ELECTRONICS

Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Electronic Timing Circuit
Electronics – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Electronic Timing Circuit
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author : Rona E. Mallari

Co-Author - Content Editor : Erasto G. Agkis Ed.D
Co-Author - Language Reviewer : Nina S. Manuel
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 10

Electronics
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Electronic Timing Circuit
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Electronic Timing Circuit

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Electronics – Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Electronic Timing Circuit.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, with at least 80% level of proficiency, the learners
should be able to:

1. Interpret the diagram and layout of the components of an electronic timing

circuit used as time delay switching for electronic devices

1
 What I Know

A. Interpret the given diagram, by answering the given questions that

follow:

1. How long will it take to “fully charge” the capacitor when switch is On?
2. How long the LED will stay On when the switch is Off, while the capacitor is fully
charge?

3. What are the components used in the given diagram?

4. What is the Voltage of the battery?

5. How about the value of resistor?

6. And the value of capacitor?

B. Fill in the blanks.

7. ____________ behaves like the collector of loads in the circuits.

8. ____________store electricity and then discharges it back into the circuit when
there is a drop in voltage

9. A ____________ is used to initiate the circuit.

10. ____________ used to resist the flow of current or to control the voltage in a
circuit.

2
Lesson

1 Electronic Timing Circuit

Electronic and electrical technicians are often called to install, and maintain
hundreds of different types of devices. As these devices have grown in variety and
complexity, a system of symbols, and conventions evolved to describe the circuits
in a shorthand method of documentation. This allows engineers, designers, and
technicians; to understand how the circuits that make up a device work, and how
its components connect with each other.

In this module, you will learn how to interpret diagram and layout of the
components of an electronic timing circuit used as time delay switching for
electronic devices.

What’s In

Before you proceed with the lesson, let’s see if you can match the description
with the correct electrical symbol.

Match the description with the letter corresponding to the correct symbol in
the following figure. (Note: All of the letters will be used.)

______ 1. Chassis ground a. f.

______ 2 Resistor
______ 3. Battery
______ 4. Capacitor
______ 5. Inductor

______ 6. DC source b. g.
______ 7. Ground or earth ground
______ 8. Diode
______ 9. AC source
______ 10. Switch

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 c. h.

d. i.

e. j.

Very Good! You did a great job!

Now, let us start learning more on Electronics.
Are you ready? Let’s begin.

Notes to the Teacher

What’s New

Did you know? When voltages suddenly change, the change is not smooth, it
may go on fluctuating for a short while. This may not be good for the fridge
compressor for example. So, to guard such devices, a short delay is introduced
while switching on until the steady state voltage is assured. This time delay circuit
can help you protect your home appliances from voltage spikes.

4
 What it is

Electronic Components
Let’s talk about the different components that make electronic projects come to
life. Below is a quick breakdown of the most common components and functions
they perform.

Switch
Switches can come in many forms such as pushbutton, rocker, momentary, and
others. Their basic function is to interrupt electric current by turning a circuit on
or off.

Resistor
Resistors are used to resist the flow of current or to control the voltage in a
circuit. The amount of resistance that a resistor offers is measured in Ohms. Most
resistors have colored stripes on the outside and this code will tell you it’s value of
resistance. You can use a multimeter or Digikey’s resistor color code calculator to
determine the value of a resistor.

Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)

A variable resistor is also known as a potentiometer. These components can be
found in devices such as a light dimmer or volume control for a radio. When you
turn the shaft of a potentiometer, the resistance changes in the circuit.

5
Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)
A light-dependent resistor is also a variable resistor but is controlled by the light
versus turning a knob. The resistance in the circuit changes with the intensity
of the light. These are often found in exterior lights that automatically turn on at
dusk and off at dawn.

Capacitor
Capacitors store electricity and then discharges it back into the circuit when there
is a drop in voltage. A capacitor is like a rechargeable battery and can be charged
and then discharged. The value is measured in F (Farad), nano Farad (nF) or pico
Farad (pF) range.

