Unit/Subtopic

Number

SYLLABUS CONTENT

S.1
S.1.1
S.1.1.1

S.1.1.2

S.1.1.3

S.1.2
S.1.2.1

S.1.2.2

S.1.2.3

S.1.3
S.1.3.1
S.1.3.2
S.1.3.3
S.1.3.4
S.1.3.5
S.1.3.6
S.1.3.7

S.1.4
S.1.4.1
S.1.4.2
S.1.4.3
S.1.4.4
S.1.4.5
S.1.4.6
 S.1.5
S.1.5.1
S.1.5.2
S.1.5.3
S.1.5.4

S.2
S.2.1
S.2.1.1
S.2.1.2
S.2.1.3

S.2.2
S.2.2.1
S.2.2.2
S.2.2.3
S.2.2.4
S.2.2.5
S.2.2.6
S.2.2.7
S.2.2.8
S.2.2.9
S.2.2.10
S.2.2.11
S.2.2.12
S.2.2.13
S.2.2.14
S.2.2.15
S.2.2.16

S.2.3
S.2.3.1
S.2.3.2
S.2.3.3
 S.2.4
S.2.4.1
S.2.4.2
S.2.4.3
S.2.4.4
S.4.4.5
S.2.4.6

S.3
S.3.1
S.3.1.1
S.3.1.2
S.3.1.3
S.3.1.4
S.3.1.5
S.3.1.6
S.3.1.7
S.3.1.8
S.3.1.9
S.3.1.10

S.3.2
S.3.2.1
S.3.2.2
S.3.2.3
S.3.2.4
S.3.2.5
S.3.2.6
S.3.2.7
S.3.2.8
S.3.2.9
S.3.2.10
S.3.2.11
S.3.2.12

R.1
R.1.1
R.1.1.1
R.1.1.2
R.1.1.3
R.1.1.4

R.1.2
R.1.2.1
R.1.2.2
R.1.2.3
R.1.2.4
R.1.2.5

R.1.3
R.1.3.1
R.1.3.2
R.1.3.3
R.1.3.4
R.1.3.5

R.1.4
R.1.4.1
R.1.4.2
R.1.4.3
R.1.4.4

R.2
R.2.1
R.2.1.1
R.2.1.2
R.2.1.3
R.2.1.4
R.2.1.5

R.2.2
R.2.2.1
R.2.2.2
R.2.2.3
R.2.2.4
R.2.2.5
R.2.2.6
R.2.2.7
R.2.2.8
R.2.2.9
R.2.2.10
R.2.2.11
R.2.2.12
R.2.2.13

R.2.3
R.2.3.1
R.2.3.2
R.2.3.3
R.2.3.4
R.2.3.5
R.2.3.6
R.2.3.7

R.3
R.3.1
R.3.1.1
R.3.1.2
R.3.1.3
R.3.1.4
R.3.1.5
R.3.1.6
R.3.1.7
R.3.1.8
R.3.1.9
R.3.1.10
R.3.1.11
R.3.1.12
R.3.1.13
R.3.1.14
R.3.1.15
R.3.1.16
R.3.1.17

R.3.2
R.3.2.1
R.3.2.2
R.3.2.3
R.3.2.4
R.3.2.5
R.3.2.6
R.3.2.7
R.3.2.8
R.3.2.9
R.3.2.10
R.3.2.11
R.3.2.12
R.3.2.13
R.3.2.14
R.3.2.15
R.3.2.16

R.3.3
R.3.3.1
R.3.3.2
R.3.3.3

R.3.4
R.3.4.1
R.3.4.2
R.3.4.3
R.3.4.4
R.3.4.5
R.3.4.6
R.3.4.7
R.3.4.8
R.3.4.9
R.3.4.10
R.3.4.11
R.3.4.12
R.3.4.13

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
 Unit/Subtopic
Concept

SYLLABUS CONTENT

Structure 1: Models of the particulate nature of matter

Introduction to the particulate nature of matter
Elements as the fundamental unit of matter; law of definite proportions; mixtures

Kinetic molecular theory and changes of state

Kelvin temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles

The nuclear atom

Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons (charge/location)

