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in 2014). He lives in Columbus, Ohio, with his wife Tam Stafford and their youngest child.
Their two oldest children share an apartment in Columbus. In his spare time, he likes to ride
his bicycle, and listen to music, especially solo piano (e,g., Michiel Borstlap, Keith Jarrett),
jazz (e.g., Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins), and progressive rock (e.g., Patrick
Moraz, Steve Hackett, Yes, Genesis, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd).
vi | About the Authors
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Brief Contents
Preface xvii
C HAP T E RS
1 The Mission and the Method 2
2 Culture and Nature 34
3 The Self 68
4 Choices and Actions: The Self in Control 114
5 Social Cognition 148
6 Emotion and Affect 186
7 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency 230
8 Social Influence and Persuasion 258
9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 290
10 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 330
11 Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection 370
12 Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality 404
13 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 450
14 Groups 494
AP P L IC A T ION MODUL E S
A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1
B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1
C Industrial and Organizational Psychology:
Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace C1
D Applying Social Psychology to Law D1
E Applying Social Psychology to the Environment E1
Glossary G-1
Endnotes EN-1
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index S-1
vii
Contents
FOOD FOR THOUGHT 17
The Mission
1
Does Chicken Soup
Reduce Cold Symptoms?
and the Method 2 TRADEOFFS

Research Ethics
20
A Brief History of Social Psychology 5 Experimental Philosophy 13 How Much of Social Psychology
Making the World Better 13
What Do Social Psychologists Do? 8 Is True? 27
Social Psychology Is Fun! 14
Self-Correcting Nature of Science 28
Social Psychology’s Place in the World 9 How Do Social Psychologists Answer Their HARKing (Hypothesizing After the
Social Psychology’s Place in the Social Results are Known) 29
Sciences 10
Own Questions? 15 Open Science 29
Accumulated Common Wisdom 15
Social Psychology’s Place Within Reliance on Student Samples 29
Psychology 10 Overview of the Scientific Method 16
Cultural Relativity 30
Scientific Theories 16
Why People Study Social Psychology 12 Research Design 18 CHAPTER SUMMARY 31
Curiosity About People 12
MONEY MATTERS 45
2
Nature, Culture, and Money
Culture and Nature 34 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Virtuous Vegetarians
46
THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 47

Sex and Culture
Nature and Social Behavior
37 Are People the Same Everywhere? 50
Explaining the Psyche 37 Important Features of Human TRADEOFFS 62
Nature Defined 38 Political Tradeoffs
Evolution, and Doing What’s
Social Life 52
Natural 38
The Duplex Mind 52 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 65
The Long Road to Social Putting the Cultural Animal
Social Animals 40
Acceptance 56 in Perspective
The Social Brain 41
Built to Relate 57
Culture and Human Social Life 43 Nature Says Go, Culture Says Stop 58
Putting People First 62
Social Animal or Cultural Animal? 43 Selfish Impulse Versus Social
Culture Defined 43 Conscience 59 CHAPTER SUMMARY 65
Nature and Culture Interacting 47 Tradeoffs: When You Can’t Have
It All 60
What Makes Cultural Animals? 49
ix
FOOD FOR THOUGHT 79
3
Eating Binges and Escaping the
The Self 68 Self
MONEY MATTERS 84
Doing It for Money, Not Love
TRADEOFFS 88
What Is the Self? 71 Self and Information Processing 90 Self-Handicapping
The Self’s Main Jobs 71 Anything That Touches the Self… 90
Who Makes the Self: The Individual Can the Self-Concept Change? 91
or Society? 72 Self-Esteem and Saying No to Sex
Self-Awareness 75 Self-Esteem, Self-Deception, and Positive
Illusions 94 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 110
Where Self-Knowledge Comes From 80 Self-Esteem 94 Putting the Cultural Animal
Looking Outside: The Looking-Glass in Perspective
Reality and Illusion 96
Self 80
How People Fool Themselves 97
Looking Inside: Introspection 81 Making an Impression 106
Benefits of Self-Esteem 98
Looking at Others: Social Self-Presentation and Risky
Why Do We Care? 100
Comparison 82 Behavior 109
Is High Self-Esteem Always Good? 101
Self-Perception 83
The Fluctuating Image(s) of Self 84
Pursuing Self-Esteem 103 CHAPTER SUMMARY 111
Deliberately Seeking Self- Self-Presentation 104
Knowledge 86 Who’s Looking? 105
MONEY MATTERS 119
4
How Money Can Trick You Into
Choices and Actions 114 Making Bad Decisions

Gender, Sex, and Decisions
FOOD FOR THOUGHT 137

What You Do, and What It Means 117 Self-Regulation and Habits 133 Dieting as Self-Regulation
Making Choices 118 Control and Willpower 133
Why People Don’t Choose 121 Standards: Ideas That Guide Self-
TRADEOFFS 142
Regulation 134 Now Versus Tomorrow: Delay of
Freedom to Change 123
Gratification
Monitoring: Watching What You’re
Freedom of Action 124 Doing 135 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 145
More or Less Free 125 Willpower for Change 136
Putting the Cultural Animal
Free Action Comes from Inside 125 Willpower and Decision Fatigue 138 in Perspective
Having an Out Versus No Escape 126 Habits 139
Goals, Plans, Intentions 127 Irrationality and Self-Destruction 140

Setting and Pursuing Goals 127 Self-Defeating Acts: Being Your Own
Hierarchy of Goals 129 Worst Enemy 140
Multiple Goals and Goal Suicide 143
Shielding 130
CHAPTER SUMMARY 146
Reaching Goals: What’s the Plan? 131
Common Mistakes in Planning 132
x | Contents
MONEY MATTERS 158
5
Money in the Abstract
Social Cognition 148 TRADEOFFS

Conscious and Unconscious
160
Thought

What Is Social Cognition? 151 Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts166 It’s the Thought That Counts (or
Thinking About People: A Special Case? 151 Representativeness Heuristic 166 Doesn’t Count!) the Calories
Why People Think, and Why They Don’t 152 Availability Heuristic 167 THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 172
Automatic and Deliberate Thinking 153 Simulation Heuristic 168
Counting Sex Partners
Thought Suppression and Ironic Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 168
Processes 159
Flawed or Clever Thinking? 170 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 181
Attributions and Explanations: Why Did That Putting the Cultural Animal
Happen? 161 (So-Called) Errors and Biases 171 in Perspective
Confirmation Bias 173
It’s Not My Fault: Explaining Success
and Failure 162 Illusory Correlations 173 Illusion of Control 178
You Know I’m Right: The Actor/Observer Base Rate Fallacy 174 Counterfactual Thinking 178
Bias 163 Gambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Hand 175
False Consensus Effect 176
Are Most People Really Stupid?
180
Challenging Attribution Theory 165
Reducing Cognitive Errors 180
Explaining Actions: A Different False Uniqueness Effect 176
Approach 165 Perseverance of Theories 177 CHAPTER SUMMARY 182
Statistical Regression 177
6
Can People Be Wrong About
Emotion and Affect 186 Whether They Are Sexually

