DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RETEST Question Bank & Model Answer

Subject: Electrical & Electronic Measurements
2 Marks Questions
1 Define energy. Write unit of it. [02]
Electrical energy is defined as the total power delivered or consumed
over specific time duration. OR Electrical energy is defined as the
integration of consumption of power over particular time duration. Its
unit is watt-hour.
Energy = Power × Time
=P×t
If the unit of time is considered as hour the energy is expressed in watt-
hour or kilowatt-hour.
2 Write any two advantages of digital energy meter. [02]
1. No frictional losses as there are no moving parts
2. High accuracy
3. High Resolution
4. Large frequency range due to absence of moving parts
(Any two)
3 State the use of energy meter constant. [02]
Number of resolutions is directly proportional to the energy.
Number of resolutions = K x Energy
Q. 1 Hence, K = Number of revolutions / Energy (kWh)
4 State any two methods for measurement of low resistance. [02]
Methods for low resistance measurement-
1. Measurement of resistance by voltmeter ammeter method
2. Kelvin’s double bridge method
5 Write any two applications of Megger. [02]
1. Megger is used for measurement of insulation resistance.
2. For testing the continuity of machine winding, if the winding is
continuous, megger showsthe zero reading.
3. Megger are also used for measurement of cable insulation resistance.
6 State the necessity of measurement. [02]
Measurement is quantitative comparison between a known quantity and
an unknown quantity. The in-depth knowledge of any parameter can be
easily understood by the measurement and further modifications can also
be done.
Measuring is basically used to monitor a process or operation as well as
for control. The primary purpose of measurement in process industries
and industrial manufacturing is to aid in the economics of industrial
operation by improving product quality and efficiency. Through
measurement process, unknown quantity is compared with predetermined

Vision of Program
To empower the students’ abilities of academic, technical and professional competence in the field of Electrical Engineering and to nature
them in the developing areas to help the society.
Mission of Program
M1: To provide adequate knowledge in the field of Electrical Engineering to take the real time Challenges with professional skills.
M2: To improve continuous learning skills to meet employability objectives.
M3. To communicate strong ethical qualities between students for helping the society.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

standard values and one can convert physical parameter to meaningful

quantity.
4 Marks Questions
List any four errors in induction type energy meter. Give method of
6 [04]
compensation for each.
Following are the different types of errors which may occur in energy
meter,
1. Phase error – The meter read correctly only when the shunt magnetic
flux lags the applied voltage by exactly 90 degrees. In practical cases
the pressure coil circuit has some resistance. Hence it’s circuit is not
purely inductive. Hence current taken by the pressure coil doesn’t lag
the applied voltage across the pressure coil by exactly 90 degrees.
Thus error is introduced in energy meter and is known as phase error.
To reduce this error, to increase the inductance , a copper shading band is
placed on the central limb of the core of the shunt magnet.
2. Friction error – When the aluminium disc rotates there is friction at
the spindle bearing and the registering mechanism. Due to this
friction, frictional torque is developed which opposes the driving
torque. Due to this, error is introduced in the meter reading known as
frictional error.
To compensate this error, small shading loop placed between the central
limb of the shunt magnet and aluminium disc slightly the one side of the
central limb of the shunt magnet.
Q. 2 3. Speed error – Some times the speed of the disc is more or less than
the rated speed. Hence the meter gives error in the recorded value. This
error is known as speed error and can be reduced with the help of brake
magnet.
4. Creeping error - Due to excessive voltage across the pressure coil and
incorrect frictional compensation, the disc of the energy meter makes
slow but continuous rotation when only the pressure coil is excited but
there is no current flowing through the load (i.e. through current coil) this
is known as creeping of energy meter. Due to this error the meter records
some energy consumption when load is ‘off’.
To avoid creeping two holes are cut in the aluminium disc in opposite
direction about the spindle.
5. Temperature error – An increase in temperature causes rise in
resistance of the metallic parts. This results in small decrease in the
pressure coil flux, thus resistance of the coil increases.
6. Frequency error – Energy meter are designed to operate accurately
for a particular frequency generally 50 Hz. If the supply frequency
changes, the reactance of the coil changes. Small error may be introduced
in the meter reading.
7. Overload error – This error is introduced in the meter when current
coil of the meter carries current greater than the rated value of the full
load current. This causes saturation of the series magnet, and meter tends
to be slow at high load current.
Vision of Program
To empower the students’ abilities of academic, technical and professional competence in the field of Electrical Engineering and to nature
them in the developing areas to help the society.
Mission of Program
M1: To provide adequate knowledge in the field of Electrical Engineering to take the real time Challenges with professional skills.
M2: To improve continuous learning skills to meet employability objectives.
M3. To communicate strong ethical qualities between students for helping the society.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Meter can be compensated for this error by providing the flux diverter to
the series magnet.
(Any 4)
7 Explain with neat sketch of single phase electronic energy meter. [04]