Diode
A diode allows electricity to flow in one direction and blocks it from flowing the
opposite way. The diode’s primary role is to route electricity from taking an
unwanted path within the circuit.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode is like a standard diode in the fact that electrical current only
flows in one direction. The main difference is an LED will emit light when
electricity flows through it. Inside an LED there is an anode and cathode. Current
always flows from the anode (+) to the cathode (-) and never in the opposite
direction. The longer leg of the LED is the positive (anode) side.

6
Transistor
Transistors are tiny switches that turn a current on or off when triggered by an
electric signal. In addition to being a switch, it can also be used to amplify
electronic signals. A transistor is similar to a relay except with no moving parts.

Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch that opens or closes when power is
applied. Inside a relay is an electromagnet which controls a mechanical switch.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit is a circuit that’s been reduced in size to fit inside a tiny
chip. This circuit contains electronic components like resistors and capacitors but
on a much smaller scale. Integrated circuits come in different variations such as
555 timers, voltage regulators, microcontrollers, and many more. Each pin on an
IC is unique in terms of it’s function.

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Schematic Diagram
In working with circuits, we often find something called a schematic
diagram. These diagrams use symbols to illustrate what electronic components are
used and where they’re placed in the circuit. These symbols are graphic
representations of the actual electronic components.

Below is an example of a schematic that depicts an LED circuit that is controlled by

a switch. It contains symbols for an LED, resistor, battery, and a switch. In
following a schematic diagram, you are able to know which components to use and
where to put them. These schematics are extremely helpful for beginners when
first learning circuits.

Schematic Diagram for LED Circuit

There are many types of electronic symbols and they vary slightly between
countries. Below are a few of the most commonly used electronic symbols in the
US.

8
https://www.makerspaces.com/basic-
electronics/?fbclid=IwAR0xxPNfe1guhWKXTGbsIPBVJzpS2avLJJTvUN_0kyDHbUQoOCs4qabxK_s

Now let us talk about Electronic circuits or systems suffer from some form of
“time-delay” between its input and output terminals when either a signal or voltage,
continuous, (DC) or alternating ( AC ), is applied to it.

This delay is generally known as the circuits time delay or Time

Constant which represents the time response of the circuit when an input step
voltage or signal is applied. The resultant time constant of any electronic circuit or
system will mainly depend upon the reactive components either capacitive or
inductive connected to it. Time constant has units of, Tau – τ.

When an increasing DC voltage is applied to a discharged Capacitor, the

capacitor draws what is called a “charging current” and “charges up”. When this
voltage is reduced, the capacitor begins to discharge in the opposite direction.
Because capacitors can store electrical energy, they act in many ways like small
batteries, storing or releasing the energy on their plates as required.

The electrical charge stored on the plates of the capacitor is given as: Q =
CV. This charging (storage) and discharging (release) of a capacitors energy is never
instant but takes a certain amount of time to occur with the time taken for the
capacitor to charge or discharge to within a certain percentage of its maximum
supply value being known as its Time Constant ( τ ).

If a resistor is connected in series with the capacitor forming an RC circuit,

the capacitor will charge up gradually through the resistor until the voltage across
it reaches that of the supply voltage. The time required for the capacitor to be fully
charge is equivalent to about 5 time constants or 5T. Thus, the transient response
or a series RC circuit is equivalent to 5 time constants.

This transient response time T, is measured in terms of τ = R x C, in

seconds, where R is the value of the resistor in ohms, and C is the value of the
capacitor in Farads. This then forms the basis of an RC charging circuit
were 5T can also be thought of as “5 x RC”.

RC Charging Circuit

The figure below shows a capacitor, ( C ) in series with a resistor, ( R ) forming a RC

Charging Circuit connected across a DC battery supply ( Vs ) via a mechanical
switch. At time zero, when the switch is first closed, the capacitor gradually
charges up through the resistor until the voltage across it reaches the supply
voltage of the battery. The manner in which the capacitor charges up is shown
below.

