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2 TYPES OF CRUST SEISMOGRAM – a record made by a seismograph.

CONTINENTAL CRUST - thicker but less dense EPICENTER – a point on the surface on the earth

OCEANIC CRUST - thinner but denser directly above the FOCUS of the earthquake.

HISTORY OF ERUPTION FOCUS – the point within the earth from which

ACTIVE - regularly or recently erupting and is earthquake waves originated.

expected to erupt again in the near future. THE TRIANGULATION METHOD

(mayon, taal) Mathematical method for locating the epicenter

DORMANT – not erupted in recent times but of an earthquake using three or more data sets

atleast erupted once in a human history and from seismic stations.

is expected to erupt again. (Mt.Iraya in PRIMARY WAVES – also called as compressional,

Batanes, Mt.Isarog in Camarines Sur) travel faster, can travel through solid, liquid, gas.

EXTINCT – those which have not erupted in SECONDARY WAVES – also called as shear waves,

human history. (Mt.Makiling in Laguna, travel slower, cannot travel through liquid.

Mt.Alu in Sulu, Mt.Batulao in Cavite) TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE

PLATE TECTONIC – suggest that earths crust TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE – occurs when the

is made up of plates that interact in various earths crust occur.

ways, thus producing, volcanoes, mountains, VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE – earthquake that

earthquakes and other geologic features. results from tectonic force.

EARTH LITHOSPHERE – consists of layers, the COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKE – small earthquake

crust and the upper mantle. This pert of the underground.

module will focus on the outer most layer EXPLOSION EARTHQUAKE – result of the

which is called crust. detonation.

DENSITY – amount of the materials STEPS IN LOCATING THE EPICENTER OF AN

composing the object. EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE – vibration of earth. 1.Obtain data from three different seismological

SEISMIC WAVE – vibration generated by an stations.

earthquake, explosion. 2.Determine the difference in the arrival time of S

SEISMOGRAPH – a device used to record and P waves recorded from each of the

earthquake waves. seismological stations.

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3.Determine the distance of the epicenter of normal faults, undergoing compression

from the station. (squishing).

4.Use the triangulation method to locate STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – side by side motion.

the center. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

3TYPES OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARY CONVERGENT BOUNDARY – two plates move

CC VS OC – the continental will be the top towards each other (subduct).

on the oceanic crust. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY – move away from each

OC VS OC – creates a grippic or wave other.

(tsunami) TRANSFORM BOUNDARY – two plates slides

CC VS CC – lifting it up creating mountain past each other.

ranges (collision zone), no subductions CC VS OC – (subduction) denser plate always

shallow earthquake. subduct.

OCEANIC PLATES (divergent) – oceanic ridge OC VS OC – the older OC the denser, older OC

is formed. always subduct.

CONTINENTAL PLATES (divergent) – rift 2 TYPES OF DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES

valleys are formed, normal faults occur. Continental rift zones ex. African Rift Valley

EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY – a continent mid-ocean ridges

undergoes extension. The crust is thinned FRACTURE ZONE – the scars lift in plate interiors

and a rift valleys formed. By the action of transform faults that offset mid-

HOTSPOT ocean ridge segments.

-known as a magma chamber, it is located SEISMIC WAVES – The two main types of

In the mantle. seismic waves are body waves and surface

-hotspot explode creating volcano. waves. Surface waves can only travel through

FAULT – a break in a rock which movement the surface of the earth. They arrive after the

has occured. main P and S waves and are confined to the

3 TYPES OF FAULT outer layers of the earth.

NORMAL FAULT – hanging wall has moved TWO TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES: LOVE WAVES,

downward relative to the footwall. RAYLEIGH WAVES

REVERSE FAULT – are exactly the opposite LOVE WAVE – faster than Rayleigh, moves in a
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side-to-side horizontal motion cause the ocean will SHRINK.

most damage, causing the ground to twist. Separate the crust and mantle – MOHOROVICIC

RAYLEIGH WAVE – rolls along the ground DISCONTINUITY.

moves the ground up and down/side-to- Separate the mantle and core – GUTENBERG

side, most frequent vibration/wave from DISCONTINUITY

an earthquake. Melted iron and nickel – OUTER CORE

Unlike surface waves , body waves can 5000 degree – INNER CORE

travel through the earths inner layers. With CONVERGENT - destruction

these characteristics of body waves, they DIVERGENT - constructive

are used by scientists to study the earths HARRY HESS AND ROBERT DIETZ - seafloor

interior. spreading theory.

TWO TYPES OF BODY WAVES: PRIMARY

WAVES, SECONDARY WAVES

PRIMARY WAVES – travels faster, can travel

through solid, liquid and gas, moves

backward and forward, compressional

waves.

SECONDARY WAVES – travels slower, cannot

travel through liquid, shear/transverse

waves, sway from side to side.

Identifying the location of glacial deposits.

Meso tell us the continent are connected

BEFORE.

Spreading of seafloor – mid-ocean ridges.

Molten rocks are hot less dense materials.

30 kilometer = 3 cm in million years.

If subduction is faster than seafloor spreading the

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