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John J. Macionis
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Contents vii
The Power of Society to guide the way we do social 5.3: Describe the historical evolution of mass media
networking 101 and social media.
NEWSPAPERS 129
Social Structure: A Guide to Everyday Living 102
RADIO 130
4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make TELEVISION 132
sense of everyday situations.
viii Contents
THE INTERNET AND THE RISE OF SOCIAL MEDIA 133 ORIGINS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS 166
IN SUMMARY 136 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY 166
The Effects of Social Media on the Individual 137 ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 167
5.4: Explore how the use of social media affects THE INFORMAL SIDE OF BUREAUCRACY 167
individuals. PROBLEMS OF BUREAUCRACY 168
SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE PRESENTATION OF SELF 137 OLIGARCHY 169
SOCIAL MEDIA AND SELF-IMAGE 137 The Evolution of Formal Organizations 169
SOCIAL MEDIA AND EMPATHY 138 6.3: Summarize the changes to formal organizations
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CONFORMITY 139 over the course of the last century.
SOCIAL MEDIA, MULTITASKING, AND ATTENTION SPAN 139 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 170
CYBER-BULLYING 139 THE FIRST CHALLENGE: RACE AND GENDER 170
SOCIAL MEDIA AND ADDICTION 140 THE SECOND CHALLENGE: THE JAPANESE WORK
IN SUMMARY 140 ORGANIZATION 171
The Effect of Social Media on Relationships 141 THE THIRD CHALLENGE: THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK 171
THE “MCDONALDIZATION” OF SOCIETY 172
5.5: Assess how the use of social media may affect
social relationships. THE FUTURE OF ORGANIZATIONS: OPPOSING TRENDS 174
SOCIAL MEDIA, RELATIONSHIPS, PARENTING, AND PREDATORS 141 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life 176
SOCIAL MEDIA AND DATING 142 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life 177
The Effect of Social Media on Society 144 Making the Grade 178
6.2: Describe the operation of large, formal SEXUAL VIOLENCE: RAPE AND DATE RAPE 196
organizations. Theories of Sexuality 197
TYPES OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS 165
Contents ix
8.2: Apply structural-functional theories to the topic Theories of Social Inequality 250
of deviance. 9.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to the topic
DURKHEIM’S BASIC INSIGHT 213 of social inequality.
MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY 214 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE DAVIS-MOORE
DEVIANT SUBCULTURES 215 THESIS 250
Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance 216 SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORIES: KARL MARX AND MAX WEBER 252
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: STRATIFICATION
8.3: Apply symbolic-interaction theories to the topic
IN EVERYDAY LIFE 255
of deviance.
Social Stratification and Technology: A Global Perspective 256
LABELING THEORY 216
THE MEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCE 217 9.3: Analyze the link between a society’s technology
THE DIFFERENCE LABELS MAKE 217
and its social stratification.
HUNTING-AND-GATHERING SOCIETIES 256
SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY 218
HORTICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND AGRARIAN SOCIETIES 256
HIRSCHI’S CONTROL THEORY 218
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES 256
Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance
THE KUZNETS CURVE 256
and Inequality 219
Inequality and Social Class in the United States 257
8.4: Apply social-conflict theories to the topic
of deviance. 9.4: Describe the distribution of income and wealth
DEVIANCE AND POWER 219
in the United States.
INCOME, WEALTH, AND POWER 257
DEVIANCE AND CAPITALISM 219
OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE 259
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 220
SCHOOLING 259
CORPORATE CRIME 220
ANCESTRY, RACE, AND GENDER 260
ORGANIZED CRIME 220
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE UNITED STATES 261
RACE-CONFLICT THEORY: HATE CRIMES 221
THE DIFFERENCE CLASS MAKES 263
FEMINIST THEORY: DEVIANCE AND GENDER 221
Crime 223 Social Mobility 264
8.5: Identify patterns of crime in the United States 9.5: Assess the extent of social mobility in the United
and around the world. States.
RESEARCH ON MOBILITY 267
TYPES OF CRIME 223
MOBILITY BY INCOME LEVEL 267
CRIMINAL STATISTICS 224
MOBILITY: RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER 268
THE STREET CRIMINAL: A PROFILE 225
MOBILITY AND MARRIAGE 268
CRIME IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 226
THE AMERICAN DREAM: STILL A REALITY? 269
The U.S. Criminal Justice System 228
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND THE U.S. CLASS STRUCTURE 270
8.6: Analyze the operation of the criminal justice
Poverty and the Trend toward Increasing Inequality 270
system.
DUE PROCESS 228 9.6: Discuss patterns of poverty and increasing economic
inequality in the United States.
x Contents
10
VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN 323
Global Stratification 282 SEXUAL HARASSMENT 325
The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance PORNOGRAPHY 325
of survival to age five 283 Theories of Gender 325
Global Stratification: An Overview 285 11.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to gender
10.1: Describe the division of the world into high-, stratification.
middle-, and low-income countries. STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY 326
The Power of Society to guide our life choices 309 MEASURING PREJUDICE: THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE 345
Gender and Inequality 310 RACISM 347
11.1: Describe the ways in which society creates THEORIES OF PREJUDICE 347
gender stratification. Discrimination 348
MALE–FEMALE DIFFERENCES 310 12.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice.
