ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE.

CASE STUDY OF ……….

BY

ZANGA PHEE NDAPITA

(BBA/22/BT/ME/002)

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO EXPLOITS UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR’S
DEGREE IN …………………………

2023
DECLARATION

I, _, hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work

which has been done after registration for the Bachelors Degree in ………………. at Exploits
University and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for a degree,
diploma or other qualifications. Where work that form part of other research papers or any
source, proper citation was included. I accept responsibility for the conduct of the procedures
that might be found to be contrary to the provided guidelines.

(Name of Candidate)

Signature:

Date:
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

I hereby declare that this dissertation according to my knowledge is the student’s own work
and effort and it has been acknowledged where other sources of information were used. This
dissertation has been submitted with my approval as a supervisor.

NAME OF SUPERVISOR : MCFIGHT NGALANDE

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DATE OF APPROVAL :
DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Outline all the persons who have assisted you. You should include details regarding how they
helped you. Always acknowledge your sponsors and respondents. A paragraph is enough for
this section.
Example

First and foremost, I praise God for my life and good health throughout the process leading to
production of this dissertation. I sincerely thank (sponsor, if any) for the scholarship they
offered me. I am also grateful to my supervisor for providing timely guidance whenever I was
stuck right from development of my research proposal to the final stage despite having a tight
schedule. Finally, I extend my appreciation to (data source) for the data that they provided for
this study. Without contributions of the mentioned persons, this dissertation would have been
a big challenge to me and even too difficult to complete. I say, thank you.
 ABSTRACT

An abstract is a short summary of your study whose length is a maximum of page in one paragraph. Your
abstract must not have sub-headings, bullets or references. The abstract must summarize the following points.

• A brief overview of the topic and research problem.

• The aim of the study

• Research methodology that was used including sample size, sampling technique, data collection tools,
response rate and data analysis techniques.

• Key findings of the study

• Main recommendation/s of the study

• At the end of the abstract there must be key words.

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 Introduction

Flyovers are commonly used to improve traffic flow and pedestrian safety, particularly in busy intersections and
highways Smith and Johnson (2017). In the case of Chipembere Highway, the construction of flyovers has been
implemented to enhance road safety and decrease traffic congestion. However, it is essential to understand the
perception of pedestrians towards the usage of flyovers to evaluate their overall effectiveness. This research
aims to explore pedestrians’ perception and usage patterns of the flyovers along Chipembere Highway in
Blantyre City, Malawi.

The perception of pedestrians and the usage of flyovers along Chipembere Highway is an important area of
research due to the growing concerns over pedestrian safety and the effectiveness of flyovers in reducing
accidents and improving traffic flow. Chipembere Highway is a major road in the city, and with the increasing
number of vehicles and pedestrians using it, it is essential to understand how pedestrians perceive the use of
flyovers and whether they find them convenient and safe.

One aspect of this research would involve studying the attitudes and opinions of pedestrians towards the usage
of flyovers. This can be done through surveys and interviews, where pedestrians can be asked about their
perception of the safety and convenience of using flyovers. The study can also explore whether there are any
specific factors that influence pedestrians' decisions to use or avoid flyovers, such as the presence of escalators
or elevators, lighting, or the distance one must travel to access the flyover.

Another important aspect of the research was to examine the behavior of pedestrians at flyovers. Observational
studies can be conducted to assess whether pedestrians are following the designated pedestrian routes, adhering
to traffic signals, or crossing the road safely. This would provide insights into whether the presence of flyovers
is effectively directing and guiding pedestrians, or if there are any shortcomings in terms of pedestrian behaviors
and safety.

The construction of flyovers along this highway was expected to enhance pedestrian safety and improve traffic
flow. However, understanding the perception of pedestrians towards these flyovers and their actual usage is
crucial for assessing their effectiveness and identifying potential areas of improvement.

1.3 RESEARCH BACKGROUNDBackground to the Study

Urban infrastructure, especially transportation networks, plays a pivotal role in shaping the dynamics of modern
cities. Chipembere Highway stands as a vital lifeline in urban landscape, connecting neighborhoods, commerce,
and essential services.
However, the ever-increasing traffic on this route has given rise to a significant concern: the safety and
accessibility of pedestrians who navigate its busy lanes. Chipembere Highway, a symbol of urban growth and
activity, has witnessed a dramatic surge in vehicular traffic over recent years. While this growth reflects the
vitality of the commercial city of Blantyre, it also poses challenges for pedestrians seeking to cross this busy
road safely. In response to these concerns, city authorities have introduced a solution: the construction of
pedestrian flyovers at strategic locations along the highway.

The research on the "Perception of Pedestrians and Usage of Flyovers along Chipembere Highway" aims to
investigate the attitudes, behaviors, and preferences of pedestrians regarding the utilization of flyovers on
Chipembere Highway. This study is essential for the understanding and the effectiveness of these infrastructure
developments and their impact on pedestrian safety and convenience.

Chipembere Highway, a vital transportation route in the region, has witnessed significant changes with the
introduction of flyovers. These elevated walkways are intended to facilitate safer and more efficient pedestrian
movement across busy roadways. However, the success of these structures depends on various factors related to
pedestrian perception and usage.