Aroused?
TRADEOFFS 200
Affect Intensity: Emotional Roller
Coaster or Even Keel?
What Is Emotion? 188 Emotions Cause Behavior—Sort Of 210
Conscious Emotion Versus Automatic Emotions Guide Thinking and
Affect 189 Learning 212 Mood and Food
(Anticipated) Emotion Guides Decisions
Emotional Arousal 190 and Choices 213 MONEY MATTERS 215
James-Lange Theory of Emotion 190 Emotions Help and Hurt Decision Emotions and Prices
Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion 192 Making 214
Misattribution of Arousal 192 Positive Emotions Counteract Negative
WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 225
Emotions 215 Putting the Cultural Animal
Appraisal Theory of Emotion 194
Other Benefits of Positive Emotions 216 in Perspective
Some Important Emotions 194
Happiness 195 Group Differences in Emotion 217 Affect Regulation 222
Anger 201 Are Emotions Different Across How to Cheer Up 222
Cultures? 217
Guilt and Shame 204 Affect Regulation Goals 223
Are Women More Emotional Than
Disgust 206 Gender Differences in Emotion Control
Men? 217
Strategies 224
Why Do We Have Emotions? 208
Arousal, Attention, and Performance 219 Is Affect Regulation Safe? 224
Emotions Promote Belongingness 209
Emotions Communicate Social Emotional Intelligence (El or EQ) 220 CHAPTER SUMMARY 226
Information 209
Contents | xi
TRADEOFFS 234
Attitudes, Beliefs, and
7
What Is the Real Attitude?
MONEY MATTERS 242

Consistency 230 Would You Sell Your Soul for $1?

Would You Eat a Bug or a Worm?
What Are Attitudes and Why Do People Have Justifying Choices 243
Them? 233 Advances in Dissonance Theory 243 THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 247
Is the Drive for Consistency Rooted in A–B Inconsistency and Erotic
Attitudes Versus Beliefs 233
Nature or Nurture? 245 Plasticity
Dual Attitudes 233
Why People Have Attitudes 235 Do Attitudes Really Predict WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 254
How Attitudes Are Formed 236 Behaviors? 246 Putting the Cultural Animal
Attacking Attitudes 246 in Perspective
Formation of Attitudes 236
Defending Attitudes 246
Polarization 239
Religious Belief 252
Consistency 240 Beliefs and Believing 249
Irrational Belief 253
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude
Believing Versus Doubting 249
Change 241 Belief Perseverance 249 CHAPTER SUMMARY 255
Justifying Effort 241 Belief and Coping 250
MONEY MATTERS 267

Social Influence
8
Even a Penny Will Help

and Persuasion 258 Convert Communicators and Health
Messages
TRADEOFFS 275
Two Types of Social Influence 261 Persuasion 272 Should Speakers Talk Fast or Slow?
Seeking Approval: Normative Who: The Source 273
Inf luence 261 Says What: The Message 276
Being Correct: Informational Scared Into Safe Sex?
To Whom: The Audience 279
Inf luence 262 Two Routes to Persuasion 280 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 286
Techniques of Social Influence 264 Resisting Social Influence Techniques Putting the Cultural Animal
Techniques Based on Commitment and in Perspective
Consistency 264
283
Attitude Inoculation 283
Techniques Based on
Reciprocation 268 Forewarned Is Forearmed 285
Techniques Based on Scarcity 269 Stockpile Resources 285
Techniques Based on Capturing CHAPTER SUMMARY 286
and Disrupting Attention 270
xii | Contents
TRADEOFFS 304
9
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Prosocial Behavior 290 MONEY MATTERS

Money, Prosocial Behavior, and
306
Self-Sufficiency

Is Helping Contagious? 292 Two Motives for Helping: Altruism Restaurants, Rules, and the Bad
and Egoism 314 Taste of Nonconformity
What Is Prosocial Behavior? 293 Is Altruism Possible? 315
Born to Reciprocate 295 THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 319
Born to Be Fair 296
Who Helps Whom? 317 Helping, Sex, and Friends
Helpful Personality 317
Morality 298 Similarity 318 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 327
Gender 318 Putting the Cultural Animal
Cooperation, Forgiveness, Obedience, Beautiful Victims 318 in Perspective
Conformity, and Trust 302 Belief in a Just World 318
Cooperation 302 326
Emotion and Mood 320 Provide Helpful Models
Forgiveness 305
Obedience 307 Bystander Helping in Emergencies 321 CHAPTER SUMMARY 328
Conformity 310 Five Steps to Helping 321
Trust 310 Too Busy to Help? 324
Why Do People Help Others? 313 How Can We Increase Helping? 326
Evolutionary Benefits 313 Getting Help in a Public Setting 326

Aggression & Antisocial
10
Sexual Aggression

Behavior 330 Is There a Link Between Diet
and Violence?
TRADEOFFS 363
Defining Aggression, Violence, Aggressive Personalities 348 Creativity and Cheating
and Antisocial Behavior 334 Interpersonal Causes of Aggression 348 MONEY MATTERS 364
Is the World More or Less Violent Now Selfishness and Influence 348 Money and Antisocial Behavior
Than in the Past? 335 Domestic Violence: Hurting Those We
Is Aggression Innate or Learned? 338 Love 349 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 367
Putting the Cultural Animal
Instinct Theories 338 External Causes of Aggression 352
in Perspective
Learning Theories 339 Weapons Effect 352
Nature and Nurture 340 Violent Media 353
Unpleasant Environments 355 Other Antisocial Behavior 362
Inner Causes of Aggression 342 Lying 362
Chemical Inf luences 356
Frustration 342 Cheating 363
Being in a Bad Mood 342 Self and Culture 358 Stealing 364
Appetitive Aggression 343 Norms and Values 358 Littering 366
Hostile Cognitive Biases 344 Self-Control 358
Age and Aggression 346 Wounded Pride 359
CHAPTER SUMMARY 368
Gender Differences in Aggression Culture of Honor 360
and Violence 346
Contents | xiii
TRADEOFFS 374
Interpersonal Attraction
11
Testosterone—A Blessing
and a Curse
and Rejection 370 MONEY MATTERS

Is Manhood Measured in Dollars
385
or Inches?
The Need to Belong 373 You Again: Mere Exposure 383 THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 386
Belongingness as a Basic Need 373 Looking Good 384 What Is Beauty?
Two Ingredients to Attraction in the 21st Century: Online
Belongingness 376 Dating 387 FOOD FOR THOUGHT 392
Not Belonging Is Bad for You 377 Social Rejection and the Jar
Rejection 389 of Cookies
Best Friends, Lovers, and Groups 377 Effects of Rejection: Inner
Attraction: Who Likes Whom? 378 Reactions 390 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 400
Behavioral Effects of Rejection 393 Putting the Cultural Animal
Similarity, Complementarity,
Oppositeness 378 Loneliness 394 in Perspective
Social Rewards: You Make Me Feel What Leads to Social Rejection? 396
Good 380 Romantic Rejection and Unrequited
Tit for Tat: Reciprocity and Liking 381 Love 397
You Seem Trustworthy: Moral CHAPTER SUMMARY 400
Traits 382
TRADEOFFS 411
12
Sex In and Out of Marriage
Close Relationships 404 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Eating in Front of a Cute Guy
434
MONEY MATTERS 442

