3

TOPIC
h STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF A FLOWER
__________________________________________

PLC 5&6  BASIC INFORMATION AND BACKGROUND ABOUT

LEAVES
 BASIC PARTS OF A FLOWER
 FUSION OF PARTS
 OVARY
 POSITIONS OF OVARY
 INFLORESCENCE
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS
 POLLINATION AND POLLINATING AGENTS
 FERTILIZATION

Learning Objective
At the end of the topic, the learners are expected
to:
 Familiarize the basic parts and function of a
flower
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)

FLOWERS
Flowers are the reproductive structures that are
found in flowering plants, also known as Figure (1) Diverse variations of flowers
angiosperms. They are an important part of the
plant life cycle and play a crucial role in the
reproduction and propagation of these plants.
Flowers exhibit an apparently infinite diversity of
combinations in their spectrum of color, size, form,
and anatomical organization. Regardless of their
variety, all flowers have a uniform function, the
reproduction of the species through the
production of seed.

ACTIVITY 1. WHAT I KNOW BASIC INFORMATION AND

1
Test your memory and learning from your basic education. In your activity notebook, ABOUT
draw and FLOWER
label the parts of L
the flower below:

Flowers have The

flower leaves, env
also know as con
flora mo
envelopes. oft
Flora fun
envelopes are pol
the specialized
structures that Tog
surround and The
the
pol
ove
protect the reproductive organs of a flower. They
are typically composed of two whorls the calyx and
the corolla.

The calyx is the outermost whorl of the floral

envelope. It is typically green and leaf- like, and it is
composed of several sepals. The calyx protects the
flower bud during development and supports the
flower once it is open.
Sepals are small, scale-like structures that are
attached to the receptacle, the base of the flower.

Figure (2) Basic Flower Structure and its Parts

There are other floral leaves in some flowers these include:

Bracts: Bracts are tiny, leaf-like components
located at the bottom of a flower or cluster of
flowers (inflorescence). They can exhibit green or
vivid colors and might assist in drawing the
attention of pollinators.
Phyllodes: Phyllodes are modified leaves that
function as stems or branches. They are present
in certain plant species, like acacias and wattles,
and can also play a role in the production of
flowers
Spines: Spines are modified leaves or stems that
are sharp and pointed. They are present on specific
plants, like roses and thistles, and they can serve
the purpose of safeguarding the flower from
herbivores.
Flower leaves play a vital role in protecting the
reproductive organs of the flower and attracting
pollinators.

2
 Bracts Spines
Phyllodes

Figure (3) Floral leaves in flowers

BASIC PARTS OF A
FLOWER
The main parts of the flower are the male and female parts, as well as the portions that attract
pollinators and support the flower and seed development.

PARTS OF THE FLOWER AND THEIR

FUNCTIONS
Flowers have two primary parts: the vegetative
part, which includes the petals and the sepals, and
the reproductive part, encompassing the stamen
(male reproductive organ) and the pistil or carpal
(female reproductive organ).
Vegetative Parts of a Flower (Perianth)
Petals (Corolla): Petals are usually the most
noticeable part of a flower and serve a vital
function in attracting pollinators. The vibrant colors
and enticing scents of petals attract pollinators
such as bees, butterflies, and birds.
Sepals (Calyx): These are small, modified leaves
that enclose and protect the flower bud before it
opens. They are often green, but in some flowers
they are brightly colored and resemble the petals.
Reproductive parts of a flower
The reproductive structures of flowers are
separate male and female parts:
Male Parts (Stamen or Androecium)
Anther: This part of the stamen produces and
contains pollen. The anther is usually at the end of
a thin tube-like structure called the filament.
Filament: The filament is a stalk that holds up the
anther, making the pollen accessible to pollinators
or wind.
Female Parts (Pistil or Carpel or Gynoecium)
Stigma: This is the part of the pistil that receives. It
is often sticky or feathery for trapping and holding
onto the pollen grains.