This research will contribute valuable insights into optimizing urban planning and transportation infrastructure,
ensuring that flyovers effectively cater to the needs and preferences of pedestrians. The findings of this study
can inform future developments and policies aimed at enhancing both pedestrian safety and convenience along
Chipembere Highway.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 Statement of Research Problem

In urban areas with increasing traffic congestion and a growing need for pedestrian safety, the perception of
pedestrians and their utilization of flyovers along Chipembere Highway present a complex and a lot of
challenges. This study aims to investigate the knowledge and the barriers and factors influencing pedestrians'
decisions regarding the use of flyovers for crossing Chipembere Highway, with the goal of identifying areas for
improvement in pedestrian safety and flyover utilization.
Chipembere Highway, a vital urban thoroughfare, is marred by high traffic volumes, leading to concerns about
pedestrian safety. Despite the presence of flyovers designed to facilitate safe pedestrian crossings, there is a
noticeable discrepancy in their usage. This issue demands a comprehensive examination of the following key
aspects such knowledge of pedestrian on usage of flyovers, barriers faced by them not to use flyovers and
understanding the factors that influences their decision either to use the facilities.

Ultimately, addressing the challenges posed by pedestrian perception and flyover usage is essential for creating
a more efficient and safer transportation network in the area, fostering sustainable urban development, and
improving the quality of life for all residents and commuters.

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4 MAIN OBJECTIVE.1 Main Objective

The main objective of the study was to investigate the perception of pedestrians towards the usage of flyovers
along Chipembere Highway.

1:4.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES2 Specific Objectives

1. To assess the general awareness and knowledge of pedestrians regarding the purpose and benefits of
flyovers.
2. To determine the factors influencing pedestrians' decision to use or avoid using flyovers.
3. To identify potential barriers to the usage of flyovers.1.4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.5 Research Questions

The following were research questions that helped the researcher to meet the research objectives for this study.

1. What is the general awareness and knowledge of pedestrians on purpose and benefits of flyovers?
2. Which factors influence pedestrians' decision to use or avoid use of flyovers?
3. What barriers are faced by pedestrians to the usage of flyovers?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY1.6 Significance of the Study

This study helped in addressing pedestrian safety, a fundamental aspect of urban living. As traffic volumes
increase, so do the risks to pedestrians crossing busy roads like Chipembere Highway. Understanding how
pedestrians perceived and used flyovers as a means of crossing this road is crucial for reducing accidents and
fatalities.

Moreover, this research had the potential to reduce traffic congestion along Chipembere Highway. This study
helped difference stakeholders in providing knowledge and awareness and put in place good strategies on how
best pedestrian can use the flyovers. This reduced the congestions on the road and reduce accidents.

Additionally, the study had implications for urban planning and infrastructure development. By pinpointing
areas where flyovers could be more accessible and user-friendly, it informs decisions on public investment. This
optimization enhanced the urban landscape, making it more navigable for all residents.

Furthermore, the study provided valuable behavioral insights. Understanding the attitudes and behaviors of
pedestrians in urban settings can inform public awareness campaigns and educational efforts. Promoting safer
pedestrian practices contributed to a culture of road safety and civility.

This research also contributed to the broader goal of enhancing urban livability. By improving pedestrian safety
and mobility, the study made cities more inviting places to live, work, and visit. This, in turn, had economic
benefits, as businesses thrive in areas where residents feel safe and can easily access their services.

The results of this study provided valuable insights into the complex dynamics between pedestrians and flyovers
along Chipembere Highway. Findings also informed urban planning and policy decisions aimed at enhancing
pedestrian safety, increasing flyover utilization, and improving overall traffic flow and safety along this critical
urban corrido.

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

1.7 Study Limitations

Sampling Bias the sample used for the study was not representative of the entire pedestrian in Malawi as a
result the findings could not accurately reflect the perceptions and behaviors of all pedestrians. In addition,
participants could not provide honest or accurate responses, which lead to a bias in the data. This happened
because pedestrians feel uncomfortable sharing their true perceptions or habits.
Weather conditions also significantly affect pedestrian behavior and perceptions of flyovers. Failing to account
for seasonal variations was a limitation. Temporal limitations on perceptions and behaviors of pedestrians
changed over time due to factors like weather, seasons, or local events.

1.8 Chapter Summary

This chapter introduced the research on the perception and usage of flyovers along Chipembere Highway in
Blantyre City, Malawi. It outlined the significance of understanding pedestrians' views and behaviors in the
context of increasing traffic and the construction of flyovers. The main objective was to investigate pedestrians'
perception of using flyovers, with specific objectives and research questions outlined. The background
emphasized the role of urban infrastructure, particularly Chipembere Highway, and highlighted the challenges
faced by pedestrians in the growing traffic. The introduction of flyovers is presented as a solution to enhance
pedestrian safety and convenience. The problem statement addressed the complex issues surrounding pedestrian
perception and flyover usage, emphasizing the need for improvement.