Isotopes

Isotope abundance mass spectroscopy

Electron configurations
Emission spectra
Connecting line spectrum of hydrogen to Bohr model
Main energy levels in atoms (n) can hold 2n^2 electrons
s, p, d, f sublevels in atoms
Orbitals can hold two electrons of opposite spins
The limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to ionization
Successive IE data give information about electron configuration

Counting particles by mass: The mole

Defining the mole
Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C
Units of molar mass
Empirical & molecular formulas
Molar concentration of solutions
Avogadro's law of gases
 Ideal gases
Definition of an ideal gas
Deviations from the ideal gas model at low T and high P
Standard molar volume
Ideal gas law and combined gas law

Structure 2: Models of bonding and structure

The ionic model
Formation of cations and anions
Definition of ionic bonding and naming binary ionic compounds
Lattice structure of ionic compounds

The covalent model

Covalent bond formation and the octet rule
Single, double, and triple bond formation
Coordination bonds
VSEPR theory (1, 2, 3, 4 electron domains)
Bond polarity
Molecular polarity
Giant covalent structures: allotropes of C, Si, SiO2
Intermolecular forces: LDF, dipole-induced dipole, dipole-dipole, H-bonding
Relative strengths of intermolecular forces
Chromatography
Resonance structures
Benzene as an example of resonance
Expanded octets, 5 & 6 electron domain VSEPR structures
Formal charge to evaluate Lewis structures
σ and ᴨ bond formation
Orbital hybridization

The metallic model

Definition of a metallic bond
Metallic bond strength
Delocalization of d-electrons in transition elements
 From models to materials
Bonding models and the bonding triangle
Three bonding types and position in the bonding triangle
Alloys as mixtures of metals and/or non-metals
Polymers as repeating subunits of monomers
Addition polymers
Condensation polymers

Structure 3: Classification of matter

The periodic table: Classification of elements
Structure of the periodic table: periods, groups, blocks
Period number/group number vs. electron configuration
Definition of periodicity & periodic trends
Trends in properties within group 1 (w/ water) and group 17 (displacement)
Continuum of trends in pH of oxides of group 1 and 2 metals, C, S
Oxidation states
Discontinuities in trend in 1st IE values across a period (evidence for sublevels)
Properties of transition elements due to incomplete d-sublevels
Variable oxidation states in transition elements
Transition element coloured complexes

Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds

Empirical, molecular, full & condensed structural, stereochemical, skeletal formulas
Functional groups and classes
Homologous series
Trends in physical properties in homologous series
IUPAC nomenclature
Structural isomers
Stereoisomers
Mass spectrometry of organic compounds
IR spectroscopy of organic compounds
1H NMR spectroscopy of organic compounds
Signal splitting in 1H NMR spectroscopy
Combining spectroscopic techniques to deduce molecular structure

Reactivity 1: What drives chemical reactions?

 Measuring enthalpy changes
Energy transfer in reactions and law of conservation of energy
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Reaction profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions
Calculating energy changes in reactions (q=mcΔT and ΔH=q/n)

Energy cycles in reactions

Energy changes during bond breaking and formation
Hess's law
Calculations using ΔHc and ΔHf data
Applying Hess's law to ΔHc and ΔHf values to calculate ΔH for a reaction
Born-Haber cycles

Energy from fuels

Combustion reactions of metals, non-metals, and organic compounds
Incomplete combustion of organic compounds
Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas)
Production of biofuels via photosynthesis
Fuel cells (esp. hydrogen and methane fuel cells)

Entropy and spontaneity (HL only)

Entropy as a measure of matter/energy distribution in a system
ΔG relates ΔH, ΔS, and T
A spontaneous reaction has a negative ΔG
ΔG approaches 0 as a reaction approaches equilibrium

Reactivity 2: How much, how fast, and how far?