Receptacle: This is the part of the flower where the
flower attaches to the stalk.
Peduncle: The peduncle is the formal name for a
flower stalk.
Style: This is the long tube-like structure that
connects the stigma and the ovary. Once a pollen
grain lands on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube
down the style to reach the ovary and accomplish
fertilization.

3
Ovary: This is the part of the pistil that holds the
ovule(s). It is within the ovary that fertilization
occurs and seeds develop.

Ovule: The ovule is the potential seed within the

ovary. Each ovule contains an egg cell. When an
ovule is fertilized by a sperm cell from a pollen
grain, it develops into a seed.

The opposite of syncarpous is "apocarpous,"

FUSION OF PARTS where the carpels remain separate and distinct. In
The joining or merging of several floral structures apocarpous flowers, each carpel has its own
during a flower's development is referred to as the individual ovary.
"fusion of parts" in flowers. Numerous plant
species exhibit a range of floral shapes due to the
partial or total fusion of particular flower elements.
This merging might take place between distinct
whorls or inside the same whorl, which is a
collection of floral structures.

Coalescence or fusion

Fusion or union of floral organs from the same

whorl or type which is designated by Sym or Syn.

Connation is the term for fusion that occurs

between segments of the same whorl, such as
when petals combine to form a tubular structure,
or sympetalous flower.
Figure (6) Apocarpous Ovary and Syncarpous Ovary
Synandrous refers to a condition in flowers where
the stamens, the male reproductive organs, are
fused together. In synandrous flowers, the
filaments of the stamens are united, forming a
single structure.

Figure (5) Hibicus (Gumamela) an example of a sympetalous fllower

Syncarpous refers to a type of flower where the

carpels (female reproductive structures) are fused
together. In a syncarpous ovary, the carpels unite
to form a single, compound structure. This
Figure (7) A synandrous flower
compound ovary can have multiple chambers, each
containing one or more ovules.
Figure (4) Parts of a Flower Diagram
4
Adnation is the term used when elements of a
plant fuse together between whorls, like when a
stamen fuses with a petal. A hypanthium, also
known as a floral cup or flower cup, is a floral
structure formed by the fusion of the basal parts of
sepals, petals, and stamens to the receptacle or
ovary of a flower.

OVARY Figure (8) Hypanthium in flowers

The ovary is a vital part of the female reproductive
system in flowering plants typically located at the
base of the pistil or carpel. The ovary protects the
ovules which house the female reproductive
gametes, nutrients for plant embryo development
and protective layers. After pollination, the ovary
protects the developing seed embryos by swelling
to form fruit, then aids in dispersing the mature
seeds.

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Locule: A locule is a chamber or compartment
within a plant ovary that contains ovules or
seeds.The number and arrangement of locules
within an ovary can vary among different plant
species. After fertilization, each ovule within a
Figure (9) Structure and Parts of an Ovary in Flowers
locule develops into a seed. The locules provide
separate compartments for the maturation of
Placenta: The placenta is the surface of the carpel
seeds.
(highly modified leaf) to which the ovules
Ovule: The ovule is part of the makeup of the
(potential seeds) are attached.
female reproductive organ in seed plants. It’s the
place where female reproductive cells are made
Septa: are partitions or walls that divide a cavity or
and contained, and it is what eventually develops structure into separate compartments within
into a seed after fertilization. certain types of ovaries.
The ovule is made up of the nucellus, the
integuments that form the outermost layer, and POSITION OF OVARY
the female gametophyte (called an embryo sac in The location of the ovary, in relation to the other
flowering plants), which are found at the very flower parts, is a key feature used to identify a
center. flower species. It is thought that the earliest
flowers to evolve had superior ovaries but the
need to protect the ovary and fruits from
pollinators led to the development of inferior
ovaries or the hypanthium (a cup- shaped
extension of the receptacle, which encloses the
ovary).