Mating, Money, and Men
What Is Love? 407 Maintaining Relationships
419
Passionate and Companionate I Love You More Each Day(?) 420
WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 446
Love 408 Investing in Relationships That Putting the Cultural Animal
Love and Culture 408 Last 421 in Perspective
Love Across Time 409 Are Married People Happier? 422
Sternberg’s Triangle 410 Thinking Styles of Couples 423 Extradyadic Activity in Dating
Relationships 439
Benefits of Commitment 412 Being Yourself: Is Honesty the Best
Policy? 425 Jealousy and Possessiveness 439
Different Types of Relationships 414 Culture, Female Sexuality, and the
Exchange Versus Communal 414 Sexuality 427 Double Standard 444
Attachment 415 Theories of Sexuality 428
CHAPTER SUMMARY 447
Types of Attachment 415 Sex and Gender 431
Two Dimensions of Attachment? 416 Homosexuality 435
Loving People Who Love Challenging the Gender Binary 436
Themselves 417 Extradyadic Sex 437
xiv | Contents
MONEY MATTERS 454
Prejudice and Intergroup
13
Racial Discrimination in Sports:
Paying More to Win
Relations 450 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Prejudice Against the Obese
461

ABCs of Intergroup Relationships: Ignorance? The Contact Hypothesis 469 Roots of Anti-Gay Prejudice
Rationalizations for Oppression 470
Prejudice, Discrimination, TRADEOFFS 468
Stereotypes as Heuristics 471
and Stereotypes 453 Prejudice and Self-Esteem 472 Competition Versus Cooperation
Common Prejudices and Targets 457 Content of Prejudice and Stereotypes 473 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 490
Muslims 457
Are Stereotypes Always Wrong, Mostly Putting the Cultural Animal
Jews 458 Wrong, or Mostly Right? 473 in Perspective
Atheists 460 Are Stereotypes Always Negative? 475
People Who Are Overweight 461
Large “Greedy” Corporations Inner Processes 475 Impact of Prejudice on Targets 484
and Profits 461 Self-Fulfilling Prophecies 484
LGBTQ+ Individuals 462
Overcoming Stereotypes, Reducing Stigma and Self-Protection 485
Prejudice 478 Stereotype Threat 487
Why Prejudice Exists 465 Conscious Override 479
Us Versus Them: Groups in Contact 482
Are Social Psychologists Biased? 490
Competition 467 Common Goals 483 CHAPTER SUMMARY 491
14
Is a Marriage a Group?
Groups 494 TRADEOFFS

Diversity in Groups
500

Is Binge Eating Socially Contagious?
What Groups Are and Do 498 Why Do People Love Teams? 512
Transactive Memory: Here, You Remember MONEY MATTERS 526
Groups, Roles, and Selves 501 This 513 Money, Power, and Laughter
Groupthink 513
Group Action 503 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? 527
Foolish Committees 514
Social Facilitation 504
Group Polarization and the “Risky Putting the Cultural Animal
Social Loafing 505 in Perspective
Shift” 515
Punishing Cheaters and Free Riders 507
Deindividuation and Mob Violence 508 Power and Leadership 517 Effects of Power on Followers 525
Shared Resources and the Commons Leadership 517 Legitimate Leadership 526
Dilemma 508 Toxic Leaders 518
What Is Power? 521 CHAPTER SUMMARY 528
How Groups Think 510
Effects of Power on Leaders 521
Brainstorming, and the Wisdom of
Groups 510 Preserving Power 525
Contents | xv
Application Modules
A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1
Curtis P. Haugtvedt, The Ohio State University
B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1

Regan A. R. Gurung, Oregon State University
C Industrial and Organizational Psychology:

Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace C1
Kathy A. Hanisch, Iowa State University
D Applying Social Psychology to Law D1

Margaret Bull Kovera, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City
University of New York
E Applying Social Psychology to the Environment E1