The main objective is stated as investigating pedestrians' perception, followed by specific objectives and
research questions focusing on awareness, influencing factors, and barriers to flyover usage. The significance of
the study is discussed, highlighting its contribution to pedestrian safety, reduction of traffic congestion,
implications for urban planning, and behavioral insights.

Lastly, the limitations of the study are acknowledged, including sampling bias and the influence of weather
conditions on pedestrian behavior. Chapter One sets the stage for the detailed exploration of pedestrians'
attitudes and behaviors in subsequent chapters.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
 Urbanization and the rapid growth of cities have led to an increasing need for efficient transportation
infrastructure. Flyovers, often seen as a solution to traffic congestion, play a vital role in urban mobility.
However, understanding how pedestrians perceive and utilize these structures is equally essential for urban
planners and policymakers. This literature review examines existing research on the perception of pedestrians
and their usage of flyovers along Chipembere Highway, shedding light on crucial factors influencing
pedestrian behavior.

2.2 Definitions and Explanations of Terms

2.2.1 Flyover Infrastructure and Design

The design and infrastructure of flyovers are critical components that can either facilitate or hinder pedestrian
accessibility and safety. Well-designed flyovers consider the needs of pedestrians by including features such as
sidewalks, handrails, and adequate lighting, (Yan, and Wei,. (2017). Flyovers that integrate these elements
effectively contribute to a positive pedestrian experience, promoting their use as a viable transportation option
(Zhang, . (2021). This section explores examples of best practices and case studies where well-designed
flyovers have positively impacted pedestrian perception and usage.

Challenges related to flyover usage often revolve around safety concerns, inadequate design, and limited
accessibility. Gupta A, (2016) proposed several solutions, including the incorporation of pedestrian-friendly
design features such as elevators, clear signage, and improved lighting. Addressing these challenges is essential
to ensure that flyovers effectively serve the needs of both pedestrians and motorists.

Pedestrian perception is a complex interplay of environmental, social, and psychological factors (Patel, (2018).
Studies in urban planning and psychology have revealed that the design and aesthetics of flyovers significantly
impact how pedestrians perceive them. According to Smith (2019) emphasized that well-lit and visually
appealing flyovers tend to evoke positive perceptions among pedestrians. This suggests that urban planners
should consider aesthetics as a crucial factor in flyover design to encourage their use.

2.2.2 Urban Planning

Urban environments exert a significant influence on pedestrian behavior. The Urban Planning Institute (2017)
stressed that cohesive urban planning, which integrates flyovers seamlessly into the surrounding landscape,
promotes pedestrian comfort and safety. The presence of amenities such as benches, green spaces, and adequate
lighting in the vicinity of flyovers can enhance their appeal to pedestrians.

Urban environments also have a significant impact on pedestrian perception and behavior. Studies by the Urban
Planning Institute (2017) stress the importance of cohesive urban planning that integrates flyovers seamlessly
into the surrounding urban landscape, promoting pedestrian comfort and safety.

2.63 Theoretical Framework Explanation

The Theory of Planned Behavior Ajzen, I. (2011). serves as a robust conceptual framework for dissecting the
intricate web of factors that influence individuals’ intentions and behaviors. In the specific context of this
research, focusing on pedestrian behavior along Chipembere Highway, the theoretical lens allows for a nuanced
exploration of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Attitudes, within this framework, encapsulate pedestrians’ personal evaluations of using flyovers along
Chipembere Highway. This involves a comprehensive consideration of factors such as perceived safety,
convenience, and the overall benefits associated with utilizing these elevated walkways. Positive attitudes are
posited to serve as catalysts, augmenting the intention to use flyovers among pedestrians.

Subjective norms, another pivotal aspect of the theory, delve into the influence of social and peer groups on
individuals’ decisions to use flyovers. It probes whether pedestrians perceive significant others, be it friends,
family, or local authorities, to expect them to utilize these elevated walkways. The sway of social pressure
emerges as a key determinant shaping pedestrians’ intentions and subsequent behaviors.

Perceived behavioral control, the third cornerstone of the Theory of Planned Behavior, pertains to the perceived
ease or difficulty associated with using flyovers. Factors such as physical accessibility, the quality of pedestrian
infrastructure, and personal capabilities come into play here. A heightened perception of control amplifies the
likelihood of pedestrians forming an intention to use flyovers.

Central to the theoretical framework is the notion of intention, a focal point that integrates attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control. Pedestrians’ intentions to use flyovers are shaped by these interplaying
factors, serving as a pivotal precursor to actual behavior. A robust intention, therefore, serves as a harbinger for
a greater likelihood of pedestrians engaging in the desired behavior of using flyovers.

Ultimately, the behavior of interest in this research is the tangible usage of flyovers along Chipembere
Highway. This behavior is intricately woven into the fabric of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral
control, and the formed intention to use flyovers. The Theory of Planned Behavior, when applied to this specific
context, systematically unravels the dynamics of how pedestrians’ perceptions of safety, convenience, social
influences, and their perceived control collectively contribute to both their intention and the tangible behavior of
using these elevated walkways.