SUPERIOR OVARY
The commonest type of ovary in which the sepals,
petals and stamens arise from below the ovary.
The flower is technically Hypogynous where hypo
means flower parts start 'below the ovary.
Figure (10) Parts of an Ovule 5
 which encloses the ovary. The flower is technically
Perigynous where peri means 'around'.

Figure (11) A Hypogynous Flower

INFERIOR OVARY Figure (13) A Perigynous Flower

The tepals, corolla tube and stamens (filaments
plus anthers) arise from above the ovary. The REFERENCES:

Ackerman, J. D. (2000). “Abiotic pollen and pollination:

flower is technically Epigynous where epi means
Ecological, functional, and evolutionary perspectives”. Plant
'above'. Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1): 167–185.
doi:10.1007/BF00984101

De Craene, Ronse; P., Louis (2010). Floral Diagrams.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-
80671-1. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511806711

Esau, Katherine (1965). Plant Anatomy (2nd ed.). New York:

John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-24455-4.

Mauseth, James D. (2016). Botany: An Introduction to Plant

Biology (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-284-
07753-7.

2.6.3.1: Flowers. Biology LibreTexts, 26 July 2020,

bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_
and_Algiers)/02%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/
2.06%3A_Seed_Plants/2.6.03%3A_Angiosperms/
2.6.3.01%3A_Flowers. Accessed 5 Dec. 2023.

“FlowerTerminology.” Www1.Biologie.uni-Hamburg.de,
www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT3
11/Angiosperm/flower.htm?
fbclid=IwAR0cAN7Xjl_wS3qIZzXkebxXP_3hAGLZ-
4WOATrFPPHEIbwNW6xCOn1mV5U. Accessed 5 Dec. 2023
Figure (12) An Epigynous Flower

SUPERIOR OVARY THAT APPEARS TO BE 6

INFERIOR
The flower parts arise from the rim of a
hypanthium - a cup shaped extension of the base

INFLORESCENCE
Introduction of Inflorescence
An inflorescence, in a flowering plant, is a group or
cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is
composed of a main branch or a system of
branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the
basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis
(peduncle) and by the timing of its flowering
(determinate and indeterminate). Morphologically,
an inflorescence is the modified part of the shoot
of seed plants where flowers are formed on the
axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the
length and the nature of the internodes and the
phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions,
compressions, swellings, adnations, connations
and reduction of main and secondary axes. One
can also define an inflorescence as the
reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster
of flowers in a specific pattern.
Inflorescence
Flowering plants, known as angiosperms, are the
most diverse group of plants on Earth.
Evolutionarily, flowers have an incredibly efficient
way of procreating, resulting in many different
types of flowers. When flowers are discussed, a
rose or a lily is often what comes to mind.
Structurally, these flowers have a stem with leaves
and one flower, with a series of petals surrounding
the stamen (male parts with pollen) and pistol
(female parts with ovary and ovules which become
seeds). This simple flower structure is present in
many types of flowering plants. However, a large
group of flowering plants has flower structures
that are far more complex. These other types of
flowers are known as inflorescences.
Major types of Inflorescence
Two types of inflorescence are determined by
the order of blooms. The indeterminate
inflorescence has the oldest flowers in the middle
and at the top of the peduncle, and the
determinate inflorescence has the oldest flowers at
the bottom or at the outermost radius of the
inflorescence. There are also two types that are
determined by the growth of the inflorescence:
racemose, cymose.
The Science of Flower Arrangements
Have you ever walked through a field and seen a
variety of plants and wildflowers? Did you notice
how the flowers were arranged differently on the
stems of each plant? Each unique arrangement has
its own name and description. In plant biology, we
call the grouping or cluster of flowers on a branch
or a network of branches an inflorescence. We can
categorize the type of inflorescence based on how
the flowers are arranged on the main stem that
supports the inflorescence, which is called the
peduncle, and the timing of flowering. The simplest
classification includes two groups: determinate
inflorescence and indeterminate inflorescence.
Racemose Inflorescence
In racemose inflorescence, the flowers of the
plant branch laterally on the floral axis, or
peduncle. Here the floral axis keeps growing and
the flowers develop in an acropetal, or upward
from the base, pattern. This means that the lower
and outer flowers are older, while the upper and
inner flowers are newer, making this an
indeterminate inflorescence. There are three
patterns in which racemose inflorescences grow:
elongated, shortened, or flattened.
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 Types of Racemose Inflorescence
Figure (16) Ex. of Catkin Inflorescence
Raceme
In this type of inflorescence, the main axis is long,
with flowers attached to pedicels that attach to the
Corymb
main axis. The older flowers on the bottom often
This type of inflorescence forms a flattened
have longer pedicels than the younger topmost
inflorescence, rather than an elongated one. The
flowers.
outermost flowers grow on pedicels that grow up
Spike
and out so that they are on the same level as the
This type of inflorescence is almost identical to the
innermost flowers, which are on shorter pedicels.
raceme type; however, the flowers of spike
This type of inflorescence is shown on yarrow
inflorescence are directly connected to the main
plants.
axis, with no pedicels present.
Catkin
Umbel
Catkins are found on most members of the birch
Umbels have their main axis relatively short and
tree family. They are elongated and drooping
will extend the pedicles of the lateral flowers out,
modified spikes.
so the pedicels of all the flowers grow seemingly
from the same point and at the same height. The
flowers will then bloom first on the outermost ring
of the umbel, and work inward. This causes the
whole inflorescence to look like an umbrella.