Richard L. Miller, Texas A&M University–Kingsville
Glossary G-1
Endnotes EN-1
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index S-1
xvi | Contents
Preface
This textbook is simultaneously an expression of love and rebellion. The love is our feel-
ing toward our field. We followed different paths into social psychology, but over the years
we have developed an affectionate appreciation for it. We agreed to write this textbook
partly because we thought we could contribute to the field by covering what we love about
it. The process of writing strengthened those positive feelings, by helping us see the
remarkably diverse and creative work that our fellow social psychologists have produced
over the past several decades. We are also both very active social psychological research-
ers and teachers. We love doing social psychology research, and we love teaching social
psychology classes.
The rebellion part begins with the title. Maybe social psychology has sold itself short
by clinging to the message “it’s all about the situation.” We think it’s partly about the
situation, but to us social psychology is very much about people. We think students sign
up for social psychology courses because they want to learn about people. And we think
social psychologists actually have plenty to tell them about people. Hence the “human
nature” part of our title.
In other words, we are rebelling against the old dogma that social psychology’s truth
requires treating people as blank slates who just respond to situations. Instead, we see
people as highly complex, exquisitely designed, and variously inclined cultural animals
who are influenced but not defined by situations. Our textbook will tell students plenty
about the power of situations, but it also seeks to tell them about the people in those
situations.
To us, the most exciting aspect of this project has been the attempt to “put the person
back together,” in the phrase that got us started on this textbook. We believe that social
psychology can offer a remarkably new, coherent, and accurate vision of human nature.
In fact, this new vision of human nature was central to the story behind our textbook.
Both of us had been approached many times by various publishers about possibly writing
a social psychology textbook, and both of us had repeatedly brushed them off as quickly
as possible. Back then we thought that writing a textbook sounded like a tedious, uncre-
ative set of chores requiring reading and describing every part of the field, regardless of
how interesting. Both of us loathe anything that is boring.
The turning point came when one of us (Baumeister) spent a year at an interdisci-
plinary institute and embraced the task of trying to package what social psychology has
learned that could be useful to other fields. Scholars in those fields mostly want to know
about people and why they act as they do. The response to this took the form of a book
for general audiences called The Cultural Animal (Baumeister, 2005), but the realization
slowly dawned that this new, more integrated understanding of the human being might
provide a powerful basis for a social psychology textbook.
We have used many different textbooks in our own social psychology courses. Most
of them are quite good. One dissatisfaction with them, however, and indeed one that we
have heard echoed by many other instructors and students, is that they end up being
just narrative lists of findings grouped by topic, rather like a handbook or encyclopedia.
We wanted more. We wanted an integrated, coherent vision of human nature. And now
we had a basis in the form of a new understanding of human nature that put together
Preface | xvii
the results of thousands of social psychology studies. So this time when publishers asked
about writing a textbook, we thought it over. And then we decided to do it.
Some might think that explaining human nature isn’t the job of social psychology
and should be left to the personality psychologists. In our view, personality’s claim to
that question is not naturally any stronger than social psychology’s. After all, personal-
ity psychologists mainly study differences between people, and so understanding the
patterns common to all people isn’t any more likely to arise from those data than from
social psychology’s data. Au contraire, learning about how people in general will respond
to ordinary social dilemmas and events is at least as promising as studying individual dif-
ferences in terms of being able to point toward general patterns of human nature.
Most general theories about human nature agonize over the competing explana-
tions based on evolution and cultural influence. Our synthesis is based on the question:
“What sort of picture of the human being emerges from the results of thousands of
social psychology studies?” The answer is novel: Nature “made” human beings for cul-
ture. That is, we think human beings evolved specifically to belong to these complicated,
information-using social systems that we call culture.
Our textbook has many themes that are mentioned occasionally in the various chap-
ters to tie things together, and these are mostly derived from the central theme of human
beings as cultural animals. The theme of putting people first is a subtle way of convey-
ing what is biologically unique about humans: whereas most animals get what they need
from their physical environment, people get what they need from each other. This mes-
sage was implicit even in the classic Solomon Asch conformity experiments, in which
people would disregard the direct evidence of their physical senses in order to go along
with what other people (even a collection of strangers!) were saying.
Another central theme is that inner processes serve interpersonal functions. The con-
ventional wisdom in psychology, going back to its Freudian roots, has been more or less
that what happens to people is a result of what’s inside them. We think the research in
social psychology points toward the need to turn that on its head. What is inside people
is a result of what happens between them. Even in terms of what evolution has built into
the human psyche, what is there inside the person is there to help people thrive in their
social and cultural groups. People are built to relate to other people. Even the “self,” much
discussed and invoked throughout social psychology, is designed to cultivate social accep-
tance and other forms of success that are valued in human cultures.
This is not a book about evolution, nor is it a book about cultural differences. It is a book
about people. Toward that end, we occasionally use insights that emerge from cultural and
evolutionary studies. But those remain mostly on the sidelines. We differ from the evo-
lutionists in that we focus more on how humans are different from other animals rather
than how they are similar to other animals. We differ from the cultural psychologists in
that we focus more on what cultures have in common than on how they differ. These are
fundamental and large differences of emphasis that set our book apart from other books.
The bottom line, for us, is a very positive view of human nature. Over the years, many
of the major theories about people have emphasized the negative. They have depicted
people as dominated by violent, destructive urges or by strivings for power, as souped-up
rats in societal Skinner boxes, as spineless beings at the mercy of strong social forces or
willy-nilly situational influences. We have been persuaded partly by the positive psychol-
ogy movement that psychology loses much of its value when it focuses overly on the nega-
tive side. Besides, we like people! So the integrated picture we offer is a generally positive
one, though we give the dark side of human nature its due.
Hence one important feature of this textbook is that every chapter ends with a brief
section entitled “What Makes Us Human? Putting the Cultural Animal in Perspective”
that provides a quick review of what answers have emerged in that chapter that makes hu-
man different from other animals. These were easy to write because we really do see that
human social life is remarkably and importantly different from that of other animals.
We do not shrink from discussing the flaws and biases in humanity, and we acknowledge
humankind’s vast capacity for petty malice and occasional capacity for great evil. But we
think the final picture is mostly favorable. These end-of-chapter sections offer a brief
reflection on what is special about human nature.
xviii | Preface
➠ Content Overview
CHAPTER 1
The Mission and the Method
The opening chapter explains what social psychologists do and why students may want to
learn about it. It explains social psychology’s place among the different fields that study
human behavior. It offers a brief introduction to the methods social psychologists use to
tell the difference between right and wrong theories.
CHAPTER 2
Culture and Nature
Chapter 2 sets up the big picture. How do we explain people? Departing from the old and
tired battle of nature against nurture, this textbook follows a newly emerging understand-
ing: nature and culture worked together, such that nature designed the human being to be
capable of culture. The stock notion of “the social animal” is shown to be correct but far
too limited, whereas the “cultural animal” captures what is special about human beings.
This chapter then sets up many of the integrative themes that will run through the
textbook to help make sense of the many facts and findings that will be covered.
CHAPTER 3
The Self
The human self is a complex and marvelous participant in the social world. This chapter
provides a coherent understanding of the human self that is based on both classic and
recent research in social psychology.
CHAPTER 4
Choices and Actions: The Self in Action
The self is not just an idea but also a doer. This chapter covers key social psychology top-
ics of choice, decision-making, self-regulation, and the psychology of action. The remark-
able recent progress in this work lends extra excitement to this material.
CHAPTER 5
Social Cognition
Social cognition revolutionized social psychology in the 1980s. Now it has settled into a
core basis for understanding many spheres of social life. Cognition is vital to cultural ani-
mals, because cultures operate on the basis of information. This is a showcase for many
of the great achievements of social psychology.
CHAPTER 6
Emotion and Affect
Our social psychology textbook is one of few on the market to include a chapter on emo-
tion, despite the fact that emotions are an integral part of the human experience. It dis-
cusses both positive (e.g., happiness) and negative (e.g., anger) emotions. With each edi-
tion of our textbook, we are able to add more material on this important topic.
CHAPTER 7
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency
The study of attitudes has a long and distinguished history in social psychology. This
chapter brings together the influential early, classic studies with the latest advances.
Preface | xix
CHAPTER 8
Social Influence and Persuasion
Social influence and attempted persuasion are deeply woven into the fabric of human
social life, and indeed it is the rare social interaction that has absolutely none. As
information-using cultural animals, humans often find themselves wanting to influ-
ence others or being the targets of influence. This chapter covers how people exert that
influence, why they do, and some strategies for resisting influence.
CHAPTER 9
Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others
In this chapter, we look at what people do in order to make possible the success of their
cultural and social groups. Many textbooks have a chapter on helping. We cover helping
in this chapter, but the broad focus is on all prosocial behavior. The integrative focus
helps resolve some long-running debates, such as whether helping is genuinely altruistic
and prosocial or merely egoistic and selfish. We also break with the Milgram tradition of
depicting obedience and conformity as bad, because culture and thus human social life
would collapse without them. It also discusses morality.
CHAPTER 10
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
Just as Chapter 9 replaced the traditional, narrow focus on helping with a broader focus
on prosocial behavior, Chapter 10 replaces the traditional, narrow focus on aggression
with a broader focus on antisocial behavior. Aggression is treated here as a holdover from
the social animal stage—which is why cultures mainly struggle to reduce and prevent
aggression, favoring nonviolent means of resolving conflicts. Other antisocial behaviors
covered include cheating, lying, stealing, and littering.
CHAPTER 11
Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection
This chapter combines two very different but complementary sets of findings. The study
of interpersonal attraction has a long history and, despite the occasional new finding, is a
fairly well-established body of knowledge. The study of interpersonal rejection is far more
recent but has become a thriving, fast-moving area. Together they constitute the two sides
of the coin of people trying to connect with each other.
CHAPTER 12
Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
In its first decades, social psychology mainly studied interactions among strangers—but
most social life involves ongoing relationships. The study of close, intimate relationships
blossomed in the 1980s from a small, underappreciated corner into a profound and ex-
citing enterprise that changed the field. This chapter covers this work, much of it quite
recent. It emphasizes romantic and sexual relationships, showcasing what social psychol-
ogy has contributed to understanding of these grand, perennial human dramas. Human
romance and sex are eternal problems that reveal our evolutionary background but also
highlight the many striking ways in which humans are unique.
CHAPTER 13
Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
Prejudice occurs all over the world, often contributing to violence and oppression and
other forms of misery. This chapter examines the many forms and faces of prejudice,
ranging from the standard topics of racism and sexism to the less remarked prejudices
xx | Preface
against obese people, Arabs and Muslims, Jews, atheists, and LGBTQ+ individuals.
Special emphasis is given to the emerging and uplifting work on how people overcome
prejudice.
CHAPTER 14
Groups
All over the world, human beings live in small groups. This chapter takes a fresh and
exciting look at the social psychology of groups. The first part addresses one often-over-
looked but basic question, namely why are some groups more and others less than the
sum of their parts? Classic material on group processes is mixed with new research. Be-
cause many groups have leaders, this chapter also discusses leadership and power.
➠ Concept Features
When we embarked on this book we listened long and hard to the complaints that fellow
teachers of social psychology had regarding their textbooks and the way the field was
taught. We also listened to the feedback from many students. Several features of our
textbook are directly influenced by this feedback. We have sought to offer a new, positive
alternative to existing textbooks.
The most common complaint, of course, was the lack of integration. Many instructors,
and even those who liked their particular textbook, still felt that textbooks merely hopped
from one finding and one phenomenon to another without any broad vision. Hence at the
end of the term, as one colleague put it, the take-home message was “Social psychology is
a large, interesting, and diverse field of study.” Our overarching goal of putting the per-
son back together was a direct response to this complaint and is, in our view, the defining
feature of our textbook. The themes that run through the textbook help to flesh this out.
These are developed in Chapter 2, “Culture and Nature,” which we regard as the theoreti-
cal foundation of the book. We recommend that instructors assign this chapter early in
the semester, which is why we put it early in our textbook. The subsequent chapters can
be taught in almost any order. Thus, the textbook is not a linear sequence in which each
chapter builds on the preceding one. We deliberately rejected that approach because we
know many instructors like to adapt the sequence of topics to their own schedules, goals,
and plans. Instead, the design of this textbook is like a wheel. Chapters 1 and 2 are the
center, and all the other chapters are spokes.
Our chapters contain four box feature inserts. Although many textbooks have boxes,
we are especially pleased with our set. In the first edition, they proved to be student favor-
ites. We began with a fairly long list of possible boxes and gradually, based on input and
feedback from students and instructors, trimmed these down to the list of four that run
through the chapters. For the second edition, we kept three of the four boxes from the
first edition. The fourth set, devoted to the broad theme that “Bad is stronger than good”
in the first edition, was also well received, but was replaced by an even more exciting set
called “Money Matters” in subsequent editions. Our readers liked this set of boxes very
much, so we retained and updated them for the fifth edition. The Modules also contain
some of these boxes.
One box in every chapter has to do with eating. One