In the pursuit of enhancing pedestrian behaviors and safety along Chipembere Highway, this theoretical
framework provides not only a systematic lens but also a structured foundation for intervention and potential
improvements. The comprehension of these psychological underpinnings aids in crafting targeted strategies that
can effectively influence and guide pedestrian behavior towards safer practices on Chipembere Highway

3.4 Empirical Literature Review and Other Related Studies

2.4.1 Perceptions of Pedestrians

Studies on pedestrian perception in urban environments have indicated that factors such as safety, aesthetics,
and accessibility play a crucial role in how pedestrians perceive flyovers. Research by Smith (2019) emphasized
the significance of well-illuminated and aesthetically pleasing flyovers in positively influencing pedestrians'
perception.

Previous research on the perception and usage of flyovers focused on various factors, including pedestrian
safety, convenience, and accessibility. A study by Smith and Johnson (2017) found that the perception of
pedestrians towards the use of flyovers is generally positive, as they provide a safe and efficient means of
crossing busy roads. Additionally, flyovers have been found to reduce the risk of accidents involving
pedestrians (Jansen, . {2017)

However, other studies have noted potential barriers to the usage of flyovers. For instance, Mitchell et al. (2018)
found that pedestrians often prefer using at-grade crossings due to their convenience and familiarity. This
indicates that individuals may be hesitant to adopt flyovers as a means of crossing roads.

Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate pedestrians' perception of flyovers and their overall
effectiveness in terms of safety and convenience. A study by (Smith and Roberts, (2018) found that pedestrians
generally perceive flyovers as safer than crossing the road at intersections. Participants believed that flyovers
reduced the chances of accidents and provided a more efficient way to cross high-traffic roads. However, some
individuals had concerns about the inconvenience of using flyovers, such as longer walking distances.

The actual usage of flyovers by pedestrians has also been examined in several studies. Research conducted by
Brown et al. (2017) found that the availability and convenience of flyovers influenced pedestrians' decision to
use them. Factors such as proximity, accessibility, and direct access to desired destinations affected the
likelihood of utilizing flyovers. Additionally, the presence of well-maintained walkways, proper lighting, and
clear signage were reported to positively impact flyover usage.

Furthermore, Jansen et al. (2019) investigated the effectiveness of various interventions to improve flyover
usage. They found that significant improvements in usage were observed when interventions such as
educational programs, increased safety measures, and better integration with surrounding infrastructure were
implemented. These findings suggest the importance of considering pedestrian needs and infrastructure
maintenance when planning and designing flyovers.

Previous research on the usage patterns of flyovers suggests that factors like distance to the nearest crosswalk,
traffic flow, and pedestrian volume can affect pedestrians' decisions to use flyovers. Johnson et al. (2020) found
that increased pedestrian traffic and shorter wait times for crossing at flyovers contributed to higher utilization
rates.

While specific studies on Chipembere Highway may be limited, research on similar urban highways and
pedestrian infrastructure can provide valuable insights. For instance, a study by (Patel, . (2018) on a comparable
urban highway highlighted the need for improved signage and pedestrian-friendly design to encourage flyover
usage.

2.2.4 Factors Influencing Flyover Usage

Challenges related to flyover usage often revolve around safety concerns, inadequate design, and limited
accessibility. Solutions proposed in the literature include implementing pedestrian-friendly design features such
as elevators, clear signage, and improved lighting (Gupta, . (2016).

The usage patterns of flyovers have been explored in various urban contexts. Johnson et al. (2020) found that
pedestrians are more likely to use flyovers when they offer a convenient alternative to at-grade crossings.
Factors such as distance to the nearest crosswalk, traffic flow, and pedestrian volume also influence usage rates.
Moreover, shorter waiting times for crossing at flyovers have been linked to increased usage.

2..4 Conceptual Framework

 Social-demographic profile

Social-demographic profile

Lifestyle: factors influencing the use or avoid

General knowledge and awareness Flyovers

Built Environment

Objective Features

Perception
Barriers faced by pedestrians. Barriers faced by pedestrians.

2.7 The conceptual framework 2.6. Chapter Summary

In conclusion, this literature review has highlighted the significance of understanding how pedestrians perceive
and utilize flyovers within urban environments, with a specific focus on Chipembere Highway. It is evident that
well-designed flyovers, incorporating features like sidewalks, handrails, proper lighting, and aesthetics, can
positively influence pedestrian behaviour and promote their use as a viable transportation option. Urban
planning plays a crucial role in creating cohesive environments that integrate flyovers seamlessly, enhancing
pedestrian comfort and safety.

While the perception of pedestrians toward flyovers generally leans positively due to the safety and efficiency
they offer, there are still barriers to their usage, such as concerns about inconvenience and familiarity with at-
grade crossings. Factors influencing flyover usage include proximity to crosswalks, traffic flow, pedestrian
volume, and waiting times for crossing.