Panicle
Is like a branched raceme, and each branch has
more than one flower on it.

Figure (14) Ex. of Raceme Inflorescence

Snapdragon flower

Figure (15) Ex. Of Spike Inflorescence

Figure (17) Ex. of Corymb Inflorescence Yarrow flower
8
Figure (18) Ex. of Umbel Inflorescence (Carrot Flower)
Figure (19) Ex. of Panicle Inflorescence
Capitulum
A head is a short, dense spike with flowers growing
directly on the peduncle, which is flat and broad.
Thus, the inflorescence appears to look like a single
flower.
Figure (22) Ex. of Uniparous Cyme
Figure (20) Ex. of Capitulum Inflourescence
Figure (21) Ex. of Dichasial Cyme
Type of Cymose Inflorescence
Uniparous cyme/Monochasial cyme
A number of floral axes are successively developed
one from the other, but the axis of each successive
generation, instead of producing a pair of bracts,
produces only one.
Biparous Cyme/ Dichasial cyme
It is known as biparous cyme. The terminal
peduncle terminates in flower. It gives rise to two
lateral branches with terminal flower. Subsequent
branches also behave similarly. E.g. Jasmine,
Saponaria
9

Figure (23) Ex. Of Multiparous Cyme
Classification of Flowers
Flowering Plants
- Flowering plants grow flowers and use seeds to
reproduce, or make more plants like them.
Types of flowering plant
-Flowering plants are categorised into various
groups. Once you have been acquainted with these
groups, you can consider planting and cultivating
them as per their life cycles. There are three main
classifications of flowering plants: perennials,
biennials and annuals.
Multiparous Cyme
The central axis or peduncle ends in a flower called
the terminal bud. Then from the base of this
terminal flower, two or sometimes more than two
lateral flower producing branches originate.
Perennial
- is a plant that lives more than two years and
regrows each spring," says Jeff Lorenz, the founder
of Refugia. While the blooms and leaves of
perennials die back during winter, new growth
arises the following spring with minimal work on
your part.
Example of Perennials Flower:
Daylily,Salvia,Yarrow
Figure (25) Daylilies may be the most carefree of all flowering perennials.
The plants grow quickly and are long lived.
They thrive in almost any type of soil, will grow in sun or part shade, and are rarely troubled by
insect pests or disease. Daylilies are known for their toughness, but their colorful and
abundant flowers are also dazzling. Blooming starts in midsummer and continues into early
fall, with new blossoms opening each day.
Figure (24) Foxglove. The best-known species is the common foxglove, Digitalis
purpurea. This biennial is often grown as an ornamental plant due to its vivid
flowers, which range in colour from various purple tints through pink and purely
white. The flowers can also possess various marks and spottings
Annual
-flowers grow for one long season, often into the
fall, and then die with the onset of freezing
weather. With perennials, the above-ground
portion of the plant dies back in freezing weather,
but re-grows from the base and rootstock the
following spring to bloom again.
Example of Annual Flower:
- Petunia -Zinnia
Biennial
- Any herbaceous flowering plant that completes
its life cycle in two growing seasons. During the
first growing season, biennials produce roots,
stems, and leaves. During the second growing
season, they produce flowers, fruits, and seeds,
and then they die.
Example of Biennials Flower
-Foxglove -Sweet William - Hollyhock
Figure (26)Petunias can come back each year in some climates, but in other
regions, gardeners need to sow seeds in the early spring. The plants are
temperature-sensitive, forcing most growers to treat petunias.
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Non- Flowering Plants