FOOD FORThought of us recalls a conversation years ago with Peter
Herman, who observed that “Eating is the perfect
social psychology variable, because it is connected to
almost every social variable or process you can think of!” As we researched the various
chapters and thought about the findings, we came to see he was right, and so each chap-
ter has a box that covers some findings showing how the chapter’s topic influences or is
influenced by eating. We thought this would be especially appealing to today’s students,
for whom college often presents a novel set of challenges and opportunities for eating,
Preface | xxi
dieting, drinking, and related concerns. We remember well our college days as “starving
students.” Eating is a microcosm of social processes. Following are the Food for Thought
topics included in the textbook:
● Does Chicken Soup Reduce Cold Symptoms? (Chapter 1)
● Virtuous Vegetarians (Chapter 2)
● Eating Binges and Escaping the Self (Chapter 3)
● Dieting as Self-Regulation (Chapter 4)
● It’s the Thought That Counts (or Doesn’t Count!) the Calories (Chapter 5)
● Mood and Food (Chapter 6)
● Would You Eat a Bug or a Worm? (Chapter 7)
● Convert Communicators and Health Messages (Chapter 8)
● Restaurants, Rules, and the Bad Taste of Nonconformity (Chapter 9)
● Is There a Link Between Diet and Violence? (Chapter 10)
● Social Rejection and the Jar of Cookies (Chapter 11)
● Eating in Front of a Cute Guy (Chapter 12)
● Prejudice Against the Obese (Chapter 13)
● Is Binge Eating Socially Contagious? (Chapter 14)
● Is Comfort Food Really Comforting? (Module B)
● Stress and Nutrition (Module C)
The Social Side of Sex

The same can be said for sex as for food, and so each
chapter has a box applying social psychology to sexu-
ality. We suspect that few people leave college with
their sexual selves unchanged since arrival, and so
students’ natural and personal interest in sexuality can be useful for illuminating many
perspectives and patterns in social psychology. Our emphasis is, of course, not on the
mechanics or techniques of sex but rather on the social context and influences, which
the field of sexuality has often underappreciated. It is also helpful that human sexual
behavior is a vivid, dramatic example of something that shows powerful influences of
both nature and culture. One of us (Baumeister) has even written books on sexuality,
including one with his wife (Dianne Tice). Following are The Social Side of Sex topics
included in the textbook:
● Sex and Culture (Chapter 2)
● Self-Esteem and Saying No to Sex (Chapter 3)
● Gender, Sex, and Decisions (Chapter 4)
● Counting Sex Partners (Chapter 5)
● Can People Be Wrong About Whether They Are Sexually Aroused? (Chapter 6)
● A–B Inconsistency and Erotic Plasticity (Chapter 7)
● Scared into Safe Sex? (Chapter 8)
● Helping, Sex, and Friends (Chapter 9)
● Sexual Aggression (Chapter 10)
● What Is Beauty? (Chapter 11)
● Roots of Anti-Gay Prejudice (Chapter 13)
● Is a Marriage a Group? (Chapter 14)
● Sex for Sale (Module A)
● Increasing Condom Use and Safe Sex Practices (Module B)
● Sexual Harassment (Module C)
xxii | Preface
There is no The Social Side of Sex box in Chapter 12 because half of that chapter is
about sex.
A third box presents tradeoffs. In this box, we attempt to stimulate critical

thinking. Many students come to social psychology wanting to find ways
to change the world and solve its problems. We applaud that idealism,
TRADE but we also think that many problems have their origin in the basic truth
Offs that solving one problem sometimes creates another problem. Many
social psychology findings highlight tradeoffs in which each gain
comes with a loss. We hope that the students will come away from these
boxes with a heightened integrative capacity to see both sides of many
problems and behaviors. Following are the Tradeoffs topics included in
the textbook:
● Research ethics (Chapter 1)

● Political Tradeoffs (Chapter 2)
● Self-Handicapping (Chapter 3)
● Now Versus Tomorrow: Delay of Gratification (Chapter 4)
● Conscious and Unconscious Thought (Chapter 5)
● Affect Intensity, or the Joys of Feeling Nothing (Chapter 6)
● What Is the Real Attitude? (Chapter 7)
● Should Speakers Talk Fast or Slow? (Chapter 8)
● The Prisoner’s Dilemma (Chapter 9)
● Creativity and Cheating (Chapter 10)
● Testosterone—A Blessing and a Curse (Chapter 11)
● Sex In and Out of Marriage (Chapter 12)
● Competition Versus Cooperation (Chapter 13)
● Diversity in Groups (Chapter 14)
● Wrongful Convictions vs. Protecting Victims (Module D)
● The Tragedy of the Commons (Module E)
We replaced the “Bad is Stronger Than Good” boxes