To address these challenges and encourage greater flyover usage, it is imperative for urban planners and
policymakers to consider pedestrian needs, implement pedestrian-friendly design features, improve signage, and
ensure adequate lighting. Additionally, interventions such as educational programs and better integration with
surrounding infrastructure have proven effective in increasing flyover utilization. Future research in the context
of Chipembere Highway should build upon these insights to create a safer, more accessible, and pedestrian-
friendly urban environment.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Research methodology is the systematic framework employed to gather, analyze, and interpret data in a
structured manner, ensuring the reliability and validity of research outcomes (Smith, 2018; Kumar, 2014). This
chapter delineates the chosen methodological approach, detailing the research design, data collection methods,
and analytical techniques employed to address the research questions and objectives. By understanding the
intricacies of the chosen methodology, readers gain insights into the rigor and integrity of the study's findings
Creswell, (2014).

3.1. Participants and Location of the Study

The study participants comprised individuals aged 17 years and above, encompassing a diverse range of regular
and occasional pedestrians along Chipembere Highway in Blantyre, Malawi. A total of 72 pedestrians were
selected using random and stratified sampling based on various demographic factors, including age, gender,
socioeconomic status, and the frequency of highway use. This approach aimed to capture a full range of
perspectives, ensuring a nuanced understanding of pedestrians' perceptions and behaviors regarding the
utilization of flyovers.

The research location, Chipembere Highway in Blantyre city, Malawi, was strategically chosen due to its
significance as a busy urban road. This area featured two functional flyover facilities at Chichiri (independence
ark) and Queens Elizabeth hospital, making it an ideal setting to explore the dynamics of pedestrian interaction
with such infrastructure. Additionally, the accessibility of the location facilitated the research process, enabling
efficient engagement with the study participants.

3.1 Research Design and Methods

To investigate the perception of the pedestrians and usage pattern of flyovers along Chipembere highway,
qualitative approach was used. Stratified sampling based on demographic was chosen to ensure representative
insights. Research philosophy based in the research aligned with a pragmatic approach where it emphasized on
 practicality and the belief that research should have real world applications. By designing a proper interview
guide helped in coming up with findings.

3.4. Sampling

Sample Size Determination

The sample size of 14 participants was determined by data saturation.

3.4.2 Recruitment of Study participants

The study used random and stratified sampling in which the pedestrians along Chipembere Highway had equal
chance of being included in the study. In addition to that the respondents were also grouped according to their
age, gender, and the frequency of the use of Highway. the population was divided into distinct strata or
subgroups based on relevant characteristics. This could be demographic factors, geographical locations, or any
other variables relevant to the research objectives. Once the strata were identified, random sampling was applied
within each stratum. This involved randomly selecting individuals from each subgroup, ensuring that every
member of the population had an equal chance of being included. The random selection within strata helps
capture the diversity within each subgroup.

By combining these methods, the research aimed to obtain a representative sample that considers variability
across different strata while maintaining the benefits of random sampling in minimizing bias and ensuring
generalizability. This approach enhances the robustness of the study's findings and improves the external
validity of the results.

3.5 Data Collection

One common method of data collection is surveys, where participants respond to a set of questions. Another
approach is observational data collection, where researchers directly observe and record behaviors or events.
Additionally, interviews allow for in-depth exploration by engaging participants in conversation to gather
information. Data can also be collected through experiments, analyzing existing records (such as documents or
databases), or through sensor technologies in fields like environmental monitoring. In this study, an interview
guide was used to collect data. All interviews were conducted using the Chichewa language and lasted for about
10 minutes. The pedestrians were debriefed about the aim of the research and asked if they were willing to take
part in the interview.

3.5.1 Preparation of Data Collection Tools

In this study, an interview guide was used to collect data. This was ideal for collecting data in this study because
the participants are not designated around the flyovers but rather just passing by going into their different
destination.

3.5.1 Pretesting and Validation

Pretesting of the interview guide was done through mock interview where my coworkers and friends were
involved. This helped in assessing the floor of questions and identifying potential challenges in obtaining
detailed responses. Data was validated based on peer review where colleagues were involved to provide
valuable insights and enhanced the credibility of the findings. The observations made during pretesting played a
crucial role in improving data collection processes where ambiguity and confusions in the wording of questions
and instructions were identified. This insight helped in refining and clarifying the language used in data
collection instrument, ensuring participants understand the intended meaning.

3.6 Data Analysis Tools

The data was analyzed using Microsoft excel where frequencies of knowledge, awareness of using flyovers and
factors that prevent pedestrians from using flyovers were analyzed. Questions such as do you think there is
enough awareness about the importance of using flyovers for pedestrian safety. A frequency on the barriers
faced by the pedestrians when using flyover was done and a pie chart was produced showing some of the major
barriers faced. Testing for association between demographic information and general awareness and knowledge
of pedestrians regarding the purpose and benefits of flyovers was done using Microsoft excel.

3.6.1 The study involved a systematic approach to gather, analyze, and interpret data to understand how
pedestrian perceive and utilize flyovers in specific contexts.