- Nonflowering plants do not grow flowers, and use
either seeds or spores, which are very tiny parts of
a plant that can be used to reproduce, to grow
more plants just like them.
-Non-flowering plants are those that do not ever
produce flowers. Some non-flowering plants, called
gymnosperms, still produce seeds while others use
sporess for reproduction.
- Non-flowering plants include ferns, clubmosses,
horsetails, mosses, lichens, and fungi. These are
spore-producing plants, a major feature
distinguishing them from the seed-producing
flowering plants.
POLLINATION AND POLLINATING
AGENTS
Pollination
Pollination is the process of extracting pollen grains
from the male component of a flower, the anther,
and transferring them to the female part of the
flower, the stigma. Pollen grains must be
transported from the same species of flower for
pollination to be successful.
Figure (27)Ferns. Similar to flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems and leaves.
However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds; instead,
they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce
vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern.
Methods of Pollination
For reproduction, all flower-bearing plants rely
entirely on pollination. Pollination can be divided
into two categories: natural pollination and
artificial pollination.
1. Self-Pollination
2. Cross-Pollination
Process of Pollination
• When flowers bloom, a natural process called
pollination takes place.
• When pollen grains from the respective flowers
land on the stigma, they form a pollen tube the
length of the style that connects the stigma and
the ovary. After the pollen tube is formed, the
pollen grain begins carrying sperm cells from the
grain to the ovary.
• The fertilization process in plants will begin later
when the sperm cells reach the ovary and egg cells.
The seed is then liberated from the parent plant
via pollination, allowing it to grow into a plant and
continue the reproductive cycle.
Significance of pollination
Pollination is required for nearly all seed plants on
the planet. This is true for both cone-bearing plants
like pine trees and the more colorful and well-
known floral species. Pollen, which appears to be
inconsequential yellow dust, contains the male sex
cells of a plant and is an important link in the
reproductive cycle.
Wildflowers can benefit from appropriate
pollination in the following way:
• Produce enough seeds for dissemination and
multiplication.
Self-Pollination
As only one flower is involved, it is referred to as
primary pollination. Pollen grains fall directly from
the anther into the stigma of the flower, resulting
in self-pollination. Because the flower’s sperm and
egg cells share some genetic information, this
procedure is simple and quick, resulting in a
decrease in genetic variety
Cross-Pollination
It’s a complicated method of pollination that
allows pollen grains to be transferred from one
flower’s anther to the stigma of another. As
various flowers share and integrate their genetic
information to make unique offspring, this strategy
increases genetic variety.
11
 Insects pollinate the flowers when they are huge,
POLLINATING AGENTS vividly coloured, emanate a perfume, and generate
Pollinating agents are organisms or forces that nectar.
facilitate the transfer of pollen from the male
reproductive organs (stamens) to the female
reproductive organs (pistils) of a flower, leading to
fertilization and the production of seeds. Common
pollinating agents include insects (such as bees and
butterflies), birds, wind, and water. These agents
play a crucial role in the reproductive process of
many plants, contributing to biodiversity and the
production of fruits and seeds.
Figure (29) Process of wind pollination