MONEYMatters in the first edition of our textbook with a series of
boxes on money for subsequent editions. This set
was stimulated in part by listening to Paul Rozin, a
thoughtful contrarian who has criticized psychology for being out of step with the inter-
ests of most people. He would hold up a copy of USA Today, “the nation’s newspaper,” and
note that its four sections (politics/crime, money, sports, and life/style) are presumably
what American citizens are most interested in reading—yet these topics are scarcely even
mentioned in the indexes of most psychology textbooks.
Money is highly relevant to our theme of humans as cultural animals. Other animals
do not use money. Money is often spent on getting things that nature makes us want:
food, shelter, warmth, comfort, and even health and sex. Social events, such as war, can
greatly influence the value of money. Yet money is undeniably a cultural phenomenon.
Thus, money shows how humankind has found cultural means of satisfying natural
inclinations. Social psychologists (like intellectuals across the ages) have often been
skeptical and critical of money, and especially of the desire for money. Money is a fact of
life and an almost indispensable ingredient to the good life in modern society. We hope
that this set of boxes will stimulate students to see money through the prism of social
psychology’s diverse interests.
Preface | xxiii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dick's
retriever
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Dick's retriever
Author: E. M. Stooke
Release date: November 13, 2023 [eBook #72111]
Language: English
Original publication: United Kingdom: Thomas Nelson and Sons,

Limited, 1921
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICK'S

RETRIEVER ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.
"By the time that Mrs. Wilkins put in her appearance,

the table-cloth was laid."
DICK'S RETRIEVER
BY
E. M. STOOKE
Author of "Tim and Jim," "A Reformatory Boy,"

&c. &c.
THOMAS NELSON AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK.
1921
CONTENTS.
I. THE ARRIVAL
II. DICK RUNS AN ERRAND
III. DICK'S ENCOUNTER WITH THE BULLY
IV. TEN SHILLINGS REWARD
V. DICK'S INTERVIEW WITH THE COLONEL
VI. HARD TIMES
VII. A GALLANT RESCUE
VIII. STRANGER'S MISSION FULFILLED
DICK'S RETRIEVER.
CHAPTER I.
THE ARRIVAL.
IT was a wild, dark night. The rain was coming down in

torrents, the wind blowing a perfect hurricane. Creak!
Creak! How the branches of the elm trees groaned as they
swayed to and fro outside the tiny cottage where Widow
Wilkins and her eldest child—a delicate looking boy of
twelve—crouched over a dying fire!
"Hark, mother, to the wind! Isn't it terrible?" little Dick
exclaimed in awe-stricken tones.
"Yes," said the widow, "it's a dreadful night. I shudder to

think of the poor sailors out at sea. Depend on it, there'll be
lots of wrecks before morning, unless the wind goes down,
and that pretty soon."
With this, she turned her head towards the door, beneath
which she had stuffed some old matting to keep out the
draught.
"I thought," she went on after a few minutes' pause, "I

heard a cry, but suppose it was only my fancy. One thing's
certain, it can't be from upstairs, 'cos the children are
asleep."
"P'raps it's the wind in the chimney or in the branches of

the trees you hear, mother," said the little boy. "It makes all
kinds of sounds when there's a gale on like this. Listen! I
heard a cry then—sure enough I did! 'Twas like the whine of
a dog, only very low and weak. What do you say—shall we
open the door and look? Something is going 'scratch,
scratch,' now," he cried, jumping excitedly to his feet.
"It's late to open the door, Dick," protested his mother

nervously. "Who's to tell that it isn't some drunken body
playing a trick upon us. Mind we've no near neighbours to
shout to if we should want help ever so bad!"
"I know, I know; but I ain't a bit afraid. And we couldn't go

to bed without seeing what was outside. If it isn't a dog,
why, then, maybe it's a child."
The widow looked disturbed. She rose from her chair, raked
the dying embers together in the fireplace, and lit the
candle; for she and Dick had been sitting the last half-hour
by firelight—they always did so to save lamp oil after she
had put away her sewing at nine o'clock on winter evenings.
"Here, mother, you stand back whilst I undo the door,"

directed Dick.
Mrs. Wilkins, not without some slight misgivings, did as she

was bid. Meanwhile Dick went to the door—his small face
pale with anticipation—and withdrew the heavy bolts. This
done, he lifted the latch, and as a result a gust of storm-
wind swept into the cottage kitchen, and a crouching,
shivering retriever entered.
"Oh!" cried the child. "What a poor wretched thing! See,

mother," he continued, as he shut the door and followed the
dog into the centre of the room, "he's soaked to the skin,
and there's a rope round his neck with a big stone at the
end of it! I know; I see what that means. Some one has
been trying to drown him in the river yonder."
"I reckon your guess isn't far out, Dick," agreed the widow.
"Here, you poor creature, let me look at you. Why, you're
cold as ice, and one of your paws is bleeding!"
Then, turning her kind face to her little son, who stood
looking down on their visitor with pitying eyes, she went on,
—
"Throw a few kindling sticks on those embers, child; and

take the bellows and blow the fire into a blaze. 'Tisn't often
you and I get a chance of doing good, 'cos we're so poor;
but we'll do the best we can for this miserable creature,
though he is but a dog."
"He's a real retriever, I believe," said the enthusiastic little

boy, hastily placing some sticks crosswise on the dying
coals, and reaching forward for the bellows. "See how
affectionately he's licking my hand, mother! Why, what are
you going to do to him with that great cloth you've got?"
"Dry him a bit, to be sure," was the woman's answer. And

straightway she knelt down and began to rub the animal's
rain-sodden coat. "We shall never get him warm as he is,"
she continued, "for he's so wet the water is running off him
into pools on the floor. Try and take off the rope, Dick. And
when you've done it, get me a rag and a piece of string,
and I'll bandage up his paw—it's very sore; I find he can
hardly bear me to touch it."
Dick wanted no second bidding. Setting to work with nimble

fingers, he soon succeeded in untying the knotted rope that
had in some places rubbed the dog's neck into wounds. This
done, he went to a cupboard and took from it a ragged but
clean apron of his sister's, which Mrs. Wilkins split into
strips and bound round the retriever's injured foot.
Having at length dried the dog to their satisfaction, they

coaxed him on to an old sack that they had spread in front
of the hearth; and dumb though he was, the intelligent
creature raised his brown eyes to their faces as if to thank
them for their mercy and compassion. Little Dick brought
some scraps left over from the children's supper and laid
them before the animal; he also offered him some warm
milk and water to drink. But so great was the dog's
exhaustion that he made no effort to drink or eat; instead,
he lay back with a sigh of contentment, and extended his
cramped limbs towards the comforting blaze. In this
position, he was soon asleep.
"Mother," said Dick in a low whisper, after several minutes'

silence, "he's uncommon pretty, now he's dry. Don't you
think so?"
"Yes, I do," assented Mrs. Wilkins. "No one could truthfully
call him ugly with such a fine curly coat as he's got. And he
seems gentle too," she added. "I can't think how folks can
find it in their hearts to be cruel to a dumb thing like him."
The mother and her son sat still for a time, silently admiring
the beautiful animal.
"Mother," said Dick, breaking the silence, "don't you wish

we could keep him—for always, I mean? 'Twould be proper
fun to see him swim in the river to fetch out sticks."
Mrs. Wilkins shook her head.
"Mother!" Dick's voice was low and coaxing; he slipped on

to the floor and laid his head upon his mother's knee. "Do
let us keep this poor dog that's come to our door to-night.
He shall have half of my dinner every day, and a part of my
supper too. O mother, do say yes!"
"Maybe he'll stray away when to-morrow comes."
"Yes, yes; but if he doesn't?"
"Well, Dick, it's not to be thought of—our keeping him—I'm

afraid. You see, a big dog eats a lot; more than you could
spare him from your meals every day, that's certain. Then,
again, there'd be his tax; I couldn't afford to pay it. But,"
hopefully, "p'raps he'll be claimed."
The boy shook his head, and pointed at the rope.
"Whoever tried to drown him doesn't want him back," he

said wisely. "Do you know what I believe, mother?"
"No, Dick. How should I know?"