GENDER IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 311 INSTITUTIONAL PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 348
PATRIARCHY AND SEXISM 312 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION: THE VICIOUS CIRCLE 349
Gender and Socialization 314 Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction 349
11.2: Explain the importance of gender to 12.4: Identify examples of pluralism, assimilation,
socialization. segregation, and genocide.
GENDER AND THE FAMILY 314 PLURALISM 349
GENDER AND THE PEER GROUP 315 ASSIMILATION 350
GENDER AND SCHOOLING 315 SEGREGATION 350
GENDER AND THE MASS MEDIA 315 GENOCIDE 351
Contents xi
Race and Ethnicity in the United States 351 Politics in the United States: Issues and Theories 391
12.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic 13.5: Analyze the operation of the U.S. political
categories of U.S. society. system.
NATIVE AMERICANS 351 U.S. CULTURE AND THE RISE OF THE WELFARE STATE 391
WHITE ANGLO-SAXON PROTESTANTS 353 THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM 392
AFRICAN AMERICANS 354 SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS 394
ASIAN AMERICANS 355 VOTER APATHY 394
HISPANIC AMERICANS/LATINOS 359 SHOULD CONVICTED CRIMINALS VOTE? 396
ARAB AMERICANS 360 THEORIES OF POWER IN SOCIETY 396
WHITE ETHNIC AMERICANS 361 THE PLURALIST MODEL: THE PEOPLE RULE 396
RACE AND ETHNICITY: LOOKING AHEAD 362 THE POWER-ELITE MODEL: A FEW PEOPLE RULE 396
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life 364 THE MARXIST MODEL: THE SYSTEM IS BIASED 397
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life 365 Revolution, Terrorism, War, and Peace 398
Making the Grade 366 13.6: Explore global patterns involving revolution,
terrorism, war, and peace.
13 Economics and Politics 368 REVOLUTION 398
TERRORISM 399
The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs 369
WAR AND PEACE 400
The Economy: An Overview 370
THE CAUSES OF WAR 400
13.1: Summarize historical changes to the SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER, AND THE MILITARY 401
economy. IS TERRORISM A NEW KIND OF WAR? 402
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 371 THE COSTS AND CAUSES OF MILITARISM 402
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 371 NUCLEAR WEAPONS 403
THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION AND POSTINDUSTRIAL MASS MEDIA AND WAR 403
SOCIETY 371
PURSUING PEACE 403
SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY 372
POLITICS: LOOKING AHEAD 404
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 372
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life 406
CAPITALISM 374
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life 407
SOCIALISM 375
Making the Grade 408
WELFARE CAPITALISM AND STATE CAPITALISM 376
RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM
Work in the Postindustrial U.S. Economy
376
377
14 Family and Religion 410
13.2: Analyze patterns of employment and The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs 411
unemployment in the United States. Family: Concepts and Theories 412
THE CHANGING WORKPLACE 377 14.1: Understand families and how they differ
LABOR UNIONS 378 around the world.
PROFESSIONS 379 MARRIAGE PATTERNS 413
SELF-EMPLOYMENT 381 RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS 414
UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT 381 PATTERNS OF DESCENT 414
THE “JOBLESS RECOVERY” 382 PATTERNS OF AUTHORITY 414
WORKPLACE DIVERSITY: RACE AND GENDER 383 THEORIES OF THE FAMILY 414
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND WORK 383 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS
Corporations 385 OF THE FAMILY 414
13.3: Discuss the importance of corporations SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES: INEQUALITY
AND THE FAMILY 415
to the U.S. economy.
MICRO-LEVEL THEORIES: CONSTRUCTING FAMILY LIFE 415
ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION 385
CONGLOMERATES AND CORPORATE LINKAGES 385
The Experience of Family Life 416
CORPORATIONS: ARE THEY COMPETITIVE? 385 14.2: Analyze the diversity of family life over
CORPORATIONS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 386 the life course.
THE ECONOMY: LOOKING AHEAD 386 COURTSHIP AND ROMANTIC LOVE 416
Power and Authority in Political Systems 387 SETTLING IN: IDEAL AND REAL MARRIAGE 417
CHILD REARING 417
13.4: Examine various types of political systems
THE FAMILY IN LATER LIFE 418
around the world.
U.S. FAMILIES: CLASS, RACE, AND GENDER 419
MONARCHY 388
DEMOCRACY 388
Current Issues of Family Life 422
AUTHORITARIANISM 390 14.3: Analyze the importance of divorce, remarriage,
TOTALITARIANISM 390 and various family forms.
A GLOBAL POLITICAL SYSTEM? 391 DIVORCE 423
xii Contents
REMARRIAGE AND BLENDED FAMILIES 425 Problems and Issues in U.S. Education 462
FAMILY VIOLENCE 425
15.3: Discuss dropping out, school choice, and
ONE-PARENT FAMILIES 426
other issues facing today’s schools.
