidney markers of oxidative stress in STZ-induced
Diabetic Rats after 21 days
Parameter I II III IV V VI
LPO(nM/mg protein) 2.82±0.41a 6.61±0.56b 5.20±0.41c 4.17±0.36d 3.42±0.48ad 3.08±0.59ad
SOD(units /mg protein) 26.90±1.02a 12.60±0.85b 11.77±1.21b 16.50±0.86c 21.22±0.75d 25.18±0.72a
CAT(units/mg protein) 14.15±1.14a 6.18±0.75b 7.36±0.73c 9.53±1.01c 11.41±0.62d 13.47±0.50a
*Values are stated as mean ± SD (n=6). **Across rows, values with dissimilar superscripts differs statistically (P<0.05)
I=normal control rats; II= diabetic control rats; III= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg Pet. ether extract of M. paradisiaca; IV= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg
acetone extract of M. paradisiaca; V= diabetic rat + 200 mg/kg ethanol extract of M. paradisiaca; VI= diabetic rat + 600 μg/kg glibenclamide

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e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; August, 2020: Vol. 5 No. 2 pp. 509 – 514 511
 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Musa paradisiaca Roots Extracts in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Shown in Table 4 are results for the effects of treatment of
STZ-induced diabetic rats with different roots extracts of M.
paradisiaca on liver and kidney markers of oxidative stress
after 21 days. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher LPO values
were noticed in the diabetic control group when compared to
the normal control group for both organs. While significantly
(p < 0.05) lower values for SOD and CAT were seen in the
diabetic control group relative to the normal control rats.
However, a reversal to near normal of the STZ induced
increase in LPO and decrease in SOD and CAT were seen in
the extract treated groups and reference drug treated group
when compared with the diabetic control group.
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by a
metabolic condition that affects carbohydrate, protein and fat
metabolism intricate by multi-organ weakening as the disease
progresses (Gao et al., 2012). Medicinal plant, as a basis of
alternative medicine has potentiality for new drug discovery
due to diversity of its active compounds (Sasidharan et al.,
2011). Although the medicinal value of plantain (Musa
paradisiaca) for the management of diabetics and other
diseases has been widely reported. However, very little
information is found in the literature on the antidiabetic
activity of its roots. In this study, the comparative
antihyperglycemic effects of three solvents (different polarity)
roots extracts were assessed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
diabetic rats.
Streptozotocin is generally used to induce experimental
diabetes, which normally involves lipid disturbance and
weight lost (Dzeufiet et al., 2006). During the development of
DM, a reduction in body weight happens due to lack of energy
and the cellular catabolic progression characterized by
glycogenolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis. In this study, the
diabetic rats demonstrated a significant reduction in body
weight gain when equated with the normal control rats during
the experimental period. The weight reduction might be due to
protein wasting occasioned by unavailability of carbohydrates
as source of energy initiated by the want of insulin following
STZ injection (Gao et al., 2012). However, the administration
of roots extracts of M. paradisiaca caused significant increase
in body weight of the diabetic rats. The improvement of body
weight may be due to decrease in protein breakdown and
peripheral glucose using properties of the extracts (Neto et al.,
2013).
The efficacy of antidiabetic agents for diabetes management is
usually adjudged with measurement of body glucose levels.
During DM, large expanse of glucose amasses and is
intensively used by insulin-free cells through glycolysis and
the Krebs cycle, thereby increasing the work of mitochondria
electron transport chain with extra superoxide anion radical’s
formation (Kahn, 2014). In this study, STZ injection led to
steady increase in FBG level of the diabetic rats. However,
continuous treatment of the diabetic rats for 21 days led to
significant reduction in FBG level of the rats. The decrease in
FBG became obvious after 14 days of treatment, with even
further decrease observed after 21 days of treatment.
Comparatively, the highest decrease in FBG was noticed in
the ethanol extract treated group among the plant extracts.
The hypoglycemic result seen in this study supports the
reports of Mallick et al., 2006 and Mallick et al., 2007. Also,
Kumar et al. (2012) reported a dose dependent reduction of
blood glucose in diabetic and normal mice following
treatment with methanolic extracts of fruit of M. paradisiaca.
Several phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids,
polysaccharides, glycosides/sterosids/terpenoids, saponins and
proteins) are known to possess antidiabetic action (Lamba et
al., 2000). And the presence of these phytoconstituents has
been reported for M. paradisiaca (Lakshmi et al., 2014;
Akpabio et al., 2012; Akpuaka and Ezem, 2011). Thus, the
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e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; August, 2020: Vol. 5 No. 2 pp. 509 – 514
antidiabetic activity of the extracts may be due to the actions
of the phytoconstituents.
It is well-known that dyslipidemia which leads to vascular
complications is usually associated with diabetes mellitus.