3.1 Study design Qualitative Data Analysis

This inductive semi-structured qualitative study was used to explore the perceptions of pedestrians and usage of
flyovers along Chipembere Highway in Blantyre, Malawi. The study applied a phenomenographical approach in
understanding pedestrians’ viewpoints on the subject and getting in depth themes, opinions and narratives
related to pedestrians` perceptions on flyovers. The interviews were triangulated with multiple sources of data,
such as interviews, policy documents, and literature. The study took place along the flyovers that were
functioning at that time along the Highway.3.2 Study population

The study interviewed pedestrians comprised of individuals who walk or have the potential to walk along
Chipembere Highway. This included both regular pedestrians and occasional walkers, residents and commuters
living near Chipembere Highway and commuters who frequently use this road.

3.2.1 Age and Demographic Group.

The study stratified respondents based on age which involves only those above 17 years, gender, socioeconomic
status, or other demographic factors. It will also focus on users and non-users of flyovers as it may give a true
reflection and the differentiation of the information collected which helped in the analysis of their perceptions
and reasons for their choices.

3.4

3.7 Ethical ConsiderationsSampling techniques

The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents before asking for their consent. To ensure
confidentiality the respondent will not be allowed to give out their names. Therefore, appropriate steps were
taken adhere to strict ethical guidelines to uphold participant`s privacy, confidentiality, dignity, rights, and
anonymity. Haslam, (2013). All information provided will not be shared with any media houses, it will be
treated as confidential, and it will only be used for studying purpose. The researcher did not force respondents to
disclose information that they did not feel comfortable to disclose and researcher did not force anyone who was
in harry to be interviewed. The results of this study were from respondent` responses.

3.5 Chapter Summary

Chapter Three focuses on the research methodology employed in the study. It introduces the systematic
framework used for data gathering, analysis, and interpretation. The participants, selected through random and
stratified sampling along Chipembere Highway in Blantyre, Malawi, were diverse in age, gender,
socioeconomic status, and highway use frequency. The research design, aligned with a qualitative approach,
aimed to understand pedestrians’ perceptions and behaviors regarding flyover utilization. The sample size was
determined by data saturation, and recruitment involved random and stratified sampling.

Data collection methods included interviews conducted in Chichewa language, lasting approximately 10
minutes. An interview guide was employed, and the tools were pretested and validated through mock interviews
and peer review. The chapter also delves into data analysis tools, such as Microsoft Excel, used for quantitative
analysis of frequencies and associations. Qualitative data analysis applied an inductive semi-structured
approach, exploring pedestrians’ viewpoints and themes related to flyovers. Ethical considerations ensured
participant confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent.

Overall, this chapter provided a comprehensive overview of the research methodology, emphasizing the chosen
approach, participant selection, data collection tools, analysis methods, and ethical considerations.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

Within this chapter, i employed various statistical methods to interpret the data, shedding light on pedestrians’
perceptions of safety, convenience, and factors influencing their choice to utilize or avoid the available flyovers.
The analysis not only explores demographic patterns but also examines correlations between pedestrian
preferences and the design features of the flyovers. By thoroughly examining these aspects, the chapter
contributes valuable insights that inform recommendations for urban planning and infrastructure improvements
along Chipembere Highway.

4.1 Characteristics of Respondents

The social and demographic characteristics include age, education, religion, occupation, and gender of the
respondent. The study interviewed 72 pedestrians.

4.2.1 Age of Respondents

Seventeen of these respondents (23.6%) were aged twenty years old. Three of them were in the category of 20-
30 years, (47.2%) respondents belonged to the category of 30-40 years, 17 (23.6%) respondents were aged 40-
50 and one was above 50 years (1.4%).

4.2.2 Gender

The respondent’s education background shows that 32 (44.4%) attended secondary school, 23 (31.9%) had
tertiary education, 11 (15.3%) attended primary education while 6 (8.3%) had never attended any formal
education.

4.2.3 Occupation of the Respondents,

Most of them were employed in different sectors, about 32, 23 respondents were businesspersons and 17 were
not employed nor doing business.

Table 1: Socio- demographics characteristics of the pedestrian

Variables Frequency (n=72) Percentage

Age of pedestrians (years)

20 17 23.6

20-30 3 4.2

30-40 34 47.2

40-50 17 23.6

>50 1 1.4

Educational level of respondent

No formal education 6 8.3

Primary 11 15.3

Secondary 32 44.4
 Tertiary 23 31.9

Respondent occupation

Farmer 4 5.6

Business 20 27.8

Employed 35 48.6

Housewife 13 18.1

Sex of the respondent

Male 28 38.9

Female 44 61.1

Religion

Christianity 58 80.6

Islam 14 19.4
4.3 Findings

4.3.1 General awareness and knowledge of pedestrians regarding the purpose and benefits of flyovers.

Qualitative analysis of respondents' general awareness and knowledge regarding the purpose and benefits of
flyovers revealed that a substantial portion (65%) exhibited good knowledge. The qualitative data unveiled a
clear understanding among pedestrians about the advantages of using flyovers. Insights from in-depth
interviews reflected a recognition of the purpose, with respondents acknowledging the benefits such as
enhanced safety and convenience. However, 25% demonstrated a fair level of knowledge, and 10% exhibited no
awareness of the purpose and benefits of flyovers, underscoring some variations in understanding within the
pedestrian community.

The knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) assessment conducted in the research followed guidelines
outlined by FAO (2014) and the questions were rated in a scale of 1-5 where the score of 4-5 presented good
knowledge.

4.3.2 Factors which influence pedestrians’ decision to use or avoid using the flyovers.
The analysis uncovered factors influencing pedestrians' decisions regarding the use or avoidance of flyovers.
Safety emerged as a significant factor, with 20% of respondents expressing a sense of safety when crossing
roads using flyovers. A majority (48%) found flyovers easy to use during heavy traffic, emphasizing
convenience. Additionally, 32% reported using flyovers to reduce the risk of being hit by motor vehicles. These
qualitative insights provide a richer understanding of the diverse motivations that shape pedestrians' choices in
utilizing or avoiding flyovers in different scenarios.

3.4.3 Barriers faced by pedestrians to the usage of flyovers.

The findings identified several barriers faced by pedestrians in the usage of flyovers. A notable concern was the
perceived time consumption, with 32.52% of respondents expressing that using flyovers was more time-
consuming than crossing the highway directly. Accessibility issues were highlighted, as 17.25% of respondents
mentioned difficulties due to crowding and limited accessibility. Additionally, 13.21% reported challenges
related to the height of the flyovers, emphasizing the difficulty in climbing as a barrier to usage. These
qualitative insights offer a deeper understanding of the impediments faced by pedestrians when considering the
use of flyovers.

4.4 Chapter Summary

The findings show that pedestrians understand the reasons for pedestrian flyovers and are fully aware of both
individual and collective benefits. A bout 65% of the respondents show that they have good knowledge on
pedestrian flyovers. These findings confirm what has been reported in previous studies, that people know why
pedestrian flyovers are constructed (Gupta et. al. 2017). The majority preferred crossing on street level even in
areas with flyovers, despite the knowledge of intention and benefits of pedestrian bridges.

The study also found that some of the respondents (about 37%) preferred to use flyovers. Among the
pedestrians surveyed or observed, 37% of them chose to use the flyovers when crossing Chipembere Highway.
This suggests that this specific group of pedestrians preferred using the elevated pedestrian flyovers rather than
crossing the busy highway at street level. It showed that a significant portion of pedestrians opt for the safer and
more convenient option of using flyovers, which can have several implications: Those who use flyovers may
perceive them as safer, potentially reducing the risk of accidents.

Despite knowing the importance or the benefits of using flyovers most of pedestrian prefer not to use them.
Most of the reasons for avoidance of pedestrian bridges could be explained to avoid the flyovers when heading
straight to the pedestrian’s destination. This behavior could possibly be interpreted as perceived resistance
which might be explained by the failure to take pedestrians’ perceptions into account when planning the
flyovers. The results also suggest that the consequences of long pedestrian flyovers may lead to ineffective use
not only by old, sick, and physically challenged people but also by young and energetic ones.

This is evidenced by a 21% of respondents saying that it very difficult for them to climb the flyover which
makes most of them to ovoid them while more than half of the respondents consider it as time consuming as to
use those facilities, hence making them to use roads. Accessibility was also one of the major problems
mentioned by the respondents. Most of them said they have limited number of flyovers, and they are mostly
congested. The results found are similar with those found by (Katopola 2022) in Tanzania which concluded also
found that most of the people had knowledge of flyovers but tended not to use them. This might imply that
despite government efforts to protect pedestrians, through interventions such as constructing pedestrian flyovers
the earlier mentioned already vulnerable road users could be more exposed to a higher risk of being injured.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

In the conclusion of the research paper, the researcher reflected on the findings from the investigation into the
perception of pedestrians and the utilization of flyovers along Chipembere Highway. This section summarized
key insights, highlight patterns, and addressed any emerging trends identified during the study.

Furthermore, the recommendation segment offered practical suggestions based on the research outcomes. These
recommendations aimed to enhance the pedestrian experience and optimize the effectiveness of flyovers on
Chipembere Highway, ultimately contributing to the improvement of urban infrastructure and safety.

5.2 Conclusions

In conclusion, the research findings provided valuable insights into the dynamics of pedestrian interaction with
flyovers, encompassing knowledge levels, factors influencing decisions, and barriers faced. The positive
awareness among respondents regarding the purpose and benefits of flyovers is a promising foundation for
urban planning and infrastructure development. The factors Influencing pedestrians, including safety
considerations, convenience during heavy traffic, and risk reduction, underscore the significance of well-
designed and strategically located flyovers. However, the identified barriers, such as perceived time
consumption, limited accessibility, and difficulty in ascending, call for targeted interventions to enhance the
overall effectiveness and acceptance of flyovers.

It is evident that an integrated approach is crucial, involving not only physical improvements to infrastructure
but also educational initiatives, community engagement, and technology integration. The recommendations
provided aim to create a holistic framework for urban planners, policymakers, and stakeholders to address the
identified challenges and optimize the utilization of flyovers as a safe and efficient mode of pedestrian mobility.
The success of such endeavors relies on continuous collaboration, adaptability to evolving urban needs, and a
commitment to creating inclusive and user-friendly spaces. By implementing the recommendations and
maintaining a feedback loop with the community, cities can aspire to build an infrastructure that not only meets
functional requirements but also enhances the overall quality of life for pedestrians, contributing to a sustainable
and vibrant urban environment.