Agents of Pollination
There are different types of pollinating agents Hydrophily
which are as follows: Pollination is known as hydrophilous cross-
Zoophily pollination since it is done with the help of water.
The zoophilous type of cross-pollination occurs It’s most common in aquatic plants, where pollen is
when pollination is carried out with the assistance generated in vast quantities and with a certain
of animals. Flowers with hairy pollen grains stick to weight, causing them to float below the water’s
the body of animals, so zoophilous pollination surface.
plants have flowers with hairy pollen grains. When
these creatures come into contact with another
plant’s blossoms, they transfer pollen to the
stigma.

EXAMPLES OF POLLINATING AGENTS

• Many grass plants are pollinated by the wind.
• Pollination is also aided by bats. They’re only
found in a few bananas (Musa spp.).
• Evening primrose and tobacco plants are both
pollinated by moths
Figure (30) Process of insect pollination

Figure (28) Process of animal pollination
Entomophily
Cross-pollination is accomplished through the use
of a variety of agents. This type of cross-pollination
is known as entomophilous cross-pollination
because it is pollinated by insects.
Anemophily
Wind pollination, also known as anemophily, is
pollination carried out with the assistance of the
wind. Anemophilous pollination is the term for this
type of pollination. Wind pollinating flowers are
those that carry out this form of pollination. They
are little and light-coloured, with no scent or
nectar. The stamens of these flowers are lengthy
and protrude from the flower to aid pollination by
the wind. The pollens are very light and dry, and
the anthers are loosely linked to the filament. The
stigmas of the flower are feathery and protrude
from the blossom. Take maize, for example.

12

Figure (31) Process of water pollination
Flower Fertilization
Fertilization is the process by which male
and female reproductive cells come together to
initiate seed formation. It involves the transfer of
pollen from the male stamen to the female stigma.
The pollen tube then delivers sperm cells to the
ovule in the ovary, where fertilization occurs as a
sperm cell fuses with an egg cell. This union forms
a zygote, kick starting the development of seeds
within the flower.
It Is crucial reproductive process in plants, essential
for the generation of seeds and the continuation of
the plant species. This intricate biological event
involves the transfer of pollen from the male
reproductive organ, the stamen, to the female
counterpart, the pistil. Let’s delve into the detailed
steps of this fascinating process.
Figure (32) Process of flower fertilization
Stages and Process of Flower Fertilization
including Double Fertilization:
Pollination-is a crucial step in flower fertilization,
facilitating the transfer of pollen from the male
anther to the female stigma. This process can occur
through various mechanisms, including wind,
insects, birds, or other animals.
Germination-Once the pollen is on the stigma, it
absorbs water and undergoes germination,
forming a pollen tube with two sperm cells inside.
This pollen tube grows down the style,
Connected to the ovary, providing a pathway for
the male gametes to reach the ovule. The ovule
ensures the entry of the male gametes and is aided
by the pollen tube, which emits chemical signals
guiding its path towards the ovule.
These chemical signals originate from the synergid
cells inside the ovule. The pollen tube then
penetrates or passes through the opening in the
ovule, called the micropyle, to deliver the male
gametes to the embryo sac, where fertilization
occurs.
Figure (33) Process of double fertilizaton
Double fertilization- involves one sperm cell
combining with the egg cell to form a diploid
zygote, developing into an embryo. Another sperm
cell combines with two polar nuclei, forming a
triploid cell that becomes endosperm. The
endosperm is a nutrient-rich tissue providing
energy for embryo growth during germination and
development
Seed development-The zygote formed by the
fusion of the sperm and egg cells undergoes
mitotic division to form an embryo. The
surrounding tissue of the ovule transforms into
seed coats, providing protection to the developing
embryo. The fertilization process triggers the
development of the ovary into a fruit. This fruit is
the mature ovary of a flowering plant, enclosing
the seed.
Seed Formation -There will be germination
process in this stage. During germination, the ideal
environmental conditions such as moisture,
warmth, and oxygen trigger the seed to break
dormancy. Dormancy is a period of inactivity or
suspended development, and when the seed
breaks dormancy, it is ready to form and grow into
a new plant. The embryo to grow, and the seed
coat breaks. The emerging shoot develops into the
primary root. The cotyledons or seed leaves then
start to grow. Later on, the plant establishes
independently, and further growth and
development occur.
13
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 4.There are three patterns in which racemose
inflorescences grow: elongated, elevated, or
semicircular.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
5. Annuals are plants that live more than two years
1. Which of the following is a common pollinating and regrow each spring," says Jeff Lorenz, the
agent? founder of Refugia. While the blooms and leaves of
annuals die back during winter, new growth arises
a. Sunlight the following spring with minimal work on your
b. Rain part.
c. Wind
d. Soil