This dyslipidemia may be due to deficiency of lipoprotein
lipase activity which contributes to significant rise of
triglycerides in the diabetes. The lipid profile irregularities in
diabetes include raised levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Low
Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TG), and
decreased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels (Peng et
al., 2017; Yang and Kang, 2018). In this study, significantly
higher values of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL
were observed for the STZ-induced diabetic rats when
compared with the normal control group, while lower value of
HDL was noticed in the same diabetic control relative to the
normal control group. This observation agrees with the report
of Mitra et al., 1995 and Reitman and Frankel, 1975 that in
STZ-induced diabetes, the rise in blood glucose is generally
complemented by a decrease in plasma HDL and an increase
in cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. Contrary to the lipid
profile values obtained for the diabetic control, there was
noticeable improvement in the lipid profile parameters in the
roots extracts treated groups as well as the reference drug
treated group. Among the extracts treated groups, the best
values closed to the normal control were seen in the ethanol
extract treated group. This observation is in agreement with
previous reports by Mallick et al. (2007) and Lakshmi et al.
(2014).
An increase in biomarker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase,
alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in
the bloodstream is a sign of hepatocellular damage showing
that these enzymes have escaped into the bloodstream
(Jaeschkle et al., 2002). The AST enzyme is located in a
diversity of tissues like the liver, brain and heart, while the
ALT is typically found at elevated proportions in the liver.
Whenever it is found in the blood, it is generally due to liver
damage (Zhang et al., 2015). In this study, higher values of
the liver marker enzymes (ALP, AST and ALT) were seen in
the diabetic control rats when compared with the normal
control group. However, treatment of the STZ induced
diabetic rats for 21 days led to normalization of levels of the
marker enzymes. Thus, treatment with either extract or the
reference drug brought the levels of the enzymes close to the
normal control group with the ethanol and reference drug
treated groups displaying the best hepatoprotective effects
overall.
Serum total protein suggests the synthetic role of the liver
(Braunwald et al., 2001). In this study, the levels of serum
total protein were generally not significant among all
experimental group. Thus, implying that the extract did not
affect the protein synthetic capability of the liver.
STZ-induced diabetes is normally characterized with increase
level of the serum creatinine and urea which is considered as
important renal markers of dysfunction. Urea and creatinine
are byproducts of body metabolism, commonly excreted in
kidney (Nain et al., 2012). In this study, significantly higher
values for Creatinine and Urea were observed in the diabetic
control rats relative to the normal control rats. However,
treatment with either extracts or the reference drug for 21 days
caused a reversal of the parameter values to near normal level.
STZ-induced diabetes was characterized by augmented
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), involved in
etiology of some diabetic problems like hepatic damage and
diabetic nephropathy (Cheng et al., 2013). Oxidative stress
can result from insufficient glycemic control with abnormal
rise in glucose levels. Clinical evidence has shown that
diabetes is directly correlated with oxidative stress, leading to
amplified generation of free radicals or decrease in the
antioxidant defense systems (Susztak et al., 2006). MDA is
512
 Antihyperglycemic Activity of Musa paradisiaca Roots Extracts in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
believed to be an effective biomarker of the process of lipid
peroxidation. In this experiment, a significantly higher LPO
values were noticed in the diabetic control group when
compared to the normal control group for both organs. The
raised lipid peroxidation seen in the diabetic rats may be
ascribed to increased production of ROS, leading to oxidative
stress (Ilhan et al., 2001). Also, this observation is consistent
with previous findings that revealed raised plasma and tissue
MDA levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Nakhaee et al.,
2009). Pancreatic β-cells are extremely prone to damage and
oxidative stress as they express small antioxidant enzymes
levels. STZ may harm pancreatic tissue by imposition of
oxidative stress, with subsequent induction of apoptosis in the
pancreatic cells (Manna et al., 2009). Treatment of the STZ-
induced diabetic rats with roots extracts of M. paradisiaca for
21 days led to a reversal of the STZ induced lipid
peroxidation. The diminished level of LPO noticed in the
treated diabetic rats denotes melioration in defense
mechanisms of the enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic
antioxidants (Saddala et al., 2013). Also in this study,
significantly lower values for SOD and CAT were seen in the
diabetic control rats relative to the normal control rats.
However, a reversal to near normal of the STZ induced
decrease in SOD and CAT were seen in the extract treated
groups and reference drug treated group when compared with
the diabetic control group. This observation is in concord with
earlier reported antioxidant ability of M. paradisiaca (Kalita
et al., 2016).
Comparatively, the ethanol extracts exhibited better
antidiabetic activity among the extracts used for this
experiment. This is in concord with earlier report by Lakshmi
et al. (2014), who reported that the ethanolic extract of M.
paradisiaca showed hopeful antidiabetic effect in STZ model.
Conclusion
The study shows that the antidiabetic activity of the roots
extracts of M. paradisiaca in STZ induced diabetic rats with
the ethanol extract demonstrating more antidiabetic activity
than the rest extracts. Thus, corroborating the earlier reports
on the antidiabetic effects of the plant.
Conflict of Interest
Author declares that there is no conflict of interest reported in
this work.
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