"Well, I believe God means us to keep him, and I'll tell you
what makes me think so. God knows what happens
everywhere. The parson said so last Sunday. He told us that
there wasn't anything too small or poor to escape God's
notice. So He must know that this poor dog has come
whining to our door." Then, positively, "Of course He does!"
Mrs. Wilkins was silent.
Dick earnestly continued,—
"'Tisn't as if God ever made mistakes. He knows we're poor

folks, and that at times we can scarcely find food for
ourselves. Depend upon it, He won't let us lose by giving
this dear old fellow a home. And when the time comes for
paying his tax—"
"Eh, Dick, what then?" interjected his mother.
"He'll find us the seven and sixpence! P'raps I shall catch a

fish in the river with a piece of money in its mouth," the
little boy conjectured, thinking of the Bible story he had
heard at school the week before.
"We must not decide to-night, child," said Mrs. Wilkins,

heaving a deep sigh. "Poor thing, he shall sleep where he is
till morning. Now, dear, we must go to bed."
"Must we?" The boy stooped over the exhausted animal and
caressed its curly jacket. "Good-night, old man!" he said
softly. "I'm glad we heard you whining. I'm glad we let you
in."
CHAPTER II.
DICK RUNS AN ERRAND.
THERE was no small amount of excitement next morning

when the three younger children became aware that a dog
had gained admittance to the cottage on the previous
evening. Cries of delight rang from their lips the instant
they set eyes on him, and words of pity followed as they
beheld his thin condition, sore neck, and bandaged paw.
The twins, Willie and Joe, aged four, were inclined to be
afraid of him at first; but after watching Dick and Molly
stroke his rough coat, and receive kisses in return from his
long pink tongue, they grew braver, and caressed him also.
"I wonder what he's called?" said bright-eyed, seven-year-

old Molly.
She had addressed the new-comer by a dozen or more

names owned by the various dogs with whom she was
acquainted, but not one appeared to be the right one.
"It isn't Rough, or Ranger, or Spring, or anything I can think

of. If we can't find out what it is, we shall have to think of
something quite new," clapping her hands excitedly.
"But, my dear," broke in the widow at this point, "I really

don't think we can keep him. The gentlefolks in the village
will be sure to say we ain't justified in doing so; and a big
dog is a great expense."
"O mother, we can't turn him to doors!" Dick, on the brink

of tears, pleaded. "What would become of him, lame as he
is? There are lots and lots of boys in the parish who'd stone
him directly they saw he couldn't run away from them. Do
let us keep him for a little while—at any rate, until his foot
is healed."
Widow Wilkins shrugged her thin shoulders and sighed. At

length she consented to keep the dog, assuring herself that
before long some one would be sure to take a fancy to him
and offer him a home.
"What shall we call our dog then?" asked Molly, with quite
an important air of ownership.
"Supposing we call him Stranger," said Dick. "Don't you

think that would do?"
"Yes! Yes!" his little sister and the twins agreed in a breath.
Within a week the dog learned to respond to his new name.

Within a fortnight, he learned to take the children to school
morning and afternoon, and fetch them when their lesson-
hours were over. And though his injured paw caused him to
limp a good deal at first, it soon got well. Then he was able
to scamper and bound along as gracefully as if nothing had
been amiss with it.
He was a sweet-tempered creature, and quickly made

friends with the people in the village, who constantly gave
him scraps to eat.
"Isn't his coat looking beautiful, mother?" Dick said one day
to Mrs. Wilkins, as the much-dreaded winter drew near.
"Ah, it is, my dear!" was her reply. "It's because he's so well
fed—that's the reason. Do you know, Dick, I almost envy
that dog the bits folks throw to him, sometimes, when you
children are on short rations. But there, I won't complain!
P'raps I shall get some more washing or sewing work to do
before long. I'm sure I don't mind how hard I slave, if only I
can manage to get necessaries for you children."
"But, mother, you can't—you mustn't work harder than you

do now!" cried the little boy, in tones strangely earnest for
his years. "Cheer up, though! We won't go meeting trouble
half-way," he went on, "'cos there'll be my shilling a week
that I'm to get for cleaning boots at the rectory before long.
I saw the rector's wife this morning, and promised to start
work in a fortnight's time—that is, if you were willing."
"Willing! Why, yes, 'twill be a fine help to us, my dear,"

responded the widow more cheerfully. "You're right, Dick;
we won't look upon the darkest side. We'll do our best, and
face things as they come."
But although Dick and his hard-working mother tried their

best to be brave during the weeks that followed, anxiety
met them at every turn. The winter settled in, and work
grew scarce. The children's appetites increased with the
cold weather, and rent-days came round all too quickly.
"There's scarcely a handful of coal left in the out-house,

Dick, and I can't spare money to buy more this week," said
Mrs. Wilkins one cold morning to her little son, by now her
right hand in almost every respect.
"That doesn't matter," cried courageous Dick; "I'll pick up a

big bundle of sticks in the woods during dinner-time. And
when I come out of school this afternoon, I'll get another
lot."
And Dick Wilkins was as good as his word. He collected a

huge bundle of fuel when he came out of school at twelve,
and when lessons were over in the afternoon, he hastened
to the woods again to get another lot together.
The weather was chill, indeed; but he paid no heed to the
fact, so busy was he in selecting and collecting his sticks.
He had barely succeeded in binding up his second load
when, to his surprise, he turned and found a gentleman
within a foot of him—one whom he at once recognized as
the artist who lodged at Farmer Smerdon's.
"Don't be frightened, my boy," said the new-comer, seeing

the child start and colour slightly. "You are doing no harm, I
am sure, and it is a pity these branches should be left to rot
in the woods when they would make such capital fires. But
now to come at once to business! Will you run an errand for
me? If so, I'll guard your fagot the while."
"Yes, sir," was Dick's quick reply.
A sensation of delight came over him as he thought of the

coppers that he was in view of earning. He would take them
home to his mother as a pleasant surprise. Oh, how
pleased, how thankful she would be!
"Well, the fact is, I have left a small box of water-colour

paints on the seat in the church porch," the artist lost no
time in explaining; "and as I have walked a great many
miles already this afternoon, I feel too tired to go back for
it. On the other hand, if the village children should come
upon my property, I fear they may do it damage."
"I'll fetch it straightway, sir. Please, is that all? Isn't there

brushes as well?"
"No; I have my brushes with me. It is only the box I have

forgotten."
"Right, sir; I'll be back again in no time."