How much? The amount of chemical change
Chemical equations show the ratio of reactants and products in a reaction
Mole ratios can be used to determine masses/volumes/concentrations
The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield
Percentage yield is calculated as a ratio of experimental yield to theoretical yield
Atom economy as a measure of efficiency in green chemistry

How fast? The rate of chemical change

 Rate of reaction is expressed as change in concentration per unit time
Species react as a result of collisions with sufficient energy and proper orientation
Factors affecting rates of reactions: P, [ ], surface area, T, catalysts
Ea is the minimum energy colliding particles need for a successful collision
Catalyst increase rate by providing an alternate energy pathway with lower Ea
The slowest elementary step determines the rate of a reaction
Energy profiles can be used to show Ea and transition state of the RDS
The molecularity of an elementary step is the number of particles taking part in that step
Rate equations depend on the mechanism and must be determined experimentally
Reaction order with respect to each reactant and overall
Rate constant, k, is temperature dependent and units change with overall reaction order
The Arrhenius equation is used to determine Ea
The Arrhenius factor, A, accounts for frequency of collisions with proper orientation

How far? The extent of chemical change

Dynamic equilibrium is reached when fwd. and rev. rates are equal
The equilibrium law describes how K is determined using coefficients
K is temperature dependent and indicates the extent of a reaction at equilibrium
Le Chatelier's principles allows predictions about changes to an equilibrium system
Q is calculated using non-equilibrium concentrations
The equilibrium law is used to quantify the composition of an equilibrium mixture
K and ΔG can both be used to measure the position of an equilibrium reaction

Reactivity 3: What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

Proton transfer reactions
Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
Conjugate acid-base pairs
Amphiprotic species
The pH scale
The ion product constant of water, Kw
Strong and weak acids and bases
Acid-base neutralization reaction
Acid-base neutralization curves
The pOH scale
Describing weak acids and bases with Ka, Kb, pKa, pKb values
Ka x Kb = Kw for a conjugate acid-base pair
 Salt hydrolysis
pH curves for combinations of strong and weak monoprotic acids and bases
Acid-base indicators as weak acids/bases
Selecting an appropriate indicator for a titration
Buffer solutions
Dependence of buffer solution pH on pKa/pKb and acid/base vs. conjugate concentration

Electron transfer reactions

Definitions of oxidation and reduction
Half-equations separate the processes of oxidation and reduction
An element's redox properties can be predicted from its position in the PTE
Acids react with reactive metals to release hydrogen
Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction occurs at the cathode
Primary/voltaic cells converts energy from spontaneous redox rxns to electrical energy
Secondary/rechargeable cells use reversible redox reactions
Electrolytic cells convert electrical energy to chemical energy via a non-spontaneous rxn
Functional groups in organic compounds may undergo oxidation
Functional groups in organic compounds may undergo reduction
Reduction of unsaturated compounds lowers the degree of unsaturation
The hydrogen half-cell has a standard electrode potential of zero by convention
Ecell can be calculated from electrode potentials and is positive for a spontaneous rxn
ΔG and Ecell are related by the equation ΔG = -nFEcell
Selective discharge in electrolysis
Electroplating

Electron sharing reactions

Radicals are highly reactive particles that have an unpaired electron
Radicals are produced by homolytic fission in the presence of UV light or heat
Radicals take part in substitution reactions with alkanes

Electron-pair sharing reactions

A nucleophile forms a bond to an electrophile by donating both bonding electrons
Definition and introduction to nucleophilic substitution
Heterolytic fission beaks a covalent bond forming ions
An electrophile forms a bond to a nucleophile by accepting both bonding electrons
Electrophilic addition in alkenes
 Definition of Lewis acids and bases
Lewis acid-base reactions and coordination bond formation
Complex ion formation
Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms
Effect of leaving group on rate of nucleophilic substitution
Mechanisms of electrophilic addition
Markovnikov's rule for addition to asymmetrical alkenes
Electrophilic substitution reactions in benzene

Syllabus Content

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Practical work

Scientific Investigation (Internal Assessment_IA)

Collaborative Sciences Project

Experimental Programme

Total teaching hours

Teaching Teaching
Hours Hours Placement in old Unit/Subtopic
SL HL
syllabus (FA 2016) Number