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RC Charging Circuit

Let us assume above, that the capacitor (C) is fully “discharged”, and the switch (S)
is fully opened. These are the initial conditions of the circuit, then t = 0, i = 0 and q
= 0. When the switch is closed the time begins at t = 0 and current begins to flow
into the capacitor via the resistor.

Since the initial voltage across the capacitor is zero, ( Vc = 0 ) at t = 0, the capacitor
appears to be a short circuit to the external circuit, and the maximum current
flows through the circuit restricted only by the resistor R. Then by using Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL), the voltage drops around the circuit are given as:

The current now flowing around the circuit is called the Charging Current and is
found by using Ohms law as: i = Vs/R.

RC Charging Circuit Curves

10
 https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/rc/rc_1.html?fbclid=IwAR0WMeAGruq1bjITGWt38w9CfskyzSqBKKFqGq8pW3Lkq_g4raF
B5aNFrjg

As the capacitor charges up as shown, the rise in the RC charging curve is steeper
at the beginning because the charging rate is fastest at the start, and then tapers
off as the capacitor takes on additional charge at a slower rate.

As the capacitor charges up, the potential difference across its plates slowly
increases with the actual time taken for the charge on the capacitor to
reach 63% of its maximum possible voltage, in our curve 0.63Vs being known as
one Time Constant, ( T ).

This 0.63Vs voltage point is given the abbreviation of 1T, (one time constant).

The capacitor continues charging up and the voltage difference

between Vs and Vc reduces, so too does the circuit current, i. Then at its final
condition greater than five time constants ( 5T ) when the capacitor is said to be
fully charged, t = ∞, i = 0, q = Q = CV. At infinity, the charging current finally
diminishes to zero, and the capacitor acts like an open circuit with the supply
voltage value entirely across the capacitor as Vc = Vs.

So mathematically we can say that the time required for a capacitor to charge up to
one time constant, ( 1T ) is given as:

RC Time Constant, Tau

This RC time constant only specifies a rate of charge where, R is in Ω and C in

Farads.

Since voltage V is related to charge on a capacitor given by the equation, Vc = Q/C,

the voltage across the capacitor ( Vc ) at any instant in time during the charging
period is given as:

 Where:
 Vc is the voltage across the capacitor
 Vs is the supply voltage
 t is the elapsed time since the application of the supply voltage
 RC is the time constant of the RC charging circuit

After a period equivalent to 4 time constants, ( 4T ) the capacitor in this RC

charging circuit is virtually fully charged and the voltage across the capacitor is
now approx 98% of its maximum value, 0.98Vs. The time period taken for the
capacitor to reach this 4T point is known as the Transient Period.

11
After a time of 5T the capacitor is now said to be fully charged with the voltage
across the capacitor, ( Vc ) being equal to the supply voltage, ( Vs ). As the capacitor
is fully charged, no more current flows in the circuit. The time period after
this 5T point is known as the Steady State Period.

RC Charging Circuit Example No1

Calculate the RC time constant, τ of the following circuit.

The time constant, τ is found using the formula T = R x C in seconds.

Therefore, the time constant τ is given as: T = R x C = 47k x 1000uF = 47 Secs

a) What will be the value of the voltage across the capacitors plates at exactly
0.7 time constants?

At 0.7 time constants ( 0.7T ) Vc = 0.5Vs. Therefore, Vc = 0.5 x 5V = 2.5V.

b) What value will be the voltage across the capacitor at 1 time constant?

At 1 time constant ( 1T ) Vc = 0.63Vs. Therefore, Vc = 0.63 x 5V = 3.15V.

c) How long will it take to “fully charge” the capacitor from the supply?

We have learnt that the capacitor will be fully charged after 5 time constants, (5T).

1 time constant ( 1T ) = 47 seconds, (from above). Therefore, 5T = 5 x 47 = 235 secs

d) The voltage across the Capacitor after 100 seconds?