And needing no further encouragement, Dick darted off as
fast as the broken soles of his worn-out boots would carry
him.
How he did his errand in so short a time, he never knew,

but he reached the church in less than five minutes, though
it was situated at a considerable distance from the woods,
and possessing himself of the little paint-box, he fastened
its cover securely that none of its contents might fall out,
and sped back with all haste to the spot where the artist,
true to his promise, was guarding his bundle of sticks.
"What! Returned already!" exclaimed the gratified

gentleman, as Dick, hot and panting, made his
reappearance. "You have been very quick. I should not have
thought it possible for any one to do the distance in so short
a time," taking the box from the boy's trembling hands and
looking scrutinizingly into his eager countenance.
It was an honest, good-looking face, but withal pinched and

thin. There was, too, a certain wistfulness in the child's blue
eyes that hinted at poverty—perhaps privation. The artist
was by no means rich, but a kindly impulse prompted him
to reward the runner of his errand more generously than he
had at first intended. "Here, lad," said he, "take this for
having obliged me." And he put a piece of money into the
boy's hand.
"Please, sir," Dick gazed with misty eyes at the coin—"did

you mean to give me a shilling?"
"To be sure I did," was the reply; and the donor afterwards
told himself that the expression of mingled wonderment and
delight on the little face was worth three times the amount.
"Take it and welcome, my lad," said he. "Now I will bid you
good-day."
"Good-day, sir; and—and thank you ever so!" burst from
Dick's quivering lips; after which he looked at the coin a
second time, and murmured with delight, "Won't mother be
surprised and glad! Fancy a shilling!—a whole shilling! Why,
that's as much as I get at the rectory for cleaning boots in a
week!"
And then, raising the piece of money to his lips, he actually

kissed it, not for its own sake, as a miser might have done,
but for the sake of the much-needed necessaries that he
meant it to buy.
CHAPTER III.
DICK'S ENCOUNTER WITH THE BULLY.
"HULLO, Dick Wilkins, let me see what he has given you!"
The speaker was Squire Filmer's son, a well-known bully of

about fifteen years of age. As his voice—always a dreaded
one—fell on Dick's ears, the little boy thrust his precious
shilling into his deepest pocket and turned pale.
"Here! Are you deaf?" continued Stephen, as his demand

received no answer. "Let me see this instant what the
gentleman has given you, or I'll make you turn out your
pockets. Oh, it's no good!" he went on as the child looked
anxiously around him. "There's no escape for you. And as
for calling, you might shout yourself hoarse, and no one
would hear. The artist is half a mile away by now; I watched
him out of sight before I spoke to you."
"I wasn't going to call to him, sir. And I wasn't going to run
away either. I ain't a coward," Dick found voice enough to
declare.
And he spoke the truth; no thought of flight had entered his

head for a moment. He had merely glanced around with the
hope that Stranger might perchance have come, as he
sometimes did, to seek him.
"Oh, you are not a coward, eh? Then that's all right. Now
show me that piece of money!" persisted the bully, gripping
Dick's shoulder so tightly that he could have shrieked with
pain, had he been less brave than he was.
"Why should I show it to you, sir? 'Twas given to me. I

earned it by running an errand for the artist gentleman, I
did," said Dick.
"What of that? Let me see it, I tell you, or I'll give you
something to remember me by. Ah!" as Dick's hand went
reluctantly into his pocket. "I thought I should bring you to
reason. So the gentleman gave you this, eh? A shilling!
Well, it's a great deal too much money for a little boy like
you to have. Think of it I—twelve pence, to be sucked away
in candy!"
"No, sir. I mean to take it home to mother," little Dick

explained, in his straightforward way. "We're terribly poor
now that father's dead. And the children do eat such a lot
this cold weather, and—and wear out so many boots."
"Come, you don't whine badly for a youngster! Poor folks

are born grumblers, and a discontented set at best," stated
Stephen. "Look here, Dick Wilkins, I may as well tell you at
once that I am going to have that shilling of yours, whether
you like it or no; and in return, I intend to give you this
pretty little box that I picked up in the road yonder about
half an hour ago. Exchange is no robbery, and you may
think yourself lucky to have anything."
With this, he snatched Dick's shilling from his hand, and

threw a small, curiously-carved match-box at the little
wood-picker's feet.
"Oh, you shan't! You shan't!" cried poor Dick, losing all self-
control, and throwing himself bodily upon the bigger boy.
"'Tis mine," he contended, breaking into a passion of sobs
and tears. "I earned it myself, and I mean to have it. Give it
to me this minute, and take your match-box back. A thing
like that's no good to me and mother. You're a coward and a
thief."
"Now stop that noise," said Stephen. "It's no use your

making a fuss; I want your shilling badly. I'm saving for
new skates; and there's certain to be ice on the lake in Lord
Bentford's grounds early in the new year."
"And I want to buy all sorts of things for mother and the
children," sobbed the miserable and indignant Dick. "Listen
to me, sir!" He ceased crying, took a step towards young
Filmer, and looked fearlessly into his face. "If you don't give
me back my money at once," he said, "I'll go straight to the
farm and tell your father."
"So that's your little game, is it?" exclaimed the bully. "Well,
it's a fortunate thing you mentioned it to me, because now I
can tell you what the result of your doing it would be. I
should make my mother promise me that she would never
have Mrs. Wilkins to do washing or charing for her again."

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(eBook PDF) Social Psychology and

Human Nature 5th Edition

vi | About the Authors

and the Method 2 TRADEOFFS

Culture and Nature 34 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 47

The Self 68 Self

MONEY MATTERS 119

Choices and Actions 114 Making Bad Decisions

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 121

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 137

Goals, Plans, Intentions 127 Irrationality and Self-Destruction 140

Social Cognition 148 TRADEOFFS

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 161

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 193

Emotion and Affect 186 Whether They Are Sexually

MONEY MATTERS 242

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 244

MONEY MATTERS 267

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 274

Prosocial Behavior 290 MONEY MATTERS

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 311

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 350

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 357

and Rejection 370 MONEY MATTERS

Close Relationships 404 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

MONEY MATTERS 442

Relations 450 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 464

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SEX 499

Groups 494 TRADEOFFS

FOOD FOR THOUGHT 506

B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1

C Industrial and Organizational Psychology:

D Applying Social Psychology to Law D1

E Applying Social Psychology to the Environment E1

One box in every chapter has to do with eating. One

The Social Side of Sex

A third box presents tradeoffs. In this box, we attempt to stimulate critical

● Research ethics (Chapter 1)

We replaced the “Bad is Stronger Than Good” boxes

Title: Dick's retriever

Release date: November 13, 2023 [eBook #72111]

Original publication: United Kingdom: Thomas Nelson and Sons,

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DICK'S

"By the time that Mrs. Wilkins put in her appearance,

Author of "Tim and Jim," "A Reformatory Boy,"

THOMAS NELSON AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK.

III. DICK'S ENCOUNTER WITH THE BULLY

IV. TEN SHILLINGS REWARD

V. DICK'S INTERVIEW WITH THE COLONEL

VI. HARD TIMES

VII. A GALLANT RESCUE

VIII. STRANGER'S MISSION FULFILLED

IT was a wild, dark night. The rain was coming down in

"Yes," said the widow, "it's a dreadful night. I shudder to

"I thought," she went on after a few minutes' pause, "I