5.3 Recommendations

Despite having successfully conducted the study, the researcher aced some challenges such as limited
generalizability from which findings from a specific location in this case Blantyre City only may not be
applicable to other regions, once there is a need to have a study to be conducted at large to have a better picture.
There is a need to Improve the design and accessibility of flyovers to address concerns raised by pedestrians.
This may involve adding ramps, elevators, or other features to make them more user-friendly for people with
diverse physical abilities.

Roads Authority should Launch public awareness campaigns to educate pedestrians about the benefits of using
flyovers, emphasizing safety, time efficiency, and reduced risk of accidents. This could contribute to a positive
change in attitudes and increased usage.

The findings from this research should be Integrated into urban planning initiatives. Consider pedestrian-
friendly features in the design of flyovers to encourage their use and address perceived barriers.

The roads authority should Evaluate and optimize traffic management strategies around flyovers to enhance
safety and reduce congestion. Coordinated efforts with traffic authorities can contribute to a smoother and more
appealing experience for pedestrians.
Establish a system for continuous monitoring and gathering feedback from pedestrians. This can provide
insights into the effectiveness of implemented changes and help in making further improvements based on
evolving needs and preferences.

Involve the local community in the planning and decision-making processes related to flyovers. Solicit
feedback, suggestions, and concerns from residents to ensure that infrastructure developments align with the
community’s needs and preferences.

Explore opportunities to integrate flyovers with public transportation systems. This could involve convenient
access points near public transport hubs, promoting seamless connectivity and encouraging pedestrians to use
flyovers as part of their daily commute.

Prioritize regular maintenance of flyovers to ensure their safety and functionality. Implement safety measures
such as well-lit pathways, security personnel, and clear signage to enhance the overall pedestrian experience and
instill confidence in using flyovers.

Consider diverse user groups, including elderly individuals, children, and individuals with disabilities, in the
design of flyovers. Implement features that cater to the needs of these groups, making flyovers inclusive and
accommodating for everyone.

Explore the integration of technology solutions, such as real-time information displays, mobile apps, and smart
infrastructure, to provide pedestrians with timely information about traffic conditions, alternative routes, and
safety updates, enhancing their overall experience.

Collaborate with educational institutions to incorporate pedestrian safety and awareness programs into school
curricula. This proactive approach can instill a culture of safe and informed pedestrian behavior from a young
age.

Establish a mechanism for periodic reviews and adaptations based on changing urban dynamics, population
growth, and technological advancements. A flexible approach allows for continuous improvement and ensures
that flyovers remain relevant and effective over time.

By addressing these recommendations, stakeholders can contribute to creating a pedestrian-friendly urban

environment where the benefits of flyovers are maximized, and barriers are minimized, fostering a safer and
more efficient transportation infrastructure.

5.4 Recommendations for Further Studies

In addition to that weather conditions and seasons also significantly impact pedestrian behavior and perception,
which affected the study not to be fully accounted for in a short-term study and perception, which affected the
study not to be fully accounted for it is a short-term study. Due to the limited Scope of the study which focused
solely on pedestrian perceptions, it may miss important factors such as infrastructure quality, safety measures,
or traffic conditions that influence flyover usage. Further Studies should also be conducted in other cities or
regions that have implemented flyovers to understand the challenges, successes, and lessons learned in
enhancing pedestrian experiences.

Other studies should be conducted to Investigate the accessibility of flyovers for all individuals, including those
with disabilities, and explore design modifications to enhance inclusivity. Also, there should be study to assess
the environmental impact of flyovers, considering factors such as noise pollution, air quality, and the overall
sustainability of the transportation infrastructure. Lastly studies should be conducted to analyze the economic
and social implications of the flyovers on local businesses, property values, and community engagement.

By studying these areas, they can provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing pedestrian
perceptions and the usage of flyovers along Chipembere Highway.

5.5 Summary

This chapter concluded a research paper on pedestrian perceptions and the use of flyovers along Chipembere
Highway. It summarized key findings, addressed emerging trends, and provided practical recommendations for
improving urban infrastructure and safety. The research highlighted positive awareness of flyovers’ purpose and
benefits but identified barriers like perceived time consumption. It emphasized the need for an integrated
approach involving physical improvements, education, community engagement, and technology integration to
optimize flyover utilization.

Several recommendations were proposed, including improving flyover design and accessibility, launching
public awareness campaigns, integrating findings into urban planning, evaluating traffic management strategies,
involving the local community, prioritizing maintenance, considering diverse user groups, and exploring
technology integration. The chapter suggested further studies on the impact of weather conditions, infrastructure
quality, safety measures, and traffic conditions on flyover usage. Additionally, it recommends investigating the
accessibility of flyovers for individuals with disabilities, assessing environmental impacts, and analyzing
economic and social implications on local businesses and communities.

Overall, the recommendations aimed at creating a pedestrian-friendly urban environment, maximize flyover
benefits, and minimize barriers.
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