2. What is the primary role of pollination in plants? References:

a. Enhancing root growth https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-

b. Facilitating leaf development
c. Ensuring genetic diversity and seed production
d. Stimulating flower fragrance
3. What is the function of the pollen tube during
fertilization?
a. Provides structural support
b. Transports nutrients to the ovule
c. Allows sperm cells to reach the egg
d. Produces additional pollen
collections/biodiversity-counts/plant-
identification/plant-morphology/parts-of-a-flower
https://labs.plb.ucdavis.edu/rost/rice/
Reproduction/flower/fertiliz.html
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/
Angiosperm
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/
Special:Search?search=Non-flowering+plant

4.When does double fertilization occur in flowering Parts of a Flower: An Illustrated Guide | AMNH
plants?
a. Before pollination
b. After seed germination
c. During pollen release
d. After pollen tube formation

5. Are raised, frowm seed, grown, set seed, and die

all within one year.
a. Perennials
b. Biennials
C. Annuals

TRUE OR FALSE

1.Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen

within the same flower.

2.Wind pollination is common in plants with

colorful petals that attract pollinators.

3.In double fertilization, one male gamete fertilizes

the egg, while the other fertilizes the polar nuclei.

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 ASSESSMENT

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1.______ is a type of animal-assisted pollination where animals like bees inadvertently transfer pollen
between flowers.
2.Fertilization takes place in _____.
3.During double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a ___.
4. Some non-flowering plants, called_______still produce seeds while others use sporess for reproduction.
5. An inflorescence in which flowers arise from different point but reach at same point is known
as_____________.
6. Flowers are the reproductive structures found in ________________, also known as angiosperms.
7. The outermost whorl of the floral envelope is called the ________________, which is typically green and
leaf-like.
8.The male reproductive organ of a flower is called the ________________, which consists of the anther
and filament.
9.________________ is the process of transferring pollen from the male stamen to the female stigma,
initiating seed formation.
10. During double fertilization, one sperm cell combines with the egg cell to form a diploid
________________, which develops into an embryo. Another sperm cell combines with two polar nuclei to
form a triploid cell called ________________, providing nutrients for the embryo.

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KEY TO ANSWERS

MUTIPLE CHOICE
1.C
2.C
3.C
4.D
5.C

TRUE OR FALSE
1.False
2.False
3.True
4.False
5.False

FILL IN THE BLANK: ANSWERS

1.zoophily
2.Ovary
3.Zygote
4.gymnosperms
5. Cymose Umbel
6.flowering plants
7.calyx
8.stamen
9.Pollination
10.Zygote, endosperm

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