COHABITATION 427
DISCIPLINE AND VIOLENCE 462
GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES 427
STUDENT PASSIVITY 462
SINGLEHOOD 427
DROPPING OUT 463
EXTENDED FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS 428
ACADEMIC STANDARDS 463
NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND FAMILIES 429
GRADE INFLATION 464
FAMILIES: LOOKING AHEAD 429
SCHOOL CHOICE 465
Religion: Concepts and Theories 429
COMMON CORE 466
14.4: Apply sociology’s major theories to religion. HOME SCHOOLING 466
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS SCHOOLING PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES 467
OF RELIGION 430
ADULT EDUCATION 467
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: CONSTRUCTING
THE TEACHER SHORTAGE 467
THE SACRED 431
SCHOOLING: LOOKING AHEAD 469
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: INEQUALITY AND RELIGION 431
Health: A Global Survey 469
FEMINIST THEORY: GENDER AND RELIGION 432
Religion and Social Change 433 15.4: Contrast patterns of health in low and
high-income countries.
14.5: Discuss the links between religion and
HEALTH AND SOCIETY 469
social change.
HEALTH IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 470
MAX WEBER: PROTESTANTISM AND CAPITALISM 433
HEALTH IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES 470
LIBERATION THEOLOGY 433
HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: AGE, GENDER, CLASS,
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: CHURCH,
AND RACE 470
SECT, AND CULT 433
CIGARETTE SMOKING 472
RELIGION IN HISTORY 435
EATING DISORDERS 473
Religious Trends in the United States 436
OBESITY 473
14.6: Analyze patterns of religiosity in
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 475
the United States.
ETHICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING DEATH 477
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION 436
The Medical Establishment 478
RELIGIOSITY 437
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY: CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND RACE 438 15.5: Compare the medical systems in nations
SECULARIZATION 439
around the world.
THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE 478
CIVIL RELIGION 441
HOLISTIC MEDICINE 479
“NEW AGE” SEEKERS: SPIRITUALITY WITHOUT
FORMAL RELIGION 441 PAYING FOR MEDICAL CARE: A GLOBAL SURVEY 479
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: “GOOD OLD-TIME RELIGION” 442 PAYING FOR MEDICAL CARE: THE UNITED STATES 480
RELIGION: LOOKING AHEAD 444 THE NURSING SHORTAGE 482
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life 446 Theories of Health and Medicine 483
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life 447 15.6: Apply sociology’s major theories to health
Making the Grade 448 and medicine.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: ROLE ANALYSIS 483
15 Education, Health, and Medicine 450 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE MEANING OF HEALTH 483
SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES: INEQUALITY
The Power of Society to open the door to college 451 AND HEALTH 485
Education: A Global Survey 452 HEALTH AND MEDICINE: LOOKING AHEAD 487
15.1: Compare schooling in high-, middle-, Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life 488
and low-income societies. Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life 489
SCHOOLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 452 Making the Grade 490
SCHOOLING IN INDIA 453
SCHOOLING IN JAPAN 453 16 Population, Urbanization,
SCHOOLING IN THE UNITED STATES 454 and Environment 492
Theories of Education 455
The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming 493
15.2: Apply sociology’s major theories to education.
Demography: The Study of Population 494
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE FUNCTIONS OF
SCHOOLING 455 16.1: Explain the concepts of fertility, mortality,
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE SELF-FULFILLING and migration and how they affect
PROPHECY 456 population size.
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: SCHOOLING AND SOCIAL FERTILITY 494
INEQUALITY 457 MORTALITY 495
Contents xiii
16.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CHANGE 528
States and around the world. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGE 530
THINKING GLOBALLY
Confronting the Yąnomamö: The Experience of Culture A Never-Ending Atomic Disaster 534
Shock 46 Does “Modernity” Mean “Progress”? The Kaiapo of the
Race as Caste: A Report from South Africa 245 Amazon and the Gullah of Georgia 545
“God Made Me to Be a Slave” 294
Islam and Politics: Is There an Islamic “Democracy
Gap”? 405
xiv
Revel Boxes
These additional boxes appear only in Revel.
THINKING GLOBALLY
The Global Village: A Social Snapshot of Our World “Soft Authoritarianism” or Planned Prosperity? A Report
The United States and Canada: How Do These National from Singapore
Cultures Differ? The Weakest Families on Earth? A Report from Sweden
.... Early to Wed: A Report from Rural India
Want Equality and Freedom? Try Denmark
xv
Maps
Cindy Rucker, 29 years old, recently Although she is only 28 years old,
took time off from her job in the Baktnizar Kahn has five children,
New Orleans public school system a common pattern in Afghanistan.
Greenland
to have her first child. (Den.) Area of inset
U.S.
RUSSIA
CANADA
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
MONGOLIA
UNITED UZBEKISTAN
NORTH
ARMENIA
ARMENI KYRGYZSTAN
STATES AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN
KOREA
PERU
BRAZIL TIMOR-LESTE
NEW GUINEA ISLANDS TUVALU
SEYCHELLES
SAMOA ANGOLA MALAWI
ZAMBIA VANUATU FIJI
BOLIVIA MADAGASCAR
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA MAURITIUS
TONGA BOTSWANA New
PARAGUAY Caledonia
150° 120° CHILE MOZAMBIQUE AUSTRALIA (Fr.)