17 21 S.1
2 2 S.1.1
1.1 S.1.1.1

1.1 S.1.1.2

1.1 S.1.1.3

2 3 S.1.2
1 1 2.1 S.1.2.1

1 1 2.1 S.1.2.2

1 2.1 S.1.2.3

3 6 S.1.3
1 1 2.1 S.1.3.1
2.1 S.1.3.2
2 2 2.1 S.1.3.3
2.1 S.1.3.4
2.1 S.1.3.5
1.5 12.1 S.1.3.6
1.5 12.1 S.1.3.7

7 7 S.1.4
1.2 S.1.4.1
1.2 S.1.4.2
1.2 S.1.4.3
1.2 S.1.4.4
1.2 S.1.4.5
1.2 S.1.4.6
3 3 S.1.5
1.3 S.1.5.1
1.3 S.1.5.2
1.3 S.1.5.3
1.3 S.1.5.4

20 30 R.2.1*
4 4 R.2.1.1
4.1 R.2.1.2
4.1 R.2.1.3
4.1 R.2.1.4
R.2.1.5
10 18
4.2 S.2
4.2 S.2.1
4.2 S.2.1.1
4.3 S.2.1.2
4.2 S.2.1.3
4.2
4.2 S.2.2
4.4 S.2.2.1
4.4 S.2.2.2
B.2 (amino acids & proteins) S.2.2.3
4.3 S.2.2.4
4.3 S.2.2.5
14.1 S.2.2.6
14.1 S.2.2.7
14.1 S.2.2.8
14.2 S.2.2.9
S.2.2.10
2 3 S.2.2.11
4.5 S.2.2.12
4.5 S.2.2.13
1 13.1 S.2.2.14
S.2.2.15
4 5 S.2.2.16
A.1
A.1 S.2.3
4.5 S.2.3.1
10.2 S.2.3.2
10.2 S.2.3.3
1 A.9
S.2.4
16 31 S.2.4.1
7 11 S.2.4.2
3.1 S.2.4.3
3.1 S.2.4.4
3.2 S.2.4.5
3.2 S.2.4.6
3.2
9.1 S.3
12.1 S.3.1
13.1 S.3.1.1
13.1 S.3.1.2
13.2 S.3.1.3
S.3.1.4
9 20 S.3.1.5
10.1 S.3.1.6
10.1 S.3.1.7
10.1 S.3.1.8
10.1 S.3.1.9
10.1 S.3.1.10
10.1
20.3 S.3.2
11.3 S.3.2.1
11.3 S.3.2.2
11.3 S.3.2.3
21 S.3.2.4
11.3, 21 S.3.2.5
S.3.2.6
12 22 S.3.2.7
5 5 S.3.2.8
5.1 S.3.2.9
5.1 S.3.2.10
5.1 S.3.2.11
5.1 S.3.2.12

3 8 R.1
1 1 5.1 R.1.1
2 2 5.2 R.1.1.1
5 5.2 R.1.1.2
5.2 R.1.1.3
15.1 R.1.1.4

4 4 R.1.2
10.2 R.1.2.1
10.2 R.1.2.2
10.2 R.1.2.3
C.4 R.1.2.4
C.6 R.1.2.5

0 5 R.1.3
15.2 R.1.3.1
15.2 R.1.3.2
15.2 R.1.3.3
15.2 R.1.3.4
R.1.3.5
21 31
7 7 R.1.4
1.3 R.1.4.1
1.3 R.1.4.2
1.3 R.1.4.3
1.3 R.1.4.4
1.3
R.2
9 15 R.2.2
 6.1 R.2.2.1
6.1 R.2.2.2
6.1 R.2.2.3
6.1 R.2.2.4
6.1 R.2.2.5
16.1 R.2.2.6
16.1 R.2.2.7
16.1 R.2.2.8
16.1 R.2.2.9
16.1 R.2.2.10
16.1 R.2.2.11
16.2 R.2.2.12
16.2 R.2.2.13

