SAMPLE

NOTE:
This is a sample copy of the investigatory project. You
too have made something similar, do not try to copy it.
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that--------------of

STUDENT NAME

class Xll has satisfactorily

completed her Biology
Investigatory project as
prescribed by the CBSE during
the academic year 2023-2024

Internal examiner External examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely
thanks to my biology teacher and our
lab attend for their guidance and
support in completing my project.

I would also like to extend my

gratitude to the Principal Mamta
Singh Maidam for providing me with
all the facility that was required.

PRINCIPAL
 CONTENTS

6. Bibliography
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndromeor acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) isa syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility
worsens as the syndrome progresses.

HIV
HIV is found in the body
fluids of an infected
person (semen and vaginal
fluids, blood and breast
milk). The virus is passed
from one person to another
through b loodto-blood
and sexual contact. In
addition, infected pregnant
women can pass HIV to
their babies during
pregnancy, delivering the
baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding.

HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal
sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermicneedles.
"The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and awareness
for people living with HIV."

Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as
HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a
result, some will then develop AIDS.

The development of numerous opportunisticinfections in an AIDS patient

can ultimately lead to death.

Accordingto research, the origins of HIV date back to the late

nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and
its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.

There is currently no cure for HIV or

AIDS. Treatments can slow the
course of the condition - some
infected people can live a long and
relatively healthy life.

HIV is the virus which attacks the

T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears
in advanced stages of HIV infection.
HIV is a virus.
AIDS is a medical condition
HIV infection causes AIDS to
develop. However, it is possible to
be infected with HIV without
developing AIDS. Without
treatment, the HIV infec tion is
allowed to progress and eventually it
will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.
HIV testingcan identify infection
in the early stages. This allows the patient to use prophylactic
(preventive) drugs whic h will slow the rate at whic h the virus
replicates, delayingthe onset of AIDS.
AIDS patientsstill have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone
with AIDS can pass HIV to someone else.

Causes of HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune
system. The virus progresses in the absenc e of antiretroviral therapy.
The rate of virus progression varies widely between individuals and
depends on many factors(age of the patient, body'sabilityto defend
against HIV, access to health care, existence of coexisting infections,
the infected person's genetic inheritance, re sistance to certain strains of
HIV).

HIV infection
Sexual transmission. Itcan happen when there is contact with
infected sexual secretions (rectal, genital or oral mucous mem
branes). This can happenwhile having unprotected sex,
includingvaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with
someone infected with HIV.
g Prenatal transmission. The mother can pass the infection on to her
child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through
breastfeeding.
 g Blood trmsmission. The riskoftransmitting HIV through blood
transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed countries,
thanks to metic ulous screening and precautions. Among drug
users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-
infected blood is extremely hazardous.

Symptoms of HIV and AIDS

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
A sign is something other people, apart from the patient can detect,
such as a swelling, rash, or change in skin colour. A symptom is
something ony the patient feels and desc ribes, such as a headache,
fatigue, or dizziness.
Forthe most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These conditions do
not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems,
which protect the body against infection.

• chills joint pain

• muscle ache
• sore throat
• sweats (particularly at night)
• enlarged glands a red rash
tiredness
• weakness
• weight loss

(Centres for Disease Control

and Prevention), USA,found that about 1 in every 5 HIV-positive
Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only of those who are
aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment.
 Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens specificallyfor the
virus.
If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "posi ve". The blood is
retested several mes before a posi ve result is given to the pa ent.
For those whose tests came back posi ve, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infec on has progressed, and also to
decide when to start treatment.
If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get
tested as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more likely
the treatment will be successful. Also,

An enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay , also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and
measures an bodies in your blood. This test can be used to determine if
you have an bodies related to certai n infec ous condi ons. An bodies
are proteins that your body produces in response to harmful substances
ca Iled an gens. An ELISA test may be used to diagnose:
• HIV, which causes AIDS Lyme disease pernicious anaemia
• Rocky Mountain spo ed fever (RMSF)
• rotavirus squamous cell carcinoma syphilis toxoplasmosis
varicella-zoster virus, which causes chic ken pox and shingles
ELISA is o en used as a screening tool
 (S) before more in-depth tests are
ordered. A doctor may suggest this
test if you're having signs or
symptoms of the condi ons above or
your doctor wants to rule out any of
these condi ons.

This proc
edure should
be rela vely
painless, but
your arm
may throb a
li le a er
the procedure.

The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory

for analysis. In the lab, a technician adds the
sample to a Petri dish containingthe specific
an gen related to the condi on for which you
are being tested. If your blood contains
an bodies to the an gen, the two will bind
together. The tec hnician will che Ck this by
adding an enz yme to the Petri dish and
observing how your blood and the an gen
react. You may have the condi on if the
contents o he dish change colour. How much
change the enzyme causes allows the technic
ian to. Determine the presence and amount of
an body.

Ultra-sensi ve HIV
sensor
Scien sts from Imperial College London reported in Nature
Nanotechnology (October
2012 issue) that they have developed an extremely sensi ve sensor
that detects viral infec ons, including HIV. They say the sensor is ten
mes more sensi ve at detec ng an HIV biomarkerthat anything else
on the market today, it is also extremely cheap. The doctor can see the
results by looking at the colour change in a liquid solu on.

Recent developments in HIV treatment

New drugs reawaken latent HIV to eradicate virus

A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in clinical

trials for the treatment of cancer may also hold the key to
completeeradica on of HIV.

Envelope protein
Envelope

Mral genome

Nucleocapsid

Viral tegument

A drug used to treat alcoholism called disulfiram - could bring us closer to

a cure for HIV, according to the resultsof a new study led by researchers
from the University of Melbourne in Australia.
 HIV vaccine possibilityfollowing study of 'an bodies with loops'
A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid an -HIV
immune response in u nexposed people by developing a vaccine that
triggers an bodies containing loop-like structures.

HIV an body therapy looks

A new studyof the effects of a new an body treatment suggests it may

offer a long-term solu on forthe control of HIV.

HIV Preven on
 Bibliography

Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources

and have been included in this project a er edi ng.
The reference of sources is as follows:-
Books:-
a) Biology NCERT Book class 12th
b) Na onal Geographic Magazine Internet Sources:-

c) Bioflora.com
d) Na onalgeographic.com

Journal
a. Biology Today
b. Science Reporter