SWAZILAND
30° SOUTH 30°
LESOTHO
AFRICA
URUGUAY
20° 0° 20° 40° ARGENTINA NEW
0 500 Km ZEALAND
EUROPE
ICELAND
SWEDEN
FINLAND
NORWAY
90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° Average Number of
60° ESTONIA
RUSSIA Births per Woman
LATVIA
DENMARK
UNITED LITHUANIA
KINGDOM BELARUS
6.0 and higher
IRELAND NETH. POLAND A N TARCTICA
BEL. GERMANY
CZECH
5.0 to 5.9
UKRAINE
LUX. REP. SLVK.
AUS.
HUNG. MOLDOVA 4.0 to 4.9
SWITZ.
ROMANIA
FRANCE SLO.
SERBIA 3.0 to 3.9
CROATIA
BOS. & HERZ.
MONT. BULGARIA
KOS. MAC. 2.0 to 2.9
ITALY ALB.
40° SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GREECE TURKEY 1.0 to 1.9
MALTA CYPRUS
xvi
Maps xvii
Anna Mae Peters lives in Nitta Yuma, Mississippi. Almost Julie Garland lives in Greenwich, Connecticut,
everyone she knows lives below the government’s poverty line. where people have very high income and there
is little evidence of poverty.
WASHINGTON
MONTANA MAINE
VERMONT
NORTH MINNESOTA
DAKOTA
OREGON MICHIGAN
NEW HAMPSHIRE
IDAHO SOUTH MASSACHUSETTS
DAKOTA WISCONSIN NEW
YORK
WYOMING
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
IOWA PENNSYLVANIA
NEW JERSEY
NEVADA NEBRASKA OHIO
INDIANA
COLORADO D.C. DELAWARE
UTAH ILLINOIS WEST
VIRGINIA MARYLAND
CALIFORNIA VIRGINIA
KANSAS KENTUCKY
MISSOURI
NORTH
CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
ARIZONA OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS
NEW SOUTH Percentage of
MEXICO CAROLINA Population below the
GEORGIA Poverty Level, 2015
ALABAMA
ALASKA
TEXAS
MISSISSIPPI 32.6% and over
24.7% to 32.5%
LOUISIANA
FLORIDA 19.6% to 24.6%
HAWAII 14.7% to 19.5%
11.1% to 14.6%
11.0% and under
U.S. average: 13.5%
xviii
Preface xix
Finally, Society: The Basics, Fifteenth Edition, includes and expanded. There is a new discussion of the diversity of
many rich, interactive features that expand key themes. cultural values throughout the U.S. population. The chap-
These interactive elements include the following types: ter has updates on popular culture, the income and wealth
of the Asian American, Hispanic American, and African
• In Greater Depth. These items accompany the Power
American communities; debate involving terrorism and cul-
of Society figure that begins each chapter. Each item
tural differences, the number of languages spoken as a mea-
provides deeper analysis using one or more additional
sure of this country’s cultural diversity; the extent of global
variables to deepen students’ understanding of an issue.
illiteracy; patterns of immigration; the declining number of
• A Global Perspective. These items provide interna- languages spoken around the world; the debate over offi-
tional contrasts. In some cases, they highlight differ- cial English; life goals for people entering college; the lat-
ences between high- and low-income nations. In other est symbols used in texting language; the share of all web
cases, they highlight differences between the United pages written in English; and the increasing number of im-
States and other high-income countries. migrants coming to the United States. The revision of this
• Diversity. These items expand the focus on race, class, chapter is supported by thirty-two new research studies.
gender, and other dimensions of difference within the
U.S. population. Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
• Surveys. These items ask students timely questions The updated Power of Society figure shows that class guides
about policy and politics. Students are asked what they use of the mass media, documenting that people without a
think, and they are able to assess their own attitudes high school diploma spend much more time watching tele-
against those of various populations. vision than people with a college degree. There is heavily re-
• Sociology in the Media. The author suggests short, vised and expanded discussion of the issue of television and
high-quality videos that are readily available on the violence. Find the latest on the share of people who claim to
Internet and current articles on sociological topics from be multiracial, the political orientation of major media out-
respected publications. lets, time spent watching television and using smartphones,
• Readings. Short, primary-source readings by notable the share of households with televisions and computers,
sociologists are provided to allow students to engage the television preferences of people voting Democratic and
directly with analysts and researchers. Republican in the 2016 presidential election, the share of the
• In Review. Engaging “drag and drop” interactives offer world’s children who work for income, and the increasing
a quick review of the insights gained by applying socio- share of the U.S. population over the age of sixty-five. This
logical theories to the issue at hand. revised chapter contains twenty new research citations.