5 9 R.2.3
7.1 R.2.3.1
7.1 R.2.3.2
7.1 R.2.3.3
7.1 R.2.3.4
7.1 R.2.3.5
7.1 R.2.3.6
17.1 R.2.3.7

24 45 R.3
8 17 R.3.1
8.1 R.3.1.1
8.1 R.3.1.2
8.1 R.3.1.3
8.3 R.3.1.4
8.3 R.3.1.5
8.4 R.3.1.6
8.2 R.3.1.7
18.3 R.3.1.8
9 18.2 R.3.1.9
18.2 R.3.1.10
18.2 R.3.1.11
 18.3 R.3.1.12
18.3 R.3.1.13
18.3 R.3.1.14
18.3 R.3.1.15
18.3 R.3.1.16
18.2 R.3.1.17

10 15 R.3.2
9.1 R.3.2.1
9.1 R.3.2.2
9.1 R.3.2.3
8.2 R.3.2.4
9.2 R.3.2.5
9.2 R.3.2.6
C.6 R.3.2.7
9.2 R.3.2.8
10.2 R.3.2.9
20.2 R.3.2.10
20.2 R.3.2.11
19.1 R.3.2.12
19.1 R.3.2.13
19.1 R.3.2.14
19.1 R.3.2.15
19.1 R.3.2.16

2 2 R.3.3
10.2 R.3.3.1
10.2 R.3.3.2
10.2 R.3.3.3

4 11 R.3.4
10.2 R.3.4.1
10.2 R.3.4.2
10.2 R.3.4.3
10.2 R.3.4.4
10.2 R.3.4.5
 18.1 R.3.4.6
18.1 R.3.4.7
13.2 R.3.4.8
20.2 R.3.4.9
20.2 R.3.4.10
20.2 R.3.4.11
20.2 R.3.4.12
20.2 R.3.4.13

110 180 Topic

MME Topic
20 40 Practical activities
Individual Investigaton (Internal
10 10 Assessment_IA) Topic

10 10 Group 4 Project
Topic
40 60

150 240
 Unit/Subtopic
Concept

MY COURSE OUTLINE

Structure 1: Models of the particulate nature of matter

Introduction to the particulate nature of matter
Elements as the fundamental unit of matter; law of definite proportions; mixtures

Kinetic molecular theory and changes of state

Kelvin temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles

The nuclear atom

Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons (charge/location)

Isotopes

Isotope abundance mass spectroscopy

Electron configurations
Emission spectra
Connecting line spectrum of hydrogen to Bohr model
Main energy levels in atoms (n) can hold 2n^2 electrons
s, p, d, f sublevels in atoms
Orbitals can hold two electrons of opposite spins
The limit of convergence at higher frequency corresponds to ionization
Successive IE data give information about electron configuration

Counting particles by mass: The mole

Defining the mole
Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C
Units of molar mass
Empirical & molecular formulas
Molar concentration of solutions
Avogadro's law of gases
 Ideal gases
Definition of an ideal gas
Deviations from the ideal gas model at low T and high P
Standard molar volume
Ideal gas law and combined gas law

How much? The amount of chemical change

Chemical equations show the ratio of reactants and products in a reaction
Mole ratios can be used to determine masses/volumes/concentrations
The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield
Percentage yield is calculated as a ratio of experimental yield to theoretical yield
Atom economy as a measure of efficiency in green chemistry

Structure 2: Models of bonding and structure

The ionic model
Formation of cations and anions
Definition of ionic bonding and naming binary ionic compounds
Lattice structure of ionic compounds

The covalent model

Covalent bond formation and the octet rule
Single, double, and triple bond formation
Coordination bonds
VSEPR theory (1, 2, 3, 4 electron domains)
Bond polarity
Molecular polarity
Giant covalent structures: allotropes of C, Si, SiO2
Intermolecular forces: LDF, dipole-induced dipole, dipole-dipole, H-bonding
Relative strengths of intermolecular forces
Chromatography
Resonance structures
Benzene as an example of resonance
Expanded octets, 5 & 6 electron domain VSEPR structures
Formal charge to evaluate Lewis structures
σ and ᴨ bond formation
 Orbital hybridization

The metallic model

Definition of a metallic bond
Metallic bond strength
Delocalization of d-electrons in transition elements

From models to materials

Bonding models and the bonding triangle
Three bonding types and position in the bonding triangle
Alloys as mixtures of metals and/or non-metals
Polymers as repeating subunits of monomers
Addition polymers
Condensation polymers