Working of electronic energy meter:-

1. CT reduces current to reasonable value for current scaling network.
2. Voltage & current scaling networks reduce proportionally the
voltage & current to valuessuitable for the analog multiplier.
3. Analog multiplier gives a dc voltage proportional to the product of
the voltage and currentdrawn from supply that is the power drawn.
4. The voltage controlled oscillator gives a frequency proportional to
its input (whichis proportional to the power).
5. The ADC converts the square wave frequency analog output to
display the energy in watt-hour.
State the function and shape of following parts used for induction
type energy meter:
i) Series magnet
8 [04]
ii) Shunt magnet
iii) Al disc
iv) Break magnet
i) Series Magnet:
The current coil is placed over the series magnet and it is connected in
series with the load.
Series magnet is an electromagnet which is made from silicon steel
with laminated construction.
ii) Shunt magnet:
The pressure coil is placed on the central limb and it is connected in
shunt with the load.
Shunt magnet is an electromagnet which is made from silicon steel
with laminated construction.
iii) Al Disc:
Between the air gap formed by shunt magnet and the series magnet,
Vision of Program
To empower the students’ abilities of academic, technical and professional competence in the field of Electrical Engineering and to nature
them in the developing areas to help the society.
Mission of Program
M1: To provide adequate knowledge in the field of Electrical Engineering to take the real time Challenges with professional skills.
M2: To improve continuous learning skills to meet employability objectives.
M3. To communicate strong ethical qualities between students for helping the society.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

an aluminium disc is placed symmetrically on the spindle

Spindle rests on jewelled bearings.
iv) Break magnet:
It is a C shaped permanent magnet.
It is fitted near one of the ends of the aluminium disc to provide the
controlling torque.
The value of this torque can be adjusted by shifting the position of
break magnet.
With neat diagram explain calibration of energy meter by direct
9 [04]
loading method.

The following figure shows the arrangement of calibration for single

phase electronic energy meter. A phase shifter is connected for changing
power factor of circuit.
The energy readings are taken for different values of current at different
power factors.Let D = Registration of meter under calibration in kWh &
Ds = Registration of standard meter in kWh Then % error = [(D –
DS)/DS] x 100
Describe the following errors and their compensation.
10 i) Phase error
ii) Speed error
i) Phase error – The meter read correctly only when the shunt
magnetic flux lags the applied voltage by exactly 90 degrees. In
practical cases the pressure coil circuit has some resistance. Hence
it’s circuit is not purely inductive. Hence current taken by the
pressure coil doesn’t lag the applied voltage across the pressure
coil by exactly 90 degrees. Thus error is introduced in energy
meter and is known as phase error.
To reduce this error, to increase the inductance, a copper shading
band is placed on the central limb of the core of the shunt magnet.
ii) Speed error – Some times the speed of the disc is more or less
than the rated speed. Hence the meter gives error in the recorded
value. This error is known as speed error and can be reduced with
the help of brake magnet.

Vision of Program
To empower the students’ abilities of academic, technical and professional competence in the field of Electrical Engineering and to nature
them in the developing areas to help the society.
Mission of Program
M1: To provide adequate knowledge in the field of Electrical Engineering to take the real time Challenges with professional skills.
M2: To improve continuous learning skills to meet employability objectives.
M3. To communicate strong ethical qualities between students for helping the society.