Here is a brief summary of some of the material that is
new, chapter by chapter: Chapter 4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
The updated Power of Society figure shows how age guides
Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method the extent of networking via social media. The discussion
The updated Power of Society figure shows how race, school- of reality building addresses how films expand people’s
ing, and age guide people’s choice of marriage partners. The awareness of the challenges of living with various disabili-
revised chapter contains more on social media, highlights the ties. Find updates on the use of networking sites by age in
latest on same-sex marriage, including change following the the United States; new statistics on the use of Facebook and
2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, as well as research on how Twitter around the world; the consequences of smartphone
college attendance reflects class, race, and age. Find updates on technology for everyday life; the share of married women in
suicide rates by race and gender, the number of children born the United States who keep their last name; and some new
to women in nations around the world; the number of high-, and timely examples of jokes. Ten new research citations
middle-, and low-income nations; and the changing share of support this revised chapter.
minorities in major sports. The chapter contains new data on
economic inequality, extramarital relationships, and the share NEW Chapter 5: Mass Media and Social Media
of the population that claims to be multiracial. Thirty-five new This completely new chapter on an important new di-
research references are found in this revised chapter. mension of social life has been added to Society: The Basics,
Fifteenth Edition. The Power of Society figure reveals how
Chapter 2: Culture gender shapes people’s choice of social-networking sites.
The updated Power of Society figure shows varying levels The chapter-opening story explains how social media was
of support for access to abortion in high- and low-income instrumental in launching the Black Lives Matter move-
nations. The discussion of cultural values has been revised ment. The chapter begins by differentiating mass media
xx Preface
and social media and then explores media bias (including Chapter 8: Deviance
the role of media in the 2016 presidential election) and high- The updated Power of Society figure shows how race places
lights the need for media literacy. The chapter traces the some categories of the U.S. population at much higher
development of mass media, including newspapers, radio, risk of being incarcerated for a drug offense. Find the lat-
and television, and describes some of the ways television est statistical information on the extent of gambling as well
and other mass media changes society. Then the chapter as legal marijuana use across the United States; recent re-
explores the emergence of interactive social media in the search on the cost of incarceration; the share of white-collar
computer age and provides analysis of how social media af- criminals who end up in jail; mining deaths as a reflection of
fect individuals, including the development of self-image, corporate crime; and the number of serious crimes recorded
our capacity for empathy, our tendency toward conformity, for 2015. There is analysis of patterns of arrest for “person
and individual attention span. There are also discussions crimes” and “property crimes” by age, sex, race, and ethnic-
of cyber-bullying and the risks of social media addiction. ity for 2015. Attention is also given to the decreasing gender
The chapter explores the effects of social media on relation- gap in crime rates. The chapter reports the number of police
ships, including parenting and predatory behavior with in the United States and the number of people in prison; it
additional analysis of social media’s role in dating and the provides a statistically based exploration of the use of the
advantages and dangers of dating sites. Most broadly, social death penalty and highlights recent legal challenges and
media also shape culture, affect the workplace, and shape changes to capital punishment laws. Finally, there is greater
politics. Finally, the chapter gains insights by applying so- attention paid to the increasing number of people who are
ciology’s major theoretical approaches to social media. The incarcerated in the United States. Examples used to illus-
chapter includes a host of new maps, Revel interactive con- trate concepts have been updated with recent events. More
tent, learning assessments, and writing assignments. More than thirty-five new research references inform this revised
than sixty new research references inform this new chapter. chapter.
in the world; garment factory work in Bangladesh; the including the increasing share of American Indians who
distribution of global income and wealth; the aver- claim to be of mixed racial background and the increasing
age income for the world as a whole; the number and share of African Americans who are within the middle class.
updated social profile of nations at different levels Forty new research studies have guided the revision of this
of development, the latest UN data on quality of life chapter.
in various regions of the world, and the most recent
data on global debt. Current data illuminate economic Chapter 13: The Economy and Politics
trends in various regions of the world and confirm the
The updated Power of Society figure demonstrates how
increasing economic gap between the highest- and lowest-
race and ethnicity guide the type of work people do. Find
income nations. There are updates on wealth and
updates on the share of economic output in the private and
well-being in selected nations at each level of economic
public sectors for the United States and for other nations;
development and also on patterns of slavery in the world.
the share of the U.S. population by race and ethnicity in
Thirty-eight new research citations support the revision of
the labor force; the share of women and men who are self-
this chapter.
employed; and the share of workers in unions as well as the
recent political controversy over the power of public service
Chapter 11: Gender Stratification
unions. There is updated discussion of the debate concern-
The updated Power of Society figure shows how gender ing “right-to-work” laws and an updated National Map
shapes people’s goals and ambitions. The revised chapter that shows which states have—and have not—enacted such
includes updates on life expectancy for U.S. women and laws. The latest on nations of the world that have moved
men; the share of degrees earned by each sex in various toward socialism is also included. There is updated discus-
fields of study; the share of U.S. women and men in the sion of the problem of extended unemployment.
