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###IP Routing###

----> Routing :-
+ Routing refers to the process of transferring data from the source to the destination.

+ There are two type of routing:

1) Static Routing <---- Routing table is updated manually by the network administrator.
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+--> Default Routing <---- Good for "stub network". (Stub network = Network with one exit nterface)

2) Dynamic Routing <---- Routing table is updated automatically with the help of routing protocols.

----> Protocol :-
+ Protocols is a set communication rules in a computer network.
+ There are two types/class of protocols:

1) Routed Protocol <---- Used for routing & addressing.

Examples:
a) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
b) IPX/SPX (Internet packet eXchange/Sequenced Packet eXchange)
c) Appletalk

2) Routing Protocol <---- Used by routers to find the best path to route packets.
Examples:

a) RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

b) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
c) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
d) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
e) IS-IS (Intermediate System tp Intermediate System)
f) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
g) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
h) IDRP (Inter-Domain Routing Protocol)

----> Routing Concepts & Terms :-

1) Administrative Distance:
+ AD is an integer in the range of 0 to 255 assigned to every routing protocols.
+ The routing information with the lowest AD lalue is considered more reliable.
+ The Default AD value for each protocols are as follows:
1) Directly Connected Interface = 0
2) Static Route = 1
3) Enhanced IGRP = 90
4) IGRP = 100
5) OSPF = 110
6) RIP = 120
7) External EIGRP = 170
8) Unknown = 255 (Route will be discarded)

2) Routing Metrics:
+ Hop (Handle of Point)
+ Bandwidth
+ Delay
+ Load
+ Reliability
+ MTU (maximum Transmission Unit)

----> Routing Protocols :-

+ The Routing protocols are classified as:-
1) Interior Routing Protocols / Interior Gateway Protocols
+ IGP's handle routing within an Autonomous System (Routing Domain).
+ IGP's fall into three categories:-
a) Distance Vector Protocols:
+ Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
+ Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
b) Link State Protocols:

+ Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

+ Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
c) Balanced Hybrid Protocol:
+ Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

2) Exterior Routing Protocols / Exterior Gateway Protocols

+ EGP's Handle routing between two different Autonomous Systems (Routing Domains).
+ The Exterior Routing Protocols are as follows:-
a) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

b) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

c) Inter-Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP)

----> Distance Vector Routing Protocols :-

1) Routing Information Protocol (RIP):-

+ Open Standard.
+ Metric = Hop Count

+ Algorithm = Distance Vector (Bellman-Ford)

+ Maximum Hop = 15

+ Timers:
a) Periodic Updates = 30 Seconds [Broadcast=RIPv1(255.255.255.255) & Multicast=RIPv2(224.0.0.9)]
b) Route Invalid = 180 Seconds (3 x Update Period)
c) Hold-down = 180 Seconds (3 x Update Period)
d) Route Flush = 240 Seconds (4 x Update Period)
+ Maintains only one table i.e Routing Table.

+ There are two versions of RIP:

a) RIPv1

+ Uses Broadcast for periodic Updates.

+ Classfull Routing (Doesn't includes Subnet mask in the routing information).

+ No Support for VLSM.

b) RIPv2
+ Uses Multicast for periodic Updates.
+ Classless Routing (Includes Subnet mask in the routing information).

+ Supports VLSM.

2) IGRP:-
+ Cisco Proprietary.
 + Metric = Composite Metric (Bandwidth, Delay, Load, Reliability & MTU) [Default = Delay & Bandwidth]
+ Algorithm = Distance Vector (Bellman-Ford)
+ Maximum Hop = 255 (Default = 100)
+ Maximum Metric Value = 4 Billion (400 Crore)
+ Timers:
a) Periodic Updates = 90 Seconds [Multicast(224.0.0.11)]
b) Route Invalid = 270 Seconds (3 x Update Period)
c) Hold-down = 280 Seconds (3 x Update Period + 10 Seconds)
d) Route Flush = 630 Seconds (7 x Update Period)
+ Maintains only one table i.e Routing Table.

----> Link State Routing Protocol :-

1) OSPF:-
+ Open Standard.
+ Metric = Composite Metric (Bandwidth & Delay)
+ Algorithm = Shortest Path First (Dijkstra)
+ Maximum Hop = No Limit

+ Timers:
a) Hello Packets = 10 Seconds [Multicast(224.0.0.5)]
b) Dead = 40 Seconds (4 x Hello Packets)
+ Maintains 3 tables:-
a) Neighbor Table

b) Topology Table / OSPF Database

c) Routing Table

----> Balanced Hybrid :-

1) EIGRP:-
+ Cisco Proprietary.
+ Metric = Composite Metric (Bandwidth, Delay, Load, Reliability & MTU) [Default = Delay & Bandwidth]
+ Algorithm = DUAL (Diffusing Update ALgorithm)
+ Maximum Hop = 255 (Default = 100)

+ Maximum Metric Value = 4.2 Billion (~430 Crore)(2^32 = 4294967296)

+ Timers:
a) Hello Packets = 5 Seconds(LAN) & 60 Seconds(WAN) [Multicast(224.0.0.10)]
b) Dead = 3 x Hello Packets.
+ Maintains 3 tables:-
a) Neighbor Table

b) Topology Table (Feasible Successor are stored in this table)

c) Routing Table (Successor are stored in this table)

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#####################################################By - Muhammed Anas######################################################
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