The voltage formula is given as Vc = V(1 – e(-t/RC)) so this becomes: Vc = 5(1 – e(-
100/47))

Where: V = 5 volts, t = 100 seconds, and RC = 47 seconds from above.

Therefore, Vc = 5(1 – e(-100/47)) = 5(1 – e-2.1277) = 5(1 – 0.1191) = 4.4 volts.

12
We have seen here that the charge on a capacitor is given by the expression: Q =
CV, where C is its fixed capacitance value, and V is the applied voltage. We have
also learnt that when a voltage is firstly applied to the plates of the capacitor, it
charges up at a rate determined by its RC time constant, τ and will be considered
fully charged after five times the constant, or 5T.

Example No. 2

Suppose the Switch is On:

1.How long will it take to “fully charge” the capacitor from the supply ?
We can use this Formula TFC = 5RC;
where, TFC - the time when the capacitor become fully charged.
R – is the resistor
C – is the capacitor
Solution: TFC = 5RC
TFC = 5(330Ω)(1000uF)
TFC = 5(330Ω)(.001F)
TFC = 1.65 secs.

Suppose the Switch is Off:

2. How long the LED will stay Switched On?
We can use this Formula TFD = 5RC,
where, TFD - the time when the capacitor become fully discharged
R – is the resistor
C – is the capacitor
Solution: TFC = 5RC
TFD = 5(330Ω)(1000uF)
TFD = 5(330Ω)(.001F)
TFD = 1.65 secs.
3. What are the components used it the given diagram?
Battery, Switch, Resistor, Capacitor, LED
Note: When the switch is off the fully
charged capacitor will act as the power
13 source to let the LED stay On until the
capacitor gets fully discharged.
4. What is the Voltage of the battery? 9volts
5. How about the value of resistor? 330Ω
6. And the value of capacitor? 1000uF

In many electronic circuit applications, a delay of a few seconds or minutes

becomes a crucial requirement for ensuring correct operation of the circuit.
Without the specified delay, the circuit could malfunction, or even get damaged.

Let us analyse some various configurations in details.

Using a Single Transistor and Push Button

The first circuit diagram shows how a transistor and a few other passive
components may be connected for acquiring the intended delay timing outputs.

The transistor has been provided with the usual base resistor for the current
limiting functions.

A LED which is used here just indication purposes behaves like the collector load of
the circuit.

A capacitor, which is the crucial part of the circuit gets the specific position in the
circuit, we can see that it's been placed at the other end of the base resistor and
not directly to the base of the transistor.

A push button is used to initiate the circuit.

On depressing the button momentarily, a positive voltage from the supply line
enters the base resistor and switches ON the transistor, and subsequently the LED.

However, in the course of the above action, the capacitor also gets charged fully.

On releasing the push button, though the power to the base gets disconnected, the
transistor continues to conduct with the aid of the stored energy in the capacitor
which now starts discharging its stored charge via the transistor.

The LED also stays switched ON until the capacitor gets fully discharged.

The value of the capacitor determines the time delay or for how long the transistor
stays in the conducting mode.

Along with the capacitor, the value of the base resistor also plays an important role
in determining the timing for which the transistor remains switched ON after the
push button is released.

However, the circuit using just one transistor will be able to produce time delays
which may range only for a few seconds.

14
By adding one more transistor stage (next figure), the above time delay range can
be increased significantly.

The addition of another transistor stage increases the sensitivity of the circuit,
which enables the use of larger values of the timing resistor thereby enhancing the
time delay range of the circuit.

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

Using a Triac:

The following image shows how the above delay timer circuit may be integrated
with a triac and used for toggling a main AC operated load.

15
 https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/
The above could be further modified with a self-contained power transformer less
power supply as shown below:

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

Without a Push-Button

If the above design is intended to be used without a push button, the same may be
implemented as indicated in the following diagram:

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

The following circuit shows how the associated push button may be rendered
inactive as soon as it's pressed; while the delay timer is in the activated state.