labor force, the share working full-time, and the share in The chapter has updates on the number of people em-
many sex-typed occupations; the closing pay gap among ployed in government; the cost of government operation;
well-known entertainers of both sexes; the share of large voter turnout and voter preferences—by race, ethnicity,
corporations with women in leadership positions; the num- and gender—in the 2016 election; the number of lobby-
ber of small businesses owned by women; unemployment ists and political action committees; recent political trends
rates for women and men; and the latest data on income and involving college students; and new data on the declin-
wealth by gender. Find the latest global rankings of nations ing level of political freedom in the world. There is new
in terms of gender equality. There are also new data on the coverage of the wealth of President Trump and members
share of the richest people in the country who are women. of his cabinet. There is fresh discussion of the conflict in
Included are the most recent statistics on women in political Syria and the related immigrant crisis; the latest data on
leadership positions reflecting the 2016 elections; the latest the extent of terrorism and casualties resulting from such
data on women in the military; and an updated discussion acts; the latest nuclear disarmament negotiations, recent
of violence against women and men. The coverage of inter- changes in nuclear proliferation, and changing support
section theory reflects the most recent income data. This re- for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) as a peacekeep-
vised chapter reflects the content of sixty-three new research ing policy; and the latest data on global and U.S. military
sources. spending as well as expanding opportunities for women
in the U.S. military. There is new discussion of the grow-
Chapter 12: Race and Ethnicity ing importance of income inequality and the prospects for
The updated Power of Society figure explores the impor- change in the Trump era. More than 125 new research stud-
tance of race and ethnicity in the 2016 presidential election. ies inform this revised chapter.
Find updates on the share and size of all racial and ethnic
categories of the U.S. population; the increasing number Chapter 14: Family and Religion
of biracial people in this country; the share of households The updated Power of Society figure shows how religious
in which members speak a language other than English at affiliation—or the lack of it—is linked to traditional or pro-
home; the share of U.S. marriages that are interracial; the gressive family values. There is updated discussion of the
number of American Indian and Alaskan Native nations importance of grandparents in childrearing; the experience
and tribal groups; and the income levels and poverty rates, of loneliness and families in later life; and the trend of mov-
extent of schooling, and average age for all major racial and ing in with relatives as a strategy to cut living expenses dur-
ethnic categories of the U.S. population. The chapter now ing the current recession. An updated National Map shows
includes expanded coverage of immigration plus discussion the divorce rate for states across the country. The chapter
of controversial police violence against African Americans, has updates on the number of U.S. households and fami-
updated right into 2017. New discussion highlights trends, lies; the share of young women in low-income countries
xxii Preface
who marry before the age of eighteen; the cost of raising reports that the government now pays for most health care in
a child for parents at various class levels; the income gap the United States and also explains how people pay the rest
that separates Hispanic and African American families from of their medical bills. Research reflected in more than sixty-
non-Hispanic white families; the rising average age at first five new citations has guided the revision of this chapter.
marriage; the incidence of court-ordered child support and
the frequency of nonpayment; and the rate of domestic vio- Chapter 16: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
lence against women and children. Data for 2017 show the The updated Power of Society figure shows that concern
number of nations that permit same-sex marriage. New data for environmental issues, while typically greater in high-
show how income affects marital and family patterns, the income nations than in low-income nations, remains low
increasing share of U.S. adults living alone; the child care ar- in the United States. The chapter has the most recent data
rangements for working mothers with young children; the on the size of the U.S. population as well as fertility and
frequency of various types of interracial marriage, and the mortality rates for the United States and for various world
divorce rate for people at various stages of life. New discus- regions; new data for infant mortality and life expectancy;
sion focuses on the origins and controversy surrounding the new global population projections; and updated coverage
phrase “In God We Trust” on U.S. currency. Current data of trends in urbanization. Find the latest data on the ra-
show the extent of religious belief in the United States as cial and ethnic populations of the nation’s largest cities. A
well as the share of people favoring various denominations new section gives expanded coverage of social life in rural
and the increasing share of people who claim no religious places. Expanded and updated discussions highlight the
affiliation. There is updated discussion of a trend away from state of rural regions of the United States, the increasing
religious affiliation among young people and expanded shortage of fresh water, and the declining size of the plan-
discussion of Islam in the United States. There is expanded et’s rain forests. There is new discussion of the concept of
discussion of the increasing share of students in seminaries environmental sexism. This revised chapter contains forty
who are women as well as the secularization debate. More new research citations.
than seventy new research studies have guided the revision
of this chapter. Chapter 17: Social Change: Modern and Postmodern
Societies
Chapter 15: Education, Health, and Medicine
The updated Power of Society figure shows in which na-
The updated Power of Society figure shows the importance tions people are more or less likely to engage in public dem-
of race and ethnicity in shaping opportunity to attend col- onstrations. The revised chapter highlights recent social
lege. The revised chapter has new global data that compare movements, such as Black Lives Matter that sprang up in
the academic performance of U.S. children in comparison to response to police violence against African American men
children in other nations. Current data identify the share of as well as the recent controversy over “fake news.” An up-
U.S. adults completing high school and college, how income dated national map shows the extent of residential stabil-
affects access to higher education, and how a college educa- ity across the United States. There is updated discussion of
tion is linked to earnings later on. There are new statistics trends that show improvement in social life in the United
on the number of U.S. colleges and universities and the fi- States and also trends that are troubling. A dozen new re-
nancial costs of attending them. The chapter highlights the search studies inform this revised chapter.
latest trends in dropping out of high school, performance
on the SAT, high school grade inflation, the spread of char-
ter and magnet schools, and the gender imbalance on U.S.
campuses.