Structure 3: Classification of matter

The periodic table: Classification of elements
Structure of the periodic table: periods, groups, blocks
Period number/group number vs. electron configuration
Definition of periodicity & periodic trends
Trends in properties within group 1 (w/ water) and group 17 (displacement)
Continuum of trends in pH of oxides of group 1 and 2 metals, C, S
Oxidation states
Discontinuities in trend in 1st IE values across a period (evidence for sublevels)
Properties of transition elements due to incomplete d-sublevels
Variable oxidation states in transition elements
Transition element coloured complexes

Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds

Empirical, molecular, full & condensed structural, stereochemical, skeletal formulas
Functional groups and classes
Homologous series
Trends in physical properties in homologous series
IUPAC nomenclature
Structural isomers
Stereoisomers
 Mass spectrometry of organic compounds
IR spectroscopy of organic compounds
1H NMR spectroscopy of organic compounds
Signal splitting in 1H NMR spectroscopy
Combining spectroscopic techniques to deduce molecular structure

Reactivity 1: What drives chemical reactions?

Measuring enthalpy changes
Energy transfer in reactions and law of conservation of energy
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Reaction profiles for exothermic and endothermic reactions
Calculating energy changes in reactions (q=mcΔT and ΔH=q/n)

Energy cycles in reactions

Energy changes during bond breaking and formation
Hess's law
Calculations using ΔHc and ΔHf data
Applying Hess's law to ΔHc and ΔHf values to calculate ΔH for a reaction
Born-Haber cycles

Energy from fuels

Combustion reactions of metals, non-metals, and organic compounds
Incomplete combustion of organic compounds
Advantages and disadvantages of fossil fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas)
Production of biofuels via photosynthesis
Fuel cells (esp. hydrogen and methane fuel cells)

Entropy and spontaneity (HL only)

Entropy as a measure of matter/energy distribution in a system
ΔG relates ΔH, ΔS, and T
A spontaneous reaction has a negative ΔG
ΔG approaches 0 as a reaction approaches equilibrium

Reactivity 2: How much, how fast, and how far?

How fast? The rate of chemical change
 Rate of reaction is expressed as change in concentration per unit time
Species react as a result of collisions with sufficient energy and proper orientation
Factors affecting rates of reactions: P, [ ], surface area, T, catalysts
Ea is the minimum energy colliding particles need for a successful collision
Catalyst increase rate by providing an alternate energy pathway with lower Ea
The slowest elementary step determines the rate of a reaction
Energy profiles can be used to show Ea and transition state of the RDS
The molecularity of an elementary step is the number of particles taking part in that step
Rate equations depend on the mechanism and must be determined experimentally
Reaction order with respect to each reactant and overall
Rate constant, k, is temperature dependent and units change with overall reaction order
The Arrhenius equation is used to determine Ea
The Arrhenius factor, A, accounts for frequency of collisions with proper orientation

How far? The extent of chemical change

Dynamic equilibrium is reached when fwd. and rev. rates are equal
The equilibrium law describes how K is determined using coefficients
K is temperature dependent and indicates the extent of a reaction at equilibrium
Le Chatelier's principles allows predictions about changes to an equilibrium system
Q is calculated using non-equilibrium concentrations
The equilibrium law is used to quantify the composition of an equilibrium mixture
K and ΔG can both be used to measure the position of an equilibrium reaction

Reactivity 3: What are the mechanisms of chemical change?

Proton transfer reactions
Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
Conjugate acid-base pairs
Amphiprotic species
The pH scale
The ion product constant of water, Kw
Strong and weak acids and bases
Acid-base neutralization reaction
Acid-base neutralization curves
The pOH scale
Describing weak acids and bases with Ka, Kb, pKa, pKb values
Ka x Kb = Kw for a conjugate acid-base pair
 Salt hydrolysis
pH curves for combinations of strong and weak monoprotic acids and bases
Acid-base indicators as weak acids/bases
Selecting an appropriate indicator for a titration
Buffer solutions
Dependence of buffer solution pH on pKa/pKb and acid/base vs. conjugate concentration

