Parametric Equations Symmetric Equation

of a line in 3-​space of a line in 3-​space

PLANES IN 3-​SPACE Point-​Normal Equation of

LINES IN 3-​SPACE
the unit vectors i= <1, 0, 0>, j =<0,1,0> and k a plane
= <0, 0, 1> are called the standard unit
AN equation of the line (in the xy-​plane) passing
vectors The plane containing the point (x0, y0, z0)
through p0= (x0, y0) and perpendicular to the
with a normal vector n + can be
nonzero vector n = ai + bj is given by.
For Example, <3, -2, 1> = 3i -2j + k represented by the equation.

Find the cross product of u = <1,2, -2> and v = <3, 0, 1>

Properties of Vector
STANDARD UNIT VECTOR

DOT PRODUCT COMPONENTS FORM OF

THE DOT PRODUCT
Cross product
Cross product and Angle of vectors Vectors
Let u = < u1, u2, u3> and v = be two
if u = and v = be two vectors in 3-​space, then their cross-​ vectors in 3-​space, then their DOT
if u and V are vectors θ is the angle between u and v,
product U x V is the vector defined by product are as follows
then:

or in the
determinant
notation

Relationships Involving Cross

Product and Dot Produc

if 0 is the angle between u and v, then the

dot product u.v can also be defined as
Norm of a Vector/ Length
The cross
of a Vector
product can
be calculated Unit vector in the
as follows direction of v

the length of a vector v is often

called the norm of v and is
denoted by ||v||

find a unit vector in the direction

of V = <1,1,2> and verify that the
result has length 1 vector v= p1p2 = <4-2, -3-(-1), 1- (-5)> = <2, -2, 6>
 Scalar Multiplication TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX Inversing NxN matrices using the Adjoint
Matrix Multiplication
Subtraction of matrix Addition of matrix matrix

Operation on matrix

Inverse of 2x@ matrix

MATRIX
SYSTEM OF LINEAR Inverse of Matrix
EQUATION

Steps to solve Linear Equation by its Inverse. Determinant Steps to find the Inverse of the matrix A (n>1)
Steps to Evaluate the Determinants of a
square Matrix A of order n (>1) Step1: Find the cofactor of matrix of A, (Cij)
Step 1: Write the system into matrix form: AX =
Step 2: Find the determinant of A, |A|
Step 2: Find the cofactor of A Step1: Select any row/column of A Step3: Find the inverse of A using the formula.
Step 3: Find the |A|. Step2: Get the cofactor of each of the entries
Step 4: Solve the system using Determinant for 2x2 Matrix Cofactor of an entry for the selected row/column.
Step3: The determinant is the sum of the
product of cofactors and entries
 If is continuous at c if and only if Definition: For a function f = f (x) defined on an open interval (a, b) about a
number c, except possibly at c itself, if f (x) gets arbitrarily close to a number L
for all x sufficiently close to c (on either side of c) but not equal to c, then we
say that f approaches the limit L as x approaches c, and we write

Limit definition
L’HÔSPITAL’S RULE
Higher Derivatives
Continuity rules Continuity
Implicit differentiation is a method Implicit Differentiation
that allows differentiation of y with
respect to x (dy/dx) without the need Limit laws
of solving for y. Implicit differentiation Limits of a function
can also be used to describe the slope Limits of Polynomials
APPLICATION OF
and concavity of curves which are
DERIVATIVES
defined by the parametric equations.

Direct substitution Limits of Rational

Functions
How to solve
Directly Substitute the x-​value into the function to limit question
Differentiation
The Second Derivative extrema check whether we can get a value of limit. If can,
Critical Points then the limit exists & stop here. If cannot, proceed
Test for Local Extrema (maximum/minimum) Simplification
to the following step. In Step 1, if we cannot get a value of limit when we directly substitute the x-​
value into the function, then we try to (simplify the function), such as -
Let f(x) be a function with domain Df . Rationalization - factorization & cancellation - expansion - divided by the
A point Df c is called a critical point of Derivatives highest term x n in the denominator, etc. in order to obtain a simplified
f if either f '(c) = 0 or f '(c) fails to
function. Then repeat Step 1. The process continues until we can get a value.
exist.
If there is really no value can be obtained after simplification, that means the
limit does not exist
General form
One-​sided limits
Derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions and Their Inverses

Derivatives rules

Limits involving infinity

Types of One-​sided limits

Definition f (x) has the limit L

exist as x approaches infinity (∞)
not exist
Limit approach infinity for rational

Definition f (x) has the limit M as x

approaches negative infinity (−∞)
To solve this you must use the highest in
numerator and divide it with the highest
term in denominator
Limit laws(∞)

The Chain Rule

How to solve
Formula
Infinite limits This question
Derivatives of Logarithmic
and Exponential Functions

The rule applied for finding the

derivative of the composite function