Revel™
The revised chapter has updated discussion of efforts to Revel is an interactive learning environment that deeply
“repeal and replace” the Affordable Care Act, and the high engages students and prepares them for class. Media and
rate of obesity among all categories of the U.S. population. assessment integrated directly within the authors’ narrative
There are updates on global patterns of health reflecting im- lets students read, explore interactive content, and practice
provements in the well-being of young children; cigarette in one continuous learning path. Thanks to the dynamic
smoking and illnesses resulting from this practice; the use reading experience in Revel, students come to class pre-
of smokeless tobacco; how gender shapes patterns involving pared to discuss, apply, and learn from instructors and from
eating disorders; patterns of AIDS and other sexually trans- each other.
mitted infections; the link between impoverished living and Learn more about Revel
lack of medical care; and also euthanasia. The revised chapter www.pearson.com/revel
Preface xxiii
The abbot cometh, but to a layman his spiritual father, and asketh
if through forgetfulness or shame he have any word or deed, or any
malice against a brother, unconfessed, or unforgiven: it is obligatory
to examine and interrogate the dying concerning all things one by
one.
After this he beginneth, Blessed be our God.... Trisagion. After Our
Father.... Lord, have mercy, xii. O come, let us worship.... thrice.
Psalm l. Have mercy upon me O God....
A prayerful canon to the Most Holy God-bearing one, with the irmi
to vi, from the person of a man who is being parted from his soul,
and who is not able to speak.
Tone vi. Ode i. Irmos.
Passing as on dry land....
Refrain. God-bearing one most holy, save thou us.
Like unto drops of rain, mine evil and brief days, becoming scant
with summer’s roll, already well-nigh vanish’d are: do thou save me,
O Queen.
In thy benignity and many mercies, O thou Queen, in this dread
hour, when nature faileth, stand by me, an aid invincible.
Now mighty fear constrains my soul, it trembleth inexpressibly and
grieves: console it, thou Most Pure, as it the body quits.
Glory.
Known refuge of the sinful and the low, make known to me thy
mercy, O thou Pure, and me from demons’ hands set free; for like as
many dogs they me surround.
Both now.
Lo, ’tis the time for help: lo, for thy mediation ’tis the time: lo, O
thou Queen, it is the time concerning which I have both day and
night with fervour cast me down and pray’d to thee.
Ode iii. Irmos.
There is none holy like to thee, O Lord....
From long ago this day, O Queen, have I foreseen, and, ever
musing thereupon as though it had arriv’d, with fervent tears I thee
have pray’d, Forget me not.
They, roaring, me surround, the mental lions, and seek to seize
and rend me bitterly; but crush their teeth and jaws, O Pure, and
save thou me.
Although henceforward be my vocal organs dumb, my tongue be
bound, my speech be stay’d, in heart’s contrition thee I pray, O my
deliverer, save thou me.
Glory.
Thine ear to me incline, Mother of Christ my God, from thy great
glory’s height, thou blessed one, and hear my latest sigh, and reach
thy hand to me.
Both now.
Thy many mercies take thou not from me, nor close thy loving
tenderness for man ’gainst me, O Pure; but stand thou by me now,
and in the hour of judgment think on me.
Ode iv. Irmos.
Christ is my might, the God and Lord....
Now make a flood of tears offences’ bath, thou that art good; my
heart’s contrition take; yea, blessed one, confirm my trust in thee,
that thou wilt free me from the fearful fiery pain; for thou, God-
bearing one, thyself art grace’s fount.
Thou that for all in need a refuge art, that put to shame is not, and
all offenceless is; be thou, O Queen most undefil’d, an advocate for
me in trial’s hour.
Thou stretchest forth thy most rever’d and precious hands in guise
of wings of dove divine, and ’neath their shade and shelter coverest
me, O Queen.
Glory.
By him, the prince of air, and him that violent is, and him that
torturer is, and him that standeth in the fearful ways, and by the false
accusing words of these, grant me to pass unovercome, when I
depart from earth.
Both now.
Lo, terror meeteth me, O Queen, and I have dread thereof.
Behold, a great event befalleth me, and O be thou therein a helper
unto me, O trust of my salvation thou.
Ode v. Irmos.
With thy divine light, O blessed one....
Thou that art good, forget me not, nor from thy servant turn thy
face; but hear thou me, for I am griev’d, and O attend unto my soul,
and rescue this.
O ye my kinsfolk in the flesh, and ye my brethren in the spirit, and
ye my friends and comrades known, weep, sigh, lament; for lo, I now
depart from you.
Now none delivereth, and in truth nothing affordeth aid: be thou
mine aid, O Queen, lest I be as a man that hath no help, and in mine
enemies’ hands enclos’d.
Glory.
Go, ye my holy Angels, stand at the judgment-seat of Christ, and
bend your spiritual knees, and tearfully exclaim to him, Have mercy,
Maker of all things, and, blessed one, reject thou not the work of
thine own hands.
Both now.
Unto the Queen bow ye yourselves, and my God’s most pure
Mother pray that she may bend her knees with you, and unto mercy
him incline; for hearken’d unto she will be, as Mother and as
nurturer.
Ode vi. Irmos.
Life’s sea perturbed....