During this time any further pressing of the push button has no impact on the
timer as long as the output is active or until the timer has finished its delay
operation.

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 https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

Two Step Sequential Timer

The above circuit can be modified to produce a two-step sequential delay generator.

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

A simple delay OFF alarm circuit is shown in the following diagram.

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

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Delay ON Timer Circuit Working Details

The shown diagram is pretty straightforward yet provides the necessary actions
very impressively, moreover the delay period is variable making the set up
extremely useful for the proposed applications.

The functioning can be understood with the following points:

Assuming the load which requires the delay ON action being connected across the
relay contacts, when power is switched ON, the 12V DC passes via R2 but is
unable to reach the base of T1 because initially, C2 acts as a short across ground.

The voltage thus passes through R2, gets dropped to relevant limits
and starts charging C2.

Once C2 charges up to a level which develops a potential of 0.3 to 0.6V (+ zener

voltage) at the base of T1, T1 is instantly switched ON, toggling T2, and the
relay subsequently.... finally, the load gets switched ON too.

The above process induces the required delay for switching ON the load.

The delay period may be set by appropriately selecting the values of R2 and C2.

R1 ensures that C2 quickly discharges through it so that the circuit attains the
stand by position as soon as possible.

D3 blocks the charge from reaching the base of T1.

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-delay-timer-circuits-explained/

18
Parts List

R1 = 1o0K (Resistor for Discharging C2 when circuit is switched OFF))

R2 = 330K (Timing Resistor)
R3= 10K
R4 = 10K
D1 = 3V zener diode (Optional, could be replaced with a wire link)
D2 = 1N4007
D3 = 1N4148
T1 = BC547
T2 = BC557
C2 = 33uF/25V (Timing Capacitor)
Relay = SPDT, 12V/400 Ohms

What’s More

Hello! What have you learned today?

Very good! Let see if you really understood your lesson. Are you ready for the
activity? Let’s go!

Interpret the given diagram, to answer the given questions on a separate

sheet.

1. How long will it take to “fully charge” the capacitor when switch is On?
2. How long the LED will stay On when the switch is Off, while the capacitor
is fully charged?
3. What are the components used it the given diagram?
4. What is the Voltage of the battery?
5. How about the value of the resistor?
6. And what is the value of the capacitor?

19
 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks.

____(1)______ can come in many forms such as pushbutton, rocker, momentary,

and others. Their basic function is to interrupt electric current by turning a circuit
on or off.

____(2) are used to resist the flow of current or to control the voltage in a
circuit.

A variable resistor is also known as a___(3)______ These components can be found

in devices such as a light dimmer or volume control for a radio. When you turn
the shaft of it, the resistance changes in the circuit.

A ____(4)______ is also a variable resistor but is controlled by the light versus

turning a knob. The resistance in the circuit changes with the intensity of the
light. These are often found in exterior lights that automatically turn on at dusk
and off at dawn.

_____(5)_______ store electricity and then discharges it back into the circuit when
there is a drop in voltage. A capacitor is like a rechargeable battery and can be
charged and then discharged. The value is measured in F (Farad), nano Farad (nF)
or pico Farad (pF) range.

A _____(6)_______ is like a standard diode in the fact that electrical current only
flows in one direction. Current always flows from the anode (+) to the cathode (-)
and never in the opposite direction.

______(7)______ are tiny switches that turn a current on or off when triggered by an
electric signal. In addition to being a switch, it can also be used to amplify
electronic signals

A _____(8)_______ is an electrically operated switch that opens or closes when power

is applied. Inside it is an electromagnet which controls a mechanical switch.

_____(9)_______ is a circuit that’s been reduced in size to fit inside a tiny chip. This
circuit contains electronic components like resistors and capacitors but on a much
smaller scale. It comes in different variations such as 555 timers, voltage
regulators, microcontrollers, and many more. Each pin on an IC is unique in terms
of its function.

20
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph