Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS

2/4/2013

Typical Signal Transduction Pathway Typical Signal Transduction Pathway

Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III:

Hormonal Communication

Phase 1: Reception
Ligand = Chemical Messenger The target cell detects the ligand
• Enduring Understanding 3.D Cells communicate by
generating, transmitting and receiving chemical • Three major classes of molecules function as
hormones in vertebrates (ligands)
• Membrane proteins
signals.
• EK 3D2: Cells communicate with each other through –G-protein linked receptors
– Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
direct contact with other cells or from a distance via
chemical signaling – Amines derived from amino acids
–Ion channel receptors
c. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances – Steroid hormones –Tyrosine Kinase
to target cells of another cell types.
1. Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that • Intracellular receptor
release signaling molecules, which are specific and can
travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of –Steroid hormone receptors
the body.
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The Process of Communication:

Signal-Transduction Pathway
Ligands Type of Receptor : G-protein linked

Three stages of the Signal-

Transduction Pathway
1. reception
LIGAND:
2. transduction a molecule that
binds to a larger
3. response molecule

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Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS
2/4/2013

Name three types of receptors in the signal

Type of Receptor: Ion Channel transduction pathway Transduction

• G-protein-linked receptors • Binding changes the receptor

protein.
• Ion channel receptors
• Can set off a cascade reaction
• Intracellular receptors

Action of G-Protein Linked Receptor Response

• Set any of a variety of
Type of Receptor:
cell activities in motion.
Intracellular Receptor
–Activation of an enzyme
–Rearrangement of
cytoskeleton features
–Activation of a specific
gene

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Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS
2/4/2013

Recap Which Is A Receptor Through Which Ions Would Pass?

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception

Receptor

Signaling
molecule

Recap Types of Receptors Which Of These Acts As A Second Messenger?

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception 2 Transduction

Receptor

Relay molecules in a signal transduction

pathway +

Signaling
molecule

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Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)

Recap Which is the receptor? G-Protein? Ligand? Polypeptides Steroids

EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response

Receptor 0.8 nm
Activation Insulin Cortisol
of cellular
response Amines
Relay molecules in a signal transduction
pathway

Signaling
molecule

Epinephrine Thyroxine

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Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS
2/4/2013

Cellular Response Pathways Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones

• Water- and lipid-soluble hormones differ in their
paths through a body
• Water-soluble hormones are secreted by exocytosis,
travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-
surface receptors
• Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell
membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and diffuse through the
membrane of target cells
• Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a signal
transduction pathway leading to responses in the
cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene
expression
• The response to a lipid-soluble hormone is usually a
change in gene expression
• Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form of
vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein
receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
• Protein-receptor complexes then act as transcription
factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of
specific genes

SECRETORY
CELL Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Water- Lipid-
soluble soluble
hormone hormone

VIA
BLOOD
Transport
Signal receptor protein

TARGET
CELL Signal
receptor

NUCLEUS
(a) (b)

SECRETORY
CELL
Specific Example Steroid Hormone Example: Testosterone
Water- Lipid-
soluble soluble
hormone hormone
Notice the
presence of the
second messenger
VIA
BLOOD
Transport
Signal receptor protein

TARGET OR
CELL Signal
receptor

Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
Cytoplasmic
response Gene Click here
regulation to view the
NUCLEUS animation
(a) (b)

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Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS
2/4/2013

Compare protein and steroid hormones by

completing this T chart
Characteristic Protein Hormone Steroid Hormone

Speed of response Rapid response, cascade Response is slower, gene

expression
Primary biomolecule Amino acid cholesterol
composition

Method of leaving secretory Exocytosis diffusion

cell

Location of receptor Membrane bound Intracellular

Example Epinephrine Testosterone

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Same receptors but different Different receptors

Multiple Effects of Hormones intracellular proteins (not shown)

Different cellular Different cellular

• The same hormone may have different effects on responses responses

target cells that have

Model Steroid Hormone Action – Different receptors for the hormone Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine

using the Testosterone – Different signal transduction pathways β receptor β receptor α receptor

Manipulative Glycogen
deposits

Vessel Vessel
Glycogen dilates.
breaks down constricts.
and glucose
is released
from cell.

(a) Liver cell (b) Skeletal muscle (c) Intestinal blood

blood vessel vessel
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Compare protein and steroid hormones by

completing this T chart Multiple Effects of Hormones Did you know…
Characteristic Protein Hormone Steroid Hormone
• The hormone epinephrine has multiple effects
• One reason that kittens sleep so much is because a growth
Speed of response in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress hormone is released only during sleep.

Primary biomolecule
composition
• Epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma • The levels of two stress hormones, cortisol and
membrane of liver cells epinephrine which suppress the body's immune system,
Method of leaving secretory will actually drop after a dose of laughter.
cell
• This triggers the release of messenger molecules that • Chocolate is associated with the release of serotonin, the
Location of receptor
activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose hormone that makes you feel relaxed, calm, and happy.
Example into the bloodstream So are hugs.

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Endocrine & Cell Communication Part III: Hormonal Communication STUDENT HANDOUTS
2/4/2013

Created by:

Debra Richards
Coordinator of Secondary Science Programs
Bryan ISD
Bryan, TX