Electron transfer reactions

Definitions of oxidation and reduction
Half-equations separate the processes of oxidation and reduction
An element's redox properties can be predicted from its position in the PTE
Acids react with reactive metals to release hydrogen
Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction occurs at the cathode
Primary/voltaic cells converts energy from spontaneous redox rxns to electrical energy
Secondary/rechargeable cells use reversible redox reactions
Electrolytic cells convert electrical energy to chemical energy via a non-spontaneous rxn
Functional groups in organic compounds may undergo oxidation
Functional groups in organic compounds may undergo reduction
Reduction of unsaturated compounds lowers the degree of unsaturation
The hydrogen half-cell has a standard electrode potential of zero by convention
Ecell can be calculated from electrode potentials and is positive for a spontaneous rxn
ΔG and Ecell are related by the equation ΔG = -nFEcell
Selective discharge in electrolysis
Electroplating

Electron sharing reactions

Radicals are highly reactive particles that have an unpaired electron
Radicals are produced by homolytic fission in the presence of UV light or heat
Radicals take part in substitution reactions with alkanes

Electron-pair sharing reactions

A nucleophile forms a bond to an electrophile by donating both bonding electrons
Definition and introduction to nucleophilic substitution
Heterolytic fission beaks a covalent bond forming ions
An electrophile forms a bond to a nucleophile by accepting both bonding electrons
Electrophilic addition in alkenes
 Definition of Lewis acids and bases
Lewis acid-base reactions and coordination bond formation
Complex ion formation
Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms
Effect of leaving group on rate of nucleophilic substitution
Mechanisms of electrophilic addition
Markovnikov's rule for addition to asymmetrical alkenes
Electrophilic substitution reactions in benzene

Tools for chemists

Underlying philosophy

Inquiry and approaches to learning

Obtaining a higher grade

Teaching Teaching
Hours Hours Lesson planning Lesson duration
SL HL calendar (theorical)

SL 3h/week
total weeks
HL 5h/week
17 21 starting 20-Sept 5.5
2 2 ending 26-Oct

2 3
1 1

1 1

3 6
1 1

2 2

1.5
1.5

7 7
3 3

7 7 starting 1-Nov 2.5

ending 16-Nov

20 30
4 4 1.5

10 18 3.5
2 3 1

4 5 1

Christmas

16 31
7 11 2.5

9 20 3
12 22
5 5 1.5

3 8 1
1 1
2 2
5

4 4

0 5 no

14 24
9 15 3
 last lesson 6-Jun summer HW

n that step

5 9 1.5

24 45
8 17 2.5

9
centration

10 15 3.5

2 2 1

4 11 1.5
esson duration Lesson duration
(theorical) (actual)

total hours total weeks total hours

17 6 18
CALENDAR
6-Dec
13-Dec
5/9-Feb
16-Feb
26-Mar
31-May
3/6-Jun
7-Jun
7 3 9

4 2 6

10 3 9
2 1 3

2 1 3

7 3 9

9 3.5 11
5 2 6

3 1 3

9 3 9
5 2 6

8 3 9
10 4 12

2 1 3

4 2 6
CALENDAR DP1
EE presentations by DP2
EE choice of subject, supervisor, topic
Settimana bianca
EE first reflection and interview
EE workday
TOK exhibition
DP1 end of year exams
Make-up exams
 DP1 DP2 Total
SL Hours Planned 0 0 0
HL Hours Planned 0 0 0
SL Hours Available 98 98 196 120

HL Hours Available 98 147 245

100

DP1 DP2
80
SL Hours Planned 0 0
SL Hours Available 98 98

Hours
60

40
DP1 DP2
HL Hours Planned 0 0
HL Hours Available 98 147 20

160

140

120

100
Hours

80

60

40

20

0
 SL Chemistry Hours
120

100 98 98

80
Hours

60

40

20

0 0
0
DP1 DP2

SL Hours Planned SL Hours Available

HL Chemistry Hours
160
147
140

120

100 98
Hours

80

60

40

20

0 0
0
DP1 DP2

HL Hours Planned HL Hours Available

8

47