My lips are silent, and my tongue speaks not, but my heart cries,
because, contrition’s fire consuming it within, it burns, and, with a
voice unutterable, invoketh thee, O Virgin.
Regard me from on high, O Mother of God, and mercifully now
attend to come and visit me, that, seeing thee, I may rejoice,
departing from the body.
When broken are the bonds, dissolv’d the laws of natural setting,
and those of every bodily substance, to need importable and straight
they subject me.
Glory.
Place me, O Queen, in holy Angels’ sacred and revered hands,
that cover’d by their wings, I may not see the forms devoid of grace,
and foul, and dark of demons.
Both now.
Thou all-revered bridal-room of God, me worthy count to enter in
the heavenly spiritual bridal-room, enkindling with thy mercy’s holy
oil my quenched and unshining lamp.
Condakion, tone vi.
My soul, my soul, arise, why sleepest thou? The end draws very
near, and thou hast need to pray. Then rouse thyself, that Christ God
may compassionate thee, he who is present everywhere, and filleth
everything.
Icos.
Beholding open Christ’s remedial fount, and Adam drawing healing
thence, the devil, suffering, wounded was, wailed as they who ill
receive, and cried to those conjoin’d with him, What shall I do to
Mary’s Son? He killeth me, the Bethleemite, he who is present
everywhere, and filleth everything.
Ode vii. Irmos.
The angel made the furnace to bedew....
Me unprepar’d death’s dark and moonless night o’ertaken hath,
and journeying unprepar’d, along that straight and fearful way, O
may thy mercy company me, O Queen.
Lo, verily, all my days in vanity wasted are, as hath been written,
and my years with care, and deadly bitter snares, in truth, prevented
have my soul, and these me still constrain.
Let not the number of my sins thy great beneficence exceed, O
Queen; but let thy mercy come on me, and all mine oversteppings do
thou hide.
Glory.
Leading me hence they go, on all sides binding me, and, fill’d with
much rebellion, quelled is my soul, and fears; but, O thou Pure, with
thine appearance, do thou it appease.
Both now.
In mine affliction have I no one found to mourn with me and
comfort me, O Queen; for mine acquaintances and friends have now
together quitted me; but, thou who art my trust, do thou forsake me
not.
Ode viii. Irmos.
From flame thou didst a dew outpour on reverend ones....
As God’s man-loving Mother, be man-loving thou, with gentle eyes
and merciful regarding me, as from the body goes my soul, that thee
I ever may extol, thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Me worthy count to overcome the hosts of bodiless foes, to mount
th’ aërial space and enter heaven, that thee I ever may extol, thou
holy Bringer-forth of God.
Thou who didst bear th’ Almighty Lord, from me far keep away the
world-controlling prince of bitter guiles when I approach mine end,
that thee I ever may extol, thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Glory.
When the great final trump shall sound, arousing all to resurrection
menacing and dread, O then do thou remember me, thou holy
Bringer-forth of God.
Both now.
Palace high rais’d of Christ the Lord, send from on high thy grace,
and now in trouble’s day prevent thou me, that I may ever thee extol,
thou holy Bringer-forth of God.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Mortals may not see God....
O how shall I th’ invisible behold? how that most dreadful vision
bear? how venture to lift up mine eyes? how dare my Master to
regard, whom, from my youth, I never ceased have to give offence?
Thou holy maiden, Bringer-forth of God, look on my lowliness with
tender heart; accept thou this, my last and penitential prayer; and
make thou speed to rescue me from the tormenting endless fire.
My soul, that temples holy hath defil’d, having a stain’d and bodily
temple left, beseecheth thee, O maiden, Virgin Mother, that it may
’scape the gloom profound, and fierce gehenna’s flame.
Glory.
Seeing the end of life draw near, and on my most unseemly
thoughts and deeds bethinking me, O thou All-pure, the darts of
conscience fiercely wound mine active soul; but O in mercy turn
thyself to me, and be mine advocate.
Both now.
The Son in mercy gave himself for us, the Son of God and angels’
King eterne, becoming man from thy pure blood; move him to mercy
on my passionate soul, O Maid, which is with violence from my
wretched body torn.
Then, It is very meet....
Prayer said by the priest at the departure of a soul.
O Master, Lord Almighty, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who
desirest that all men should be saved and come to a knowledge of
the truth; who desirest not the death of a sinner, but that he should
return and live; we pray and make supplication unto thee, Loosen
the soul of thy servant, name, from every bond, and deliver him from
every curse: forgive him the iniquities, known and unknown, which
from youth up, in deed and word, he hath confessed sincerely, or,
through forgetfulness or shame hath hidden; for thou alone art he
that looseth them that are in bonds, and setteth upright them that are
crushed down, thou hope of them that have no hope, who canst
remit the sins of every man that hath a trust in thee. Yea, O man-
loving Lord, bid that he be set free from carnal and sinful bonds, and
receive in peace the soul of this thy servant, name, and rest it in the
eternal habitations with thy Saints, through the grace of thine only-
begotten Son, our Lord God and Saviour, Jesus Christ, with whom
also thou art blessed, together with thy most holy, and good, and life-
creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
Chapter XVI.
THE MORTUARY ORDER OVER LAY BODIES.